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Azadpour B, Aharipour N, Paryab A, Omid H, Abdollahi S, Madaah Hosseini H, Malek Khachatourian A, Toprak MS, Seifalian AM. Magnetically-assisted viral transduction (magnetofection) medical applications: An update. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213657. [PMID: 37844415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy involves replacing a faulty gene or adding a new gene inside the body's cells to cure disease or improve the body's ability to fight disease. Its popularity is evident from emerging concepts such as CRISPR-based genome editing and epigenetic studies and has been moved to a clinical setting. The strategy for therapeutic gene design includes; suppressing the expression of pathogenic genes, enhancing necessary protein production, and stimulating the immune system, which can be incorporated into both viral and non-viral gene vectors. Although non-viral gene delivery provides a safer platform, it suffers from an inefficient rate of gene transfection, which means a few genes could be successfully transfected and expressed within the cells. Incorporating nucleic acids into the viruses and using these viral vectors to infect cells increases gene transfection efficiency. Consequently, more cells will respond, more genes will be expressed, and sustained and successful gene therapy can be achieved. Combining nanoparticles (NPs) and nucleic acids protects genetic materials from enzymatic degradation. Furthermore, the vectors can be transferred faster, facilitating cell attachment and cellular uptake. Magnetically assisted viral transduction (magnetofection) enhances gene therapy efficiency by mixing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with gene vectors and exerting a magnetic field to guide a significant number of vectors directly onto the cells. This research critically reviews the MNPs and the physiochemical properties needed to assemble an appropriate magnetic viral vector, discussing cellular hurdles and attitudes toward overcoming these barriers to reach clinical gene therapy perspectives. We focus on the studies conducted on the various applications of magnetic viral vectors in cancer therapies, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, cell sorting, and virus isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Azadpour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazli Aharipour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Paryab
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Omid
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sorosh Abdollahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Muhammet S Toprak
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander M Seifalian
- Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine Commercialisation Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd, Nanoloom Ltd, & Liberum Health Ltd), London BioScience Innovation Centre, London, UK.
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2
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Tosolini AP, Sleigh JN. Intramuscular Delivery of Gene Therapy for Targeting the Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:129. [PMID: 32765219 PMCID: PMC7379875 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-mediated gene therapy has the potential to deliver exogenous genetic material into specific cell types to promote survival and counteract disease. This is particularly enticing for neuronal conditions, as the nervous system is renowned for its intransigence to therapeutic targeting. Administration of gene therapy viruses into skeletal muscle, where distal terminals of motor and sensory neurons reside, has been shown to result in extensive transduction of cells within the spinal cord, brainstem, and sensory ganglia. This route is minimally invasive and therefore clinically relevant for gene therapy targeting to peripheral nerve soma. For successful transgene expression, viruses administered into muscle must undergo a series of processes, including host cell interaction and internalization, intracellular sorting, long-range retrograde axonal transport, endosomal liberation, and nuclear import. In this review article, we outline key characteristics of major gene therapy viruses—adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentivirus—and summarize the mechanisms regulating important steps in the virus journey from binding at peripheral nerve terminals to nuclear delivery. Additionally, we describe how neuropathology can negatively influence these pathways, and conclude by discussing opportunities to optimize the intramuscular administration route to maximize gene delivery and thus therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Tosolini
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James N Sleigh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Gomi R, Sharma A, Wu W, Worgall S. Neonatal Genetic Delivery of Anti-Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Antibody by Non-Human Primate-Based Adenoviral Vector to Provide Protection against RSV. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 7:vaccines7010003. [PMID: 30597977 PMCID: PMC6466083 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Immunoprophylaxis with the anti-RSV monoclonal antibody, palivizumab, reduces the risk for RSV-related hospitalizations, but its use is restricted to high-risk infants due to the high costs. In this study, we investigated if genetic delivery of anti-RSV antibody to neonatal mice by chimpanzee adenovirus type 7 expressing the murine form of palivizumab (AdC7αRSV) can provide protection against RSV. Intranasal and intramuscular administration of AdC7αRSV to adult mice resulted in similar levels of anti-RSV IgG in the serum. However, only intranasal administration resulted in detectable levels of anti-RSV IgG in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Intranasal administration of AdC7αRSV provided protection against subsequent RSV challenge. Expression of the anti-RSV antibody was prolonged following intranasal administration of AdC7αRSV to neonatal mice. Protection against RSV was confirmed at 6 weeks of age. These data suggest that neonatal genetic delivery of anti-RSV antibody by AdC7αRSV can provide protection against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Gomi
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Wenzhu Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Stefan Worgall
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Pereyra AS, Mykhaylyk O, Lockhart EF, Taylor JR, Delbono O, Goya RG, Plank C, Hereñu CB. Magnetofection Enhances Adenoviral Vector-based Gene Delivery in Skeletal Muscle Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7. [PMID: 27274908 PMCID: PMC4888903 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The goal of magnetic field-assisted gene transfer is to enhance internalization of exogenous nucleic acids by association with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). This technique named magnetofection is particularly useful in difficult-to-transfect cells. It is well known that human, mouse, and rat skeletal muscle cells suffer a maturation-dependent loss of susceptibility to Recombinant Adenoviral vector (RAd) uptake. In postnatal, fully differentiated myofibers, the expression of the primary Coxsackie and Adenoviral membrane receptor (CAR) is severely downregulated representing a main hurdle for the use of these vectors in gene transfer/therapy. Here we demonstrate that assembling of Recombinant Adenoviral vectors with suitable iron oxide MNPs into magneto-adenovectors (RAd-MNP) and further exposure to a gradient magnetic field enables to efficiently overcome transduction resistance in skeletal muscle cells. Expression of Green Fluorescent Protein and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 was significantly enhanced after magnetofection with RAd-MNPs complexes in C2C12 myotubes in vitro and mouse skeletal muscle in vivo when compared to transduction with naked virus. These results provide evidence that magnetofection, mainly due to its membrane-receptor independent mechanism, constitutes a simple and effective alternative to current methods for gene transfer into traditionally hard-to-transfect biological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Soledad Pereyra
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)/National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, BA, Argentina (ZC 1900)
| | - Olga Mykhaylyk
- Ismaninger Street 22, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (ZC 81675)
| | - Eugenia Falomir Lockhart
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)/National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, BA, Argentina (ZC 1900)
| | - Jackson Richard Taylor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA (ZC 27157)
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA (ZC 27157)
| | - Rodolfo Gustavo Goya
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)/National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, BA, Argentina (ZC 1900)
| | - Christian Plank
- Ismaninger Street 22, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (ZC 81675)
| | - Claudia Beatriz Hereñu
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP)/National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, BA, Argentina (ZC 1900); IFEC-CONICET, Farmacology Department, School of Chemistry, National University of Cordoba, (ZC 5000) Córdoba, Argentina
