1
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Villeneuve C, Hashmi A, Ylivinkka I, Lawson-Keister E, Miroshnikova YA, Pérez-González C, Myllymäki SM, Bertillot F, Yadav B, Zhang T, Matic Vignjevic D, Mikkola ML, Manning ML, Wickström SA. Mechanical forces across compartments coordinate cell shape and fate transitions to generate tissue architecture. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:207-218. [PMID: 38302719 PMCID: PMC10866703 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Morphogenesis and cell state transitions must be coordinated in time and space to produce a functional tissue. An excellent paradigm to understand the coupling of these processes is mammalian hair follicle development, which is initiated by the formation of an epithelial invagination-termed placode-that coincides with the emergence of a designated hair follicle stem cell population. The mechanisms directing the deformation of the epithelium, cell state transitions and physical compartmentalization of the placode are unknown. Here we identify a key role for coordinated mechanical forces stemming from contractile, proliferative and proteolytic activities across the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments in generating the placode structure. A ring of fibroblast cells gradually wraps around the placode cells to generate centripetal contractile forces, which, in collaboration with polarized epithelial myosin activity, promote elongation and local tissue thickening. These mechanical stresses further enhance compartmentalization of Sox9 expression to promote stem cell positioning. Subsequently, proteolytic remodelling locally softens the basement membrane to facilitate a release of pressure on the placode, enabling localized cell divisions, tissue fluidification and epithelial invagination into the underlying mesenchyme. Together, our experiments and modelling identify dynamic cell shape transformations and tissue-scale mechanical cooperation as key factors for orchestrating organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Villeneuve
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Ali Hashmi
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irene Ylivinkka
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Yekaterina A Miroshnikova
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlos Pérez-González
- Cell Biology and Cancer Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Satu-Marja Myllymäki
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fabien Bertillot
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Bhagwan Yadav
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Marja L Mikkola
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Lisa Manning
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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High proliferation and delamination during skin epidermal stratification. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3227. [PMID: 34050161 PMCID: PMC8163813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of complex stratified epithelial barriers in mammals is initiated from single-layered epithelia. How stratification is initiated and fueled are still open questions. Previous studies on skin epidermal stratification suggested a central role for perpendicular/asymmetric cell division orientation of the basal keratinocyte progenitors. Here, we use centrosomes, that organize the mitotic spindle, to test whether cell division orientation and stratification are linked. Genetically ablating centrosomes from the developing epidermis leads to the activation of the p53-, 53BP1- and USP28-dependent mitotic surveillance pathway causing a thinner epidermis and hair follicle arrest. The centrosome/p53-double mutant keratinocyte progenitors significantly alter their division orientation in the later stages without majorly affecting epidermal differentiation. Together with time-lapse imaging and tissue growth dynamics measurements, the data suggest that the first and major phase of epidermal development is boosted by high proliferation rates in both basal and suprabasally-committed keratinocytes as well as cell delamination, whereas the second phase maybe uncoupled from the division orientation of the basal progenitors. The data provide insights for tissue homeostasis and hyperproliferative diseases that may recapitulate developmental programs. How the developing skin epidermis is transformed from a simple single-layered epithelium to a complex and stratified barrier is still an open question. Here, the authors provide a model based on high proliferation and delamination of the keratinocyte progenitors that support the stratification process.
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3
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Lin Y, Liu C, Zhan X, Wang B, Li K, Li J. Jagged1 and Epidermal Growth Factor Promoted Androgen-Suppressed Mouse Hair Growth In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1634. [PMID: 32082154 PMCID: PMC7005136 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that T-reg cells are intimately linked with hair follicles in a stage-dependent manner and play an important role in hair follicle cycling and regeneration in murine skin. Further study revealed that T-reg cell's regulation of hair follicle growth is through its preferential expression of the Notch ligand Jagged-1 (Jag1), which facilitates hair follicle regeneration. However, the role of Jag1 in androgen-suppressed hair growth is yet to be investigated. In addition, although epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a mitogen for cells including skin cells, whether it works synergistically with Jag1 to enhance hair follicle development is unknown. The current study intended to investigate effects of topical application of Jag1 on androgen-suppressed hair growth, and to determine the potential synergistic effect of EGF and Jag1 in this process in vivo. Fifty mice were depilated at the dorsal back area to achieve synchronized anagen development, and randomly divided into five groups with the following topical treatments control for 14 days; testosterone to induce androgenetic alopecia; Jagged1 (testosterone + Jagged1); EGF (testosterone + EGF); and Jagged1 + EGF (testosterone + Jagged1 + EGF). It was found that EGF and Jag1 by itself respectively, did not promote androgen-suppressed hair growth significantly. This stimulating effect was enhanced in the presence of both EGF and Jagged1 (p < 0.05). The hair growth promoting effect was accompanied by better follicle growth, which is associated with increased cell proliferation in the hair follicle and altered the expression of genes that are important in hair follicular cell proliferation and differentiation. Our results provide insights into the therapeutic potential of these peptides for androgenetic alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Lin
- Department of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Canying Liu
- Department of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaoshu Zhan
- Department of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Bingyun Wang
- Department of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Julang Li
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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4
