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Hjortebjerg R, Høgdall C, Hansen KH, Høgdall E, Frystyk J. The IGF-PAPP-A-Stanniocalcin Axis in Serum and Ascites Associates with Prognosis in Patients with Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2014. [PMID: 38396692 PMCID: PMC10888379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and PAPP-A2 modulate insulin-like growth factor (IGF) action and are inhibited by the stanniocalcins (STC1 and STC2). We previously demonstrated increased PAPP-A and IGF activity in ascites from women with ovarian carcinomas. In this prospective, longitudinal study of 107 women with ovarian cancer and ascites accumulation, we determined corresponding serum and ascites levels of IGF-1, IGF-2, PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, STC1, and STC2 and assessed their relationship with mortality. As compared to serum, we found highly increased ascites levels of PAPP-A (51-fold) and PAPP-A2 (4-fold). Elevated levels were also observed for IGF-1 (12%), STC1 (90%) and STC2 (68%). In contrast, IGF-2 was reduced by 29% in ascites. Patients were followed for a median of 38.4 months (range: 45 days to 8.9 years), during which 73 patients (68.2%) died. Overall survival was longer for patients with high serum IGF-1 (hazard ratio (HR) per doubling in protein concentration: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.40-0.90). However, patients with high ascites levels of IGF-1 showed a poorer prognosis (HR: 2.00 (1.26-3.27)). High serum and ascites IGF-2 levels were associated with increased risk of mortality (HR: 2.01 (1.22-3.30) and HR: 1.78 (1.24-2.54), respectively). Similarly, serum PAPP-A2 was associated with mortality (HR: 1.26 (1.08-1.48)). Our findings demonstrate the presence and activity of the IGF system in the local tumor ecosystem, which is likely a characteristic feature of malignant disease and plays a role in its peritoneal dissemination. The potential clinical implications are supported by our finding that serum levels of the proteins are associated with patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Claus Høgdall
- Department of Gynecology, Juliane Marie Center, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Kristian Horsman Hansen
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
- OPEN Lab, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Estrid Høgdall
- Department of Pathology, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark;
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
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2
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Davidson TM, Lebreton CL, Hendricksen AEW, Atkinson HJ, Larson MC, Oberg AL, Provencher DM, Glaspy JA, Karlan BY, Slamon DJ, Konecny GE, Ray-Coquard IL. Results of TRIO-15, a multicenter, open-label, phase II study of the efficacy and safety of ganitumab in patients with recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2023; 170:221-228. [PMID: 36709663 PMCID: PMC10425916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2023.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IGF signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of ovarian carcinoma (OC). Single agent activity and safety of ganitumab (AMG 479), a fully human monoclonal antibody against IGF1R that blocks binding of IGF1 and IGF2, were evaluated in patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent OC. METHODS Patients with CA125 progression (GCIG criteria) or measurable disease per RECIST following primary platinum-based therapy received 18 mg/kg of ganitumab q3w. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) assessed per RECIST 1.1 by an independent radiology review committee (IRC) and/or GCIG CA125 criteria. Secondary endpoints included clinical benefit rate (CBR), progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS 61 pts. were accrued. Objective responses were seen in 5/61 patients (ORR 8.2%, 95% CI, 3.1-18.8) with 1 partial response (PR) by RECIST and 2 complete responses (CR) as well as 2 PR by CA125 criteria. CBR was 80.3% (95% CI, 67.8-89.0%). The median PFS according to RECIST by IRC was 2.1 months (95% CI, 2.0-3.1). The median PFS per RECIST IRC and/or CA125 was 2.0 months (95% CI, 1.8-2.2). The median OS was 21 months (95% CI, 19.5-NA). The most common overall adverse events were fatigue (36.1%) and hypertension (34.4%). Grade 1/2 hyperglycemia occurred in 30.4% of patients. Hypertension (11.5%) and hypersensitivity (8.2%) were the most frequent grade 3 adverse events. CONCLUSIONS IGF1R inhibition with ganitumab was well-tolerated, however, our results do not support further study of ganitumab as a single agent in unselected OC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Davidson
- Division of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - H J Atkinson
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M C Larson
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A L Oberg
- Division of Computational Biology, Department of Quantitative Health Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - J A Glaspy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B Y Karlan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D J Slamon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - G E Konecny
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - I L Ray-Coquard
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Health Services and Performance Research Lab (EA 7425 HESPER), University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
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Yee C, Dickson KA, Muntasir MN, Ma Y, Marsh DJ. Three-Dimensional Modelling of Ovarian Cancer: From Cell Lines to Organoids for Discovery and Personalized Medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:836984. [PMID: 35223797 PMCID: PMC8866972 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.836984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality of all of the gynecological malignancies. There are several distinct histotypes of this malignancy characterized by specific molecular events and clinical behavior. These histotypes have differing responses to platinum-based drugs that have been the mainstay of therapy for ovarian cancer for decades. For histotypes that initially respond to a chemotherapeutic regime of carboplatin and paclitaxel such as high-grade serous ovarian cancer, the development of chemoresistance is common and underpins incurable disease. Recent discoveries have led to the clinical use of PARP (poly ADP ribose polymerase) inhibitors for ovarian cancers defective in homologous recombination repair, as well as the anti-angiogenic bevacizumab. While predictive molecular testing involving identification of a genomic scar and/or the presence of germline or somatic BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are in clinical use to inform the likely success of a PARP inhibitor, no similar tests are available to identify women likely to respond to bevacizumab. Functional tests to predict patient response to any drug are, in fact, essentially absent from clinical care. New drugs are needed to treat ovarian cancer. In this review, we discuss applications to address the currently unmet need of developing physiologically relevant in vitro and ex vivo models of ovarian cancer for fundamental discovery science, and personalized medicine approaches. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture of ovarian cancer lacks critical cell-to-cell interactions afforded by culture in three-dimensions. Additionally, modelling interactions with the tumor microenvironment, including the surface of organs in the peritoneal cavity that support metastatic growth of ovarian cancer, will improve the power of these models. Being able to reliably grow primary tumoroid cultures of ovarian cancer will improve the ability to recapitulate tumor heterogeneity. Three-dimensional (3D) modelling systems, from cell lines to organoid or tumoroid cultures, represent enhanced starting points from which improved translational outcomes for women with ovarian cancer will emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Yee
- Translational Oncology Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristie-Ann Dickson
- Translational Oncology Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammed N. Muntasir
- Translational Oncology Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Yue Ma
- Translational Oncology Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah J. Marsh
- Translational Oncology Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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4
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Konecny GE, Hendrickson AEW, Davidson TM, Winterhoff BJ, Ma S, Mahner S, Sehouli J, Fasching PA, Feisel-Schwickardi G, Poelcher M, Roman LD, Rody A, Karlan BY, Mullany SA, Chen H, Ray-Coquard IL, Provencher DM, Yachnin A, Cottu PH, Glaspy JA, Haluska P, Slamon DJ. Results of TRIO-14, a phase II, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of carboplatin-paclitaxel versus carboplatin-paclitaxel-ganitumab in newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2021; 163:465-472. [PMID: 34642026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling is implicated in pathogenesis and chemotherapy resistance of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). We explored efficacy and safety of adding ganitumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting IGF-1R, to carboplatin/paclitaxel (CP) chemotherapy in patients with primary EOC. DESIGN Patients were randomly assigned to receive CP/ganitumab (18 mg/kg q3w) or CP/placebo for 6 cycles followed by 6 cycles of single agent ganitumab/placebo maintenance therapy as front-line therapy. Primary endpoint was progression free survival. Secondary endpoints were time to progression and overall survival. Pretreatment samples were prospectively collected for retrospective biomarker analyses. RESULTS 170 patients enrolled. 165 patients assessable for toxicity. Median PFS was 15.7 months with CP/ganitumab and 16.7 months with CP/placebo (HR 1.23; 95% CI 0.82-1.83, P = 0.313). All grade neutropenia (84.1% vs 71.4%), thrombocytopenia (75.3% vs 57.1%) and hyperglycemia (15.9% vs 2.6%) were more common in the ganitumab group compared to the placebo group. Ganitumab/placebo related serious adverse events were reported in 26.1% of the patients with ganitumab and in 6.5% with placebo. Non-progression related fatal events were more common with ganitumab (5 versus 2 patients). The ganitumab group experienced more dose delays which resulted in lower relative dose intensity of chemotherapy in the experimental group. In an exploratory model IGFBP2 expression was predictive of ganitumab response (treatment interaction; PFS, P = 0.03; OS, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Addition of ganitumab to CP chemotherapy in primary EOC did not improve PFS. Our results do not support further study of ganitumab in unselected EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Konecny
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | - T M Davidson
- Division of Oncology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - B J Winterhoff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S Ma
- Institute for Health Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S Mahner
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Sehouli
- University Hospital Charite, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Klinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe & Nord-Ostdeutsche-Gesellschaft für Gynäkologische Onkologie (NOGGO), Berlin, Germany
| | - P A Fasching
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - M Poelcher
- Department of Gynecology, Rotkreutzklinikum, Munich, Germany
| | - L D Roman
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Rody
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - B Y Karlan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S A Mullany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - H Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - A Yachnin
- Department of Oncology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - J A Glaspy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P Haluska
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Inc, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - D J Slamon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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Bolitho C, Moscova M, Baxter RC, Marsh DJ. Amphiregulin increases migration and proliferation of epithelial ovarian cancer cells by inducing its own expression via PI3-kinase signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 533:111338. [PMID: 34062166 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in many types of cancer, including epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), and its expression has been found to correlate with advanced stage and poor prognosis. The EGFR ligand amphiregulin (AREG) has been investigated as a target for human cancer therapy and is known to have an autocrine role in many cancers. A cytokine array identified AREG as one of several cytokines upregulated by EGF in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) dependent manner in EOC cells. To investigate the functional role of AREG in EOC, its effect on cellular migration and proliferation was assessed in two EOC cells lines, OV167 and SKOV3. AREG increased both migration and proliferation of EOC cell line models through activation of PI3-K signaling, but independent of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Through an AREG autocrine loop mediated via PI3-K, upregulation of AREG led to increased levels of both AREG transcript and secreted AREG, while downregulation of endogenous AREG decreased the ability of exogenous AREG to induce cell migration and proliferation. Further, inhibition of endogenous AREG activity or metalloproteinase activity decreased EGF-induced EOC migration and proliferation, indicating a role for soluble endogenous AREG in mediating the functional effects of EGFR in inducing migration and proliferation in EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bolitho
- University of Sydney, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Michelle Moscova
- University of Sydney, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Robert C Baxter
- University of Sydney, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Deborah J Marsh
- Translational Oncology Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Northern Clinical School, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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6