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Bergeron S, Dubois MJ, Bellmann K, Schwab M, Larochelle N, Nalbantoglu J, Marette A. Inhibition of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells by augmenting insulin receptor signaling and GLUT4 expression. Endocrinology 2011; 152:4581-8. [PMID: 21952243 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) Src-homology 2-domain-containing phosphatase (SHP)-1 was recently reported to be a novel regulator of insulin's metabolic action. In order to examine the role of this PTPase in skeletal muscle, we used adenovirus (AdV)-mediated gene transfer to express an interfering mutant of SHP-1 [dominant negative (DN)SHP-1; mutation C453S] in L6 myocytes. Expression of DNSHP-1 increased insulin-induced Akt serine-threonine kinase phosphorylation and augmented glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. Pharmacological inhibition of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) activity using indinavir and GLUT4 translocation assays revealed an important role for this transporter in the increased insulin-induced glucose uptake in DNSHP-1-expressing myocytes. Both GLUT4 mRNA and protein expression were also found to be increased by DNSHP-1 expression. Furthermore, AdV-mediated delivery of DNSHP-1 in skeletal muscle of transgenic mice overexpressing Coxsackie and AdV receptor also enhanced GLUT4 protein expression. Together, these findings confirm that SHP-1 regulates muscle insulin action in a cell-autonomous manner and further suggest that the PTPase negatively modulates insulin action through down-regulation of both insulin signaling to Akt and GLUT4 translocation, as well as GLUT4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Bergeron
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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Lee CW, Fukushima K, Usas A, Xin L, Pelinkovic D, Martinek V, Somogyi G, Robbins PD, Fu FH, Huard J. BIOLOGICAL INTERVENTION BASED ON CELL AND GENE THERAPY TO IMPROVE MUSCLE HEALING AFTER LACERATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218957700000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Muscle laceration is a challenging problem in traumatology and is common in sports injuries, with functional recovery remaining slow and incomplete. Even though muscles retain their ability to regenerate after injury, muscles' healing process after such injuries has been found to be very slow and often leads to incomplete muscle recovery. Growth factors may have a role in enhancing recovery. Our previous study showed that IGF-1, β-FGF and NGF can improve myoblast proliferation and differentiation in vitro. We then investigated whether the delivery of IGF-1 would improve muscle healing after injuries. We observed that muscle regeneration was enhanced in lacerated muscles treated with IGF-1 protein, which consequently led to an improvement in muscle healing. However, the rapid clearance and short biological half-lives of these proteins may have limited the success of this approach. We then investigated the efficiency of gene therapy based on adenovirus to deliver a stable expression of the growth factor IGF-1. Although a slight improvement in the healing process occurred in the muscle injected with adenovirus (AIGF), the combination of myoblast transplantation and gene therapy with the ex vivo approach further improved the healing process. The injection of normal myoblasts into the injured muscle led to the best improvement of muscle healing at two weeks post-injection. Implantation of normal minced muscle into mdx mice was also capable of improving muscle healing at 2–4 weeks post-implantation. These studies will further our understanding of muscle healing post-injury and help in the development of strategies to promote efficient muscle healing and complete functional recovery after common muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Athletic Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Kazumasa Fukushima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Athletic Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Arvydas Usas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Athletic Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Lin Xin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Athletic Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Dalip Pelinkovic
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Athletic Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Vladimir Martinek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Athletic Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - George Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Freddie H. Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Athletic Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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7
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Mehta V, Abi Nader K, Waddington S, David AL. Organ targeted prenatal gene therapy--how far are we? Prenat Diagn 2011; 31:720-34. [PMID: 21618255 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal gene therapy aims to deliver genes to cells and tissues early in prenatal life, allowing correction of a genetic defect, before long-term tissue damage has occurred. In contrast to postnatal gene therapy, prenatal application can target genes to a large population of dividing stem cells, and the smaller fetal size allows a higher vector-to-target cell ratio to be achieved. Early-gestation delivery may allow the development of immune tolerance to the transgenic protein which would facilitate postnatal repeat vector administration if needed. Targeting particular organs will depend on manipulating the vector to achieve selective tropism and on choosing the most appropriate gestational age and injection method for fetal delivery. Intra-amniotic injection reaches the skin, and other organs that are bathed in the fluid however since gene transfer to the lung and gut is usually poor more direct injection methods will be needed. Delivery to the liver and blood can be achieved by systemic delivery via the umbilical vein or peritoneal cavity. Gene transfer to the central nervous system in the fetus is difficult but newer vectors are available that transduce neuronal tissue even after systemic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedanta Mehta
- Prenatal Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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8
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Jerebtsova M, Ye X, Ray PE. A simple technique to establish a long-term adenovirus mediated gene transfer to the heart of newborn mice. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2009; 9:136-40. [PMID: 19519372 DOI: 10.2174/187152909788488645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies using different techniques have shown that adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to different tissues, including the kidney, is more efficient in neonatal mice. In this study, we report a simple technique that allows an efficient and long term expression of beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) in the heart of newborn mice. Newborn and adult C57BL6/J mice were subjected to a single retro-orbital venous plexus injection of recombinant adenoviral vectors (rAd) (2 x 10(9) particles/g body weight) carrying the lac Z gene. Seven days after the injection, positive beta-gal staining was systematically observed in the heart, lung, intestine, liver, kidney and spleen of newborn mice. However, only the heart showed persistent expression of beta-gal one year after the initial injection. In contrast, adult mice showed only significant but transient beta-gal expression mainly in the liver. In summary, we have found that a single retro-orbital intravenous injection can be used to establish a long-term adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to cardiac cells of newborn mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Jerebtsova
- Center for Molecular Physiology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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9
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Armstrong DD, Wong VL, Esser KA. Expression of β-catenin is necessary for physiological growth of adult skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C185-8. [PMID: 16436469 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00644.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Expression of β-catenin is known to be important for developmental processes such as embryonic pattern formation and determination of cell fate. Inappropriate expression, however, has been linked to pathological states such as cancer. Here we report that expression of β-catenin is necessary for physiological growth of skeletal muscle in response to mechanical overload. Conditional inactivation of β-catenin was induced in control and overloaded muscle through intramuscular injection of adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase in β-catenin floxed mice. Individual muscle fiber analysis was performed to identify positively transfected/inactivated cells and determine fiber cross-sectional area. The results demonstrate that fiber growth is completely inhibited when the β-catenin expression is lost. This effect was cell autonomous, as fibers that did not exhibit recombination in the floxed mice grew to the same magnitude as infected/noninfected fibers from wild-type mice. These findings suggest that β-catenin may be a primary molecular site through which multiple signaling pathways converge in regulating physiological growth.