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Zhang J, Zhang C, Jiang X, Li L, Zhang D, Tang D, Yan T, Zhang Q, Yuan H, Jia J, Hu J, Zhang J, Huang Y. Involvement of autophagy in hypoxia-BNIP3 signaling to promote epidermal keratinocyte migration. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:234. [PMID: 30850584 PMCID: PMC6408485 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BNIP3 is an atypical BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family with pro-death, pro-autophagic, and cytoprotective functions, depending on the type of stress and cellular context. Recently, we demonstrated that BNIP3 stimulates the migration of epidermal keratinocytes under hypoxia. In the present study found that autophagy and BNIP3 expression were concomitantly elevated in the migrating epidermis during wound healing in a hypoxia-dependent manner. Inhibition of autophagy through lysosome-specific chemicals (CQ and BafA1) or Atg5-targeted small-interfering RNAs greatly attenuated the hypoxia-induced cell migration, and knockdown of BNIP3 in keratinocytes significantly suppressed hypoxia-induced autophagy activation and cell migration, suggesting a positive role of BNIP3-induced autophagy in keratinocyte migration. Furthermore, these results indicated that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by hypoxia triggered the activation of p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in human immortalized keratinocyte HaCaT cells. In turn, activated p38 and JNK MAPK mediated the activation of BNIP3-induced autophagy and the enhancement of keratinocyte migration. These data revealed a previously unknown mechanism that BNIP3-induced autophagy occurs through hypoxia-induced ROS-mediated p38 and JNK MAPK activation and supports the migration of epidermal keratinocytes during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xupin Jiang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lingfei Li
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Dongxia Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Di Tang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Tiantian Yan
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Military Burn Center, the 990th (159th) Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Zhumadian, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hongping Yuan
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiezhi Jia
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiongyu Hu
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Endocrinology Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaping Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuesheng Huang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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5
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Sun Y, Nakanishi M, Sato F, Oikawa K, Muragaki Y, Zhou G. Trps1 deficiency inhibits the morphogenesis of secondary hair follicles via decreased Noggin expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:721-6. [PMID: 25514040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A representative phenotype of patients with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is sparse hair. To understand the developmental defects of these patient's hair follicles, we analyzed the development of hair follicles histologically and biochemically using Trps1 deficient (KO) mice. First, we compared the numbers of primary hair follicles in wild-type (WT) and KO embryos at different developmental stages. No differences were observed in the E14.5 skins of WT and KO mice. However, at later time points, KO fetal skin failed to properly develop secondary hair follicles, and the number of secondary hair follicles present in E18.5 KO skin was approximately half compared to that of WT skin. Sonic hedgehog expression was significantly decreased in E17.5 KO skin, whereas no changes were observed in Eda/Edar expression in E14.5 or E17.5 skins. In addition, Noggin expression was significantly decreased in E14.5 and E17.5 KO skin compared to WT skin. In parallel with the suppression of Noggin expression, BMP signaling was promoted in the epidermal cells of KO skins compared to WT skins as determined by immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated Smad1/5/8. The reduced number of secondary hair follicles was restored in skin graft cultures treated with a Noggin and BMP inhibitor. Furthermore, decreased cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis in KO skin was rescued by Noggin treatment. Taken together, we conclude that hair follicle development in Trps1 KO embryos is impaired directly or indirectly by decreased Noggin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Sun
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan Wen Hua Xi Road 44, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Masako Nakanishi
- First Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Sato
- First Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Kosuke Oikawa
- First Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Muragaki
- First Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Gengyin Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan Wen Hua Xi Road 44, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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6
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Mort RL, Keighren M, Hay L, Jackson IJ. Ex vivo culture of mouse embryonic skin and live-imaging of melanoblast migration. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24894489 DOI: 10.3791/51352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoblasts are the neural crest derived precursors of melanocytes; the cells responsible for producing the pigment in skin and hair. Melanoblasts migrate through the epidermis of the embryo where they subsequently colonize the developing hair follicles(1,2). Neural crest cell migration is extensively studied in vitro but in vivo methods are still not well developed, especially in mammalian systems. One alternative is to use ex vivo organotypic culture(3-6). Culture of mouse embryonic skin requires the maintenance of an air-liquid interface (ALI) across the surface of the tissue(3,6). High resolution live-imaging of mouse embryonic skin has been hampered by the lack of a good method that not only maintains this ALI but also allows the culture to be inverted and therefore compatible with short working distance objective lenses and most confocal microscopes. This article describes recent improvements to a method that uses a gas permeable membrane to overcome these problems and allow high-resolution confocal imaging of embryonic skin in ex vivo culture(6). By using a melanoblast specific Cre-recombinase expressing mouse line combined with the R26YFPR reporter line we are able to fluorescently label the melanoblast population within these skin cultures. The technique allows live-imaging of melanoblasts and observation of their behavior and interactions with the tissue in which they develop. Representative results are included to demonstrate the capability to live-image 6 cultures in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Mort
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh
| | - Margaret Keighren
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh
| | - Leonard Hay
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh
| | - Ian J Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh;
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7
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Ahtiainen L, Lefebvre S, Lindfors PH, Renvoisé E, Shirokova V, Vartiainen MK, Thesleff I, Mikkola ML. Directional cell migration, but not proliferation, drives hair placode morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2014; 28:588-602. [PMID: 24636260 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial reorganization involves coordinated changes in cell shapes and movements. This restructuring occurs during formation of placodes, ectodermal thickenings that initiate the morphogenesis of epithelial organs including hair, mammary gland, and tooth. Signaling pathways in ectodermal placode formation are well known, but the cellular mechanisms have remained ill defined. We established imaging methodology for live visualization of embryonic skin explants during the first wave of hair placode formation. We found that the vast majority of placodal cells were nonproliferative throughout morphogenesis. We show that cell compaction and centripetal migration are the main cellular mechanisms associated with hair placode morphogenesis and that inhibition of actin remodeling suppresses placode formation. Stimulation of both ectodysplasin/NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling increased cell motility and the number of cells committed to placodal fate. Thus, cell fate choices and morphogenetic events are controlled by the same molecular pathways, providing the framework for coordination of these two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ahtiainen
