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Davis B, Eskenazi B, Bornman R, Obida M, Chevrier J. Association between prenatal exposure to indoor residual spraying insecticides and infection rates among South African children participating in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170483. [PMID: 38301784 PMCID: PMC11112551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
In 2021, 53 countries conducted indoor residual spraying (IRS), the application of insecticides such as dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) or pyrethroids to the walls of homes to control malaria. Animal studies show that these insecticides can increase susceptibility to infections but only one human study was conducted in a population from an area where IRS is applied. The aim of the present study was thus to investigate whether maternal exposure to DDT, its breakdown product dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (DDE) or pyrethroid insecticides is associated with symptoms of infection among children living in a region of South Africa were IRS is conducted annually. As part of the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE) we measured maternal serum concentrations of DDT and DDE, and urinary concentrations of four pyrethroid metabolites in peripartum samples. Poisson regression models with robust variance estimates were used to investigate associations with the rates of infection symptoms between ages 3.5-5 years among 629 children as assessed based on caregiver interviews. Multiple pyrethroid metabolites were associated with infection symptoms. For instance, cis-DBCA was associated with increased rates of ear infection (Incidence Rate Ratio for a 10-fold increase (IRR10) = 1.4; 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.0, 2.1) and persistent diarrhea (IRR10 = 2.1; 95 % CI = 1.2, 3.9), trans-DCCA was associated with increased rates of colds in children (IRR10 = 1.3; 95 % CI = 1.0, 1.6) and persistent fever (IRS10 = 1.4; 95 % CI = 1.0, 2.0), and 3-PBA was associated with increased rates of persistent fever (IRR10 = 1.8; 95 % CI = 1.0, 3.0). We found limited evidence of association between maternal DDE and DDT serum concentrations and infection symptoms. Results suggest that prenatal exposure to pyrethroid insecticides may be associated with infections among children from an area where IRS is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooklyn Davis
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Riana Bornman
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Muvhulawa Obida
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Li BA, Li BM, Bao Z, Li Q, Xing M, Li B. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane for Malaria and Agricultural Uses and Its Impacts on Human Health. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 111:45. [PMID: 37730942 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in agriculture and disease control, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is one of the most used pesticides in human history. Besides its significant contributions in pest control in agriculture, DDT was credited as having saved millions of human lives for controlling malaria and other deadly insect-transmitted diseases. Even today, the use of DDT in some countries for malaria control cannot be replaced without endangering people who live there. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has changed our lives and reminded us of the challenges in dealing with infectious diseases, especially deadly ones including malaria. However, DDT and its metabolites are stable, persist long, are found in almost every corner of the world, and their persistent effects on humans, animals, and the environment must be seriously considered. This review will focus on the history of DDT use for agriculture and malaria control, the pathways for the spread of DDT, benefits and risks of DDT use, DDT exposure to animals, humans, and the environment, and the associated human health risks. These knowledge and findings of DDT will benefit the selection and management of pesticides worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506-9196, WV, USA
- Morgantown High School, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Zhenghong Bao
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506-9196, WV, USA
| | - Qingyang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506-9196, WV, USA
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, and The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, MB, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Bingyun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506-9196, WV, USA.
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Exposure to p,p´-DDE during early pregnancy, anthropometry, and gestational age at birth, in a flower-growing region of Mexico. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:15-23. [PMID: 35593419 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p´-DDE) may interfere with fetal development; however, studies evaluating anthropometry and gestational age at birth show inconsistent results. Typically, p,p´-DDE exposure has been measured during the third trimester and missed the key early pregnancy period. We evaluated the association between p,p´-DDE exposure before week 18 of pregnancy and anthropometry at birth, as well as gestational length, in 170 mother-child pairs from a cohort study in a flower-growing mexican region. Maternal serum p,p´-DDE concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. The associations between p,p´-DDE and z-scores of birth weight, birth length, and gestational age were evaluated by linear multiple regression models. Logistic regression models were used for low birth weight and small size for gestational age. Effect modification by child's sex was explored. The average gestational age at the blood sample extraction was 10.6 weeks. p,p'-DDE was detected in 64.7% of mothers, at a geometric mean of 0.24 ng/mL. Prenatal p,p´-DDE exposure was not associated with the birth outcomes in the whole sample. However, a high p,p´-DDE exposure was marginally associated with greater small for gestational age risk in male newborns (OR≥0.076ng/mL vs <0.076 ng/mL = 3.09, 95% CI: 0.61; 15.58), but not in female (p for interaction = 0.08).Even though, we found no reductions in anthropometric measurements or gestational length associated with early prenatal p,p´-DDE exposure, the potential effect modification by infant's sex in terms of small for the gestational age risk deserves future studies.
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Vitamin C Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Behavioral Impairments Induced by Deltamethrin and Lead Toxicity in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312714. [PMID: 34884514 PMCID: PMC8657856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental contamination from toxic metals and pesticides is an issue of great concern due to their harmful effects to human health and the ecosystems. In this framework, we assessed the adverse effects when aquatic organisms are exposed to toxicants such as deltamethrin (DM) and lead (Pb), alone or in combination, using zebrafish as a model. Moreover, we likewise evaluated the possible protective effect of vitamin C (VC) supplementation against the combined acute toxic effects of the two toxicants. Juvenile zebrafish were exposed to DM (2 μg L-1) and Pb (60 μg L-1) alone and in combination with VC (100 μg L-1) and responses were assessed by quantifying acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, lipid peroxidation (MDA), some antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and GPx), three-dimension locomotion responses and changes of elements concentrations in the zebrafish body. Our results show that VC has mitigative effects against behavioral and biochemical alterations induced by a mixture of contaminants, demonstrating that it can be used as an effective antioxidant. Moreover, the observations in the study demonstrate zebrafish as a promising in vivo model for assessing the neuroprotective actions of bioactive compounds.
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Farag MR, Alagawany M, Bilal RM, Gewida AGA, Dhama K, Abdel-Latif HMR, Amer MS, Rivero-Perez N, Zaragoza-Bastida A, Binnaser YS, Batiha GES, Naiel MAE. An Overview on the Potential Hazards of Pyrethroid Insecticides in Fish, with Special Emphasis on Cypermethrin Toxicity. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071880. [PMID: 34201914 PMCID: PMC8300353 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pyrethroid insecticides are extensively used in controlling agricultural insects and treatment of ectoparasitic infestation in farm animals. However, the unhygienic disposable and seepage of pyrethroids from the agricultural runoff will lead to contamination of the aquatic ecosystems, which will, in turn, induce harmful toxic effects in the exposed living aquatic organisms, including fish. Cypermethrin (CYP) is a commonly and widely used type II pyrethroid insecticide with known dangerous toxic effects on the exposed organisms. Serious hazardous effects of these toxicants have been reported in several fish species leading to high mortalities and economic losses of the exposed fish. Abstract Pesticides are chemicals used to control pests, such as aquatic weeds, insects, aquatic snails, and plant diseases. They are extensively used in forestry, agriculture, veterinary practices, and of great public health importance. Pesticides can be categorized according to their use into three major types (namely insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides). Water contamination by pesticides is known to induce harmful impacts on the production, reproduction, and survivability of living aquatic organisms, such as algae, aquatic plants, and fish (shellfish and finfish species). The literature and information present in this review article facilitate evaluating the toxic effects from exposure to various fish species to different concentrations of pesticides. Moreover, a brief overview of sources, classification, mechanisms of action, and toxicity signs of pyrethroid insecticides in several fish species will be illustrated with special emphasis on Cypermethrin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada R. Farag
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Rana M. Bilal
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Baghdad ul Jadeed Campus, IUB, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Ahmed G. A. Gewida
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India;
| | - Hany M. R. Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud S. Amer
- Laser Application in Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Laser-Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Nallely Rivero-Perez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo 43600, Hgo, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (N.R.-P.); (M.A.E.N.)
