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Soder HE, Berumen AM, Gomez KE, Green CE, Suchting R, Wardle MC, Vincent J, Teixeira AL, Schmitz JM, Lane SD. Elevated Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Older Adults with Cocaine Use Disorder as a Marker of Chronic Inflammation. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 18:32-40. [PMID: 31958903 PMCID: PMC7006975 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2020.18.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a non-specific, easy-to-obtain marker of inflammation associated with morbidity and mortality in systemic, psychiatric, and age-related inflammatory conditions. Given the growing trend of substance use disorder (SUD) in older adults, and the relationship between inflammation and SUD elevated NLR may serve as a useful inflammatory biomarker of the combined burden of aging and SUD. The present study focused on cocaine use disorder (CUD) to examine if cocaine adds further inflammatory burden among older adults, by comparing NLR values between older adults with CUD and a non-cocaine using, aged-matched, nationally representative sample. Methods The dataset included 107 (86% male) participants (aged 50-65 years) with cocaine use disorder. NLR was derived from complete blood count tests by dividing the absolute value of peripheral neutrophil concentration by lymphocyte concentration. For comparison, we extracted data from age-matched adults without CUD using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Individuals with immunocompromising conditions were excluded (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis and sexually transmitted infections such as HIV). A doubly-robust inverse probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) propensity score method was used to estimate group differences on NLR while controlling for potential confounding variables (age, gender, race, income, nicotine, marijuana and alcohol use). Results The IPWRA model revealed that the CUD sample had significantly elevated NLR in comparison to non-cocaine users, with a moderate effect size (β weight = 0.67). Conclusion Although non-specific, NLR represents a readily obtainable inflammatory marker for SUD research. CUD may add further inflammatory burden to aging cocaine users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Soder
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA
| | - Amber M Berumen
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA
| | - Kira E Gomez
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA
| | - Charles E Green
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA.,epartment of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston,TX, USA
| | - Robert Suchting
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA
| | - Margaret C Wardle
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica Vincent
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA
| | | | - Joy M Schmitz
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA
| | - Scott D Lane
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TX, USA
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Zaparte A, Schuch JB, Viola TW, Baptista TAS, Beidacki AS, do Prado CH, Sanvicente-Vieira B, Bauer ME, Grassi-Oliveira R. Cocaine Use Disorder Is Associated With Changes in Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytokines and Lymphocytes Subsets. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2435. [PMID: 31749792 PMCID: PMC6843068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cocaine is a psychostimulant drug with high addictive proprieties. Evidence suggests that cocaine use leads to critical changes in the immune system, with significant effects on T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells and influencing peripheral levels of cytokines. The presence of abstinence-related symptoms during detoxification treatment is known to influence the prognosis. Here, our aim was to investigate immune profiles in women with cocaine use disorder (CUD) according to withdrawal symptoms severity. Methods: Blood samples and clinical data were collected at onset of detoxification treatment of 50 women with CUD. The patients were stratified according to Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment (CSSA) scores in low withdrawal (L-W) and high withdrawal (H-W) categories. In addition, we also included a control group with 19 healthy women as reference to immune parameters. Peripheral blood was collected and lymphocyte subsets were phenotyped by multi-color flow cytometry (B cells, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, NK cells, and different stages of T-cell differentiation). PBMCs from patients and healthy controls were stimulated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin (1%) for 72 h to assess the production of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines. Results: Following stimulation, lymphocytes from women with CUD produced increased levels of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines. However, higher levels of IL-2 and IL-17 were observed only in the L-W group, while higher levels of IL-6 were detected in the H-W group compared to controls. H-W group showed lower percentage of early-differentiated Th cells (CD4+CD27+CD28+), elevated percentage of Th cells (CD3+CD4+), intermediate-differentiated Th cells (CD4+CD27−CD28+), and B cells (CD3−CD19+). Both CUD groups showed decreased percentages of naïve T cells (CD3+CD4+CD45RA+ and CD3+CD8+CD45RA+). Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that CUD can lead to increased production of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines and lymphocyte changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Zaparte
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline B Schuch
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thiago W Viola
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Talita A S Baptista
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amanda Stephanie Beidacki
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carine H do Prado
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Breno Sanvicente-Vieira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, School of Health Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Moisés E Bauer