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Papp E, Hallberg D, Konecny GE, Bruhm DC, Adleff V, Noë M, Kagiampakis I, Palsgrove D, Conklin D, Kinose Y, White JR, Press MF, Drapkin R, Easwaran H, Baylin SB, Slamon D, Velculescu VE, Scharpf RB. Integrated Genomic, Epigenomic, and Expression Analyses of Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2617-2633. [PMID: 30485824 PMCID: PMC6481945 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve our understanding of ovarian cancer, we performed genome-wide analyses of 45 ovarian cancer cell lines. Given the challenges of genomic analyses of tumors without matched normal samples, we developed approaches for detection of somatic sequence and structural changes and integrated these with epigenetic and expression alterations. Alterations not previously implicated in ovarian cancer included amplification or overexpression of ASXL1 and H3F3B, deletion or underexpression of CDC73 and TGF-beta receptor pathway members, and rearrangements of YAP1-MAML2 and IKZF2-ERBB4. Dose-response analyses to targeted therapies revealed unique molecular dependencies, including increased sensitivity of tumors with PIK3CA and PPP2R1A alterations to PI3K inhibitor GNE-493, MYC amplifications to PARP inhibitor BMN673, and SMAD3/4 alterations to MEK inhibitor MEK162. Genome-wide rearrangements provided an improved measure of sensitivity to PARP inhibition. This study provides a comprehensive and broadly accessible resource of molecular information for the development of therapeutic avenues in ovarian cancer. The overall survival of patients with late-stage ovarian cancer is dismal. To identify therapeutic opportunities, Papp et al. integrate genomic, epigenomic, and expression analyses to provide a resource of molecular abnormalities in ovarian cancer cell lines and use these to identify tumors sensitive to PARP, MEK, and PI3K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Papp
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dorothy Hallberg
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gottfried E Konecny
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Daniel C Bruhm
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vilmos Adleff
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michaël Noë
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ioannis Kagiampakis
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Doreen Palsgrove
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dylan Conklin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Yasuto Kinose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James R White
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael F Press
- Department of Pathology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ronny Drapkin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hariharan Easwaran
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dennis Slamon
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Victor E Velculescu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Robert B Scharpf
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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7
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Kumar S, Oien DB, Khurana A, Cliby W, Hartmann L, Chien J, Shridhar V. Coiled-Coil and C2 Domain-Containing Protein 1A (CC2D1A) Promotes Chemotherapy Resistance in Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:986. [PMID: 31632917 PMCID: PMC6779793 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrence within 6 months of the last round of chemotherapy is clinically defined as platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Gene expression associated with early recurrence may provide insights into platinum resistant recurrence. Prior studies identified a 14-gene model that accurately predicted early or late recurrence in 86% of patients. One of the genes identified was CC2D1A (encoding coiled-coil and C2 domain containing 1A), which showed higher expression in tumors from patients with early recurrence. Here, we show that CC2D1A protein expression was higher in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines compared to cisplatin-sensitive cell lines. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of patient tumors on a tissue microarray (n = 146) showed that high levels of CC2D1A were associated with a significantly worse overall and progression-free survival (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.006, respectively). To understand the contribution of CC2D1A in chemoresistance, we generated shRNA-mediated knockdown of CC2D1A in SKOV3ip and PEO4 cell lines. Cell death and clonogenic assays of these isogenic clonal lines clearly showed that downregulation of CC2D1A resulted in increased sensitivity to cisplatin and paclitaxel in ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, nude mice bearing SKOV3ip xenografts with stably downregulated CC2D1A were more sensitive to chemotherapy as evidenced by a significantly longer survival time compared to xenografts derived from cells stably transduced with non-targeting shRNA. These results suggest CC2D1A promotes chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Derek B Oien
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ashwani Khurana
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - William Cliby
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lynn Hartmann
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jeremy Chien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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8
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Wu L, Wang X, Guo Y. Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 is upregulated and involved in cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis in ovarian cancer. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:3055-3060. [PMID: 28587379 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of mortality among gynecological malignancies. Although microRNAs are known to have a key regulatory role in OC, the involvement of long non-coding RNAs in the disease is less established. Previous studies have demonstrated that metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is a tumor oncogene in many cancers, though its role in OC remains unclear. The present study reported that MALAT1 expression was markedly upregulated in OC, by knockdown of MALAT1 expression in vivo, using RNA interference (RNAi) with small-interfering RNA (siRNA). It was found that MALAT1 expression was positively correlated with the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages of OC, tumor histological grade and lymph node metastasis. In addition, the differential MALAT1 levels between a human ovarian epithelial cell line (HOSE) and OC cell lines (ES-2, OVCAR3, SKOV3 and HO8910) were compared in vitro. Notably, MALAT1 was expressed to a high level in OC cells. Furthermore, exogenous knockdown of MALAT1 significantly repressed growth and migration of OC cells, and promoted their apoptosis. Collectively, the current findings suggest that upregulation of MALAT1 in OC may facilitate tumorigenesis and metastasis. Knockdown of MALAT1 expression has potential as a novel target for the diagnosis and therapy of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Yuna Guo
- Department of Obstetrics, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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9
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Cole AJ, Dwight T, Gill AJ, Dickson KA, Zhu Y, Clarkson A, Gard GB, Maidens J, Valmadre S, Clifton-Bligh R, Marsh DJ. Assessing mutant p53 in primary high-grade serous ovarian cancer using immunohistochemistry and massively parallel sequencing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26191. [PMID: 27189670 PMCID: PMC4870633 DOI: 10.1038/srep26191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53 is mutated in cancer, including over 96% of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Mutations cause loss of wild-type p53 function due to either gain of abnormal function of mutant p53 (mutp53), or absent to low mutp53. Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) enables increased accuracy of detection of somatic variants in heterogeneous tumours. We used MPS and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to characterise HGSOCs for TP53 mutation and p53 expression. TP53 mutation was identified in 94% (68/72) of HGSOCs, 62% of which were missense. Missense mutations demonstrated high p53 by IHC, as did 35% (9/26) of non-missense mutations. Low p53 was seen by IHC in 62% of HGSOC associated with non-missense mutations. Most wild-type TP53 tumours (75%, 6/8) displayed intermediate p53 levels. The overall sensitivity of detecting a TP53 mutation based on classification as ‘Low’, ‘Intermediate’ or ‘High’ for p53 IHC was 99%, with a specificity of 75%. We suggest p53 IHC can be used as a surrogate marker of TP53 mutation in HGSOC; however, this will result in misclassification of a proportion of TP53 wild-type and mutant tumours. Therapeutic targeting of mutp53 will require knowledge of both TP53 mutations and mutp53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Cole
- Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW 2065 Australia
| | - Trisha Dwight
- Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW 2065 Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, NSW 2065 Australia
| | - Kristie-Ann Dickson
- Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW 2065 Australia
| | - Ying Zhu
- Hunter New England Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Adele Clarkson
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, NSW 2065 Australia
| | - Gregory B Gard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia
| | - Jayne Maidens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia
| | - Susan Valmadre
- Mater Private and Royal North Shore Hospitals, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Roderick Clifton-Bligh
- Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW 2065 Australia
| | - Deborah J Marsh
- Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW 2065 Australia
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10
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Scott CL, Mackay HJ, Haluska P. Patient-derived xenograft models in gynecologic malignancies. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2015:e258-66. [PMID: 24857111 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2014.34.e258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the era of targeted therapies, patients with gynecologic malignancies have not yet been major beneficiaries of this new class of agents. This may reflect the fact that the main tumor types-ovarian, uterine, and cervical--are a highly heterogeneous group of cancers with variable response to standard chemotherapies and the lack of models in which to study the diversity of these cancers. Cancer-derived cell lines fail to adequately recapitulate molecular hallmarks of specific cancer subsets and complex microenvironments, which may be critical for sensitivity to targeted therapies. Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) generated from fresh human tumor without prior in vitro culture, combined with whole genome expression, gene copy number, and sequencing analyses, could dramatically aid the development of novel therapies for gynecologic malignancies. Gynecologic tumors can be engrafted in immunodeficient mice with a high rate of success and within a reasonable time frame. The resulting PDX accurately recapitulates the patient's tumor with respect to histologic, molecular, and in vivo treatment response characteristics. Orthotopic PDX develop complications relevant to the clinic, such as ascites and bowel obstruction, providing opportunities to understand the biology of these clinical problems. Thus, PDX have great promise for improved understanding of gynecologic malignancies, serve as better models for designing novel therapies and clinical trials, and could underpin individualized, directed therapy for patients from whom such models have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Scott
- From The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Helen J Mackay
- From The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Paul Haluska
- From The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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11
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Koti M, Gooding RJ, Nuin P, Haslehurst A, Crane C, Weberpals J, Childs T, Bryson P, Dharsee M, Evans K, Feilotter HE, Park PC, Squire JA. Identification of the IGF1/PI3K/NF κB/ERK gene signalling networks associated with chemotherapy resistance and treatment response in high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:549. [PMID: 24237932 PMCID: PMC3840597 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy remains a major impediment in the treatment of serous epithelial ovarian cancer. The objective of this study was to use gene expression profiling to delineate major deregulated pathways and biomarkers associated with the development of intrinsic chemotherapy resistance upon exposure to standard first-line therapy for ovarian cancer. METHODS The study cohort comprised 28 patients divided into two groups based on their varying sensitivity to first-line chemotherapy using progression free survival (PFS) as a surrogate of response. All 28 patients had advanced stage, high-grade serous ovarian cancer, and were treated with standard platinum-based chemotherapy. Twelve patient tumours demonstrating relative resistance to platinum chemotherapy corresponding to shorter PFS (< eight months) were compared to sixteen tumours from platinum-sensitive patients (PFS > eighteen months). Whole transcriptome profiling was performed using an Affymetrix high-resolution microarray platform to permit global comparisons of gene expression profiles between tumours from the resistant group and the sensitive group. RESULTS Microarray data analysis revealed a set of 204 discriminating genes possessing expression levels which could influence differential chemotherapy response between the two groups. Robust statistical testing was then performed which eliminated a dependence on the normalization algorithm employed, producing a restricted list of differentially regulated genes, and which found IGF1 to be the most strongly differentially expressed gene. Pathway analysis, based on the list of 204 genes, revealed enrichment in genes primarily involved in the IGF1/PI3K/NF κB/ERK gene signalling networks. CONCLUSIONS This study has identified pathway specific prognostic biomarkers possibly underlying a differential chemotherapy response in patients undergoing standard platinum-based treatment of serous epithelial ovarian cancer. In addition, our results provide a pathway context for further experimental validations, and the findings are a significant step towards future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Koti