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo 43600, Hgo, Mexico;
| | - Yaser S. Binnaser
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medina Al-Munawara 41477, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed A. E. Naiel
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (N.R.-P.); (M.A.E.N.)
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Zhu C, Wang D, Zhu F, Liu S, Fang G, Gao J, Zhou D. Rapid DDTs degradation by thermally activated persulfate in soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions: Reductive radicals vs. oxidative radicals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123557. [PMID: 33254742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Persulfate (PS)-based oxidation technologies have been extensively employed for contaminant remediation, but the mechanisms of PS-mediated pollutant removal in soil under anaerobic conditions have not been fully explored. In this study, the degradation of DDTs (DDT and DDE) by thermally activated PS in a real contaminated soil was investigated. It was found that DDTs degradation could be achieved under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and anaerobic conditions were comparatively more efficient. Further analyses based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), free radical quenching studies and degradation product identification showed that, oxidative radicals (SO4-/OH) were the major species responsible for DDTs degradation under aerobic conditions, while both reductive (persulfate radical S2O8-) and oxidative radicals were involved under anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, reductive degradation of DDT could also be observed in the presence of ethanol (EtOH) due to the formation of EtOH radical. In addition, DDT degradation was hardly affected by anions such as HCO3- and Cl- at anaerobic conditions while its degradation was greatly inhibited by these anions under aerobic conditions. This study significantly improved our knowledge of PS-mediated degradation processes of DDTs and provided new insight into soil remediation by in-situ chemical oxidation at different oxygen status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Dixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Fengxiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Shaochong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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Yu X, Yu RQ, Zhang X, Zhan F, Sun X, Wu Y. DDT exposure induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of skin fibroblasts from Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin via mitochondria dysfunction. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 213:105229. [PMID: 31255889 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the global use of the 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p'-DDT) has been prohibited, its persistence in the environment has caused long-lasting exposure on marine mammals. Our previous studies revealed exceedingly high residue levels of DDTs in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) from the Pearl River Estuary region, China. However, the molecular mechanisms of p,p'-DDT toxicity on the dolphin are largely unknown. This study conducted the first cytotoxicity effect exploration of p,p'-DDT on the dolphin skin fibroblasts (ScSFs) to enhance the understanding of the cellular and molecular regulation impacts. ScSF cells were exposed to p,p'-DDT (28∼168 μM) for 24, 48 and 72 h. The exposure remarkably decreased viability of ScSF cells, possibly due to the synergetic effects of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via DNA damage and mitochondria dysfunction. The DNA damage and mitochondria dysfunction were likely triggered by an increase of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential, reduction in the cellular ATP levels, decreased expression of the genes CDK1, CDK4, cyclin B1, cyclin D1 and apoptosis regulator Bcl-2, release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9. Moreover, caspase inhibitor displayed protective activity against p,p'-DDT-induced apoptosis, indicating that caspases played a central role in p,p'-DDT-triggered apoptosis in the ScSF cells. We hypothesize apoptosis likely plays a minor role in cytocidal effects induced by p,p'-DDT exposure, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Overall, this research provides new evidence of the cytotoxic mechanisms underlying p,p'-DDT exposure on humpback dolphin skin cells, and suggests that p,p'-DDT contamination is one of key health concern issues for the protection of this marine mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Yu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ri-Qing Yu
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Fengping Zhan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xian Sun
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yuping Wu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Osorio-Treviño OC, Arzate-Cárdenas MA, Rico-Martínez R. Energy budget in Alona guttata (Chydoridae: Aloninae) and toxicant-induced alterations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:398-407. [PMID: 30688169 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1558901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although chydorids are the most diverse cladocerans in the world, there is still little information available related to their biology and even less with respect to their susceptibility to toxicants. Therefore, this work aimed to implement protocols with Alona guttata for acute, chronic, and sublethal toxicity tests, using the environmental concern toxicants deltamethrin (DM) and lead (Pb2+), which are commonly used due to agriculture and vector control or for the automotive industry, respectively. Once the results of LC50 (0.1160 ± 0.0107 μg/L for DM and 1.5797 ± 0.1605 mg/L for Pb2+) were obtained, sublethal concentrations (0.01 to 0.2 LC50) were used for the evaluation of biomarkers and chronic toxicity. Concentrations as low as 0.01 LC50 reduced Alona's survival and fecundity, negatively affecting demographic parameters, and decreased the energy reserves. A significant correlation was found between the natural rate of population increase and the caloric content, which demonstrates the suitability of these biomarkers as endpoints of early warning that allow inferring alterations at higher biological levels. Subsequently, this work could constitute the first report on the evaluation of the energy budget in a non-daphnid species, its alterations due to exposure to toxic substances and the correlation with demographic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga C Osorio-Treviño
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Centro de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes , AGS , México
| | - Mario A Arzate-Cárdenas
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Centro de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes , AGS , México
- b Cátedras CONACYT. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología , Benito Juárez , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Roberto Rico-Martínez
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Centro de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes , AGS , México
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Sobral MMC, Cunha SC, Faria MA, Ferreira IM. Domestic Cooking of Muscle Foods: Impact on Composition of Nutrients and Contaminants. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:309-333. [PMID: 33350087 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Meat and fish are muscle foods rich in valuable nutrients, such as high-quality proteins, vitamins, and minerals, and, in the case of fish, also unsaturated fatty acids. The escalation of meat and fish production has increased the occurrence of pesticide and antibiotic residues, as result of pest control on feed crops, and antibiotics used to fight infections in animals. Meat and fish are usually cooked to enrich taste, soften texture, increase safety, and improve nutrient digestibility. However, the impact of cooking on nutritional properties and formation of deleterious compounds must be understood. This review summarizes studies, published in the last decade, that have focused on how domestic cooking affects: (i) composition of nutrients (protein, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals); (ii) antibiotic and pesticide residue contents; and (iii) the formation of cooking-induced contaminants (heterocyclic aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and thermal degradation products of antibiotics and pesticides). Cooking affects the nutritional composition of meat and fish; frying is the cooking method that causes the greatest impact. Cooking may reduce the pesticide and antibiotic residues present in contaminated raw meat and fish; however, it may result in the formation of degradation products of unknown identity and toxicity. Control of cooking time and temperature, use of antioxidant-rich marinades, and avoiding the dripping of fat during charcoal grilling can reduce the formation of cooking-induced contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Madalena C Sobral
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Dept. de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia - Univ. do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Dept. de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia - Univ. do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Faria
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Dept. de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia - Univ. do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Mplvo Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Dept. de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia - Univ. do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Cupul-Uicab LA, Terrazas-Medina EA, Hernández-Ávila M, Longnecker MP. In utero exposure to DDT and incidence of diarrhea among boys from tropical Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 159:331-337. [PMID: 28841520 PMCID: PMC5623652 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher incidence rate (IR) of acute gastrointestinal (GI) infections associated with prenatal exposure to p,p'-DDE was suggested by the results in two studies. Given the high mortality rate due to childhood diarrhea in some countries with ongoing use of DDT, additional data on this association is relevant for those making decisions about vector-borne disease control. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether higher levels of prenatal exposure to p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT increase the risk of having diarrhea in a birth cohort of boys from tropical Mexico. METHODS Our analysis was based on 747 boys whose exposure was measured in maternal serum collected at delivery (2002-2003). Mothers reported the number of diarrhea episodes of their children during in-person interviews. The median age of the children at their last interview was 21.4 months. Poisson regression models were fitted to estimate adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR) of diarrhea by levels of p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT. RESULTS Overall, there were 1.7 episodes of diarrhea per child-year. Among those in the highest category of exposure (> 9µg DDE/g serum lipid), the aIRR for diarrhea was 1.14 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.30) compared to those in the lowest category of exposure (≤ 3µg/g). Among boys living in the urban area, the corresponding aIRR was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.07-1.80). Among rural boys, no associations emerged. CONCLUSION Although the results were consistent with a small positive association, the overall estimate was not precise. While urban boys in this study appeared to be more susceptible to DDE-associated diarrhea, a ready explanation for such increased susceptibility was not apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea A Cupul-Uicab
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico; Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de la Península de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán 97130, Mexico
| | - Efraín A Terrazas-Medina
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico.