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sylvie Lefebvre
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi H Lindfors
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elodie Renvoisé
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vera Shirokova
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria K Vartiainen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irma Thesleff
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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8
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Cheng CW, Niu B, Warren M, Pevny LH, Lovell-Badge R, Hwa T, Cheah KSE. Predicting the spatiotemporal dynamics of hair follicle patterns in the developing mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2596-601. [PMID: 24550288 PMCID: PMC3932898 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313083111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reaction-diffusion models have been used as a paradigm for describing the de novo emergence of biological patterns such as stripes and spots. In many organisms, these initial patterns are typically refined and elaborated over the subsequent course of development. Here we study the formation of secondary hair follicle patterns in the skin of developing mouse embryos. We used the expression of sex-determining region Y box 2 to identify and distinguish the primary and secondary hair follicles and to infer the spatiotemporal dynamics of the follicle formation process. Quantitative analysis of the specific follicle patterns observed reveals a simple geometrical rule governing the formation of secondary follicles, and motivates an expansion-induction (EI) model in which new follicle formation is driven by the physical growth of the embryo. The EI model requires only one diffusible morphogen and provides quantitative, accurate predictions on the relative positions and timing of secondary follicle formation, using only the observed configuration of primary follicles as input. The same model accurately describes the positions of additional follicles that emerge from skin explants treated with an activator. Thus, the EI model provides a simple and robust mechanism for predicting secondary space-filling patterns in growing embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wa Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ben Niu
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mya Warren
- Department of Physics and Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0374
| | - Larysa Halyna Pevny
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and
| | - Robin Lovell-Badge
- Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Terence Hwa
- Department of Physics and Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0374
| | - Kathryn S. E. Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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9
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Biggs LC, Mikkola ML. Early inductive events in ectodermal appendage morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 25-26:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Okano J, Lichti U, Mamiya S, Aronova M, Zhang G, Yuspa SH, Hamada H, Sakai Y, Morasso MI. Increased retinoic acid levels through ablation of Cyp26b1 determine the processes of embryonic skin barrier formation and peridermal development. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1827-36. [PMID: 22366455 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.101550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The process by which the periderm transitions to stratified epidermis with the establishment of the skin barrier is unknown. Understanding the cellular and molecular processes involved is crucial for the treatment of human pathologies, where abnormal skin development and barrier dysfunction are associated with hypothermia and perinatal dehydration. For the first time, we demonstrate that retinoic acid (RA) levels are important for periderm desquamation, embryonic skin differentiation and barrier formation. Although excess exogenous RA has been known to have teratogenic effects, little is known about the consequences of elevated endogenous retinoids in skin during embryogenesis. Absence of cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily b, polypeptide 1 (Cyp26b1), a retinoic-acid-degrading enzyme, results in aberrant epidermal differentiation and filaggrin expression, defective cornified envelopes and skin barrier formation, in conjunction with peridermal retention. We show that these alterations are RA dependent because administration of exogenous RA in vivo and to organotypic skin cultures phenocopy Cyp26b1(-/-) skin abnormalities. Furthermore, utilizing the Flaky tail (Ft/Ft) mice, a mouse model for human ichthyosis, characterized by mutations in the filaggrin gene, we establish that proper differentiation and barrier formation is a prerequisite for periderm sloughing. These results are important in understanding pathologies associated with abnormal embryonic skin development and barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Okano
- Developmental Skin Biology Section, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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12
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Richardson GD, Fantauzzo KA, Bazzi H, Määttä A, Jahoda CAB. Dynamic expression of Syndecan-1 during hair follicle morphogenesis. Gene Expr Patterns 2009; 9:454-60. [PMID: 19427408 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Syndecan-1 is a cell-surface heparan-sulphate proteoglycan that is involved in growth factor regulation, cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, blood coagulation, lipid metabolism, as well as tumour formation. In this study, investigation of discrete LCM captured dermal cells by semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed Syndecan-1 mRNA transcripts were expressed only in the dermal condensation (DC) within this skin compartment during murine pelage hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis. Further immunofluorescence studies showed that, during early skin development, Syndecan-1 was expressed in the epidermis while being absent from the mesenchyme. As HF morphogenesis began ( approximately E14.5) Syndecan-1 expression was lost from the epithelial compartment of the HF and activated in HF mesenchymal cells. This Syndecan-1 expression profile was consistent between different hair follicle types including primary and secondary pelage, vibrissa, and tail hair follicles. Furthermore we show by using gene targeted mice lacking Syndecan-1 expression that Syndecan-1 is not required for follicle initiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Richardson
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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13
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Regulation of sulfotransferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene expression by the PPARs. PPAR Res 2009; 2009:728941. [PMID: 19680455 PMCID: PMC2724710 DOI: 10.1155/2009/728941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During phase II metabolism, a substrate is rendered more hydrophilic through the covalent attachment of an endogenous molecule. The cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) families of enzymes account for the majority of phase II metabolism in humans and animals. In general, phase II metabolism is considered to be a detoxication process, as sulfate and glucuronide conjugates are more amenable to excretion and elimination than are the parent substrates. However, certain products of phase II metabolism (e.g., unstable sulfate conjugates) are genotoxic. Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily are particularly important regulators of SULT and UGT gene transcription. In metabolically active tissues, increasing evidence supports a major role for lipid-sensing transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), in the regulation of rodent and human SULT and UGT gene expression. This review summarizes current information regarding the regulation of these two major classes of phase II metabolizing enzyme by PPARs.