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Robert J Gooding
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Paulo Nuin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Biomarker Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandria Haslehurst
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Colleen Crane
- Department of Pathology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Johanne Weberpals
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy Childs
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Bryson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Moyez Dharsee
- Ontario Cancer Biomarker Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth Evans
- Ontario Cancer Biomarker Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Harriet E Feilotter
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Paul C Park
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Squire
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Departments of Genetics and Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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12
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King SM, Modi DA, Eddie SL, Burdette JE. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling increases proliferation and hyperplasia of the ovarian surface epithelium and decreases follicular integrity through upregulation of the PI3-kinase pathway. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:12. [PMID: 23388061 PMCID: PMC3724505 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ovarian surface epithelium responds to cytokines and hormonal cues to initiate proliferation and migration following ovulation. Although insulin and IGF are potent proliferative factors for the ovarian surface epithelium and IGF is required for follicle development, increased insulin and IGF activity are correlated with at least two gynecologic conditions: polycystic ovary syndrome and epithelial ovarian cancer. Although insulin and IGF are often components of in vitro culture media, little is known about the effects that these growth factors may have on the ovarian surface epithelium morphology or how signaling in the ovarian surface may affect follicular health and development. METHODS Ovaries from CD1 mice were cultured in alginate hydrogels in the presence or absence of 5 μg/ml insulin or IGF-I, as well as small molecule inhibitors of IR/IGF1R, PI 3-kinase signaling, or MAPK signaling. Tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for expression of cytokeratin 8 to mark the ovarian surface epithelium, Müllerian inhibiting substance to mark secondary follicles, and BrdU incorporation to assess proliferation. Changes in gene expression in the ovarian surface epithelium in response to insulin or IGF-I were analyzed by transcription array. Extracellular matrix organization was evaluated by expression and localization of collagen IV. RESULTS Culture of ovarian organoids with insulin or IGF-I resulted in formation of hyperplastic OSE approximately 4-6 cell layers thick with a high rate of proliferation, as well as decreased MIS expression in secondary follicles. Inhibition of the MAPK pathway restored MIS expression reduced by insulin but only partially restored normal OSE growth and morphology. Inhibition of the PI 3-kinase pathway restored MIS expression reduced by IGF-I and restored OSE growth to a single cell layer. Insulin and IGF-I altered organization of collagen IV, which was restored by inhibition of PI 3-kinase signaling. CONCLUSIONS While insulin and IGF are often required for propagation of primary cells, these cytokines may act as potent mitogens to disrupt cell growth, resulting in formation of hyperplastic OSE and decreased follicular integrity as measured by MIS expression and collagen deposition. This may be due partly to altered collagen IV deposition and organization in the ovary in response to insulin and IGF signaling mediated by PI 3-kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby M King
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois, 900 S, Ashland Room 3202, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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13
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Kan CWS, Hahn MA, Gard GB, Maidens J, Huh JY, Marsh DJ, Howell VM. Elevated levels of circulating microRNA-200 family members correlate with serous epithelial ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:627. [PMID: 23272653 PMCID: PMC3542279 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a critical need for improved diagnostic markers for high grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer (SEOC). MicroRNAs are stable in the circulation and may have utility as biomarkers of malignancy. We investigated whether levels of serum microRNA could discriminate women with high-grade SEOC from age matched healthy volunteers. Methods To identify microRNA of interest, microRNA expression profiling was performed on 4 SEOC cell lines and normal human ovarian surface epithelial cells. Total RNA was extracted from 500 μL aliquots of serum collected from patients with SEOC (n = 28) and age-matched healthy donors (n = 28). Serum microRNA levels were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR following preamplification. Results microRNA (miR)-182, miR-200a, miR-200b and miR-200c were highly overexpressed in the SEOC cell lines relative to normal human ovarian surface epithelial cells and were assessed in RNA extracted from serum as candidate biomarkers. miR-103, miR-92a and miR -638 had relatively invariant expression across all ovarian cell lines, and with small-nucleolar C/D box 48 (RNU48) were assessed in RNA extracted from serum as candidate endogenous normalizers. No correlation between serum levels and age were observed (age range 30-79 years) for any of these microRNA or RNU48. Individually, miR-200a, miR-200b and miR-200c normalized to serum volume and miR-103 were significantly higher in serum of the SEOC cohort (P < 0.05; 0.05; 0.0005 respectively) and in combination, miR-200b + miR-200c normalized to serum volume and miR-103 was the best predictive classifier of SEOC (ROC-AUC = 0.784). This predictive model (miR-200b + miR-200c) was further confirmed by leave one out cross validation (AUC = 0.784). Conclusions We identified serum microRNAs able to discriminate patients with high grade SEOC from age-matched healthy controls. The addition of these microRNAs to current testing regimes may improve diagnosis for women with SEOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casina W S Kan
- Hormones and Cancer Division, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney E25, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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14
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Lau MT, Leung PCK. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway mediates insulin-like growth factor 1-induced E-cadherin down-regulation and cell proliferation in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 326:191-8. [PMID: 22922215 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is produced by ovarian cancer cells and it has been suggested that it plays an important role in tumor progression. In this study, we report that IGF1 treatment down-regulated E-cadherin by up-regulating E-cadherin transcriptional repressors, Snail and Slug, in human ovarian cancer cells. The pharmacological inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) suggests that PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling is required for IGF1-induced E-cadherin down-regulation. Moreover, IGF1 up-regulated Snail and Slug expression via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Finally, IGF1-induced cell proliferation was abolished by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. This study demonstrates a novel mechanism in which IGF1 down-regulates E-cadherin expression through the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and the up-regulation of Snail and Slug in human ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Tat Lau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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15
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The insulin and igf-I pathway in endocrine glands carcinogenesis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:635614. [PMID: 22927847 PMCID: PMC3423951 DOI: 10.1155/2012/635614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine cancers are a heterogeneous group of diseases that may arise from endocrine cells in any gland of the endocrine system. These malignancies may show an aggressive behavior and resistance to the common anticancer therapies. The etiopathogenesis of these tumors remains mostly unknown. The normal embryological development and differentiation of several endocrine glands are regulated by specific pituitary tropins, which, in adult life, control the function and trophism of the endocrine gland. Pituitary tropins act in concert with peptide growth factors, including the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), which are considered key regulators of cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. While pituitary TSH is regarded as tumor-promoting factor for metastatic thyroid cancer, the role of other pituitary hormones in endocrine cancers is uncertain. However, multiple molecular abnormalities of the IGF system frequently occur in endocrine cancers and may have a role in tumorigenesis as well as in tumor progression and resistance to therapies. Herein, we will review studies indicating a role of IGF system dysregulation in endocrine cancers and will discuss the possible implications of these findings for tumor prevention and treatment, with a major focus on cancers from the thyroid, adrenal, and ovary, which are the most extensively studied.
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) plays an important role in tissue growth and development. Several studies have demonstrated the association between circulating levels of IGF-1 and -2 and cancer risk, and the IGF system has been implicated in the oncogenesis of essentially all solid and hematologic malignancies. The optimal strategy for targeting IGF signaling in patients with cancer is not clear. The modest benefits reported thus far underscore the need for a better understanding of IGF signaling, which would enable clinicians to identify the subset of patients with the greatest likelihood of attaining benefit from this targeted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- S John Weroha
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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17
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Arvizo RR, Giri K, Moyano D, Miranda OR, Madden B, McCormick DJ, Bhattacharya R, Rotello VM, Kocher JP, Mukherjee P. Identifying new therapeutic targets via modulation of protein corona formation by engineered nanoparticles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33650. [PMID: 22442705 PMCID: PMC3307759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We introduce a promising methodology to identify new therapeutic targets in cancer. Proteins bind to nanoparticles to form a protein corona. We modulate this corona by using surface-engineered nanoparticles, and identify protein composition to provide insight into disease development. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using a family of structurally homologous nanoparticles we have investigated the changes in the protein corona around surface-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from normal and malignant ovarian cell lysates. Proteomics analysis using mass spectrometry identified hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) that is found exclusively on positively charged AuNPs ((+)AuNPs) after incubation with the lysates. We confirmed expression of HDGF in various ovarian cancer cells and validated binding selectivity to (+)AuNPs by Western blot analysis. Silencing of HDGF by siRNA resulted s inhibition in proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. CONCLUSION We investigated the modulation of protein corona around surface-functionalized gold nanoparticles as a promising approach to identify new therapeutic targets. The potential of our method for identifying therapeutic targets was demonstrated through silencing of HDGF by siRNA, which inhibited proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. This integrated proteomics, bioinformatics, and nanotechnology strategy demonstrates that protein corona identification can be used to discover novel therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle R. Arvizo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Karuna Giri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Daniel Moyano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Oscar R. Miranda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Madden
- Proteomics Research Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. McCormick
- Proteomics Research Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jean-Pierre Kocher
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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18
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Güllü G, Karabulut S, Akkiprik M. Functional roles and clinical values of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 in different types of cancers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 31:266-80. [PMID: 22313597 PMCID: PMC3777492 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are critical regulators of the mitogenic activity of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). IGFBP5, one of these IGFBPs, has special structural features, including a nuclear transport domain, heparin-binding motif, and IGF/extracellular matrix/acid-labile subunit-binding sites. Furthermore, IGFBP5 has several functional effects on carcinogenesis and even normal cell processes, such as cell growth, death, motility, and tissue remodeling. These biological effects are sometimes related with IGF (IGF-dependent effects) and sometimes not (IGF-independent effects). The functional role of IGFBP5 is most likely determined in a cell-type and tissue-type specific manner but also depends on cell context, especially in terms of the diversity of interacting proteins and the potential for nuclear localization. Clinical findings show that IGFBP5 has the potential to be a useful clinical biomarker for predicting response to therapy and clinical outcome of cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the functional diversity and clinical importance of IGFBP5 in different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçe Güllü