| | - Mauricio Hernández-Ávila
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico
| | - Matthew P Longnecker
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS/USA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Nadal A, Quesada I, Tudurí E, Nogueiras R, Alonso-Magdalena P. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the regulation of energy balance. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:536-546. [PMID: 28524168 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Energy balance involves the adjustment of food intake, energy expenditure and body fat reserves through homeostatic pathways. These pathways include a multitude of biochemical reactions, as well as hormonal cues. Dysfunction of this homeostatic control system results in common metabolism-related pathologies, which include obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs) are a particular class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals that affect energy homeostasis. MDCs affect multiple endocrine mechanisms and thus different cell types that are implicated in metabolic control. MDCs affect gene expression and the biosynthesis of key enzymes, hormones and adipokines that are essential for controlling energy homeostasis. This multifaceted spectrum of actions precludes compensatory responses and favours metabolic disorders. Herein, we review the main mechanisms used by MDCs to alter energy balance. This work should help to identify new MDCs, as well as novel targets of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Nadal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avda Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ivan Quesada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avda Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Eva Tudurí
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Avda. Barcelona s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Avda. Barcelona s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Calle San Francisco s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Paloma Alonso-Magdalena
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avda Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain
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12
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Hernández-Mariano JÁ, Torres-Sánchez L, Bassol-Mayagoitia S, Escamilla-Nuñez MC, Cebrian ME, Villeda-Gutiérrez ÉA, López-Rodríguez G, Félix-Arellano EE, Blanco-Muñoz J. Effect of exposure to p,p´-DDE during the first half of pregnancy in the maternal thyroid profile of female residents in a Mexican floriculture area. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:597-604. [PMID: 28448812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (p,p´-DDE), the main metabolite of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), has been associated with changes in human thyroid hormone levels. Maternal thyroid hormones are essential for adequate fetal neurodevelopment during the first half of pregnancy. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between maternal p,p´-DDE concentration and the maternal thyroid profile during the first half of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the information of 430 pregnant women from a Mexican floriculture area, with a gestational age ≤16 weeks. By questionnaire, we obtained sociodemographic, reproductive, and life-style, information. Serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and total and free T3 and T4 were determined by means of Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). p,p´-DDE was analyzed by Gas Chromatography. The association between p,p´-DDE and thyroid profile was assessed through linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS Thirty eight percent of women had p,p´-DDE levels below the Limit of Detection and 12.3% below the Limit of Quantification. Within the quantifiable range, median was 53.03ng/g. TSH >2.5 mIU/L was present in 9.3% of women; 47.7% had isolated hypothyroxinemia; 3.5% had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 5.8% had overt hypothyroidism. We observed a significant positive association between quantifiable p,p´-DDE and total T3 serum levels in comparison with those with concentrations below the Limit of Detection (β=0.19; 95% CI=0.06, 0.34). There were no significant associations with other hormones of the thyroid profile or with clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that p,p´-DDE exposure, even at low concentrations, could disrupt thyroid homeostasis during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Torres-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (National Institute of Public Health), Cuernavaca, México
| | | | | | - Mariano E Cebrian
- Departamento de Toxicología. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., México
| | | | | | | | - Julia Blanco-Muñoz
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (National Institute of Public Health), Cuernavaca, México.
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13
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Protective effects of vitamins C and E on dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-induced genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in human liver cells. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-017-0016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Sánchez-Osorio JL, Macías-Zamora JV, Ramírez-Álvarez N, Bidleman TF. Organochlorine pesticides in residential soils and sediments within two main agricultural areas of northwest Mexico: Concentrations, enantiomer compositions and potential sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:275-287. [PMID: 28113064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural Mexicali and Yaqui valleys (MV, YV) in northwest Mexico were heavily treated with organochlorine pesticides in the past. Residential soils and agricultural drain sediments were sampled in 2008-2009 and analyzed for DDTs (o,p'- and p,p'- isomers of DDE, DDD and DDT); hexachlorocyclohexanes (α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH) and chlordanes (trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, heptachlor and heptachlor exo-epoxide). Geometric means (GMs) (ng g-1 dry weight) were: MV soils (n = 27) ΣDDT 22, ΣHCH 0.80, ΣCHL 0.88; YV soils (n = 25) ΣDDT 5.0, ΣHCH 0.23, ΣCHL 0.67; MV sediments (n = 3) ΣDDT 5.0, ΣHCH 0.23, ΣCHL 0.53; YV sediments (n = 8) ΣDDT 2.6, ΣHCH 0.12, ΣCHL 0.090. GMs were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in MV than YV soils for ΣDDT and ΣHCH, but not for ΣCHL. Comparison to worldwide regulatory guideline values (RGVs) for residential soils showed all compounds below mean or GM RGVs, but above the lowest RGV in some cases. Low p,p'-DDT/(p,p'-DDT + p,p'-DDE) in most soils indicated aged residues. Lack of p,p'-DDT metabolism might account for its dominance in a few soils. HCH isomer profiles suggested aged technical HCH in the YV, and technical HCH + lindane in the MV. Heptachlor dominated the ΣCHL, probably from application of technical heptachlor as well as chlordane. Chiral compounds were nonracemic in soils and sediments and indicated enantioselective microbial degradation of (+)α-HCH, (-)trans-chlordane, (-)cis-chlordane and (+)o,p'-DDT. Depletion of (+)o,p'-DDT in soils may account for similar enantiomer signatures previously reported in air of northwest Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Sánchez-Osorio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 106 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - José Vinicio Macías-Zamora
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 106 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Nancy Ramírez-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 106 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden.