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14
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Richardson GD, Bazzi H, Fantauzzo KA, Waters JM, Crawford H, Hynd P, Christiano AM, Jahoda CAB. KGF and EGF signalling block hair follicle induction and promote interfollicular epidermal fate in developing mouse skin. Development 2009; 136:2153-64. [PMID: 19474150 DOI: 10.1242/dev.031427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A key initial event in hair follicle morphogenesis is the localised thickening of the skin epithelium to form a placode, partitioning future hair follicle epithelium from interfollicular epidermis. Although many developmental signalling pathways are implicated in follicle morphogenesis, the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF, also known as FGF7) receptors are not defined. EGF receptor (EGFR) ligands have previously been shown to inhibit developing hair follicles; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been characterised. Here we show that receptors for EGF and KGF undergo marked downregulation in hair follicle placodes from multiple body sites, whereas the expression of endogenous ligands persist throughout hair follicle initiation. Using embryonic skin organ culture, we show that when skin from the sites of primary pelage and whisker follicle development is exposed to increased levels of two ectopic EGFR ligands (HBEGF and amphiregulin) and the FGFR2(IIIb) receptor ligand KGF, follicle formation is inhibited in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We then used downstream molecular markers and microarray profiling to provide evidence that, in response to KGF and EGF signalling, epidermal differentiation is promoted at the expense of hair follicle fate. We propose that hair follicle initiation in placodes requires downregulation of the two pathways in question, both of which are crucial for the ongoing development of the interfollicular epidermis. We have also uncovered a previously unrecognised role for KGF signalling in the formation of hair follicles in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Richardson
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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15
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Liu HX, Henson BS, Zhou Y, D'Silva NJ, Mistretta CM. Fungiform papilla pattern: EGF regulates inter-papilla lingual epithelium and decreases papilla number by means of PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and p38 MAPK signaling. Dev Dyn 2009; 237:2378-93. [PMID: 18729215 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungiform papillae are epithelial taste organs that form on the tongue, requiring differentiation of papillae and inter-papilla epithelium. We tested roles of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the receptor EGFR in papilla development. Developmentally, EGF was localized within and between papillae whereas EGFR was progressively restricted to inter-papilla epithelium. In tongue cultures, EGF decreased papillae and increased cell proliferation in inter-papilla epithelium in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas EGFR inhibitor increased and fused papillae. EGF preincubation could over-ride disruption of Shh signaling that ordinarily would effect a doubling of fungiform papillae. With EGF-induced activation of EGFR, we demonstrated phosphorylation in PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and p38 MAPK pathways; with pathway inhibitors (LY294002, U0126, SB203580) the EGF-mediated decrease in papillae was reversed, and synergistic actions were shown. Thus, EGF/EGFR signaling by means of PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and p38 MAPK contributes to epithelial cell proliferation between papillae; this biases against papilla differentiation and reduces numbers of papillae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xiang Liu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
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16
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Scardigli R, Gargioli C, Tosoni D, Borello U, Sampaolesi M, Sciorati C, Cannata S, Clementi E, Brunelli S, Cossu G. Binding of sFRP-3 to EGF in the extra-cellular space affects proliferation, differentiation and morphogenetic events regulated by the two molecules. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2471. [PMID: 18560570 PMCID: PMC2424011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background sFRP-3 is a soluble antagonist of Wnts, widely expressed in developing embryos. The Wnt gene family comprises cysteine-rich secreted ligands that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, organogenesis and oncogenesis of different organisms ranging from worms to mammals. In the canonical signal transduction pathway Wnt proteins bind to the extracellular domain of Frizzled receptors and consequently recruit Dishevelled (Dsh) to the cell membrane. In addition to Wnt membrane receptors belonging to the Frizzled family, several other molecules have been described which share homology in the CRD domain and lack the putative trans-membrane domain, such as sFRP molecules (soluble Frizzled Related Protein). Among them, sFRP-3 was originally isolated from bovine articular cartilage and also as a component of the Spemann organizer. sFRP-3 blocks Wnt-8 induced axis duplication in Xenopus embryos and binds to the surface of cells expressing a membrane-anchored form of Wnt-1. Injection of sFRP-3 mRNA blocks expression of XMyoD mRNA and leads to embryos with enlarged heads and shortened trunks. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we report that sFRP-3 specifically blocks EGF-induced fibroblast proliferation and foci formation. Over-expression of sFRP-3 reverts EGF-mediated inhibition of hair follicle development in the mouse ectoderm while its ablation in Xenopus maintains EGF-mediated inhibition of ectoderm differentiation. Conversely, over-expression of EGF reverts the inhibition of somitic myogenesis and axis truncation in Xenopus and mouse embryos caused by sFRP-3. In vitro experiments demonstrated a direct binding of EGF to sFRP-3 both on heparin and on the surface of CHO cells where the molecule had been membrane anchored. Conclusions/Significance sFRP-3 and EGF reciprocally inhibit their effects on cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis and indeed are expressed in contiguous domains of the embryo, suggesting that in addition to their canonical ligands (Wnt and EGF receptor, respectively) these molecules bind to each other and regulate their activities during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Scardigli
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Histology and Medical Embryology, II° Medical School, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Gargioli
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Histology and Medical Embryology, II° Medical School, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Tosoni
- Department of Histology and Medical Embryology, II° Medical School, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Borello
- Department of Histology and Medical Embryology, II° Medical School, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- Stem Cell Research Institute, H. “S. Raffaele”, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Interdepartemental Stem Cell Research Institute, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clara Sciorati
- Stem Cell Research Institute, H. “S. Raffaele”, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Cannata
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Stem Cell Research Institute, H. “S. Raffaele”, Milan, Italy
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milan, and E. Medea Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Brunelli
- Stem Cell Research Institute, H. “S. Raffaele”, Milan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (Milan), Italy
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Stem Cell Research Institute, H. “S. Raffaele”, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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17