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, DMarmara University, Istanbul 34468, Turkey
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19
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Ferguson RD, Novosyadlyy R, Fierz Y, Alikhani N, Sun H, Yakar S, LeRoith D. Hyperinsulinemia enhances c-Myc-mediated mammary tumor development and advances metastatic progression to the lung in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R8. [PMID: 22226054 PMCID: PMC3496123 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperinsulinemia, which is common in early type 2 diabetes (T2D) as a result of the chronically insulin-resistant state, has now been identified as a specific factor which can worsen breast cancer prognosis. In breast cancer, a high rate of mortality persists due to the emergence of pulmonary metastases. METHODS Using a hyperinsulinemic mouse model (MKR+/+) and the metastatic, c-Myc-transformed mammary carcinoma cell line Mvt1, we investigated how high systemic insulin levels would affect the progression of orthotopically inoculated primary mammary tumors to lung metastases. RESULTS We found that orthotopically injected Mvt1 cells gave rise to larger mammary tumors and to a significantly higher mean number of pulmonary macrometastases in hyperinsulinemic mice over a period of six weeks (hyperinsulinemic, 19.4 ± 2.7 vs. control, 4.0 ± 1.3). When Mvt1-mediated mammary tumors were allowed to develop and metastasize for approximately two weeks and were then surgically removed, hyperinsulinemic mice demonstrated a significantly higher number of lung metastases after a four-week period (hyperinsulinemic, 25.1 ± 4.6 vs. control, 7.4 ± 0.42). Similarly, when Mvt1 cells were injected intravenously, hyperinsulinemic mice demonstrated a significantly higher metastatic burden in the lung than controls after a three-week period (hyperinsulinemic, 6.0 ± 1.63 vs. control, 1.5 ± 0.68). Analysis of Mvt1 cells both in vitro and in vivo revealed a significant up-regulation of the transcription factor c-Myc under hyperinsulinemic conditions, suggesting that hyperinsulinemia may promote c-Myc signaling in breast cancer. Furthermore, insulin-lowering therapy using the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist CL-316243 reduced metastatic burden in hyperinsulinemic mice to control levels. CONCLUSIONS Hyperinsulinemia in a mouse model promotes breast cancer metastasis to the lung. Therapies to reduce insulin levels in hyperinsulinemic patients suffering from breast cancer could lessen the likelihood of metastatic progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Glucose
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Dioxoles/therapeutic use
- Female
- Hyperinsulinism/complications
- Hyperinsulinism/drug therapy
- Hyperinsulinism/metabolism
- Hyperinsulinism/pathology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin/blood
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/etiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Tumor Burden
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn D Ferguson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ruslan Novosyadlyy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yvonne Fierz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nyosha Alikhani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hui Sun
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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20
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Rattan R, Giri S, Hartmann LC, Shridhar V. Metformin attenuates ovarian cancer cell growth in an AMP-kinase dispensable manner. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:166-78. [PMID: 19874425 PMCID: PMC3822503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, the most widely used drug for type 2 diabetes activates 59 adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which regulates cellular energy metabolism. Here, we report that ovarian cell lines VOSE, A2780, CP70, C200, OV202, OVCAR3, SKOV3ip, PE01 and PE04 predominantly express -α1, -β1, -γ1 and -γ2 isoforms of AMPK subunits. Our studies show that metformin treatment (1) significantly inhibited proliferation of diverse chemo-responsive and -resistant ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780, CP70, C200, OV202, OVCAR3, SKVO3ip, PE01 and PE04), (2) caused cell cycle arrest accompanied by decreased cyclin D1 and increased p21 protein expression, (3) activated AMPK in various ovarian cancer cell lines as evident from increased phosphorylation of AMPKα and its downstream substrate; acetyl co-carboxylase (ACC) and enhanced β-oxidation of fatty acid and (4) attenuated mTOR-S6RP phosphorylation, inhibited protein translational and lipid biosynthetic pathways, thus implicating metformin as a growth inhibitor of ovarian cancer cells. We also show that metformin-mediated effect on AMPK is dependent on liver kinase B1 (LKB1) as it failed to activate AMPK-ACC pathway and cell cycle arrest in LKB1 null mouse embryo fibroblasts (mefs). This observation was further supported by using siRNA approach to down-regulate LKB1 in ovarian cancer cells. In contrast, met formin inhibited cell proliferation in both wild-type and AMPKα1/2 null mefs as well as in AMPK silenced ovarian cancer cells. Collectively, these results provide evidence on the role of metformin as an anti-proliferative therapeutic that can act through both AMPK-dependent as well as AMPK-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rattan
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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21
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Boldt HB, Conover CA. Overexpression of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A in ovarian cancer cells promotes tumor growth in vivo. Endocrinology 2011; 152:1470-8. [PMID: 21303951 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is an important regulatory component of the IGF system. Through proteolysis of inhibitory IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), PAPP-A acts as a positive modulator of local IGF signaling in a variety of biological systems. A role of IGF in the progression of several common forms of human cancer is now emerging, and therapeutic intervention of IGF receptor signaling is currently being explored. However, little is known about the activities of other components of the IGF system in relation to cancer. We hypothesized that PAPP-A acts to enhance tumor growth in vivo. To test this hypothesis, we overexpressed wild-type PAPP-A or a mutant PAPP-A with markedly reduced IGFBP protease activity in SKOV3 cells, a human ovarian carcinoma cell line with low tumorigenic potential. In vitro, SKOV3 clones with elevated PAPP-A expression (PAPP-A-1, PAPP-A-28) showed accelerated anchorage-independent growth in soft agar assays compared to clones overexpressing mutant PAPP-A (E483Q-1, E483Q-5) and vector controls. PAPP-A-28, with the highest PAPP-A expression and IGFBP proteolytic activity, also had markedly increased cell invasion through Matrigel. In vivo, we found significantly accelerated tumor growth rates of PAPP-A-overexpressing SKOV3 clones compared with mutant PAPP-A and controls. Investigation of angiogenesis indicated that overexpression of PAPP-A favored development of mature tumor vasculature and that tumor precursors of PAPP-A-28 in particular had a significantly higher degree of vascularization months before obvious tumor development. In conclusion, our data show that PAPP-A proteolytic activity enhances the tumorigenic potential of ovarian cancer cells and establish a novel tumor growth-promoting role of PAPP-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning B Boldt
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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22
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Hwang J, Na S, Lee H, Lee D. Correlation between preoperative serum levels of five biomarkers and relationships between these biomarkers and cancer stage in epithelial overian cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 2009; 20:169-75. [PMID: 19809551 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2009.20.3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the correlation among the preoperative serum levels of five biomarkers presumed to be useful for early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer and evaluate the relationships between serum levels of these five biomarkers and epithelial ovarian cancer stage. METHODS We analyzed 56 newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Preoperative serum levels of leptin, prolactin, osteopontin (OPN), insulin-like growth factor-II, and CA-125 were determined by ELISA. We also examined the correlation between the serum levels of the biomarkers and ovarian cancer stage. Significant differences in the mean serum levels of two proteins, leptin and CA-125, were observed between stage subsets. RESULTS There was a significant negative correlation between prolactin and leptin and a significant positive correlation between prolactin and OPN. Of the five biomarkers, only the mean serum CA-125 level showed a significant positive correlation with cancer stage (Spearman rho=0.24, p<0.01). OPN showed a marginally significant positive correlation with stage (Spearman rho=0.14, p=0.07). CONCLUSION We demonstrated the relationship between five biomarkers in epithelial ovarian cancer. These tumor markers may be useful in screening for ovarian cancer, in characterizing disease states, and in developing therapeutic interventions targeting these marker proteins. Large-scale studies that include potential confounding factors and modifiers are necessary to more accurately define the value of these novel biomarkers in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongyun Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University Medical School, Chuncheon, Korea
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23
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Chien J, Ota T, Aletti G, Shridhar R, Boccellino M, Quagliuolo L, Baldi A, Shridhar V. Serine protease HtrA1 associates with microtubules and inhibits cell migration. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:4177-87. [PMID: 19470753 PMCID: PMC2715801 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00035-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HtrA1 belongs to a family of serine proteases found in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Bacterial HtrA1 (DegP) is a heat shock-induced protein that behaves as a chaperone at low temperature and as a protease at high temperature to help remove unfolded proteins during heat shock. In contrast to bacterial HtrA1, little is known about the function of human HtrA1. Here, we report the first evidence that human HtrA1 is a microtubule-associated protein and modulates microtubule stability and cell motility. Intracellular HtrA1 is localized to microtubules in a PDZ (PSD95, Dlg, ZO1) domain-dependent, nocodazole-sensitive manner. During microtubule assembly, intracellular HtrA associates with centrosomes and newly polymerized microtubules. In vitro, purified HtrA1 promotes microtubule assembly. Moreover, HtrA1 cosediments and copurifies with microtubules. Purified HtrA1 associates with purified alpha- and beta-tubulins, and immunoprecipitation of endogenous HtrA1 results in coprecipitation of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tubulins. Finally, downregulation of HtrA1 promotes cell motility, whereas enhanced expression of HtrA1 attenuates cell motility. These results offer an original identification of HtrA1 as a microtubule-associated protein and provide initial mechanistic insights into the role of HtrA1 in the regulation of cell motility by modulating microtubule stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Chien
- Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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24
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Ovarian cancer cells stimulate uPA gene expression in fibroblastic stromal cells via multiple paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 115:121-126. [PMID: 19631971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Expression of uPA mRNA is massively up-regulated in the stroma of poorly differentiated ovarian tumors. We hypothesized that this expression was induced by paracrine signals from the epithelial tumor cells, and established an in vitro model of ovarian cancer microenvironment to study intercellular cross-talk. METHODS ES-2 clear cell carcinoma cells were grown in tissue culture inserts in a double-chamber system with fibroblastic stromal LEP cells embedded in Matrigel. Binding-site directed antibodies were used to neutralize soluble cytokines in ES-2 conditioned medium (CM) before incubation with LEP cells. Real time PCR measured uPA mRNA in LEP cells, as well as mRNA for cytokines in both cell types. RESULTS Co-culture with ES-2 cells as well as incubation with ES-2 CM induced uPA mRNA in LEP cells about two-fold. In short time (12 h) incubation of LEP cells with CM, antibodies to EGF and bFGF reduced induction of uPA mRNA, suggesting that these cytokines function as paracrine signals. EGF mRNA and bFGF mRNA were also found in ES-2 cells. At longer incubation (24 h) antibodies to bFGF, HB-EGF, HGF, IGF-1, and IL-1alpha reduced uPA mRNA induction, suggesting an autocrine function for these cytokines in LEP cells. In fact, expression of the same five cytokines was up-regulated in LEP cells exposed to CM. CONCLUSION We identified two cytokines as paracrine signals, and five cytokines as autocrine signals in ovarian cancer cell induced up-regulation of uPA mRNA in stromal fibroblastic cells. It is crucial to understand intra-tumoral cross-talk, since it can offer new therapeutic approaches.