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15
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Polanco Rodríguez ÁG, Riba López MI, DelValls Casillas TÁ, Araujo León JA, Mahjoub O, Prusty AK. Monitoring of organochlorine pesticides in blood of women with uterine cervix cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:853-862. [PMID: 27876223 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In Yucatan, Mexico, chronic exposure of Mayan population to pesticides is expected as about 30 per cent are drinking polluted water. Residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCP) were monitored in 18 municipalities of Yucatan with high mortality rates due to uterine cervix cancer. 70 blood samples collected from Mayan women living in livestock, agricultural and metropolitan area were analyzed for OCP. Solid Phase Extraction was performed on C18 cartridges and analyzed by Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detector. The results showed that the highest OCP levels were detected in blood of women living in the livestock area. OCP detected were endosulfan I (7.35 μg/mL), aldrin (3.69 μg/mL), 4,4' DDD (2.33 μg/mL), 1.39 and 1.46 μg/mL of δ-HCH. Women from the agricultural area had high concentrations of OCP in their blood, particularly dieldrin (1.19 μg/mL), and 1.26 μg/mL of 4,4' DDE. In the metropolitan area, 0.080 μg/mL of γ-HCH and 0.064 μg/mL of heptachlore were detected. This monitoring study was also based on epidemiological data of uterine cervical cancer. It was found that environmental factors may have facilitated the infiltration of OCP to the aquifer used for potable water supply. These factors in addition to poverty can have impacts on public health. This first exploratory study suggests that monitoring of OCP in human is important for the establishment of health promotion programs. The integrative analysis of both, environmental and social factors would be helpful to characterize the bioaccumulation of pesticides in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel G Polanco Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Social y Salud Pública, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzáez x 59 #490, Centro, C.P. 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - M Inmaculada Riba López
- UNESCO/UNITWIN Wicop, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - T Ángel DelValls Casillas
- UNESCO/UNITWIN Wicop, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Araujo León
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, C. 43 No. 613 x C. 90 Col. Inalámbrica, C.P. 97069, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Olfa Mahjoub
- National Research Institute for Rural Engineering, Water, and Forestry, Hédi Karrai Street, P.O. Box 10, 2080, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Anjan Kumar Prusty
- Environmental Impact Assessment Division, Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, Post Box - 83, Mundra Road, Opp. Changleshwar Temple, Bhuj 370001, Gujarat, India
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16
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Blanco-Muñoz J, Lacasaña M, López-Flores I, Rodríguez-Barranco M, González-Alzaga B, Bassol S, Cebrian ME, López-Carrillo L, Aguilar-Garduño C. Association between organochlorine pesticide exposure and thyroid hormones in floriculture workers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:357-363. [PMID: 27344267 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that exposure to DDT may be related to changes in thyroid hormone levels in animals and humans, even though results across studies are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to assess the association between exposure to p,p'-DDE (a stable metabolite of DDT) and serum levels of thyroid hormones in floriculture workers. A longitudinal study was conducted on 136 male subjects from the States of Mexico and Morelos, Mexico, who were occupationally exposed to pesticides, during agricultural periods of high (rainy season) and low (dry season) levels of pesticide application. Using a structured questionnaire, a survey was carried out on socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometry, clinical history, alcohol and tobacco consumption, residential chemical exposure, and occupational history. Blood and urine samples were collected to determine serum levels of TSH, total T3, total T4, and p,p'-DDE, and metabolites of organophosphate pesticides (OP), respectively. The analysis of the associations between p,p'-DDE levels and thyroid hormone profile adjusting by potential confounding variables including urinary OP metabolites was carried out using multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) models. Our results showed that the geometric means of p,p'-DDE levels were 6.17 ng/ml and 4.71 ng/ml in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. We observed positive associations between the serum levels of p,p'-DDE and those of total T3 (β=0.01, 95% CI: -0.009, 0.03), and total T4 (β=0.08, 95% CI:0.03, 0.14) and negative but no significant changes in TSH in male floricultural workers, supporting the hypothesis that acts as thyroid disruptor in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blanco-Muñoz
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (National Institute of Public Health), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (Andalusian School of Public Health), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada López-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Departamento de Genética. Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (Andalusian School of Public Health), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz González-Alzaga
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (Andalusian School of Public Health), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Susana Bassol
- Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Mariano E Cebrian
- Departamento de Toxicología. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Lizbeth López-Carrillo
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (National Institute of Public Health), Cuernavaca, Mexico
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17
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Mendez A, Ng CA, Torres JPM, Bastos W, Bogdal C, Dos Reis GA, Hungerbuehler K. Modeling the dynamics of DDT in a remote tropical floodplain: indications of post-ban use? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10317-10334. [PMID: 26503006 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Significant knowledge gaps exist regarding the fate and transport of persistent organic pollutants like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in tropical environments. In Brazil, indoor residual spraying with DDT to combat malaria and leishmaniasis began in the 1950s and was banned in 1998. Nonetheless, high concentrations of DDT and its metabolites were recently detected in human breast milk in the community of Lake Puruzinho in the Brazilian Amazon. In this work, we couple analysis of soils and sediments from 2005 to 2014 at Puruzinho with a novel dynamic floodplain model to investigate the movement and distribution of DDT and its transformation products (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)) and implications for human exposure. The model results are in good agreement with the accumulation pattern observed in the measurements, in which DDT, DDE, and DDD (collectively, DDX) accumulate primarily in upland soils and sediments. However, a significant increase was observed in DDX concentrations in soil samples from 2005 to 2014, coupled with a decrease of DDT/DDE ratios, which do not agree with model results assuming a post-ban regime. These observations strongly suggest recent use. We used the model to investigate possible re-emissions after the ban through two scenarios: one assuming DDT use for IRS and the other assuming use against termites and leishmaniasis. Median DDX concentrations and p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE ratios from both of these scenarios agreed with measurements in soils, suggesting that the soil parameterization in our model was appropriate. Measured DDX concentrations in sediments were between the two re-emission scenarios. Therefore, both soil and sediment comparisons suggest re-emissions indeed occurred between 2005 and 2014, but additional measurements would be needed to better understand the actual re-emission patterns. Monte Carlo analysis revealed model predictions for sediments were very sensitive to highly uncertain parameters associated with DDT degradation and partitioning. With this model as a tool for understanding inter-media cycling, additional research to refine these parameters would improve our understanding of DDX fate and transport in tropical sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelle Mendez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carla A Ng
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Wanderley Bastos
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Christian Bogdal
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, CH-8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Konrad Hungerbuehler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Olutona GO, Olatunji SO, Obisanya JF. Downstream assessment of chlorinated organic compounds in the bed-sediment of Aiba Stream, Iwo, South-Western, Nigeria. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:67. [PMID: 26839760 PMCID: PMC4723371 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated levels and distribution pattern of chlorinated organic compounds (COCs) otherwise known as organochlorine pesticides in sediment samples at downstream of Aiba watercourse in Iwo, South-western Nigeria. Soxhlet extraction method followed by GC-ECD analysis were used to ascertain levels of COCs in the sediment samples collected from four different locations along the stream. Eighteen COCs were detected with trans permethrin and endosulfan sulfate having highest and lowest concentrations of 375.70 ± 689.41 and 0.03 ± 0.05 µg/g, respectively. The varying levels of COCs as obtained in this study were attributed to organochlorine pesticides contamination emanated from different agricultural practices and domestic sewage loads of the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin O. Olutona
- />Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Bowen University, P. M. B. 284, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Stephen O. Olatunji
- />Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joshua F. Obisanya
- />Institute for Entrepreneurship and Development Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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19
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Song L, Zhao M, Liu J, Li Z, Xiao H, Liu W. p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane inhibits the apoptosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma DLD1 cells through PI3K/AKT and Hedgehog/Gli1 signaling pathways. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00006h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane is able to inhibit the apoptosis of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, which may be an important mechanism to contribute to colorectal cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Research Center of Environmental Science
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310032
- China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Department of Pathology
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
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20