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Intra-amniotic Delivery of CFTR-expressing Adenovirus Does Not Reverse Cystic Fibrosis Phenotype in Inbred CFTR-knockout Mice. Mol Ther 2008; 16:819-24. [DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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18
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Silver DL, Hou L, Somerville R, Young ME, Apte SS, Pavan WJ. The secreted metalloprotease ADAMTS20 is required for melanoblast survival. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000003. [PMID: 18454205 PMCID: PMC2265537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAMTS20 (Adisintegrin-like and metalloprotease domain with thrombospondin type-1 motifs) is a member of a family of secreted metalloproteases that can process a variety of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and secreted molecules. Adamts20 mutations in belted (bt) mice cause white spotting of the dorsal and ventral torso, indicative of defective neural crest (NC)-derived melanoblast development. The expression pattern of Adamts20 in dermal mesenchymal cells adjacent to migrating melanoblasts led us to initially propose that Adamts20 regulated melanoblast migration. However, using a Dct-LacZ transgene to track melanoblast development, we determined that melanoblasts were distributed normally in whole mount E12.5 bt/bt embryos, but were specifically reduced in the trunk of E13.5 bt/bt embryos due to a seven-fold higher rate of apoptosis. The melanoblast defect was exacerbated in newborn skin and embryos from bt/bt animals that were also haploinsufficient for Adamts9, a close homolog of Adamts20, indicating that these metalloproteases functionally overlap in melanoblast development. We identified two potential mechanisms by which Adamts20 may regulate melanoblast survival. First, skin explant cultures demonstrated that Adamts20 was required for melanoblasts to respond to soluble Kit ligand (sKitl). In support of this requirement, bt/bt;Kit(tm1Alf)/+ and bt/bt;Kitl(Sl)/+ mice exhibited synergistically increased spotting. Second, ADAMTS20 cleaved the aggregating proteoglycan versican in vitro and was necessary for versican processing in vivo, raising the possibility that versican can participate in melanoblast development. These findings reveal previously unrecognized roles for Adamts proteases in cell survival and in mediating Kit signaling during melanoblast colonization of the skin. Our results have implications not only for understanding mechanisms of NC-derived melanoblast development but also provide insights on novel biological functions of secreted metalloproteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L. Silver
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ling Hou
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Somerville
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation-ND20, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation-ND20, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Suneel S. Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation-ND20, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - William J. Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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19
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Mou C, Jackson B, Schneider P, Overbeek PA, Headon DJ. Generation of the primary hair follicle pattern. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9075-80. [PMID: 16769906 PMCID: PMC1482568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600825103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair follicles are spaced apart from one another at regular intervals through the skin. Although follicles are predominantly epidermal structures, classical tissue recombination experiments indicated that the underlying dermis defines their location during development. Although many molecules involved in hair follicle formation have been identified, the molecular interactions that determine the emergent property of pattern formation have remained elusive. We have used embryonic skin cultures to dissect signaling responses and patterning outcomes as the skin spatially organizes itself. We find that ectodysplasin receptor (Edar)-bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and transcriptional interactions are central to generation of the primary hair follicle pattern, with restriction of responsiveness, rather than localization of an inducing ligand, being the key driver in this process. The crux of this patterning mechanism is rapid Edar-positive feedback in the epidermis coupled with induction of dermal BMP4/7. The BMPs in turn repress epidermal Edar and hence follicle fate. Edar activation also induces connective tissue growth factor, an inhibitor of BMP signaling, allowing BMP action only at a distance from their site of synthesis. Consistent with this model, transgenic hyperactivation of Edar signaling leads to widespread overproduction of hair follicles. This Edar-BMP activation-inhibition mechanism appears to operate alongside a labile prepattern, suggesting that Edar-mediated stabilization of beta-catenin active foci is a key event in determining definitive follicle locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Mou
- *Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jackson
- *Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, BIL Biomedical Research Center, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; and
| | - Paul A. Overbeek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Denis J. Headon
- *Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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20
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Moriyama M, Osawa M, Mak SS, Ohtsuka T, Yamamoto N, Han H, Delmas V, Kageyama R, Beermann F, Larue L, Nishikawa SI. Notch signaling via Hes1 transcription factor maintains survival of melanoblasts and melanocyte stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 173:333-9. [PMID: 16651378 PMCID: PMC2063834 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200509084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Melanoblasts (Mbs) are thought to be strictly regulated by cell–cell interactions with epidermal keratinocytes, although the precise molecular mechanism of the regulation has been elusive. Notch signaling, whose activation is mediated by cell–cell interactions, is implicated in a broad range of developmental processes. We demonstrate the vital role of Notch signaling in the maintenance of Mbs, as well as melanocyte stem cells (MSCs). Conditional ablation of Notch signaling in the melanocyte lineage leads to a severe defect in hair pigmentation, followed by intensive hair graying. The defect is caused by a dramatic elimination of Mbs and MSCs. Furthermore, targeted overexpression of Hes1 is sufficient to protect Mbs from the elimination by apoptosis. Thus, these data provide evidence that Notch signaling, acting through Hes1, plays a crucial role in the survival of immature Mbs by preventing initiation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Moriyama
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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21
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Wang X, Bolotin D, Chu DH, Polak L, Williams T, Fuchs E. AP-2alpha: a regulator of EGF receptor signaling and proliferation in skin epidermis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 172:409-21. [PMID: 16449191 PMCID: PMC2063650 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200510002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