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Chien J, Narita K, Rattan R, Giri S, Shridhar R, Staub J, Beleford D, Lai J, Roberts LR, Molina J, Kaufmann SH, Prendergast GC, Shridhar V. A role for candidate tumor-suppressor gene TCEAL7 in the regulation of c-Myc activity, cyclin D1 levels and cellular transformation. Oncogene 2008; 27:7223-34. [PMID: 18806825 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms that drive the development and progression of epithelial ovarian cancer remain obscure. Recently, we identified TCEAL7 as a transcriptional regulatory protein often downregulated in epithelial ovarian cancer. However, the biological significance of such downregulation in cancer is not currently known. Here, we show that TCEAL7 is downregulated frequently in many human cancers and that in immortalized human ovarian epithelial cells this event promotes anchorage-independent cell growth. Mechanistic investigations revealed that TCEAL7 associates with cyclin D1 promoter containing Myc E-box sequence and transcriptionally represses cyclin D1 expression. Moreover, downregulation of TCEAL7 promotes DNA-binding activity of Myc-Max, and upregulates the promoter activity of c-Myc-target gene, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), whereas enhanced expression of TCEAL7 inhibits Myc-induced promoter activity of ODC. Our findings suggest that TCEAL7 may restrict ovarian epithelial cell transformation by limiting Myc activity. These results also suggest a potential, alternative mechanism by which c-Myc activity may be deregulated in cancer by the downregulation of TCEAL7.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chien
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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26
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Haluska P, Carboni JM, TenEyck C, Attar RM, Hou X, Yu C, Sagar M, Wong TW, Gottardis MM, Erlichman C. HER receptor signaling confers resistance to the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor inhibitor, BMS-536924. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:2589-98. [PMID: 18765823 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have reported previously the activity of the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-IR)/insulin receptor (InsR) inhibitor, BMS-554417, in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. Further studies indicated treatment of OV202 ovarian cancer cells with BMS-554417 increased phosphorylation of HER-2. In addition, treatment with the pan-HER inhibitor, BMS-599626, resulted in increased phosphorylation of IGF-IR, suggesting a reciprocal cross-talk mechanism. In a panel of five ovarian cancer cell lines, simultaneous treatment with the IGF-IR/InsR inhibitor, BMS-536924 and BMS-599626, resulted in a synergistic antiproliferative effect. Furthermore, combination therapy decreased AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and increased biochemical and nuclear morphologic changes consistent with apoptosis compared with either agent alone. In response to treatment with BMS-536924, increased expression and activation of various members of the HER family of receptors were seen in all five ovarian cancer cell lines, suggesting that inhibition of IGF-IR/InsR results in adaptive up-regulation of the HER pathway. Using MCF-7 breast cancer cell variants that overexpressed HER-1 or HER-2, we then tested the hypothesis that HER receptor expression is sufficient to confer resistance to IGF-IR-targeted therapy. In the presence of activating ligands epidermal growth factor or heregulin, respectively, MCF-7 cells expressing HER-1 or HER-2 were resistant to BMS-536924 as determined in a proliferation and clonogenic assay. These data suggested that simultaneous treatment with inhibitors of the IGF-I and HER family of receptors may be an effective strategy for clinical investigations of IGF-IR inhibitors in breast and ovarian cancer and that targeting HER-1 and HER-2 may overcome clinical resistance to IGF-IR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Haluska
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, South West, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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27
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Hurt EM, Saykally JN, Anose BM, Kalli KR, Sanders MM. Expression of the ZEB1 (deltaEF1) transcription factor in human: additional insights. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 318:89-99. [PMID: 18622689 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The zinc finger E-box binding transcription factor ZEB1 (deltaEF1/Nil-2-a/AREB6/zfhx1a/TCF8/zfhep/BZP) is emerging as an important regulator of the epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT) required for development and cancer metastasis. ZEB1 promotes EMT by repressing genes contributing to the epithelial phenotype while activating those associated with the mesenchymal phenotype. TCF8 (zfhx1a), the gene encoding ZEB1, is induced by several potentially oncogenic ligands including TGF-beta, estrogen, and progesterone. TGF-beta appears to activate EMT, at least in part, by inducing ZEB1. However, our understanding of how ZEB1 contributes to signaling pathways elicited by estrogen and progesterone is quite limited, as is our understanding of its functional roles in normal adult tissues. To begin to address these questions, a human tissue mRNA array analysis was done. In adults, the highest ZEB1 mRNA expression is in bladder and uterus, whereas in the fetus highest expression is in lung, thymus, and heart. To further investigate the regulation of TCF8 by estrogen, ZEB1 mRNA was measured in ten estrogen-responsive cell lines, but it is only induced in the OV266 ovarian carcinoma line. Although high expression of ZEB1 mRNA is estrogen-dependent in normal human ovarian and endometrial biopsies, high expression is estrogen-independent in late stage ovarian and endometrial carcinomas, raising the possibility that deregulated expression promotes cancer progression. In contrast, TCF8 is at least partially deleted in 4 of 5 well-differentiated, grade I endometrial carcinomas, which may contribute to their non-aggressive phenotype. These data support the contention that high ZEB1 encourages gynecologic carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Hurt
- Cancer Stem Cell Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Bakkum-Gamez JN, Aletti G, Lewis KA, Keeney GL, Thomas BM, Navarro-Teulon I, Cliby WA. Müllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor (MISIIR): a novel, tissue-specific target expressed by gynecologic cancers. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 108:141-8. [PMID: 17988723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 08/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Müllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor (MISIIR) is expressed by ovarian, breast, and prostate cancers [Masiakos PT, et al. Human ovarian cancer, cell lines, and primary ascites cells express the human Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) Type II Receptor, bind, and are responsive to MIS. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:3488-99; Hoshiya Y, et al. Mullerian inhibiting substance promotes interferon {gamma}-induced gene expression and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2003;278:51703-12; Hoshiya Y, et al. Mullerian inhibiting substance induces NFkB signaling in breast and prostate cancer cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2003;211:43-9. [1-3]]. We investigated the expression patterns of MISIIR in benign and malignant gynecologic tissues and benign non-gynecologic tissues to better assess the relevance of MISIIR as a target for new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to gynecologic cancers. Secondarily, we examined the impact of MISIIR expression on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in a cohort of epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC). METHODS Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to determine MISIIR expression. EOC cell lines (10), primary EOCs (12), and tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing benign gynecologic (179) and non-gynecologic tissues (25), EOC (182), endometrial carcinomas (109), uterine sarcomas (98), and ovarian dysgerminomas (22) were examined for MISIIR expression. Clinical data were collected for a cohort of 182 EOCs. RESULTS Ninety-two percent of primary EOCs and 44% of EOC cell lines expressed MISIIR mRNA. We observed moderate or strong MISIIR expression via IHC in the majority of gynecologic cancers: EOC 69% (125/182), ovarian dysgerminomas 77% (17/22), endometrial cancers 75% (82/109), uterine malignant mixed Müllerian tumors (MMMT) 59% (30/51), uterine leiomyosarcomas (LMS) 52% (15/29), and endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS) 22% (4/18). Over 74% of normal non-gynecologic tissues did not express MISIIR. There was a significant correlation between MISIIR expression and improved OS (p=0.025, Chi square). CONCLUSIONS In the largest study to date, we report that MISIIR is highly expressed by a wide variety of gynecologic cancers, including cancers currently without effective systemic therapies. Low levels of expression in select non-gynecologic tissues coupled with high expression in gynecologic malignancies make MISIIR an attractive target for novel therapeutics and tumor-directed imaging in the management of gynecologic cancers. Further investigation into the impact of MISIIR expression and OS is also warranted.
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Song Y, Wilkins P, Hu W, Murthy K, Chen J, Lee Z, Oyesanya R, Wu J, Barbour S, Fang X. Inhibition of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 suppresses proliferation and tumorigenicity of ovarian carcinoma cells. Biochem J 2007; 406:427-36. [PMID: 17555408 PMCID: PMC2049037 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PLA2 (phospholipase A2) enzymes play critical roles in membrane phospholipid homoeostasis and in generation of lysophospholipid growth factors. In the present study, we show that the activity of the cytosolic iPLA2 (calcium-independent PLA2), but not that of the calcium-dependent cPLA2 (cytosolic PLA2), is required for growth-factor-independent, autonomous replication of ovarian carcinoma cells. Blocking iPLA2 activity with the pharmacological inhibitor BEL (bromoenol lactone) induces cell cycle arrest in S- and G2/M-phases independently of the status of the p53 tumour suppressor. Inhibition of iPLA2 activity also leads to modest increases in apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells. The S- and G2/M-phase accumulation is accompanied by increased levels of the cell cycle regulators cyclins B and E. Interestingly, the S-phase arrest is released by supplementing the growth factors LPA (lysophosphatidic acid) or EGF (epidermal growth factor). However, inhibition of iPLA2 activity with BEL remains effective in repressing growth-factor- or serum-stimulated proliferation of ovarian cancer cells through G2/M-phase arrest. Down-regulation of iPLA2b expression with lentivirus-mediated RNA interference inhibited cell proliferation in culture and tumorigenicity of ovarian cancer cell lines in nude mice. These results indicate an essential role for iPLA2 in cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis of ovarian carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanda Song
- *Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, U.S.A
| | - Palmer Wilkins
- *Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, U.S.A
| | - Wenhui Hu
- †Department of Physiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, U.S.A
| | - Karnam S. Murthy
- †Department of Physiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, U.S.A
| | - Jing Chen
- *Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, U.S.A
| | - Zendra Lee
- *Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, U.S.A
| | - Regina Oyesanya
- *Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, U.S.A
| | - Jinhua Wu
- *Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, U.S.A
| | - Suzanne E. Barbour
- *Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, U.S.A
| | - Xianjun Fang
- *Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, at Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980614, 1101 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, U.S.A. (email )
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30
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Pizarro GO, Zhou XC, Koch A, Gharib M, Raval S, Bible K, Jones MB. Prosurvival function of the granulin-epithelin precursor is important in tumor progression and chemoresponse. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2339-43. [PMID: 17266030 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The granulin-epithelin precursor (GEP/PCDGF), a 68-88 kDa secreted glycoprotein, has been shown to be an important growth and survival factor for ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, GEP expression is a predictor of patient survival in metastatic ovarian cancer cells. Up to this point, however, the molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance of a GEP-mediated prosurvival phenotype remain poorly characterized. We hypothesize that the prosurvival function of GEP is important in ovarian cancer tumor progression and chemoresponse. To explore this hypothesis, we examined the effects of GEP overexpression on migration, invasion and cisplatin (CDDP) chemosensitivity in the ovarian cancer cell line A2780. Full length GEP transfectants demonstrated an increased capacity to migrate and invade their substratum when compared to empty vector controls. In addition, GEP overexpression was associated with CDDP chemoresistance. Finally, GEP overexpression increased tumor formation and protected cells from tumor regression in response to CDDP treatment in vivo. Taken together, these data support a role for GEP in tumor progression and development of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gresin O Pizarro
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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31
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Staub J, Chien J, Pan Y, Qian X, Narita K, Aletti G, Scheerer M, Roberts LR, Molina J, Shridhar V. Epigenetic silencing of HSulf-1 in ovarian cancer:implications in chemoresistance. Oncogene 2007; 26:4969-78. [PMID: 17310998 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism by which HSulf-1 expression is downregulated in ovarian cancer, DNA methylation and histone acetylation of HSulf-1 was analysed in ovarian cancer cell lines and primary tumors. Treatment of OV207 and SKOV3 by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine resulted in increased transcription of HSulf-1. Sequence analysis of bisulfite-modified genomic DNA from ovarian cell lines and primary tumors without HSulf-1 expression revealed an increase in the frequency of methylation of 12 CpG sites in exon 1A. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed an increase in histone H3 methylation in cell lines without HSulf-1 expression. To assess the significance of HSulf-1 downregulation in ovarian cancer, OV167 and OV202 cells were transfected with HSulf-1 siRNA. Downregulation of HSulf-1 expression in OV167 and OV202 cells lead to an attenuation of cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, patients with ovarian tumors expressing higher levels of HSulf-1 showed a 90% response rate (27/30) to chemotherapy compared to a response rate of 63% (19/30) in those with weak or moderate levels (P=0.0146, chi(2) test). Collectively, these data indicate that HSulf-1 is epigenetically silenced in ovarian cancer and that epigenetic therapy targeting HSulf-1 might sensitize ovarian tumors to conventional first-line therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Staub
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Lancaster JM, Sayer RA, Blanchette C, Calingaert B, Konidari I, Gray J, Schildkraut J, Schomberg DW, Marks JR, Berchuck A. High expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 messenger RNA in epithelial ovarian cancers produces elevated preoperative serum levels. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:1529-35. [PMID: 16884361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer remains unclear. Using microarray expression analysis, we recently reported that expression of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) gene is elevated in advanced epithelial ovarian cancers. The aim of this study was to further delineate the role of IGFBP-2 in the pathoetiology of epithelial ovarian cancer and determine if elevated ovarian cancer IGFBP-2 gene expression is reflected in serum. Relative IGFBP-2 expression was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in 113 epithelial ovarian cancers and 6 normal ovarian surface epithelial samples. Preoperative serum IGFBP-2 levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 84 women (42 ovarian cancers, 26 benign gynecological conditions, and 10 healthy female controls). Ovarian cancers demonstrated 38-fold higher mean IGFBP-2 expression than normal ovarian epithelium (P < 0.01). Serum IGFBP-2 levels were elevated in women with early- and advanced-stage ovarian cancer compared to controls and patients with benign gynecological conditions (P = 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Epithelial ovarian cancers express high levels of IGFBP-2 relative to normal ovarian epithelium, and this is associated with elevated serum IGFBP-2 levels compared to both normal controls and patients with benign gynecological disease. Our findings provide further support that the insulin-like growth factor pathway plays a significant role in epithelial ovarian cancer pathogenesis. Further, IGFBP-2 may represent an additional serum biomarker with utility in detection and monitoring of epithelial ovarian cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/blood
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/surgery
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/blood
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/surgery
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- CA-125 Antigen/blood
- Case-Control Studies
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/blood
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/surgery
- Endometrial Neoplasms/blood
- Endometrial Neoplasms/genetics
- Endometrial Neoplasms/surgery
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2/blood
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/blood
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/surgery
- Ovarian Cysts/blood
- Ovarian Cysts/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/blood
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/surgery
- Ovary/pathology
- Precancerous Conditions/blood
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/surgery
- Preoperative Care
- RNA, Messenger/blood
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lancaster
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33612, USA.