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Jin X, Song L, Liu X, Chen M, Li Z, Cheng L, Ren H. Protective efficacy of vitamins C and E on p,p'-DDT-induced cytotoxicity via the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway and NF-κB/FasL pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113257. [PMID: 25464339 PMCID: PMC4252254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenoxytrichloroethane (DDT) is a known persistent organic pollutant and liver damage toxicant. However, there has been little emphasis on the mechanism underlying liver damage toxicity of DDT and the relevant effective inhibitors. Hence, the present study was conducted to explore the protective effects of vitamin C (VC) and vitamin E (VE) on the cytotoxicity of DDT in HL-7702 cells and elaborate the specific molecular mechanisms. The results demonstrated that p,p'-DDT exposure at over 10 µM depleted cell viability of HL-7702 cells and led to cell apoptotic. p,p'-DDT treatment elevated the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, induced mitochondrial membrane potential, and released cytochrome c into the cytosol, with subsequent elevations of Bax and p53, along with suppression of Bcl-2. In addition, the activations of caspase-3 and -8 were triggered. Furthermore, p,p'-DDT promoted the expressions of NF-κB and FasL. When the cells were exposed to the NF-κB inhibitor (PDTC), the up-regulated expression of FasL was attenuated. Strikingly, these alterations caused by DDT treatment were prevented or reversed by the addition of VC or VE, and the protective effects of co-treatment with VC and VE were higher than the single supplement with p,p'-DDT. Taken together, these findings provide novel experimental evidences supporting that VC or/and VE could reduce p,p'-DDT-induced cytotoxicity of HL-7702 cells via the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway and NF-κB/FasL pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Jin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Li Song
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiangyuan Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Meilan Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Hua Ren
- Shanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital, Taiyuan, 030013, China
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21
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Ruiz-Suárez LE, Castro-Chan RA, Rivero-Pérez NE, Trejo-Acevedo A, Guillén-Navarro GK, Geissen V, Bello-Mendoza R. Levels of organochlorine pesticides in blood plasma from residents of malaria-endemic communities in Chiapas, Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:10444-60. [PMID: 25310541 PMCID: PMC4210989 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111010444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organochlorine (OC) pesticides have been extensively used for pest control in agriculture and against malaria vectors in the region of Soconusco, Chiapas, in southern Mexico. Our study aimed to identify whether the inhabitants of four Soconusco communities at different locations (i.e., altitudes) and with different history of use of OC pesticides, have been similarly exposed to residues of these pesticides. In particular, we analyzed the potential relationship between levels of OC pesticides in plasma and the age, gender, and residence of the study population (n = 60). We detected seven pesticides in total (γ-HCH, β-HCH, heptachlor, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, β-endosulfan, endrin aldehyde). Of these, p,p'-DDE and β-endosulfan were the most frequently found (in 98% and 38% of the samples, respectively). The low-altitude (<20 m above sea level; masl) and mid-altitude (520 masl) locations had the highest levels of p,p'-DDE, with geometric means of 50.6 µg/L and 44.46 µg/L, respectively. The oldest subjects (>60 years) had the highest p,p'-DDE level (56.94 ± 57.81 µg/L) of all age groups, while men had higher p,p'-DDE (34.00 ± 46.76 µg/L) than women. Our results demonstrate that residents of the Soconusco region are exposed to p,p'-DDE because of high exposure to DDT in the past and current environmental exposure to this DDT-breakdown product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz E. Ruiz-Suárez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.E.R.-S.); (R.A.C.-C.); (G.K.G.-N.)
| | - Ricardo A. Castro-Chan
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.E.R.-S.); (R.A.C.-C.); (G.K.G.-N.)
| | - Norma E. Rivero-Pérez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 19 Poniente y 4ª Norte S/N, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; E-Mails: (N.E.R.-P); (A.T.-A.)
| | - Antonio Trejo-Acevedo
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 19 Poniente y 4ª Norte S/N, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; E-Mails: (N.E.R.-P); (A.T.-A.)
| | - Griselda K. Guillén-Navarro
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.E.R.-S.); (R.A.C.-C.); (G.K.G.-N.)
| | - Violette Geissen
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Ricardo Bello-Mendoza
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.E.R.-S.); (R.A.C.-C.); (G.K.G.-N.)
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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22
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Song L, Zhao J, Jin X, Li Z, Newton IP, Liu W, Xiao H, Zhao M. The organochlorine p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane induces colorectal cancer growth through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Toxicol Lett 2014; 229:284-91. [PMID: 24968063 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), an organochlorine pollutant, is associated with several types of cancer. However, the relationship between DDT and colorectal cancer is uncertain. In this study, the impact of p,p'-DDT on colorectal cancer growth was evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo models. Our results indicated that the proliferation of human colorectal adenocarcinoma DLD1 cells was significantly promoted after exposed to low concentrations of p,p'-DDT ranging from 10(-12) to 10(-7) M for 96 h. Exposure to p,p'-DDT from 10(-10) to 10(-8) M led to upregulation of phospho-GSK3β (Ser9), β-catenin, c-Myc and cyclin D1 in DLD1 cells. RNA interference of β-catenin inhibited the proliferation of DLD1 cells stimulated by p,p'-DDT. Inhibiting of estrogen receptors (ERs) had no significant effect on the action of p,p'-DDT. Treatment with p,p'-DDT induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in DLD1 cells. Treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a ROS inhibitor, suppressed the induction of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and DLD1 cell proliferation by p,p'-DDT. Moreover, in a mouse xenograft model, 5 nmol/kg p,p'-DDT resulted in increased tumor size, oxidative stress and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These results indicated that low concentrations of p,p'-DDT promoted colorectal cancer growth through Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which was mediated by oxidative stress. The finding suggests an association between low concentrations of p,p'-DDT exposure and colorectal cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junyu Zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiaoting Jin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Ian P Newton
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Department of Parthology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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23
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Schiffer C, Müller A, Egeberg DL, Alvarez L, Brenker C, Rehfeld A, Frederiksen H, Wäschle B, Kaupp UB, Balbach M, Wachten D, Skakkebaek NE, Almstrup K, Strünker T. Direct action of endocrine disrupting chemicals on human sperm. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:758-65. [PMID: 24820036 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201438869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), omnipresent in food, household, and personal care products, have been implicated in adverse trends in human reproduction, including infertility and increasing demand for assisted reproduction. Here, we study the action of 96 ubiquitous EDCs on human sperm. We show that structurally diverse EDCs activate the sperm-specific CatSper channel and, thereby, evoke an intracellular Ca(2+) increase, a motility response, and acrosomal exocytosis. Moreover, EDCs desensitize sperm for physiological CatSper ligands and cooperate in low-dose mixtures to elevate Ca(2+) levels in sperm. We conclude that EDCs interfere with various sperm functions and, thereby, might impair human fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schiffer
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Abteilung Molekulare Neurosensorik, Bonn, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Abteilung Molekulare Neurosensorik, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dorte L Egeberg
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Abteilung Molekulare Neurosensorik, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Brenker
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Abteilung Molekulare Neurosensorik, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anders Rehfeld
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Wäschle
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Abteilung Molekulare Neurosensorik, Bonn, Germany
| | - U Benjamin Kaupp
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Abteilung Molekulare Neurosensorik, Bonn, Germany
| | - Melanie Balbach
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Abteilung Molekulare Neurosensorik, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Abteilung Molekulare Neurosensorik, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niels E Skakkebaek
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Kristian Almstrup
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Timo Strünker
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Abteilung Molekulare Neurosensorik, Bonn, Germany
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24
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Orta-García S, Pérez-Vázquez F, González-Vega C, Varela-Silva JA, Hernández-González L, Pérez-Maldonado I. Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human blood samples from Mexico City, Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:496-501. [PMID: 24300460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies in Mexico have demonstrated exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in people living in different sites through the country. However, studies evaluating exposure to POPs in people living in Mexico City (one of most contaminated places in the world) are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in the blood as exposure biomarkers in people living in Mexico City. A total of 123 participants (blood donors aged 20-60 years) were recruited during 2010 in Mexico City. Quantitative analyses of blood samples were performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Levels of the assessed compounds ranged from non-detectable (<LOD) to 350 ng/g lipid; from 8.20 to 91.0 ng/g lipid and from <LOD to 34.0 ng/g lipid for total PBDEs, total PCBs and total DDT, respectively. The current study indicates POP exposure in the people assessed and highlights the need for further biomonitoring studies of these POPs in the region. In this regard, biomonitoring of toxins on a global scale may be the first step towards the prevention of toxin-induced illnesses in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Orta-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico; Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Media, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Rioverde, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Carolina González-Vega
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Varela-Silva
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Iván Pérez-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico; Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Mexico.