AP-2 transcription factors have been implicated in epidermal biology, but their functional significance has remained elusive. Using conditional knockout technology, we show that AP-2α is essential for governing the balance between growth and differentiation in epidermis. In vivo, epidermis lacking AP-2α exhibits elevated expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the differentiating layers, resulting in hyperproliferation when the receptors are activated. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter activity assays identify EGFR as a direct target gene for AP-2α repression, and, in the absence of AP-2α, this is manifested primarily in excessive EGF-dependent phosphoinositol-3 kinase/Akt activity. Together, our findings unveil a hitherto unrecognized repressive role for AP-2α in governing EGFR gene transcription as cells exit the basal layer and withdraw from the cell cycle. These results provide insights into why elevated AP-2α levels are often associated with terminal differentiation and why tumor cells often display reduced AP-2α and elevated EGFR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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22
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Buckley SMK, Waddington SN, Jezzard S, Lawrence L, Schneider H, Holder MV, Themis M, Coutelle C. Factors influencing adenovirus-mediated airway transduction in fetal mice. Mol Ther 2005; 12:484-92. [PMID: 16099411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-amniotic injection of adenovirus allows transduction of the fetal airways following natural fetal breathing movements. This administration method is promising for use in gene therapy for cystic fibrosis and other diseases for which the main target for exogenous gene expression is the lung. Here we have investigated factors that may affect the efficacy of gene transfer to the murine fetal lung. We examined marker compound distribution and transgene expression (from a first-generation adenoviral vector) at different stages of development. This demonstrated that fetal breathing movements at 15-16 days of gestation are of sufficient intensity to carry marker/vector into the fetal lungs. These movements can be significantly stimulated by the combination of intra-amniotic theophylline administration and postoperative exposure of the dam to elevated CO(2) levels. However, the most important factor for efficient and consistent pulmonary transgene delivery is the dose of adenoviral vector used, as both the degree of transduction and the percentage of lungs transduced increases with escalating viral dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M K Buckley
- Gene Therapy Research Group, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, SAF Building, Imperial College, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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23
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Jahoda CAB, Kljuic A, O'Shaughnessy R, Crossley N, Whitehouse CJ, Robinson M, Reynolds AJ, Demarchez M, Porter RM, Shapiro L, Christiano AM. The lanceolate hair rat phenotype results from a missense mutation in a calcium coordinating site of the desmoglein 4 gene. Genomics 2004; 83:747-56. [PMID: 15081105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2003.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Accepted: 11/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomal cadherins are essential cell adhesion molecules present throughout the epidermis and other organs, whose major function is to provide mechanical integrity and stability to epithelial cells in a wide variety of tissues. We recently identified a novel desmoglein family member, Desmoglein 4 (Dsg4), using a positional cloning approach in two families with localized autosomal recessive hypotrichosis (LAH) and in the lanceolate hair (lah) mouse. In this study, we report cloning and identification of the rat Dsg4 gene, in which we discovered a missense mutation in a naturally occurring lanceolate hair (lah) rat mutant. Phenotypic analysis of lah/lah mutant rats revealed a striking hair shaft defect with the appearance of a lance head within defective hair shafts. The mutation disrupts a critical calcium binding site bridging the second and third extracellular domains of Dsg4, likely disrupting extracellular interactions of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A B Jahoda
- School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
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24
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Botchkarev VA, Paus R. Molecular biology of hair morphogenesis: development and cycling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2003; 298:164-80. [PMID: 12949776 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, hair follicles produce hairs that fulfill a number of functions including thermoregulation, collecting sensory information, protection against environmental trauma, social communication, and mimicry. Hair follicles develop as a result of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions between epidermal keratinocytes committed to hair-specific differentiation and cluster of dermal fibroblasts that form follicular papilla. During postnatal life, hair follicles show patterns of cyclic activity with periods of active growth and hair production (anagen), apoptosis-driven involution (catagen), and relative resting (telogen). During last decade, substantial progress has been achieved in delineating molecular mechanisms that control hair follicle development and cyclic activity. In this review, we summarize the data demonstrating that regulation of hair follicle development in the embryo and control of hair follicle growth during postnatal life are highly conserved and both require involvement of similar molecular mechanisms. Since many of the molecules that control hair follicle development and cycling are also involved in regulating morphogenesis and postnatal biology of other ectodermal derivatives, such as teeth, feathers, and mammary glands, basic principles and molecular mechanisms that govern hair follicle development and growth may also be applicable for other developmental systems.
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25
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Nanba D, Nakanishi Y, Hieda Y. Role of Sonic hedgehog signaling in epithelial and mesenchymal development of hair follicles in an organ culture of embryonic mouse skin. Dev Growth Differ 2003; 45:231-9. [PMID: 12828684 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-4725.2003.691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies with gene knockout mice have shown that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is required for early development of hair follicles, but the role of this gene in the late stages of follicle development is not clear. By using an organ culture system of embryonic mouse skin, the role of Shh signaling in the early and late stages of follicle development was investigated. In the early stage of follicle development, the downward growth of the follicular epithelium was suppressed by cyclopamine, an inhibitor of Shh signaling, and accelerated by recombinant Shh. In addition, cyclopamine impaired dermal papilla formation, accompanied by the rearrangement of papilla cells, but not the elongation of the follicular epithelium at the later stage. These results suggest that Shh signaling is required for the proliferation of epithelial cells in the early development of hair follicles and for the morphogenetic movement of mesenchymal cells at the later stage of follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nanba
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-16 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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26
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Abstract