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Wang H, Rosen DG, Wang H, Fuller GN, Zhang W, Liu J. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 and 5 are differentially regulated in ovarian cancer of different histologic types. Mod Pathol 2006; 19:1149-56. [PMID: 16729015 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The family of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) comprises six members, which bind and regulate the functions of insulin-like growth factors. Overexpression of IGFBP2 and IGFBP5 contributes to the invasiveness and progression of several human cancers, but their role and clinical significance in ovarian cancer has not been investigated in detail. We examined IGFBP2 and IGFBP5 expression levels using two tissue microarrays, one containing six normal surface epithelium, six benign serous cysts, 10 serous borderline tumors, eight low-grade, and 20 high-grade serous carcinomas. The other comprising 441 ovarian cancers of different histologic types linked to a clinicopathologic database. Each tumor was sampled in duplicate with a 1.0-mm punch core needle. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using antibodies against IGFBP2 or IGFBP5. The staining intensity was scored semiquantitatively as negative (0), weak (1-10%), moderate (10-50%), or strong (50-100%) using computerized image analysis. Statistical analyses used Fisher's exact test and Kaplan-Meier method. IGFBP2 and IGFBP5 were overexpressed in high-grade serous carcinomas compared to normal surface epithelium, benign serous cysts, serous borderline tumors, or low-grade serous carcinoma. They were differentially expressed in different types of ovarian carcinomas, being more often expressed at high levels in high-grade serous carcinoma, malignant mixed mullerian tumors and undifferentiated carcinoma, and more often expressed at low levels or not at all in clear cell and mucinous carcinomas. We concluded that IGFBP2 and IGFBP5 might play a role in the development of high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma, but not in mucinous or clear cell ovarian carcinomas.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma/metabolism
- Carcinoma/mortality
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/mortality
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/pathology
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/mortality
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5/metabolism
- Neoplasm Staging
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/mortality
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Survival Rate
- Tissue Array Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Bignone PA, Lee KY, Liu Y, Emilion G, Finch J, Soosay AER, Charnock FML, Beck S, Dunham I, Mungall AJ, Ganesan TS. RPS6KA2, a putative tumour suppressor gene at 6q27 in sporadic epithelial ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2006; 26:683-700. [PMID: 16878154 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We had previously defined by allele loss studies a minimal region at 6q27 (between D6S264 and D6S297) to contain a putative tumour suppressor gene. The p90 ribosomal S6 kinase-3 gene (p90 Rsk-3, RPS6KA2) maps in this interval. It is a serine-threonine kinase that signals downstream of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. It is expressed in normal ovarian epithelium, whereas reduced or absent in tumours or cell lines. We show that RPS6KA2 is monoallelically expressed in the ovary suggesting that loss of a single expressed allele is sufficient to cause complete loss of expression in cancer cells. Further, we have identified two new isoforms of RPS6KA2 with an alternative start codon. Homozygous deletions were identified within the RPS6KA2 gene in two cell lines. Re-expression of RPS6KA2 in ovarian cancer cell lines suppressed colony formation. In UCI101 cells, the expression of RPS6KA2 reduced proliferation, caused G1 arrest, increased apoptosis, reduced levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and altered other cell cycle proteins. In contrast, small interfering RNA against RPS6KA2 showed the opposite effect in 41M cells. The above results suggest that RPS6KA2 is a putative tumour suppressor gene to explain allele loss at 6q27.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Apoptosis
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/genetics
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/pathology
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- DNA Methylation
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- RNA Interference
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/genetics
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bignone
- Cancer Research UK, Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Ovarian Cancer Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Lu L, Katsaros D, Wiley A, Rigault de la Longrais IA, Puopolo M, Schwartz P, Yu H. Promoter-specific transcription of insulin-like growth factor-II in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 103:990-5. [PMID: 16859738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The IGF-II gene has four promoters (P1-P4); each initiates promoter-specific transcription. Studies have shown that IGF-II promoters normally active during fetal growth, but silent in postnatal life, are reactivated in cancer. In a previous study, we found IGF-II transcription evaluated at a common translated region was associated with ovarian cancer progression. This study was conducted to further determine which IGF-II promoters were responsible for the association. METHODS Promoter-specific transcription at each IGF-II promoter was analyzed in 201 ovarian tumor samples using quantitative RT-PCR. Cox regression analysis was performed to determine the association of IGF-II promoter-specific expression with patient survival. RESULTS P3 and P4 transcripts were detected more frequently and at significantly higher levels than the transcripts of P1 and P2. P3 and P4 transcripts were strongly correlated with the common IGF-II translated region and were significantly higher in patients with late stage disease, large residual tumor, suboptimal debulking or serous histology compared to those with early stage, small residual tumor, optimal debulking or non-serous histology. Survival analysis showed that patients with high P3 or P4 expression had a 2-fold increase in risk for death compared to those with low P3 or P4. These associations remained significant after adjustment for patient age at surgery, disease stage, tumor grade and histology. P1 and P2 transcripts, however, were not associated with disease characteristics or survival. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IGF-II transcription from P3 and P4 promoters is important in ovarian cancer and evaluation of IGF-II promoter-specific transcription may have clinical implications in ovarian cancer prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingeng Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
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36
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Chien J, Aletti G, Baldi A, Catalano V, Muretto P, Keeney GL, Kalli KR, Staub J, Ehrmann M, Cliby WA, Lee YK, Bible KC, Hartmann LC, Kaufmann SH, Shridhar V. Serine protease HtrA1 modulates chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1994-2004. [PMID: 16767218 PMCID: PMC1474818 DOI: 10.1172/jci27698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy presents a serious challenge in the successful treatment of various cancers and is mainly responsible for mortality associated with disseminated cancers. Here we show that expression of HtrA1, which is frequently downregulated in ovarian cancer, influences tumor response to chemotherapy by modulating chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity. Downregulation of HtrA1 attenuated cisplatin- and paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity, while forced expression of HtrA1 enhanced cisplatin- and paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity. HtrA1 expression was upregulated by both cisplatin and paclitaxel treatment. This upregulation resulted in limited autoproteolysis and activation of HtrA1. Active HtrA1 induces cell death in a serine protease-dependent manner. The potential role of HtrA1 as a predictive factor of clinical response to chemotherapy was assessed in both ovarian and gastric cancer patients receiving cisplatin-based regimens. Patients with ovarian or gastric tumors expressing higher levels of HtrA1 showed a higher response rate compared with those with lower levels of HtrA1 expression. These findings uncover what we believe to be a novel pathway by which serine protease HtrA1 mediates paclitaxel- and cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity and suggest that loss of HtrA1 in ovarian and gastric cancers may contribute to in vivo chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Chien
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Giovanni Aletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alfonso Baldi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vincenzo Catalano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pietro Muretto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gary L. Keeney
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kimberly R. Kalli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julie Staub
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Ehrmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - William A. Cliby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yean Kit Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Keith C. Bible
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lynn C. Hartmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott H. Kaufmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Biochemistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit and
Department of Histopathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Department of Oncology, and
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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37
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Wiley A, Katsaros D, Fracchioli S, Yu H. Methylation of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 gene and prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:210-8. [PMID: 16445635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is a member of the IGFBP family, which regulates the mitogenic and antiapoptotic effects of insulin-like growth factors. Hypermethylation of the IGFBP-3 promoter has been found to suppress its expression. To evaluate the role of IGFBP-3 in ovarian cancer progression, we examined the survival of 235 consecutively selected epithelial ovarian cancer patients in association with IGFBP-3 promoter methylation and IGFBP-3 expression in tumor tissue. IGFBP-3 promoter methylation was analyzed using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Cytosol protein was extracted and measured using a bicinchoninic acid assay; IGFBP-3 was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Promoter methylation of the IGFBP-3 gene was detected in 44% (104/235) of patients. IGFBP-3 promoter methylation was associated with disease progression and death after adjusting for clinical and pathologic variables. The association was more evident in patients with early-stage disease: RR = 2.87 (95% CI: 0.78-10.63) for disease progression and RR = 3.94 (95% CI: 0.91-15.78) for death. Tissue levels of IGFBP-3 did not differ by methylation status but were inversely associated with disease stage and residual tumor size. These results suggest that IGFBP-3 promoter methylation may be a useful prognostic marker for disease progression and death in early-stage ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wiley
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
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38
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Sugimoto N, Takuwa N, Yoshioka K, Takuwa Y. Rho-dependent, Rho kinase-independent inhibitory regulation of Rac and cell migration by LPA1 receptor in Gi-inactivated CHO cells. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:1899-908. [PMID: 16564043 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a major serum lysophospholipid that stimulates cell migration in diverse cell types including ovarian cancer cells. We report here that in the absence of Gi function, LPA induces inhibition, rather than stimulation, of cellular Rac activity, lamellipodium formation, and cell migration in response to insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which solely express LPA1 as a LPA receptor. The inhibitory effects of LPA are abrogated by the expression of either Galpha13 C-terminal peptide or C3 toxin pretreatment, but not a Rho kinase inhibitor. Without PTX pretreatment, LPA stimulates Rac and cell migration yet similarly activates Rho, indicating that Rho activation by itself is not sufficient for inhibition of cell migration. Conversely, the expression of a dominant negative Rac mutant sufficiently mimics the LPA inhibition of cell migration. LPA inhibits IGF I-induced Akt activation by only 40% in a manner dependent on Rho kinase. These results demonstrate that inhibition of Gi function converts LPA regulation on Rac and cell migration to an inhibitory mode, which is mediated by G13 and Rho but not Rho kinase, and raise a possibility of Gi as a new therapeutic target for LPA-dependent tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
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39