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Stress Immunology, School of Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Zuluaga P, Sanvisens A, Teniente A, Fuster D, Tor J, Martínez-Cáceres E, Muga R. Wide array of T-cell subpopulation alterations in patients with alcohol use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 162:124-9. [PMID: 27038675 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse impacts innate and adaptive immunity and predisposes to infections. However, prevalence and correlations of cellular immune alterations in large case series is underreported. We aimed to analyze quantitative alterations of T-lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS cross-sectional study in patients admitted for detoxification between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2012. Socio-demographic and alcohol use characteristics and blood samples for biochemistry, hematology and immune phenotype was obtained at admission. RESULTS 238 patients (79.8%M) were eligible; age at admission was 43 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 38-51 years), the amount of alcohol consumption was 180 g/day (IQR: 120-200 g/day) and median duration of AUD was 18 years (IQR: 9-25 years). Compared to healthy individuals, 50% of patients had significantly fewer double-negative (DN) T-lymphocytes (<34 × 10(9)/L) and 23% had more double-positive (DP) T-cells (>52 × 10(9)/L). In addition, 24% of patients had high number of CD8(+) cells (>735 × 10(9)/L) and 13% had low CD4(+) cell counts (<600 × 10(9)/L). In multivariable analysis, age, sex, serum albumin, and current cocaine use were predictors of T-cell subpopulation alterations. Women were three-times (OR=3.5, 95%CI:1.3-9.5) more likely to present with higher DP T-lymphocytes than men. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative alterations of T-cell subpopulations are frequent in patients seeking treatment of AUD. Assessment of cellular immunity in this population may help to identify those at increased risk of immune alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zuluaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Arantza Sanvisens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Aina Teniente
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Daniel Fuster
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jordi Tor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Cáceres
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Roberto Muga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
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Volpe GE, Ward H, Mwamburi M, Dinh D, Bhalchandra S, Wanke C, Kane AV. Associations of cocaine use and HIV infection with the intestinal microbiota, microbial translocation, and inflammation. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2014; 75:347-57. [PMID: 24650829 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV and illicit drug use have been associated with altered nutrition, immune function, and metabolism. We hypothesized that altered composition and decreased diversity of the intestinal microbiota, along with microbial translocation, contribute to nutritional compromise in HIV-infected drug users. METHOD We enrolled 26 men and 6 women, 15 HIV infected and 17 HIV uninfected, in this exploratory, cross-sectional study; 7 HIV-infected and 7 HIV-uninfected participants had used cocaine within the previous month. We examined the independent effects of cocaine use and HIV infection on the composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota, determined by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Using dietary records, anthropometrics, and dual x-ray absorptiometry, we examined the additional effects of nutritional indices on the intestinal microbiota. We compared markers of inflammation and microbial translocation between groups. RESULTS Cocaine users had a higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (M ± SD = 57.0% ± 21 vs. 37.1% ± 23, p = .02) than nonusers. HIV-infected individuals had a higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria (Mdn [interquartile range] = 1.56% [0.5, 2.2] vs. 0.36% [0.2, 0.7], p = .03), higher levels of soluble CD14 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and lower levels of anti-endotoxin core antibodies than uninfected subjects. HIV-infected cocaine users had higher interferon-γ levels than all other groups. Food insecurity was higher in HIV-infected cocaine users. CONCLUSIONS We identified differences in the relative abundance of major phyla of the intestinal microbiota, as well as markers of inflammation and microbial translocation, based on cocaine use and HIV infection. Nutritional factors, including alcohol use and lean body mass, may contribute to these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E Volpe
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Honorine Ward
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mkaya Mwamburi
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Duy Dinh
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Seema Bhalchandra
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine Wanke
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne V Kane
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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5
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Pandhare J, Addai AB, Mantri CK, Hager C, Smith RM, Barnett L, Villalta F, Kalams SA, Dash C. Cocaine enhances HIV-1-induced CD4(+) T-cell apoptosis: implications in disease progression in cocaine-abusing HIV-1 patients. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:927-936. [PMID: 24486327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Substance abuse is a major barrier in eradication of the HIV epidemic because it serves as a powerful cofactor for viral transmission, disease progression, and AIDS-related mortality. Cocaine, one of the commonly abused drugs among HIV-1 patients, has been suggested to accelerate HIV disease progression. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Therefore, we tested whether cocaine augments HIV-1-associated CD4(+) T-cell decline, a predictor of HIV disease progression. We examined apoptosis of resting CD4(+) T cells from HIV-1-negative and HIV-1-positive donors in our study, because decline of uninfected cells plays a major role in HIV-1 disease progression. Treatment of resting CD4(+) T cells with cocaine (up to 100 μmol/L concentrations) did not induce apoptosis, but 200 to 1000 μmol/L cocaine induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, treatment of CD4(+) T cells isolated from healthy donors with both HIV-1 virions and cocaine significantly increased apoptosis compared with the apoptosis induced by cocaine or virions alone. Most important, our biochemical data suggest that cocaine induces CD4(+) T-cell apoptosis by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and inducing mitochondrial depolarization. Collectively, our results provide evidence of a synergy between cocaine and HIV-1 on CD4(+) T-cell apoptosis that may, in part, explain the accelerated disease observed in HIV-1-infected drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui Pandhare
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Amma B Addai
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chinmay K Mantri
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Cynthia Hager
- Infectious Disease Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rita M Smith
- Infectious Disease Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Louis Barnett
- Infectious Disease Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fernando Villalta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Infectious Disease Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee.