Feather buds form sequentially in a hexagonal array. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling from the feather bud inhibits bud formation in the adjacent interbud tissue, but whether interbud fate and patterning is actively promoted by BMP or other factors is unclear. We show that epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling acts positively to establish interbud identity. EGF and the active EGF receptor (EGFR) are expressed in the interbud regions. Exogenous EGF stimulates epidermal proliferation and expands interbud gene expression, with a concurrent loss of feather bud gene expression and morphology. Conversely, EGFR inhibitors result in the loss of interbud fate and increased acquisition of feather bud fate. EGF signaling acts directly on the epidermis and is independent of BMP signaling. The timing of competence to interpret interbud-promoting signals occurs at an earlier developmental stage than previously anticipated. These data demonstrate that EGFR signaling actively promotes interbud identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Atit
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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27
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Nishioka E, Tanaka T, Yoshida H, Matsumura K, Nishikawa S, Naito A, Inoue JI, Funasaka Y, Ichihashi M, Miyasaka M, Nishikawa SI. Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 plays an unexpected role in the development of mouse guard hair. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:632-8. [PMID: 12230506 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The first wave of coat hair development is initiated around embryonic day 14 in the mouse. Whereas ectodysplasin and ectodermal dysplasia receptor, tumor necrosis factor and tumor necrosis factor receptor family molecules, respectively, were identified to be signals triggering this process, not much was known regarding their downstream molecular targets. In this report, we show that mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 are induced in the keratinocytes of the hair placode as a direct consequence of ectodermal dysplasia receptor signal, and tumor-necrosis-factor-receptor-associated factor 6 is involved in this mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 expression. Experiments using an in vitro culture of skin fragments demonstrated that ectodermal-dysplasia-receptor-induced mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 expression occurs at the initial phase of follicle development before involvement of Sonic hedgehog signal. Follicle development in this culture was also suppressed to some extent, though not completely, by addition of soluble mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1/IgG-Fc chimeric protein, whereas monoclonal antibody that can inhibit mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 interaction with integrin alpha4beta7 had no effect on this process. These results demonstrated for the first time that the structural proteins, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, are induced by ectodermal dysplasia receptor signal and suggested the potential involvement of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 in the morphogenesis of follicular keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Nishioka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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28
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Hayashi K, Mochizuki M, Nomizu M, Uchinuma E, Yamashina S, Kadoya Y. Inhibition of hair follicle growth by a laminin-1 G-domain peptide, RKRLQVQLSIRT, in an organ culture of isolated vibrissa rudiment. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118:712-8. [PMID: 11918721 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We established a serum-free organ culture system of isolated single vibrissa rudiments taken from embryonic day 13 mice. This system allowed us to test more than 30 laminin-derived cell adhesive peptides to determine their roles on the growth and differentiation of vibrissa hair follicles. We found that the RKRLQVQLSIRT sequence (designated AG-73), which mapped to the LG-4 module of the laminin-alpha1 chain carboxyl-terminal G domain, perturbed the growth of hair follicles in vitro. AG-73 is one of the cell-binding peptides identified from more than 600 systematically synthesized 12 amino acid peptides covering the whole amino acid sequence of the laminin-alpha1, -beta1, and -gamma1 chains, by cell adhesion assay. Other cell-adhesive laminin peptides and a control scrambled peptide, LQQRRSVLRTKI, however, failed to show any significant effects on the growth of hair follicles. The AG-73 peptide binds to syndecan-1, a transmembrane heparan-sulfate proteoglycan. Syndecan-1 was expressed in both the mesenchymal condensation and the epithelial hair peg of developing vibrissa, suggesting that AG-73 binding to the cell surface syndecan-1 perturbed the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions of developing vibrissa. The formation of hair bulbs was aberrant in the explants treated with AG-73. In addition, impaired basement membrane formation, an abnormal cytoplasmic bleb formation, and an unusual basal formation of actin bundles were noted in the AG-73-treated-hair matrix epithelium, indicating that AG-73 binding perturbs various steps of epithelial morphogenesis, including the basement membrane remodeling. We also found a region-specific loss of the laminin-alpha1 chain in the basement membrane at the distal region of the invading hair follicle epithelium, indicating that laminins play a part in hair morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Japan
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29
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Dohrmann CE, Noramly S, Raftery LA, Morgan BA. Opposing effects on TSC-22 expression by BMP and receptor tyrosine kinase signals in the developing feather tract. Dev Dyn 2002; 223:85-95. [PMID: 11803572 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
TSC-22 (transforming growth factor-beta-stimulated clone 22) belongs to a family of leucine zipper transcription factors that includes sequences from invertebrates and vertebrates. The single Drosophila family member, encoded by the bunched gene, serves to integrate opposing bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signals during oogenesis. Similarly, mammalian TSC-22 expression is regulated by several families of secreted signaling molecules in cultured cells. Here, we show that chick TSC-22 is dynamically expressed in the condensing feather bud, as well as in many tissues of the chick embryo. BMP-2/4, previously shown to inhibit bud development, repress TSC-22 expression during feather bud formation in vivo. Noggin, a BMP antagonist, promotes TSC-22 expression. EGF, TGF-alpha, and fibroblast growth factor all promote both feather bud development and TSC-22 expression; each can promote ectopic feather buds that are regularly spaced between existing feather buds. Thus, TSC-22 is a candidate to integrate small imbalances in receptor tyrosine kinase and BMP signaling during feather tract development to generate stable and reproducible morphogenetic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cord E Dohrmann
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Abstract
The Cre-loxP strategy has allowed us to generate the mice whose keratinocytes are devoid of Stat3, which play a pivotal role in the signal transduction following the stimulation with various growth factors/cytokines, such as EGF, HGF, or IL-6. Although keratinocyte-specific Stat3-disrupted mice were born normal with intact skin and the first hair cycle, they exhibited retardation of wound healing and absence of the second hair cycle onward, leading to development of spontaneous skin ulcers and alopecia as they aged. Thus, analyses of these mice reveal that Stat3 in keratinocytes contributes to the regeneration of epidermis and hair cycle process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sano
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
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31