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10
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Thirion C, Lochmüller H, Ruzsics Z, Boelhauve M, König C, Thedieck C, Kutik S, Geiger C, Kochanek S, Volpers C, Burgert HG. Adenovirus Vectors Based on Human Adenovirus Type 19a Have High Potential for Human Muscle-Directed Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:193-205. [PMID: 16454653 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, adenovirus-based gene therapy has been almost exclusively based on human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5). The aim of this study was to systematically compare the efficiency of transduction of primary muscle cells from various species by two adenoviral vectors from subgroups C and D. Transduction of a panel of myoblasts demonstrated a striking specificity of an Ad19a-based replication-defective E1-deleted vector (Ad19aEGFP) for human cells, whereas the Ad5-based vector had high affinity for nonhuman primate myoblasts. Transgene expression correlated well with cell-associated vector genomes. Up to 6.59% of the initially applied Ad19aEGFP vector particles were taken up by human myoblasts, as compared with 0.1% of the corresponding Ad5 vector. Remarkably, Ad19aEGFP but not Ad5EGFP efficiently transduced differentiated human myotubes, an in vitro model for skeletal muscle transduction. Uptake of Ad19aEGFP vector particles in human myotubes was 12-fold more efficient than that of Ad5EGFP. Moreover, both vectors demonstrated an early block at the level of vector uptake in mouse myoblasts and rat L6 cells. Investigation of the underlying mechanism for binding and uptake of the two vectors by human myoblasts showed high susceptibility for Ad19a to neuraminidase and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, whereas Ad5-mediated transduction was dependent on binding to the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) and sensitive to soluble RGD peptide and heparin. Our study offers insights into species-dependent factors that determine Ad tropism and, moreover, provides a basis for application of the novel Ad19a-based vector for gene transfer into human skeletal muscle.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/pharmacology
- Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/virology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/virology
- Myoblasts/cytology
- Myoblasts/virology
- N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/chemistry
- N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tropism
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thirion
- Gene Center, Friedrich Baur Institute, and Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany.
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11
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Thirion C, Lochmuller H, Ruzsics Z, Boelhauve M, Konig C, Thedieck C, Kutik S, Geiger C, Kochanek S, Volpers C, Burgert HG. Adenovirus Vectors Based on Human Adenovirus Type 19a Have High Potential for Human Muscle-Directed Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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12
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Molnar MJ, Gilbert R, Lu Y, Liu AB, Guo A, Larochelle N, Orlopp K, Lochmuller H, Petrof BJ, Nalbantoglu J, Karpati G. Factors influencing the efficacy, longevity, and safety of electroporation-assisted plasmid-based gene transfer into mouse muscles. Mol Ther 2005; 10:447-55. [PMID: 15336645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.06.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Revised: 06/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular injection of plasmid is a potential alternative to viral vectors for the transfer of therapeutic genes into skeletal muscle fibers. The low efficiency of plasmid-based gene transfer can be enhanced by electroporation (EP) coupled with the intramuscular application of hyaluronidase. We have investigated several factors that can influence the efficiency of plasmid-based gene transfer. These factors include electrical parameters of EP, optimal use of hyaluronidase, age and strain of the host, and plasmid size. Muscles of very young and mature normal, mdx, and immunodeficient mice were injected with plasmids expressing beta-galactosidase, microdystrophin, full-length dystrophin, or full-length utrophin. Transfection efficiency, muscle fiber damage, and duration of transgene expression were analyzed. The best transfection level with the least collateral damage was attained at 175-200 V/cm. Pretreatment with hyaluronidase markedly increased transfection, which was also influenced by the plasmid size and the strain and the age of the mice. Even in immunodeficient mice, there was a significant late decline in transgene expression and plasmid DNA copies, although both still remained relatively high after 1 year. Thus, properly optimized EP-assisted plasmid-based gene transfer is a feasible, efficient, and safe method of gene replacement therapy for dystrophin deficiency of muscle but readministration may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Molnar
- National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Sinnreich M, Shaw CA, Pari G, Nalbantoglu J, Holland PC, Karpati G. Localization of coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) in normal and regenerating human muscle. Neuromuscul Disord 2005; 15:541-8. [PMID: 16014330 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The primary receptor for Adenovirus and Coxsackie virus (CAR) serves as main port of entry of the adenovirus vector mediating gene transfer into skeletal muscle. Information about CAR expression in normal and diseased human skeletal muscle is lacking. C'- or N'-terminally directed polyclonal antibodies against CAR were generated and immunohistochemical analysis of CAR on morphologically normal and regenerating human skeletal muscle of children and adults was performed. In morphologically normal human muscle fibers, CAR immunoreactivity was limited to the neuromuscular junction. In regenerating muscle fibers, CAR was abundantly co-expressed with markers of regeneration. The function of CAR at the neuromuscular junction is currently unknown. Co-expression of CAR with markers of regeneration suggests that CAR is developmentally regulated, and may serve as a marker of skeletal muscle fiber regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sinnreich
- Neuromuscular Research Group, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Que., Canada H3A 2B4
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14