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25
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Pérez-Maldonado IN, Trejo-Acevedo A, Orta-García ST, Ochoa-Martinez AC, Varela-Silva JA, Pérez-Vázquez FJ. DDT and DDE concentrations in the blood of Mexican children residing in the southeastern region of Mexico. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:87-93. [PMID: 24328540 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.846705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in the blood of children living in the southeastern region of Mexico. In this study, we found high levels of DDT and its principal metabolite (DDE) in the blood of children residing in the communities studied. The levels of total DDT found in our study ranged from 4,676.4 ng/g lipid to 64,245.2 ng/g lipid. All of the children in the study had detectable levels of DDT and/or DDE. In conclusion, our data indicate that children living within the study areas are exposed to high levels of DDT and DDE. Moreover, these results can be used as a trigger to revisit local policies on environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván N Pérez-Maldonado
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT) , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , Mexico
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26
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Velasco A, Hernández S, Ramírez M, Ortíz I. Detection of residual organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in agricultural soil in Rio Verde region of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:498-504. [PMID: 24813984 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.896670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides were intensively used in Mexico from 1950 until their ban and restriction in 1991. However, the presence of these compounds is commonly reported in many regions of the country. The aim of the present study was to identify and quantify residual organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in agricultural soil in Rio Verde region, San Luis Potosi state, which has been identified as possibly polluted by pesticides. Composed samples from 24 zones covering an area of approximately 5,440 ha were analyzed. The most frequently found pesticides were p,p'-DDT followed by ,p,p'-DDE, heptachlor, endosulfan and γ-HCH whose frequency rates were 100, 91, 83 and 54%, respectively. The concentration of p,p'-DDT in the crops grown in these soils was in the following order: chili > maize > tomato > alfalfa. The results obtained in this study show that p,p'-DDT values are lower or similar to those found in other agricultural regions of Mexico. Methyl and ethyl parathion were the most frequent organophosphate pesticide detected in 100% and 62.5% of the samples with average concentrations of 25.20 and 47.48 μg kg(-1), respectively. More research is needed to establish the background levels of pesticides in agricultural soils and their potential ecological and human health effects in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Velasco
- a Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático , México D.F. , México
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27
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Torres-Dosal A, Martinez-Salinas RI, Hernandez-Benavides D, Perez-Vazquez FJ, Ilizaliturri-Hernandez C, Perez-Maldonado IN. Assessment of the levels of DDT and DDE in soil and blood samples from Tabasco, Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:7551-7559. [PMID: 22231590 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In Mexico, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) was used until the year 2000, principally in agriculture and anti-paludal program health campaigns. The southeastern region of Mexico was an important area of malaria, and from 1957 DDT was applied indoors every 6 months, with a coverage of 2 g/m(2). The current study was performed in Tabasco, a Mexican state located in the southeastern region of Mexico. DDT and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene (DDE) were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In general, low levels were found in household outdoor samples; the levels of DDT ranged from not detectable to 0.048 mg/kg, and of DDE from 0.001 to 0.068 mg/kg. An important finding was that, in all communities where DDT in blood was analyzed, exposure to DDT was found, indicating both past and present exposure. Although the levels found in this study were lower than other studies in Mexico, there is a need to evaluate whether the people living in the study area are at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Torres-Dosal
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur- Unidad Villahermosa, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
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Aguilar-Garduño C, Lacasaña M, Blanco-Muñoz J, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Hernández AF, Bassol S, González-Alzaga B, Cebrián ME. Changes in male hormone profile after occupational organophosphate exposure. A longitudinal study. Toxicology 2012; 307:55-65. [PMID: 23153546 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing concern about the endocrine effects of long-term, low-level exposure to organophosphate (OP) compounds. Studies on experimental animals have found that OP pesticides have an impact on the endocrine system and a few clinical and epidemiological studies have also shown that OPs may affect the male hormone profile, although results are inconsistent. We have evaluated the effect of exposure to OP pesticides, measured through urinary levels of six dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites, on male hormone profile in 136 floriculture workers from the State of Mexico and Morelos during two agricultural periods with different degree of pesticide exposure. Generalized estimated equations (GEE) models were developed and adjusted for several potential confounders, including PON1 enzyme activity, as a biomarker of susceptibility, and serum levels of p,p'-DDE, a metabolite of the pesticide DDT widely used in Mexico until 1999 for control of agricultural pests and malaria. Exposure of male floriculture workers to OP pesticides was associated with increased serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin and with decreased serum testosterone and inhibin B levels. Among all DAPs tested, only DETP was inversely associated with luteinizing hormone (LH). Estradiol showed a marginally significant positive trend with DEP and DETP derivatives. In conclusion, OP pesticides may have an impact on the endocrine function because of their potential to modify the male hormone profile as a function of the type of pesticide used as well as the magnitude of exposure.
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30
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Antonio TA, Edith RPN, Rogelio FR, Fernando DB, Catalina OA, Nelinho PMI. Assessment of persistent organic pollutants levels in blood samples from Quintana Roo, Mexico. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 216:284-9. [PMID: 23098827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) sought to determine baseline exposures to POPs in the general population; however, in developing countries, exposure to these chemicals in hot spots may be an issue of public health considering its magnitude. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the levels of POPs in the blood of children living in three communities in the Southeastern Region of Mexico. During 2007, we studied a total of 96 healthy children (aged 6-12 years). Quantitative analyses were performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. High levels of p,p'-DDT and its principal metabolite, p,p'-DDE, were found in the blood of children living in the three communities studied, the levels ranged from 463.5 to 9046.3 ng/g lipid and from 490.8 to 57,712.4 ng/g lipid for DDT and DDE, respectively. In addition, high levels of lindane (γ-HCH) were found, with mean levels ranging between 575.4 and 6580.6 ng/g lipid. Moreover, children living in the study region were also exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and the levels of these compounds in the blood of children were very similar between the communities with mean levels of around 3000 ng/g lipid (total PCBs). In conclusion, we demonstrated that children living in the studied communities were exposed to complex chemical mixtures (DDT, DDE, lindane and PCBs) rather than to individual compounds. Therefore, in future studies it is important to understand the potential interactions between the components of these mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trejo-Acevedo Antonio
- Departamento Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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31
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Manaca MN, Grimalt JO, Gari M, Sacarlal J, Sunyer J, Gonzalez R, Dobaño C, Menendez C, Alonso PL. Assessment of exposure to DDT and metabolites after indoor residual spraying through the analysis of thatch material from rural African dwellings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:756-62. [PMID: 21928083 PMCID: PMC3283768 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We report on the analysis of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4'-DDT) and its metabolites in thatch and branch samples constituting the wall materials of dwellings from South African subtropical areas. This approach was used to assess the exposure to DDT in the residents of the dwellings after indoor residual spraying (IRS) following recommended sanitation practices against malaria vectors. DISCUSSION Examination of the distributions of DDT compounds (2,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDT and its metabolites) in 43 dwellings from the area of Manhiça (Mozambique) has shown median concentrations of 19, 130, and 23 ng/g for 2,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDT, and 4,4'-DDE, respectively, in 2007 when IRS implementation was extensive. The concentrations of these compounds at the onset of the IRS campaign (n = 48) were 5.5, 47, and 2.2 ng/g, respectively. The differences were statistically significant and showed an increase in the concentration of this insecticide and its metabolites. Calculation of 4,4'-DDT in the indoor air resulting from the observed concentrations in the wall materials led to the characteristic values of environments polluted with this insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N. Manaca
- Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 132, 4a, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Joan O. Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Merce Gari
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Jahit Sacarlal
- Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Gonzalez
- Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 132, 4a, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 132, 4a, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Menendez
- Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 132, 4a, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro L. Alonso
- Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 132, 4a, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Martínez FDB, Trejo-Acevedo A, Betanzos AF, Espinosa-Reyes G, Alegría-Torres JA, Maldonado INP. Assessment of DDT and DDE levels in soil, dust, and blood samples from Chihuahua, Mexico. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 62:351-358. [PMID: 21822982 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-011-9700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess levels of DDT and DDE in two environmental matrices (soil and dust) and to investigate the blood levels of these insecticides in exposed children living in a north Mexican state (Chihuahua) where DDT was sprayed several years ago during (1) health campaigns for the control of malaria and (2) agricultural activities. DDT and DDE were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In general, lower levels were found in household outdoor samples. The levels in outdoor samples ranged from 0.001 to 0.788 mg/kg for DDT and from 0.001 to 0.642 mg/kg for DDE. The levels in indoor samples ranged from 0.001 to 15.47 mg/kg for DDT and from 0.001 to 1.063 mg/kg for DDE. Similar results to those found in indoor soil were found in dust, in which the levels ranged from 0.001 to 95.87 mg/kg for DDT and from 0.001 to 0.797 mg/kg for DDE. Moreover, blood levels showed that all of the communities studied had been exposed to DDT and/or DDE, indicating a general past or present exposure to DDT. It is important to note that the quotient DDT/DDE in all matrices was always >1. Whether the people living in our study area are at risk is an issue that deserves further analysis. However, applying precautionary principles, it is important to initiate a risk-reduction program to decrease exposure to DDT and its metabolites in people living in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Díaz-Barriga Martínez
- Departamento Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Venustiano Carranza No. 2405, Col Lomas los Filtros, San Luís Potosí 78210, SLP, Mexico
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Rodríguez-Dozal S, Riojas Rodríguez H, Hernández-Ávila M, Van Oostdam J, Weber JP, Needham LL, Trip L. Persistent organic pollutant concentrations in first birth mothers across Mexico. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2012; 22:60-69. [PMID: 21971379 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2011.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This project was initiated by the North America Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC). Its main purpose was to obtain an initial profile on pregnant woman's exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in North America (Canada, the United States and Mexico). Persistent organic pollutants are transferred to the fetus via the placenta during the pregnancy or to the infant via maternal milk; therefore, the pregnant woman's body burden is important because of the higher exposures and potential health effects in the fetus and infant. This paper presents the results from 240 pregnant women in 10 Mexican cities, and includes the concentrations of various POPs such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins and furans (PCDDs and PCDFs) in maternal plasma. We found concentrations of p,p'-DDE in maternal samples from Coatzacoalcos to be ∼60% higher than those found in Ciudad Obregon, which had the second highest concentration. Pregnant women from Merida had higher mean concentrations of PCBs than all women in other regions. Results for PCDDs and PCDFs plus dioxin-like PCBs data were only available on the basis of composite samples, and their concentrations are similar in most cities except for Coatzacoalcos, which had more than double the concentration found in other cities. Although this study provides useful information on the variability of POPs in specific populations and possible regional/local differences, these results cannot be generalized to the entire Mexican population because of differences in age, gender, sources of exposure and nonrandom nature of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rodríguez-Dozal
- Environmental Health Department, Center for Population Heath Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Aydin-Sinan H, Güngördü A, Ozmen M. Toxic effects of deltamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin on Xenopus laevis tadpoles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2012; 47:397-402. [PMID: 22424064 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2012.648545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the toxic effects of deltamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin on Xenopus laevis tadpoles after 168 h of exposure. The LC(50) of deltamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin at 168 h was calculated as the μg of active ingredient per liter (μg AI/L). According to these values, the LC(50) was 6.26 and 3.94 μg AI/L for deltamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin, respectively. Several enzymes were studied for early signs of intoxication following exposure to the pesticides for 24 h. Glutathione-S-transferase,carboxylesterase, and lactate dehydrogenase were inhibited by λ-cyhalothrin, and both pesticides inhibited acid phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase. In contrast, acetylcholinesterase was activated by deltamethrin. The results suggest that X. laevis is sensitive to the pyrethroids that were tested, and the enzyme responses suggest that they are potential biomarkers for evaluating the toxic effect of pyrethroids on amphibians in environmental conditions.
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Pérez-Maldonado IN, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Gaspar-Ramírez O, González-Amaro R, Díaz-Barriga F. Variability in DDT-induced apoptosis in Mexican indigenous populations. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 21:675-80. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Martínez-salinas RI, Pérez-Maldonado IN, Batres-Esquivel LE, Flores-Ramírez R, Díaz-Barriga F. Assessment of DDT, DDE, and 1-hydroxypyrene levels in blood and urine samples in children from Chiapas Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 19:2658-2666. [PMID: 22282017 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was assess co-exposure to DDT, DDE (main DDT metabolite), and PAHs (1-hydroxypyrene) in areas where biomass is used to cook and to heat homes and where DDT was used to combat malaria transmission. METHODS During 2009, we analyzed a total of 190 blood and urine samples from children living in six communities in Mexico. Quantitative analyses of DDT and DDE were performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Analyses of 1-hydroxypyrene were performed by HPLC using a fluorescence detector. RESULTS In this work, we found high levels of DDT and its principal metabolite (DDE) in the blood of children living in four communities in Chiapas located in the southeastern region of Mexico (range, <LOD to 11,815 ng/g lipid and <LOD to 194436 ng/g lipid for DDT and DDE, respectively). Moreover, high levels of 1-hydroxypyrene (a PAH biomarker) were found in urine samples (range, 0.02 to 4.82 μmol/mol creatinine). An important finding was that around one third of the children studied in these areas were co-exposed to the three compounds. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that children in these communities were exposed to DDT and its metabolites, and to other contaminants generated by the combustion of firewood. Therefore, the complex mixture studied in this study (PAHs and DDT/DDE) requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca I Martínez-salinas
- Departamento Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Venustiano Carranza 2405, 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
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van den Berg H. Global status of DDT and its alternatives for use in vector control to prevent disease. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2011; 16:575-90. [PMID: 21340333 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article I reviewed the status of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), used for disease vector control, and its benefits and risks in relation to the available alternatives. Contemporary data on DDT use were obtained from questionnaires and reports as well as a Scopus search to retrieve published articles. Nearly 14 countries use DDT for disease control, and several others are reintroducing DDT. Concerns about the continued use of DDT are fueled by recent reports of high levels of human exposure associated with indoor spraying amid accumulating evidence on chronic health effects. There are signs that more malaria vectors are becoming resistant to the toxic action of DDT. Effective chemical methods are available as immediate alternatives to DDT, but the development of resistance is undermining the efficacy of insecticidal tools. Nonchemical methods are potentially important, but their effectiveness at program level needs urgent study. To reduce reliance on DDT, support is needed for integrated and multipartner strategies of vector control. Integrated vector management provides a framework for developing and implementing effective technologies and strategies as sustainable alternatives to reliance on DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk van den Berg
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Arnhem, Netherlands.