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Jordan SA, Jackson IJ. MGF (KIT ligand) is a chemokinetic factor for melanoblast migration into hair follicles. Dev Biol 2000; 225:424-36. [PMID: 10985860 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2000.9856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Melanoblasts, the precursors of the pigment-producing cells of the skin and hair, are derived from the neural crest and migrate to the skin around 12 days of gestation in the mouse. In adult mice almost all the melanoblasts are confined to the hair follicles except for the epidermal layers of nonhairy skin. The receptor tyrosine kinase, KIT, is necessary for the survival, proliferation, and migration of melanoblasts. We have utilised an organ culture for embryonic skin taken from Dct-lacZ transgenic mice. The early patterning of the follicles and developing skin layers is retained within the cultures and the lacZ reporter allows visualisation of the melanoblasts within their native tissue environment. Soon after initiation of hair follicle development, melanoblasts localise in the follicles. Inhibition of follicle formation demonstrates that this localisation is an active process; in the absence of follicles, the melanoblasts proliferate but remain associated with the basement membrane. Implantation of beads releasing MGF, the ligand of KIT, does not result in melanoblast migration towards the bead, rather their localisation to the follicles is accelerated. Addition of soluble MGF induces the same effect; KIT therefore promotes melanocyte movement and acts as a chemokinetic, or motogenic, receptor. The melanoblasts must be guided to their correct location by other chemotactic signals or move at random and locate by ceasing movement when the follicle is engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Jordan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
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32
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Kuroki T, Ikuta T, Kashiwagi M, Kawabe S, Ohba M, Huh N, Mizuno K, Ohno S, Yamada E, Chida K. Cholesterol sulfate, an activator of protein kinase C mediating squamous cell differentiation: a review. Mutat Res 2000; 462:189-95. [PMID: 10767630 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5742(00)00036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activity of protein kinase C (PKC) depends on the interaction with polar head-groups of two membrane lipids, i.e., phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol. We demonstrated that cholesterol metabolism is directly involved in activation of the eta isoform of protein kinase C (PKCeta), which is predominantly expressed in epithelial tissues in close association with epithelial differentiation. We found that PKCeta was activated by cholesterol sulfate (CS), a metabolite of cholesterol formed during squamous cell differentiation. In the presence of CS, phorbol ester only weakly enhanced the activity of PKCeta. CS also activated PKCeta, PKCdelta and PKCepsilon in a dose-dependent manner, when assayed using purified recombinant materials. However, when partially purified materials were used from overexpressing normal human keratinocytes, only PKCeta was activated by CS among the isoforms examined. All the existing lines of evidence, mainly supplied from our laboratory, suggest that CS is involved in a signal transduction of squamous cell differentiation and thereby modifying squamous cell carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuroki
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Showa University, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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33
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Nanba D, Hieda Y, Nakanishi Y. Remodeling of desmosomal and hemidesmosomal adhesion systems during early morphogenesis of mouse pelage hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:171-7. [PMID: 10620134 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Early hair follicle morphogenesis proceeds with the formation of a hair placode, the downgrowth of the hair plug into the mesenchyme, and the development of an elongated hair follicle - processes that involve a series of exchange of messages between epithelium and mesenchyme. Regulation of epithelial cell adhesion during hair morphogenesis has been demonstrated in terms of the changing expression patterns of E- and P-cadherins. In this study, distribution patterns of several major components of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, which are the most prominent cell adhesion systems in epidermal tissues, were examined during early morphogenesis of mouse pelage hair follicles. We found that both desmosomal and hemidesmosomal adhesion systems became downregulated in hair placodes and were much reduced or almost lost in hair plugs, which persisted in the region containing hair matrix. Downregulation of the adhesion systems in hair plugs was confirmed by electron microscopy. Similar distribution patterns of these molecules were obtained in the developing follicles in cultured skin. It may be that epidermal cells at the initial stages of hair development respond to the first mesenchymal message by grossly changing their cell adhesion systems and that the resultant changes in cell adhesivity underlie early hair follicle morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nanba
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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34
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Takaishi M, Huh NH. A tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein gene, tpis, whose expression is induced with differentiation of spermatogenic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 264:81-5. [PMID: 10527845 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) is a degenerate 34-amino-acid sequence which forms scaffolds to mediate protein-protein interactions. We have isolated a cDNA named tpis from mouse embryonic skin and found that the deduced 529-amino-acid sequence contained 5 TPRs. In addition to skin, the transcript of tpis was detected in tissues with stratified squamous epithelium, e.g., tongue, esophagus, and forestomach. tpis was most strongly expressed in testis among adult tissues examined. The transcript of tpis from testis was longer, encoding 372 additional amino acid residues at the 5'-side with 3 more TPRs. In situ hybridization revealed specific expression of tpis at a distinct differentiation stage of spermatogenic cells, indicating involvement of tpis in spermatogenesis. Chromosomal localization of the tpis gene was determined as 18.10 cM of chromosome 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takaishi
- Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Sugitani, 930-0194, Japan
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Takaishi M, Takata Y, Kuroki T, Huh N. Isolation and characterization of a putative keratin-associated protein gene expressed in embryonic skin of mice. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111:128-32. [PMID: 9665399 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic mouse skin undergoes substantial morphologic changes from 13 days post-coitus (dpc) to 16 dpc, i.e., from simple layers of epithelial cells and periderm at 13.5 dpc to almost fully differentiated stratified epithelium with the rudiments of hair follicles at 16.5 dpc. Using RNA differential display, we isolated a gene involved in the development of mouse epidermis. This gene, tentatively designated as 4C32, encodes 197 amino acids containing six direct repeats of 10 amino acids with the CQ motif. The repetitive structure with the CQ motif is seen in most keratin-associated protein families, which are known to be specifically expressed in hair follicles. 4C32 is expressed in the outermost layer of the embryonic epidermis at 15.5 and 16.5 dpc, and abruptly disappears at 17.5 dpc, suggesting that 4C32 is expressed in the periderm. The periderm is a superficial layer of embryonic epidermis, and is known to disappear at 17 dpc in mouse embryos. The 4C32 transcripts were also detected in the developing and matured tongue tissues and in the tail scale, but not at any stage in hair follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takaishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan
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