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Waddington SN, Kennea NL, Buckley SMK, Gregory LG, Themis M, Coutelle C. Fetal and neonatal gene therapy: benefits and pitfalls. Gene Ther 2004; 11 Suppl 1:S92-7. [PMID: 15454963 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The current approaches to gene therapy of monogenetic diseases into mature organisms are confronted with several problems including the following: (1) the underlying genetic defect may have already caused irreversible pathological changes; (2) the level of sufficient protein expression to ameliorate or prevent the disease requires prohibitively large amounts of gene delivery vector; (3) adult tissues may be poorly infected by conventional vector systems dependent upon cellular proliferation for optimal infection, for example, oncoretrovirus vectors; (4) immune responses, either pre-existing or developing following vector delivery, may rapidly eliminate transgenic protein expression and prevent future effective intervention. Early gene transfer, in the neonatal or even fetal period, may overcome some or all of these obstacles. The mammalian fetus enjoys a uniquely protected environment in the womb, bathed in a biochemically and physically supportive fluid devoid of myriad extra-uterine pathogens. Strong physical and chemical barriers to infection might, perhaps, impede the frenetic cell division. The physical support and the biochemical support provided by the fetal-maternal placental interface may, therefore, minimize the onset of genetic diseases manifest early in life. The fetal organism must prepare itself for birth, but lacking a mature adaptive immune system may depend upon more primordial immune defences. It is the nature of these defences, and the vulnerabilities they protect, that are poorly understood in the context of gene therapy and might provide useful information for approaches to gene therapy in the young, as well as perhaps the mature organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Waddington
- Imperial College London, Gene Therapy Research Group, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London, UK
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15
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Blankinship MJ, Gregorevic P, Allen JM, Harper SQ, Harper H, Halbert CL, Miller AD, Miller DA, Chamberlain JS. Efficient transduction of skeletal muscle using vectors based on adeno-associated virus serotype 6. Mol Ther 2004; 10:671-8. [PMID: 15451451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 07/10/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectors based on recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) have emerged as tools of choice for gene transfer to skeletal muscle. rAAV vectors demonstrate efficient, safe, and stable transduction. Multiple serotypes of AAV exist, but vectors based on serotype 2 (rAAV2) are the most thoroughly characterized and frequently employed. Here, we characterize transduction of the skeletal musculature using rAAV vectors pseudotyped with serotype 6 capsid proteins (rAAV6). We demonstrate that rAAV6 vectors can efficiently transduce the skeletal musculature of mice at levels >500-fold higher than is achievable with rAAV2 vectors and can readily saturate individual muscles following direct injection. Further, rAAV6 vectors are capable of transducing the diaphragm and intercostal muscles of mice after a simple injection into the intrathoracic cavity and are capable of widespread transduction throughout the musculature of mice injected in the intraperitoneal space as newborn pups. These results demonstrate that rAAV6 vectors hold great potential for use in gene delivery protocols targeting the skeletal musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Blankinship
- Department of Neurology and Senator D. Paul, Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, Univeristy of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195, USA
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16
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Mercier S, Verhaagh S, Goudsmit J, Lemckert A, Monteil M, Havenga M, Eloit M. Adenovirus fibre exchange alters cell tropism in vitro but not transgene-specific T CD8+ immune responses in vivo. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1227-1236. [PMID: 15105539 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer with recombinant adenoviruses (rAds) is a powerful means of inducing an immune response against a transgene product. However, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the induction of the immune response after intramuscular inoculation of adenovirus and, in particular, the relative role of the different cell types transduced. Several studies have suggested that CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses elicited after inoculation of adenoviruses (Ads) are induced both by direct transduction of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and by cross-priming. In the present study, a library of fibre-chimeric rAds was screened in order to identify rAds with distinct capacities to express transgene product in murine cell types naturally found in muscle, i.e. myoblasts, endothelial cells (both representing non-APCs) and dendritic cells (representing APCs). Four selected pseudotypes, differing in their ability to infect muscular cells were used to immunize C57BL/6 mice. The relationship between the capacity to transduce non-APC or APC in vitro and the ability to induce humoral and cellular responses against the beta-galactosidase antigen after intramuscular inoculation were studied. Results indicate that CD8+ T cell responses against the beta-galactosidase antigen were similar after inoculation of the four viruses, thus revealing no direct relationship with their ability to transduce myoblasts, endothelial cells or dendritic cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mercier
- UMR INRA-AFSSA-ENVA 1161, Virologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - S Verhaagh
- Crucell Holland BV, PO Box 2048, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Goudsmit
- Crucell Holland BV, PO Box 2048, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Lemckert
- Crucell Holland BV, PO Box 2048, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Monteil
- UMR INRA-AFSSA-ENVA 1161, Virologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - M Havenga
- Crucell Holland BV, PO Box 2048, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Eloit
- UMR INRA-AFSSA-ENVA 1161, Virologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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17
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Bramson JL, Grinshtein N, Meulenbroek RA, Lunde J, Kottachchi D, Lorimer IA, Jasmin BJ, Parks RJ. Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vectors Containing Modified Fiber for Improved Transduction of Developing and Mature Muscle Cells. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 15:179-88. [PMID: 14975190 DOI: 10.1089/104303404772679986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) have shown great utility as vectors for the delivery of genes to mammalian cells, partly because of their ability to infect a wide range of different cell types independent of the replicative state of the cell. However, Ads do not transduce mature muscle efficiently because of low levels of the natural viral primary receptor, the coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor, on the surface of adult muscle cells. In this study, we have addressed whether incorporation of polylysine [p(K)] or arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) placed in the H-I loop of the adenoviral fiber protein can improve helper-dependent Ad vector (hdAd) transduction of mature muscle cells. We show that incorporation of the p(K) motif into the fiber of early region 1 (E1)-deleted Ad results in enhanced transduction of undifferentiated and differentiated C2C12 cells relative to a virus, containing a wild-type fiber (12- and 21-fold enhancement, respectively). Incorporation of the RGD motif resulted in only a 60-70% increase in transduction efficiency in these cells. The two fiber modifications were then incorporated into helper viruses for use in the Cre-lox system for generating hdAd, and the resulting retargeted Ad vectors, which encoded the beta-galactosidase reporter gene (beta-Gal), demonstrated enhanced transduction of C2C12 cells in culture. Although hdAdpK also showed enhanced infection of mature mouse muscle in vivo, hdAdRGD did not. All hdAd vectors elicited only minor anti-Ad immune responses, compared with an E1-deleted control vector, but each vector elicited strong anti-beta-Gal immunoreactivity. Our results demonstrate that hdAd with modified cell tropism can be generated efficiently and, in the case of polylysine-modified hdAd, can lead to improved transduction of adult muscle cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Bramson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 325 Canada