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Moscova M, Marsh DJ, Baxter RC. Protein chip discovery of secreted proteins regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in ovarian cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1376-83. [PMID: 16452192 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality among the gynecologic malignancies. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is frequently activated, leading to increased cell survival. This study aimed to identify secreted proteins regulated by the PI3K pathway in ovarian cancer cell lines. Surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with cation-exchange protein-chips was used to analyze secreted proteins from five ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV-3, PE01, OVCAR-3, OV167, and OV207). To activate the PI3K pathway, cells were treated with 50 ng/mL epidermal growth factor (EGF) with or without 10 micromol/L LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor. Proteins induced by EGF and inhibited by LY294002, in the m/z range 7,500 to 9,500, were purified chromatographically, identified by peptide mass fingerprinting and NH(2)-terminal sequencing, and confirmed by immunodepletion. Two immunologically related proteins, m/z approximately 8,385 and 8,922, were identified as truncated and intact forms, respectively, of interleukin 8, a chemokine previously shown to be elevated in serum of ovarian cancer patients. Another protein, m/z 7,866, was identified as CXC chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) or GRO-alpha, a chemokine associated with melanoma formation and some epithelial cancers. EGF-stimulated CXCL1 levels were variably decreased by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase and p38 MAPK inhibition in the five cell lines, but only LY294002 fully reversed the EGF effect in all cell lines. Immunoreactive CXCL1 levels in 160 conditioned media were highly correlated with corresponding peak intensities at m/z 7,866 by mass spectrometry, indicating the quantitative nature of these analyses. We conclude that proteomic analysis of cell models of human disease may facilitate the discovery of pathway-dependent proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Moscova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Diagnostic Proteomics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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40
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Gotlieb WH, Bruchim I, Gu J, Shi Y, Camirand A, Blouin MJ, Zhao Y, Pollak MN. Insulin-like growth factor receptor I targeting in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 100:389-96. [PMID: 16300820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preclinical evaluation of the anti-neoplastic activity of an insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) kinase inhibitor in ovarian cancer. METHODS The OVCAR-3 and OVCAR-4 cell lines were investigated under serum-free tissue culture conditions. IGF-I and IGF-II production were evaluated by standard ELISA and immunohistochemistry. IGF-IR expression and protein levels were evaluated by Western blotting. Cytotoxicity assays were performed in triplicates using the Alamar colorimetric assay. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry and by Western blotting for PARP. RESULTS The OVCAR-3 and OVCAR-4 cell lines produce IGF-I and IGF-II, and express IGF-IR, detectable by Western blotting, supporting the existence of an autocrine loop. The existence of this loop justified studies of NVP-AEW541, a small molecular weight inhibitor of the IGF-IR kinase. We observed growth inhibition of the ovarian cancer cell lines, with IC50 between 5 and 15 microM. We also observed that NVP-AEW541 sensitized cells to cisplatin in vitro. Western blotting demonstrated that NVP-AEW541 induced apoptosis at the concentrations that were used in the cytotoxicity assays, and decreased the concentration of the phosphorylated AKT signaling protein downstream of the IGF-IR. CONCLUSIONS IGF-IR is a potential new molecular target in ovarian cancer. The anti-neoplastic activity of NVP-AEW541 in ovarian cancer was observed at concentrations higher than those previously reported for multiple myeloma, suggesting the possibility that a portion of the observed anti-neoplastic activity could involve targets other than the IGF-IR. Experiments are being conducted to investigate the cytotoxicity profile in vivo and the clinical relevance of NVP-AEW541 in ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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41
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Dowdy SC, Gostout BS, Shridhar V, Wu X, Smith DI, Podratz KC, Jiang SW. Biallelic methylation and silencing of paternally expressed gene 3 (PEG3) in gynecologic cancer cell lines. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 99:126-34. [PMID: 16023706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure mRNA expression levels of paternally expressed gene 3 (PEG3) in gynecologic cancer cell lines and to determine if DNA methylation is involved in the control of PEG3 expression. METHODS PEG3 mRNA levels were measured with real-time PCR from 28 gynecologic cancer cell lines and compared to normal tissues. PEG3 mRNA expression was correlated to promoter methylation levels measured by real-time methylation-specific PCR. Polymorphism-specific restriction digestion was employed to analyze PEG3 allele distribution. RESULTS While expressed in normal gynecologic tissues, PEG3 is silenced in all endometrial and cervical cancer cell lines studied. In the eight ovarian cancer cell lines, five were found to be PEG3 negative, the remaining three express low levels of PEG3 mRNA. In contrast, loss of maternal imprinting and relatively high PEG3 expression levels were detected in all four choriocarcinomas cell lines studied. No cell line confirmed to contain two copies of PEG3 expressed PEG3 mRNA, suggesting that PEG3 downregulation is not due to genetic deletion. PEG3 mRNA expression was, however, quantitatively correlated to its promoter methylation status. Treatment of PEG3 negative cells with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5'-aza-deoxycytidine led to partial promoter demethylation and biallelic reactivation of PEG3 transcription, confirming the methylation-mediated mechanism for PEG3 silencing. CONCLUSION PEG3 silencing is associated with DNA hypermethylation but not gene deletion in cell lines tested. These results suggest that loss of PEG3 expression may be a frequent event in gynecologic cancers. Given the known role of PEG3 in p53-mediated apoptosis, it is possible that PEG3 functions as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Dowdy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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42
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Chien J, Staub J, Avula R, Zhang H, Liu W, Hartmann LC, Kaufmann SH, Smith DI, Shridhar V. Epigenetic silencing of TCEAL7 (Bex4) in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2005; 24:5089-100. [PMID: 15870691 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing by hypermethylation of CpGs represents a mechanism of inactivation of tumor suppressors. Here we report on the cloning of a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene TCEAL7 inactivated by methylation in ovarian cancer. TCEAL codes for a 1.35 kb transcript that was previously reported to be downregulated in ovarian cancer by cDNA microarray and suppression subtraction cDNA (SSH) analyses. This report focuses on the elucidation of mechanisms associated with TCEAL7 downregulation. Expression of TCEAL7 is downregulated in a majority of ovarian tumors and cancer cell lines but induced by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment in a dose-dependant manner, implicating methylation as a mechanism of TCEAL7 inactivation. Sequence analyses of bisufite-modified genomic DNA from somatic cell hybrids with either the active or the inactive human X chromosome reveal that TCEAL7 is subjected to X chromosome inactivation. Loss of TCEAL7 expression in primary tumors and cell lines correlates with methylation of a CpG site within the promoter. In vitro methylation of the CpG site suppresses promoter activity whereas selective demethylation of the SmaI site attenuates the suppression. Finally, re-expression of TCEAL7 in cancer cell lines induces cell death and reduces colony formation efficiency. These data implicate TCEAL7 as a cell death regulatory protein that is frequently inactivated in ovarian cancers, and suggest that it may function as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Chien
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, 200 First Street, SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Myers R, Greiner S, Harvey M, Soeffker D, Frenzke M, Abraham K, Shaw A, Rozenblatt S, Federspiel MJ, Russell SJ, Peng KW. Oncolytic activities of approved mumps and measles vaccines for therapy of ovarian cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 12:593-9. [PMID: 15746945 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are promising cytoreductive agents for cancer treatment but extensive human testing will be required before they are made commercially available. Here, we investigated the oncolytic potential of two commercially available live attenuated vaccines, Moraten measles and Jeryl-Lynn mumps, in a murine model of intraperitoneal human ovarian cancer and compared their efficacies against a recombinant oncolytic measles virus (MV-CEA) that is being tested in a phase I clinical trial. The common feature of these viruses is that they express hemagglutinin and fusion therapeutic proteins that can induce extensive fusion of the infected cell with its neighbors, resulting in death of the cell monolayer. In vitro, the three viruses caused intercellular fusion in human ovarian cancer cells but with marked differences in fusion kinetics. MV-CEA was the fastest followed by Jeryl-Lynn mumps virus while Moraten measles virus was the slowest, although all viruses eventually caused comparable cell death 6 days postinfection. Tumor-bearing mice treated with 10(6) or 10(7) pfu (one thousand times the vaccine dose) of each of the three viruses responded favorably to therapy with significant prolongations in survival. All three viruses demonstrated equivalent antitumor potency. Commercially available Moraten measles and Jeryl-Lynn mumps vaccines warrant further investigation as potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Myers
- Toxicology Core, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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44
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Sayer RA, Lancaster JM, Pittman J, Gray J, Whitaker R, Marks JR, Berchuck A. High insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) gene expression is an independent predictor of poor survival for patients with advanced stage serous epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96:355-61. [PMID: 15661221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epithelial ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy, yet its molecular etiology remains poorly understood. Evidence is accumulating to support a role for the insulin-like growth factor family in human carcinogenesis, and recently using microarray expression analysis, we demonstrated over-expression of the insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) gene in advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancers. The purpose of the current study is to further elucidate the role of the IGF-2 gene in ovarian cancer development and progression. METHODS Relative expression of IGF-2 was measured in 109 epithelial ovarian cancers and eight normal ovarian surface epithelial (NOSE) samples, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Associations with clinicopathological parameters were examined. RESULTS Expression of the IGF-2 gene was more than 300-fold higher in ovarian cancers compared with normal ovarian surface epithelium samples (P <0.001). High IGF-2 expression was associated with advanced stage disease at diagnosis (P <0.001), high-grade cancers (P <0.05) and sub-optimal surgical cytoreduction (P = 0.08). In multivariate analysis, relative IGF-2 expression was an independent predictor of poor survival. CONCLUSIONS Expression of the IGF-2 gene is significantly higher in ovarian cancers relative to normal ovarian surface epithelium. Further, high IGF-2 gene expression is associated with high grade, advanced stage disease, and is an independent predictor of poor survival in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. As such, IGF-2 is a molecular marker and potential therapeutic target for the most aggressive epithelial ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn A Sayer
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, MCC-GYNPROG, Tampa, FL 33612-9497, USA
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45
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Wang E, Ngalame Y, Panelli MC, Nguyen-Jackson H, Deavers M, Mueller P, Hu W, Savary CA, Kobayashi R, Freedman RS, Marincola FM. Peritoneal and Subperitoneal Stroma May Facilitate Regional Spread of Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.113.11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is characterized by early peritoneal involvement ultimately contributing to morbidity and mortality. To study the role of the peritoneum in fostering tumor invasion, we analyzed differences between the transcriptional repertoires of peritoneal tissue lacking detectable cancer in patients with EOC versus benign gynecologic disease.