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6
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Cocaine administration increases CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratio in peripheral blood despite lymphopenia and elevated corticosterone. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1229-34. [PMID: 20637837 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratio in peripheral blood is used in the diagnosis of HIV infection, autoimmune disorders or susceptibility to infections. The present experiment aimed to evaluate the lymphocyte subsets, their distribution and CD4/CD8 ratio in blood after repeated, intravenous administration of cocaine. Adult male Wistar rats received three daily, in 30 min intervals, intravenous infusions of cocaine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) or saline for 14 consecutive days. After each infusion the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine were assessed. Blood samples were collected 30 min after the last daily infusion on the 1st, 7th and 14th day of treatment. Total leukocyte numbers, percentages of leukocyte subpopulations, and T, B, NK, T CD4+, and T CD8+ lymphocyte subsets, IFN-γ, and plasma corticosterone were determined. Repeated cocaine treatment resulted in an increase in neutrophil numbers and a significant decrease in total leukocyte and lymphocyte numbers involving a significant reduction in numbers of T, B, and NK lymphocyte subsets. T CD4+ and T CD8+ lymphocyte numbers were reduced but with a considerably smaller decrease in T CD4+ number. Cocaine treatment altered proportions between the lymphocyte subsets by decreasing the percentages of T CD8+, B, and NK cells but increasing a percentage of T CD4+ cells. Destabilization in proportions between T CD4+ and T CD8+ was manifested as an elevated CD4/CD8 ratio that occurred despite increased plasma corticosterone and the lymphocytopenia. Cocaine did not affect the concentration of IFN-γ. The results suggest that although cocaine induced lymphopenia, it did not suppress the overall immune activity in terms of the CD4/CD8 ratio.
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7
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Chao C, Jacobson LP, Tashkin D, Martínez-Maza O, Roth MD, Margolick JB, Chmiel JS, Rinaldo C, Zhang ZF, Detels R. Recreational drug use and T lymphocyte subpopulations in HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected men. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 94:165-71. [PMID: 18180115 PMCID: PMC2691391 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of recreational drugs on CD4 and CD8 T cells in humans are not well understood. We conducted a longitudinal analysis of men who have sex with men (MSM) enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) to define associations between self-reported use of marijuana, cocaine, poppers and amphetamines, and CD4 and CD8 T cell parameters in both HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected MSM. For the HIV-infected MSM, we used clinical and laboratory data collected semiannually before 1996 to avoid potential effects of antiretroviral treatment. A regression model that allowed random intercepts and slopes as well as autoregressive covariance structure for within subject errors was used. Potential confounders adjusted for included length of follow-up, demographics, tobacco smoking, alcohol use, risky sexual behaviors, history of sexually transmitted infections, and antiviral therapy. We found no clinically meaningful associations between use of marijuana, cocaine, poppers, or amphetamines and CD4 and CD8 T cell counts, percentages, or rates of change in either HIV-uninfected or -infected men. The regression coefficients were of minimum magnitude despite some reaching statistical significance. No threshold effect was detected for frequent (at least weekly) or continuous substance use in the previous year. These results indicate that use of these substances does not adversely affect the numbers and percentages of circulating CD4 or CD8 T cells in either HIV-uninfected or -infected MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chao
- Department of Epidemiology and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lisa P Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Donald Tashkin
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael D Roth
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joan S Chmiel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Charles Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Roger Detels
- Department of Epidemiology and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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8