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18
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Karpati G. Molecular therapies for the nervous system and muscle. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2004:159-78. [PMID: 12894456 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-05352-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Karpati
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, 3801 rue University Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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19
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Chancellor MB, Tirney S, Mattes CE, Tzeng E, Birder LA, Kanai AJ, de Groat WC, Huard J, Yoshimura N. Nitric oxide synthase gene transfer for erectile dysfunction in a rat model. BJU Int 2003; 91:691-6. [PMID: 12699487 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2003.04219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether over-expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the corpus cavernosum of the penis improves erectile function, as NO is an important transmitter for genitourinary tract function, mediating smooth muscle relaxation and being essential for penile erection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The inducible form of the enzyme NOS (iNOS) was introduced into the corpus cavernosum of adult Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) by injecting a solution of plasmid, adenovirus or adenovirus-transduced myoblast cells (adeno-myoblasts). Plasmid, adenovirus and adeno-myoblasts encoding the expression of the beta-galactosidase reporter gene were also injected into rats. RESULTS Throughout the corpora cavernosum there was expression of beta-galactosidase after injecting each of the three solutions. Maximum staining was greatest for adeno-myoblast, then adenovirus and then plasmid. The mean (sd) basal intracavernosal pressure (ICP) of iNOS-treated animals (adenovirus and adeno-myoblast) increased to 55 (23) cmH2O, compared with naive animals with a basal ICP of 5 (6) cmH2O (P = 0.001). Stimulating the cavernosal nerve (15 Hz, 1.5 ms, 10-40 V, 1 min) resulted in a doubling of the ICP (adenovirus and adeno-myoblast) from the basal level of the iNOS-treated animals. Direct in situ measurement of NO showed the release of 1-1.3 micro mol/L in the adeno-myoblast penis. CONCLUSION Myoblast-mediated gene therapy was more successful for delivering iNOS into the corpus cavernosum than direct adenovirus injection or plasmid transfection. Surprisingly, implanting muscle cells into the penis is not only feasible but also beneficial. Gene therapy for NOS may open new avenues of treatment for erectile dysfunction. Control of NOS expression would be necessary to prevent priapism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Chancellor
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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20
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Gilbert R, Liu A, Petrof B, Nalbantoglu J, Karpati G. Improved performance of a fully gutted adenovirus vector containing two full-length dystrophin cDNAs regulated by a strong promoter. Mol Ther 2002; 6:501-9. [PMID: 12377192 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin gene transfer using gutted or helper-dependent adenoviruses (HDAd), which have most of their genes deleted, is a promising approach to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In an attempt to boost the amount of dystrophin produced after gene transfer, we have constructed a fully deleted HDAd (HDCBDys2x) containing two human dystrophin cDNAs controlled by the powerful hybrid cytomegalovirus enhancer/beta-actin promoter. We demonstrated high dystrophin expression after infection of muscle cultures with HDCBDys2x. Similarly, high (mean=583) and moderate (mean=124) numbers of muscle fibers were transduced in anterior tibialis muscle after intramuscular injection of HDCBDys2x in neonate and adult dystrophindeficient (mdx) mice 10 days postinjection. In fact, in the neonatally injected mdx mice, the transferred dystrophin was five times more abundant than in normal human muscle. However, the high early transduction level was transient in both animal groups, and we observed a humoral response against the human dystrophin. In contrast, we demonstrated sustained dystrophin expression in immunodeficient mouse muscles. Dystrophin expression of HDCBDys2x could be further increased in the presence of an E1/E3-deleted (first-generation) adenovirus, thus demonstrating that the latter vector synthesizes trans-acting enhancing factors. We have achieved abundant dystrophin expression with our new, improved HDAd. It is anticipated that high longterm transgene expression will be possible by employing weaker immunogenic transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rénald Gilbert
- Neuromuscular Research Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
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21
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Thirion C, Larochelle N, Volpers C, Dunant P, Stucka R, Holland P, Nalbantoglu J, Kochanek S, Lochmüller H. Strategies for muscle-specific targeting of adenoviral gene transfer vectors. Neuromuscul Disord 2002; 12 Suppl 1:S30-9. [PMID: 12206792 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(02)00079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently, adenoviral transfer of therapeutic genes such as dystrophin is hampered by low transduction efficiency of adult skeletal muscle. This is largely due to the lack of appropriate virus attachment receptors on the myofiber surface. Recent studies in transgenic mice revealed that upregulation of Coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor improves gene transfer efficiency by approximately ten-fold. Conversely, the vector load that needed to be administered to achieve sufficient gene transfer could be lowered significantly. Reduced viral vector loads may help to control virally mediated toxicity and immunogenicity. To date, there are no drugs or methods known to increase Coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor expression in skeletal muscle that would be easily applicable in humans. However, alternative strategies such as vector retargeting are currently being investigated that may allow for an increase in binding of adenoviral vectors to skeletal muscle. Recent experiments have shown that directed mutagenesis of the adenoviral fiber knob allows for a significant reduction in Coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor binding and for introduction of a new binding domain. Therefore, vector retargeting towards efficient and specific infection of skeletal muscle may be achieved by directed genetic alteration of adenoviral capsid proteins.