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Electrospun Nanofibers Sorbents for Pre-Concentration of 1,1-dichloro-2,2 bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene with Subsequent Desorption by Pressurized Hot Water Extraction. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-1989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Martínez-Salinas RI, Díaz-Barriga F, Batres-Esquivel LE, Pérez-Maldonado IN. Assessment of the levels of DDT and its metabolites in soil and dust samples from Chiapas, Mexico. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 86:33-37. [PMID: 21161503 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-0174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the levels of DDT and its metabolites in two environmental matrices (soil and dust) in five communities in Chiapas, Mexico. DDT and its metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The soil levels of total DDT ranged from non detectable (<LOD) to 26.98 mg/kg, while in dust samples the levels ranged from non detectable (<LOD) to 2,119.8 mg/kg. Several studies have identified soil and dust as important pathways of toxicant exposure. Whether the people living in our study area are at risk is an issue that deserves further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca I Martínez-Salinas
- Departamento Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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Van Dyk JC, Bouwman H, Barnhoorn IEJ, Bornman MS. DDT contamination from indoor residual spraying for malaria control. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:2745-52. [PMID: 20381127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The insecticide DDT is still used in specific areas of South Africa for indoor residual spray (IRS) to control malaria vectors. Local residents could be exposed to residues of DDT through various pathways including indoor air, dust, soil, food and water. The aims of this study were to determine the levels of DDT contamination, as a result of IRS, in representative homesteads, and to evaluate the possible routes of human exposure. Two villages, exposed (DV) and reference (TV) were selected. Sampling was done two months after the IRS process was completed. Twelve homesteads were selected in DV and nine in TV. Human serum, indoor air, floor dust, outside soil, potable water, leafy vegetables, and chicken samples (muscle, fat and liver) were collected and analyzed for both the o,p'- and p,p'-isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE. DDT was detected in all the media analyzed indicating a combination of potential dietary and non-dietary pathways of uptake. DV had the most samples with detectable levels of DDT and its metabolites, and with the exception of chicken muscle samples, DV also had higher mean levels for all the components analyzed compared to TV. Seventy-nine percent of participants from DV had serum levels of DDT (mean [summation operator]DDT 7.3microg g(-1) lipid). These residues constituted mainly of p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE. [summation operator]DDT levels were detected in all indoor air (mean [summation operator]DDT 3900.0 ng m(-3)) and floor dust (mean [summation operator]DDT 1200.0 microg m(-2)) samples. Levels were also detected in outside soil (mean [summation operator]DDT 25.0 microg kg(-1)) and potable water (mean [summation operator]DDT 2.0 microg L(-1)). Vegetable sample composition (mean [summation operator]DDT 43.0 microg kg(-1)) constituted mainly p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDD. Chicken samples were highly contaminated with DDT (muscle mean [summation operator]DDT 700.0 microg kg(-1), fat mean [summation operator]DDT 240,000.0 microg kg(-1), liver mean [summation operator]DDT 1600.0 microg kg(-1)). The results of the current study raise concerns regarding the potential health effects in residents living in the immediate environment following DDT IRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Van Dyk
- Department of Urology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Application of the QuEChERS method for the analysis of pyrethrins and pyrethroids in fish tissues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2525-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Blanco-Munoz J, Morales MM, Lacasana M, Aguilar-Garduno C, Bassol S, Cebrian ME. Exposure to organophosphate pesticides and male hormone profile in floriculturist of the state of Morelos, Mexico. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:1787-95. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Tornero-Velez R, Mirfazaelian A, Kim KB, Anand SS, Kim HJ, Haines WT, Bruckner JV, Fisher JW. Evaluation of deltamethrin kinetics and dosimetry in the maturing rat using a PBPK model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 244:208-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pérez-Maldonado IN, Trejo A, Ruepert C, Jovel RDC, Méndez MP, Ferrari M, Saballos-Sobalvarro E, Alexander C, Yáñez-Estrada L, Lopez D, Henao S, Pinto ER, Díaz-Barriga F. Assessment of DDT levels in selected environmental media and biological samples from Mexico and Central America. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:1244-1249. [PMID: 20092871 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Taking into account the environmental persistence and the toxicity of DDT, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) organized a surveillance program in Mesoamerica which included the detection of residual DDT in environmental (soil) and biological samples (fish tissue and children's blood). This program was carried out in communities from Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. This paper presents the first report of that program. As expected, the results show that the levels for [summation operator] DDT in soil (outdoor or indoor) and fish samples in the majority of the locations studied are below guidelines. However, in some locations, we found children with high concentrations of DDT as in Mexico (mean level 50.2 ng/mL). Furthermore, in some communities and for some matrices, the DDT/DDE quotient is higher than one and this may reflect a recent DDT exposure. Therefore, more efforts are needed to avoid exposure and to prevent the reintroduction of DDT into the region. In this regard it is important to know that under the surveillance of PAHO and with the support of UNEP, a regional program in Mesoamerica for the collection and disposal of DDT and other POPs stockpiles is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván N Pérez-Maldonado
- Departamento de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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Use of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test for neurotoxicity evaluation of mixtures in children. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:1149-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 09/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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van den Berg H. Global status of DDT and its alternatives for use in vector control to prevent disease. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1656-63. [PMID: 20049114 PMCID: PMC2801202 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE I review the status of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), used for disease vector control, along with current evidence on its benefits and risks in relation to the available alternatives. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION Contemporary data on DDT use were largely obtained from questionnaires and reports. I also conducted a Scopus search to retrieve published articles. DATA SYNTHESIS DDT has been recommended as part of the arsenal of insecticides available for indoor residual spraying until suitable alternatives are available. Approximately 14 countries use DDT for disease control, and several countries are preparing to reintroduce DDT. The effectiveness of DDT depends on local settings and merits close consideration in relation to the alternatives. Concerns about the continued use of DDT are fueled by recent reports of high levels of human exposure associated with indoor spraying amid accumulating evidence on chronic health effects. There are signs that more malaria vectors are becoming resistant to the toxic action of DDT, and that resistance is spreading to new countries. A comprehensive cost assessment of DDT versus its alternatives that takes side effects into account is missing. Effective chemical methods are available as immediate alternatives to DDT, but the choice of insecticide class is limited, and in certain areas the development of resistance is undermining the efficacy of insecticidal tools. New insecticides are not expected in the short term. Nonchemical methods are potentially important, but their effectiveness at program level needs urgent study. CONCLUSIONS To reduce reliance on DDT, support is needed for integrated and multipartner strategies of vector control and for the continued development of new technologies. Integrated vector management provides a framework for developing and implementing effective technologies and strategies as sustainable alternatives to reliance on DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk van den Berg
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Immunomodulatory effect of DDT (bis[4-chlorophenyl]-1,1,1-trichloroethane) on complement system and macrophages. Toxicology 2008; 252:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Garaj-Vrhovac V, Gajski G, Ravlić S. Efficacy of HUMN criteria for scoring the micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes exposed to a low concentration of p,p'-DDT. Braz J Med Biol Res 2008; 41:473-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008005000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Akerblom N, Arbjörk C, Hedlund M, Goedkoop W. Deltamethrin toxicity to the midge Chironomus riparius Meigen-effects of exposure scenario and sediment quality. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 70:53-60. [PMID: 18255145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how exposure scenario and sediment characteristics affected deltamethrin bioavailability and toxicity to Chironomus riparius. We designed whole-sediment experiments, including separate spiked-water and spiked-sediment experiments and using both a peat-based artificial and a natural sediment. Deltamethrin was highly toxic to larvae in artificial sediments, with LC(50)-values (28 d) of 11 microg/kg for sediment-exposures and 16 pg/L for water-exposures. In contrast, deltamethrin-induced mortality was absent in experiments with natural sediment, both in spiked water and in spiked sediment. This was attributed to the higher organic matter content of the natural sediment, 12.5+/-0.05%, compared with that in the artificial sediments, 4.1-4.8%, resulting in an efficient and fast sorption and lower bioavailability. Deltamethrin degradation was absent in artificial sediment, while in natural sediment, 50% degraded during 10 days of test-vessel acclimation. Despite a faster degradation, the highest measured concentration in spiked-natural sediment was more than seven times higher than the LC(50)-value obtained in tests with spiked-artificial sediment, indicating that low bioavailability, and not compound degradation, was the main reason for the observed lack of deltamethrin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Akerblom
- Department of Environmental Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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