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Crawford FC, Wood ML, Wilson SE, Mathura VS, Hollen TR, Geall F, Kolippakkam DN, Mullan MJ. Cocaine induced inflammatory response in human neuronal progenitor cells. J Neurochem 2006; 97:662-74. [PMID: 16539665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have employed a genomic approach in homogenous cell culture to investigate the fundamental transcriptional responses which occur in neurons over time as a consequence of a single 30-min exposure to cocaine. Data from 24 Affymetrix microarrays, representing eight treatment groups, were analyzed by GeneChip Operating Software and then further mined by hierarchical clustering, anova, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software to examine known molecular pathways impacted by the observed transcriptional changes. For each time point under investigation, the data sets of genes exhibiting altered expression in treated cells compared with control were interrogated with a specific focus on differential expression of genes involved in immunomodulation and inflammation. The existing literature on the effects of cocaine in a diverse array of experimental paradigms demonstrates a significant modulation of inflammation and immune mechanisms, but these have typically been studies of chronic exposure in immune-competent cells. Our data show a time-dependent up-regulation of genes associated with pro-inflammatory and immune responses, peaking at 24 h as confirmed by all methods of analysis, suggesting a specific neuronal immunomodulatory response to acute cocaine exposure.
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Britton CB. INFECTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM COMPLICATING ALCOHOLISM AND ILLICIT DRUG USE. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2004. [DOI: 10.1212/01.con.0000293610.99710.9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Neu N, Leighty R, Adeniyi-Jones S, Diaz C, Handelsman E, Kaufman G, Paul ME, Rich K, Mofenson L, Pitt J. Immune parameters and morbidity in hard drug and human immunodeficiency virus-exposed but uninfected infants. Pediatrics 2004; 113:1260-6. [PMID: 15121939 DOI: 10.1542/peds.113.5.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of maternal hard drug use (injection drugs, cocaine, and opiates) on lymphocyte subsets and clinical morbidity in uninfected infants who are born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers who were enrolled in the Women and Infants Transmission Study (1990-2000). METHODS Maternal hard drug use was identified by self-report and/or urine toxicology. Infant evaluations occurred at birth and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. RESULTS A total of 401 (28%) of the 1436 uninfected infants were born to drug-using mothers. Maternal CD4 lymphocyte percentage and RNA at delivery were not significantly different between drug users and nonusers. Infants who were born to drug-using mothers had lower mean gestational age (37.8 vs 38.5 weeks) and birth weight (2.9 vs 3.1 kg). Infants with intrauterine drug exposure had lower CD4 lymphocyte percentage over the first 4 months of life after adjusting for covariates and higher natural killer lymphocyte percentage. When the analysis was stratified by time period of entry, the incidence of clinical events was not different between infants who were born to drug users versus nonusers. CONCLUSION Maternal hard drug use is associated with immunologic changes in infants early in life, although these changes did not seem to be associated with increased risk of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Neu
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Cocaine has previously been shown to decrease mitogen-induced T lymphocyte proliferation in rats following intravenous administration. However, in this report, it is demonstrated that central administration of cocaine (1-50 microg) had no effect on lymphocyte proliferation responses. Similarly, the quaternary derivative, cocaine methiodide, also suppressed lymphocyte proliferation only when administered peripherally (6.5 mg/kg), and not centrally (1-20 microg). These results suggest that the effects of cocaine were mediated through a peripheral mechanism. Since significant elevations in plasma corticosterone were observed with all routes of administration of cocaine, the effects of cocaine did not appear to be due entirely to activation of the HPA axis. Instead, the peripheral administration of the local anesthetic, lidocaine (5 mg/kg) or the monoamine reuptake inhibitor, RTI-55 (2-5 mg/kg), produced significant suppressive effects on proliferation. suggesting that both of these peripheral activities of cocaine may be involved in the alteration of lymphocyte responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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