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22
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Ding E, Hu H, Hodges BL, Migone F, Serra D, Xu F, Chen YT, Amalfitano A. Efficacy of gene therapy for a prototypical lysosomal storage disease (GSD-II) is critically dependent on vector dose, transgene promoter, and the tissues targeted for vector transduction. Mol Ther 2002; 5:436-46. [PMID: 11945071 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are an intriguing target for gene therapy approaches, as transduction of a "depot" organ with a transgene encoding a lysosomal enzyme can be followed by secretion, systemic distribution, downstream uptake, and lysosomal targeting of the enzyme into non-transduced tissues. These benefits are of utmost importance when considering gene therapy approaches for glycogen storage disease type-II (GSD-II). GSD-II is a prototypical lysosomal storage disorder caused by lack of intralysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) activity. Lack of GAA can result in a proximal limb myopathy and respiratory and cardiac failure, each due to abnormal glycogen accumulation in the skeletal muscles or cardiac tissues, respectively. After converting the liver into a "depot" organ, we found that intravenous injection of the [E1-,polymerase-]AdGAA vector allowed for hepatic secretion of GAA over an at least 20-fold dosage range. We noted that very low plasma GAA levels (derived from hepatic secretion of GAA) can allow for GAA uptake by muscle tissues (skeletal or cardiac), but significantly higher plasma GAA levels are required before glycogen "cross-correction" can occur in these same tissues. We also demonstrated that liver-specific enhancer/promoters prolonged GAA transgene expression from persistent [E1-,polymerase-] adenovirus based vector genomes for at least 180 days, and significantly diminished the amounts of neutralizing anti-GAA antibodies elicited in this animal model. Finally, we demonstrated that skeletal muscles can also serve as a "depot" organ for GAA secretion, allowing for secretion of GAA and its uptake by noninfected distal tissues, although glycogen reductions in non-injected muscles were not achieved by the latter approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyu Ding
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
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23
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Tirney S, Mattes CE, Yoshimura N, Yokayama T, Ozawa H, Tzeng E, Birder LA, Kanai AJ, Huard J, de Groat WC, Chancellor MB. Nitric oxide synthase gene therapy for erectile dysfunction: comparison of plasmid, adenovirus, and adenovirus-transduced myoblast vectors. MOLECULAR UROLOGY 2002; 5:37-43. [PMID: 11689150 DOI: 10.1089/109153601750124302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nitric oxide (NO) has been recognized as an important transmitter for genitourinary tract function. This transmitter mediates smooth muscle relaxation and is essential for erection. The objective of our research was to determine whether overexpression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the corpus cavernosum of the penis would correct erectile dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS We introduced the inducible form of the enzyme NOS (iNOS) into the corpus cavernosum of adult (250-300 g) male Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting a solution of plasmid, adenovirus, or adenovirus-transduced myoblast cells (adeno-myoblast) (N = 3-5 each group). We also injected plasmid, adenovirus, and adeno-myoblast encoding the expression of the beta-gatactosidase reporter gene. RESULTS We noted expression of beta-galactosidase throughout the corpora cavernosum after injection of each of the three solutions. Staining was greatest for adeno-myoblast followed by adenovirus and then plasmid. The basal intracavernous pressure (ICP) of iNOS-treated animals (adenovirus and adenovirus-transduced myoblast) increased to 55 +/- 23 cm H(2)O v 5 +/- 6 H(2)O in naive animals (P = 0.001). Stimulation of the cavernous nerve (15 Hz, 1.5 msec, 10-40 V, 1 min) resulted in a twofold increase in ICP (adenovirus and adeno-myoblast) from the basal level of the iNOS-treated animals. Direct in situ measurement of NO demonstrated release of 1 to 1.3 microM NO in the adeno-myoblast-treated penis. CONCLUSION Myoblast-mediated gene therapy was more successful in delivering iNOS into the corpus cavernosum than were the direct adenovirus or plasmid transfection methods. Gene therapy of NOS may open new avenues of treatment for erectile dysfunction. Control of NOS expression would be necessary to prevent priapism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tirney
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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24
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Abstract
Since the discovery of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene nearly 12 years ago, cystic fibrosis (CF) has become one of the most intensively investigated monogenetic disorders considered approachable by gene therapy. This has resulted in over 20 clinical trials currently under way, concluded or awaiting approval. Despite the initial promise of gene therapy for CF, and the demonstration of successful gene transfer to the nose and airways of individuals, it has not so far been as effective as initially projected. Here we discuss the rationale behind CF gene therapy and dissect the vast array of literature representing the work that ultimately brought about the current phase I/II clinical trials. In the context of human trials, we review the limitations of current vector systems for CF gene therapy. We come to the conclusion that at present none of the application methods and vector systems are able to achieve the level and persistence of CFTR gene expression in the affected epithelia of CF patients that is required for therapeutic success. We also outline the challenges that must be overcome and describe some of the novel approaches to be taken in order to attain the curative therapy that was originally envisaged for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bigger
- Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Research Group, Division of Cell and Molecular Genetics, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, England.