Experimental Design: Specimens were collected at laparotomy from patients with benign disease (b) or malignant (m) ovarian pathology and comprised primary ovarian tumors, paired bilateral specimens from adjacent peritoneum and attached stroma (PE), subjacent stroma (ST), peritoneal washes, ascites, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Specimens were immediately frozen. RNA was amplified by in vitro transcription and cohybridized with reference RNA to a custom-made 17.5k cDNA microarray.
Results: Principal component analysis and unsupervised clustering did not segregate specimens from patients with benign or malignant pathology. Class comparison identified differences between benign and malignant PE and ST specimens deemed significant by permutation test (P = 0.027 and 0.012, respectively). A two-tailed Student's t test identified 402 (bPE versus mPE) and 663 (mST versus bST) genes differentially expressed at a significance level of P2 ≤ 0.005 when all available paired samples from each patient were analyzed. The same comparison using one sample per patient reduced the pool of differentially expressed genes but retained permutation test significance for bST versus mST (P = 0.031) and borderline significance for bPE versus mPE (P = 0.056) differences.
Conclusions: The presence of EOC may foster peritoneal implantation and growth of cancer cells by inducing factors that may represent molecular targets for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Wang
- 1Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and Departments of
| | - Yvonne Ngalame
- 1Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and Departments of
| | - Monica C. Panelli
- 1Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and Departments of
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryuji Kobayashi
- 6Molecular Pathology, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Francesco M. Marincola
- 1Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and Departments of
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46
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Kalli KR, Bradley SV, Fuchshuber S, Conover CA. Estrogen receptor-positive human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells respond to the antitumor drug suramin with increased proliferation: possible insight into ER and epidermal growth factor signaling interactions in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94:705-12. [PMID: 15350362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Development of targeted therapeutics for ovarian cancer requires a basic understanding of ovarian epithelial carcinoma cell biology. The role of estrogen and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in control of cell growth was investigated in a panel of ovarian carcinoma lines. METHODS EGF receptor (EGFR) was detected by flow cytometry and estrogen receptor (ER) by Northern blot. Western blotting and [(3)H]thymidine incorporation were used to determine receptor activation and the effects of ligand exposure and growth factor antagonists, including the antineoplastic agent, suramin, on cell growth. RESULTS Only one cell line, OV266, expressed ER and responded to beta-estradiol with increases in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation that could be blocked by the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780. All cell lines possessed functional EGFR as measured by flow cytometry and phosphorylation of the receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase after EGF treatment, but only two cell lines (OV177 and OV266) proliferated in response to exogenous EGF. Suramin had limited effectiveness in inhibiting growth in four of five cell lines and had a striking dose-dependent stimulatory effect on OV266 cell growth. The proliferative response to suramin could be inhibited with EGFR antagonists. CONCLUSION Cultured epithelial ovarian carcinoma cell lines express EGFR (5/5) and can express ER (1/5). Differential growth responses to EGF were observed despite uniform receptor and MAPK activation. Unexpectedly, the antineoplastic agent suramin increased growth of ER positive ovarian carcinoma cells in an EGFR-dependent manner. These studies provide insight into the complex interactions of these systems in control of ovarian cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Kalli
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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47
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Chien J, Staub J, Hu SI, Erickson-Johnson MR, Couch FJ, Smith DI, Crowl RM, Kaufmann SH, Shridhar V. A candidate tumor suppressor HtrA1 is downregulated in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2004; 23:1636-44. [PMID: 14716297 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Revised: 10/06/2003] [Accepted: 10/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report here that HtrA1, a candidate tumor suppressor, is downregulated in ovarian cancer. Expression of HtrA1 is downregulated in five of seven ovarian cancer cell lines. In total, 59% of primary ovarian tumors have either a complete absence or markedly reduced levels of HtrA1 expression compared to the brushings of ovarian surface epithelium. Primary ovarian tumors show high frequencies of loss of an allele at microsatellite markers near htrA1 locus on 10q26. Downregulation of HtrA1 in SKOV3 by antisense transfection promotes anchorage-independent growth, while exogenous expression of HtrA1 in OV202 induces cell death. HtrA1-induced cell death is not inhibited by the broad caspase inhibitor, zVAD(OMe)fmk, but instead reflects serine protease activity associated with HtrA1. These observations raise the possibility of HtrA1 as a candidate tumor suppressor involved in promoting serine-protease-mediated cell death and that downregulation of HtrA1 in ovarian cancer may contribute to malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Chien
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center and Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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48
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Choi IH, Zhu G, Sica GL, Strome SE, Cheville JC, Lau JS, Zhu Y, Flies DB, Tamada K, Chen L. Genomic organization and expression analysis of B7-H4, an immune inhibitory molecule of the B7 family. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:4650-4. [PMID: 14568939 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
B7-H4 is a recently identified B7 family member that negatively regulates T cell immunity by the inhibition of T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cell cycle progression. In this study, we report that the genomic DNA of human B7-H4 is mapped on chromosome 1 comprised of six exons and five introns spanning 66 kb, of which exon 6 is used for alternative splicing to generate two different transcripts. Similar B7-H4 structure is also found in mouse genomic DNA in chromosome 3. A human B7-H4 pseudogene is identified in chromosome 20p11.1 with a single exon and two stop codons in the coding region. Immunohistochemistry analysis using B7-H4-specific mAb demonstrates that B7-H4 is not expressed on the majority of normal human tissues. In contrast, up to 85% (22 of 26) of ovarian cancer and 31% (5 of 16) of lung cancer tissues constitutively express B7-H4. Our results indicate a tight regulation of B7-H4 expression in the translational level in normal peripheral tissues and a potential role of B7-H4 in the evasion of tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hak Choi
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Graduate and Medical Schools, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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49
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Kalli KR, Devine KE, Cabot MC, Arnt CR, Heldebrant MP, Svingen PA, Erlichman C, Hartmann LC, Conover CA, Kaufmann SH. Heterogeneous role of caspase-8 in fenretinide-induced apoptosis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 64:1434-43. [PMID: 14645674 DOI: 10.1124/mol.64.6.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of action of fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid currently undergoing testing as a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent, is incompletely understood. In the present study, fenretinide caused apoptotic changes, including DNA fragmentation and cleavage of caspase substrates, in six low-passage ovarian cancer cell lines. However, the caspase activation pathway used by this agent varied. Transient transfection of cDNA-encoding cytokine response modifier A (CrmA), a caspase-8 inhibitor, diminished fenretinide-induced death in OV177 cells. Likewise, IETD(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (fmk) inhibited fenretinide-induced apoptosis by >80% in OV177 or OV266 cells and by approximately 50% in OV17, OV167, or OV207 cells. Further analysis demonstrated that inhibition of Fas ligand, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or TRAIL signaling with blocking reagents did not affect fenretinide-induced apoptosis, raising the possibility that fenretinide activates caspase-8 in a death receptor-independent manner. In contrast, CrmA transfection or IETD(OMe)-fmk treatment did not inhibit fenretinide-induced apoptosis in OV202 cells. These divergent behaviors did not correlate with increased levels of procaspase-10, which is relatively resistant to CrmA and IETD(OMe)-fmk, nor with the expression of procaspase-8 and -9, apoptotic protease activating factor-1, or cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein. Similarly, fenretinide treatment increased ceramide levels equally in cells that do (OV177) and do not (OV202) rely on caspase-8 to initiate apoptosis. These results indicate that synthetic retinoids can use caspase-8 as an initiating caspase, but they also indicate unexpected heterogeneity in caspase activation pathways among closely related cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Kalli
- Endocrine Research Unit, Joseph 5-194, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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50
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Kalli KR, Chen BK, Bale LK, Gernand E, Overgaard MT, Oxvig C, Cliby WA, Conover CA. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) expression and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 protease activity in normal and malignant ovarian surface epithelial cells. Int J Cancer 2004; 110:633-40. [PMID: 15146551 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) proteolyses insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4), thereby regulating local IGF availability. Reduced PAPP-A mRNA expression has been reported in ovarian cancer specimens compared to normal ovarian surface epithelial cells (OSE). To characterize PAPP-A expression and proteolytic activity in OSE, we developed a lifespan-extended human cell model using a temperature-sensitive mutant of the SV40 large T antigen (SV40LT). These OSE(tsT) cells proliferate at 34 degrees C (i.e., when SV40LT-positive), but not at 39 degrees C, a temperature at which the SV40LT is unstable (SV40LT-negative). Proteolysis of radiolabeled IGFBP-4 in conditioned media from OSE(tsT) lines was IGF-dependent and blocked by anti-PAPP-A antisera. Temperature shifts that eliminated stable SV40LT induced a 7-fold increase in PAPP-A mRNA and a 4-fold increase in protein. The converse experiment (shifting to SV40LT-positive conditions) resulted in decreased levels of PAPP-A mRNA but little change in PAPP-A protein. Nevertheless, there was a marked reduction in IGF-BP-4 proteolytic activity in medium of SV40LT-positive OSE-(tsT) cells. This decreased PAPP-A activity coincided with a nearly 20-fold increase in mRNA encoding a physiological inhibitor of PAPP-A, the precursor form of eosinophil Major Basic Protein (proMBP), and 4- to 5-fold increases in proMBP protein. Primary cultures of unmodified OSE expressed high levels of PAPP-A and undetectable proMBP, and therefore produced abundant IGFBP-4 protease activity. Short-term ovarian tumor cell cultures expressed variable levels of PAPP-A and high levels of proMBP, and consequently secreted little or no IGFBP-4 protease activity. The concurrent regulation of PAPP-A and its inhibitor, proMBP, suggests that IGFBP-4 proteolysis and local regulation of IGF availability may be altered in malignant ovarian epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Kalli
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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