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25
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Guibinga GH, Ebihara S, Nalbantoglu J, Holland P, Karpati G, Petrof BJ. Forced myofiber regeneration promotes dystrophin gene transfer and improved muscle function despite advanced disease in old dystrophic mice. Mol Ther 2001; 4:499-507. [PMID: 11708887 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by defects in the dystrophin gene. In young dystrophic mdx mice, immature regenerating myofibers represent the principal substrate for adenovirus vector (AdV)-mediated dystrophin gene transfer. However, in DMD patients immature regenerating myofibers are generally sparse. Such a situation also exists in old mdx mice, which may represent a more realistic model. Therefore, here we have used old mdx mice (of 14- to 17 months of age) to test the hypothesis that one-time administration of a myonecrotic agent can transiently re-establish a population of immature myofibers susceptible to AdV-mediated dystrophin gene transfer. This strategy led to upregulation of the coxsackie/adenovirus attachment receptor by means of induction of regenerating myofibers, significantly augmented AdV-mediated dystrophin gene expression, and enhanced force-generating capacity. In addition, it led to an increased resistance to contraction-induced injury compared with untreated controls. The latter protective effect was positively correlated with the number of dystrophin-expressing myofibers (r=0.83, P<0.05). Accordingly, the risk:benefit ratio associated with the sequential use of forced myofiber regeneration and AdV-mediated dystrophin gene transfer was favorable in old mdx mice despite advanced disease. These findings have implications for the potential applicability of AdV-mediated gene therapy to DMD and other muscle diseases in which immature regenerating myofibers are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Guibinga
- Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
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26
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Gilbert R, Nalbantoglu J, Howell JM, Davies L, Fletcher S, Amalfitano A, Petrof BJ, Kamen A, Massie B, Karpati G. Dystrophin expression in muscle following gene transfer with a fully deleted ("gutted") adenovirus is markedly improved by trans-acting adenoviral gene products. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:1741-55. [PMID: 11560768 DOI: 10.1089/104303401750476249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper-dependent adenoviruses (HDAd) are Ad vectors lacking all or most viral genes. They hold great promise for gene therapy of diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), because they are less immunogenic than E1/E3-deleted Ad (first-generation Ad or FGAd) and can carry the full-length (Fl) dystrophin (dys) cDNA (12 kb). We have compared the transgene expression of a HDAd (HDAdCMVDysFl) and a FGAd (FGAdCMV-dys) in cell culture (HeLa, C2C12 myotubes) and in the muscle of mdx mice (the mouse model for DMD). Both vectors encoded dystrophin regulated by the same cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. We demonstrate that the amount of dystrophin expressed was significantly higher after gene transfer with FGAdCMV-dys compared to HDAdCMVDysFl both in vitro and in vivo. However, gene transfer with HDAdCMVDysFl in the presence of a FGAd resulted in a significant increase of dystrophin expression indicating that gene products synthesized by the FGAd increase, in trans, the amount of dystrophin produced. This enhancement occurred in cell culture and after gene transfer in the muscle of mdx mice and dystrophic golden retriever (GRMD) dogs, another animal model for DMD. The E4 region of Ad is required for the enhancement, because no increase of dystrophin expression from HDAdCMVDysFl was observed in the presence of an E1/E4-deleted Ad in vitro and in vivo. The characterization of these enhancing gene products followed by their inclusion into an HDAd may be required to produce sufficient dystrophin to mitigate the pathology of DMD by HDAd-mediated gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gilbert
- Neuromuscular Research Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 2B4
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27
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Nalbantoglu J, Larochelle N, Wolf E, Karpati G, Lochmuller H, Holland PC. Muscle-specific overexpression of the adenovirus primary receptor CAR overcomes low efficiency of gene transfer to mature skeletal muscle. J Virol 2001; 75:4276-82. [PMID: 11287577 PMCID: PMC114173 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.9.4276-4282.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant levels of adenovirus (Ad)-mediated gene transfer occur only in immature muscle or in regenerating muscle, indicating that a developmentally regulated event plays a major role in limiting transgene expression in mature skeletal muscle. We have previously shown that in developing mouse muscle, expression of the primary Ad receptor CAR is severely downregulated during muscle maturation. To evaluate how global expression of CAR throughout muscle affects Ad vector (AdV)-mediated gene transfer into mature skeletal muscle, we produced transgenic mice that express the CAR cDNA under the control of the muscle-specific creatine kinase promoter. Five-month-old transgenic mice were compared to their nontransgenic littermates for their susceptibility to AdV transduction. In CAR transgenics that had been injected in the tibialis anterior muscle with AdVCMVlacZ, increased gene transfer was demonstrated by the increase in the number of transduced muscle fibers (433 +/- 121 in transgenic mice versus 8 +/- 4 in nontransgenic littermates) as well as the 25-fold increase in overall beta-galactosidase activity. Even when the reporter gene was driven by a more efficient promoter (the cytomegalovirus enhancer-chicken beta-actin gene promoter), differential transducibility was still evident (893 +/- 149 versus 153 +/- 30 fibers; P < 0.001). Furthermore, a fivefold decrease in the titer of injected AdV still resulted in significant transduction of muscle (253 +/- 130 versus 14 +/- 4 fibers). The dramatic enhancement in AdV-mediated gene transfer to mature skeletal muscle that is observed in the CAR transgenics indicates that prior modulation of the level of CAR expression can overcome the poor AdV transducibility of mature skeletal muscle and significant transduction can be obtained at low titers of AdV.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/physiology
- Animals
- Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein
- Creatine Kinase/genetics
- Creatine Kinase, MM Form
- Gene Expression
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/physiology
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Lac Operon
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Virus/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nalbantoglu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University and Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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28
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Kimura E, Maeda Y, Arima T, Nishida Y, Yamashita S, Hara A, Uyama E, Mita S, Uchino M. Efficient repetitive gene delivery to skeletal muscle using recombinant adenovirus vector containing the Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor cDNA. Gene Ther 2001; 8:20-7. [PMID: 11402298 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2000] [Accepted: 10/11/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To improve adenovirus-mediated gene delivery to skeletal muscle, we have used a recombinant adenovirus vector encoding the human Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (hCAR). Because CAR is expressed at a lower level in rodent myoblasts and muscle fibers than in other tissues, we expected that elevated expression of CAR in skeletal muscle would improve the efficacy of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Since the mouse myoblasts, C2C12 cells, showed low sensitivity to infection by recombinant adenovirus 5, we initially infected these cells at a high multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 250 with the recombinant adenovirus containing hCAR cDNA and LacZ gene. Subsequent infection by recombinant adenovirus containing the marker gene, green fluorescence protein, became efficient even at a low MOI of 25. Thus, elevated hCAR expression in mouse muscle fibers made a second virus inoculation at low doses possible. We also demonstrated that the elevated hCAR expression did not influence muscle membrane integrity. Our results suggest that co-expression of CAR and a therapeutic gene by adenovirus vector constitutes a novel strategy to advance gene therapy for hereditary muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811 Japan
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Kasemkijwattana C, Menetrey J, Goto H, Niyibizi C, Fu FH, Huard J. The use of growth factors, gene therapy and tissue engineering to improve meniscal healing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4931(00)00172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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30
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Cho WK, Ebihara S, Nalbantoglu J, Gilbert R, Massie B, Holland P, Karpati G, Petrof BJ. Modulation of Starling forces and muscle fiber maturity permits adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to adult dystrophic (mdx) mice by the intravascular route. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11:701-14. [PMID: 10757350 DOI: 10.1089/10430340050015608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and other inherited myopathies lead to progressive destruction of most skeletal muscles in the body, including those responsible for maintaining respiration. DMD is a fatal disorder caused by defects in the dystrophin gene. Recombinant adenovirus vectors (AdV) are considered a promising means for therapeutic delivery of a functional dystrophin gene to DMD muscles. If AdV-mediated dystrophin gene replacement in DMD is to be successful, development of a systemic delivery method for targeting the large number of diseased muscles will be required. In this study we investigated two major factors preventing efficient AdV-mediated gene transfer to skeletal muscles of adult animals after intravascular AdV administration: (1) an inability of AdV particles to breach the endothelial barrier and enter into contact with myofibers, and (2) a relatively nonpermissive myofiber population for AdV infection due at least in part to insufficient levels of the coxsackie/adenovirus attachment receptor (CAR). On the basis of established principles governing the transendothelial flux of macromolecules, we further hypothesized that an alteration in Starling forces (increased hydrostatic and decreased osmotic pressures) within the intravascular compartment would facilitate AdV transendothelial flux via convective transport. In addition, experimental muscle regeneration was employed to increase the prevalence of immature myofibers in which CAR expression is upregulated. Here we report that by employing the above-described strategy, high-level heterologous reporter gene expression was achievable in hindlimb muscles of normal rats as well as dystrophic (mdx) mice (genetic homolog of DMD) after a single intraarterial injection of AdV. Microsphere studies confirmed enhanced transport into muscle of fluorescent tracer particles in the size range of AdV, and there was a high concordance between CAR upregulation and myofiber transduction after intraarterial AdV delivery. Furthermore, in mdx mice examined 10 days after intraarterial AdV delivery, the aforementioned procedures had no adverse effects on the force-generating capacity of targeted muscles. These findings have implications for eventual AdV-mediated gene therapy of generalized skeletal muscle diseases such as DMD using a systemic intraarterial delivery approach.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Biomechanical Phenomena
- Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Injections, Intra-Arterial
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscular Dystrophies/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophies/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophies/therapy
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Cho
- Respiratory Division and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Jaffé A, Judd D, Ratcliffe C, Cheng SH, Bush A, Geddes DM, Alton EW. Cationic lipid-mediated gene transfer to the growing murine and human airway. Gene Ther 2000; 7:273-8. [PMID: 10694806 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis may need to be commenced before the onset of lung disease which may be evident as early as 4 weeks after birth. We assessed the efficacy of cationic lipid-mediated transfer of a reporter gene, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, in the growing murine and human respiratory tract. Gene expression was greater in adult mice (greater than 8 weeks old) compared with 9- and 16-day-old animals, despite a relatively greater proportion of complex delivered to the younger mice. Subsequent experiments compared 16-day-old and adult mice. Whilst higher gene expression occurred in the parenchyma compared with conducting airways in both groups, significantly greater expression was seen in the conducting airway of adult mice compared with 16-day-old animals. This expression persisted beyond 18 days in the adults but was undetectable in the younger group at this time-point. In an ex vivo model there was no difference in gene expression between the two groups. Further, no differences were observed in gene expression between growing (age 5 weeks to 14 years 8 months) and adult human lung tissue in either parenchyma or conducting airway. These data suggest age-dependent differences in gene transfer in vivo, which are not seen in an ex vivo setting. Proof-of-principle has been demonstrated for cationic-lipid mediated gene transfer to the growing human lung. Gene Therapy (2000) 7, 273-278.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jaffé
- Department of Gene Therapy, Imperial College School of Medicine and Technology at the National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
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32
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Kasemkijwattana C, Menetrey J, Bosch P, Somogyi G, Moreland MS, Fu FH, Buranapanitkit B, Watkins SS, Huard J. Use of growth factors to improve muscle healing after strain injury. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000:272-85. [PMID: 10660723 DOI: 10.1097/00003086-200001000-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Muscle injuries represent a large number of professional and recreational sports injuries. Muscle strains habitually occur after an eccentric contraction, which often leads to an injury located in the myotendinous junction. Treatment varies widely, depending on the severity of the trauma, but has remained limited mostly to rest, ice, compression, elevation, antiinflammatory drugs, and mobilization. The authors' research group aims to develop new biologic approaches to improve muscle healing after injuries, including muscle strains. To achieve this goal, the authors investigated several parameters that will lead to the development of new strategies to enhance muscle healing. The authors first evaluated natural muscle healing after strain injuries and showed that muscle regeneration occurs in the early phase of healing but becomes impaired with time by the development of tissue fibrosis. Several growth factors capable of improving muscle regeneration were investigated; basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and nerve growth factors were identified as substances capable of enhancing muscle regeneration and improving muscle force in the strained injured muscle. The current study should aid in the development of strategies to promote efficient muscle healing and complete recovery after strain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kasemkijwattana
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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33
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van Deutekom JC, Cao B, Pruchnic R, Wickham TJ, Kovesdi I, Huard J. Extended tropism of an adenoviral vector does not circumvent the maturation-dependent transducibility of mouse skeletal muscle. J Gene Med 1999; 1:393-9. [PMID: 10753064 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-2254(199911/12)1:6<393::aid-jgm65>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficient adenoviral gene delivery to mature skeletal muscle has been hindered by different factors. The low levels of adenoviral attachment receptor (CAR) that have been reported in this tissue may be a limiting factor. Therefore, adenoviral transduction of mature muscle may be improved by extending the tropism of the adenoviral vectors to attachment receptors that are highly expressed in mature myofibers. In this study, we have investigated whether an extended tropism adenoviral vector which additionally attaches to the broadly expressed heparan-containing receptors (AdPK) can bypass the maturation-dependent adenoviral transducibility of mouse skeletal muscle. METHODS The adenoviral vector AdPK carrying the LacZ gene was evaluated as a gene delivery vehicle in mouse skeletal muscle at different maturities in vitro and in vivo. The viral transduction efficiencies were determined by histochemical and ONPG analysis of the beta-galactosidase activity level. RESULTS Higher transduction efficiencies were detected in immature muscle from normal mice, and in mature muscle from merosin-deficient dy/dy mice (carrying myofibers with an impaired extracellular matrix) and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice (showing a high level of myoblast activity) when compared to mature muscle from normal mice. CONCLUSION Despite the enhanced attachment characteristics, the extended tropism adenoviral vector is, similarly to the wild-type adenoviral vector in previous studies, still hindered by both a protective extracellular matrix and the diminished myoblast-mediation in mature muscle.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/physiology
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Dystrophin/deficiency
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/physiology
- Lac Operon
- Laminin/deficiency
- Laminin/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/virology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/virology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/analysis
- Transfection
- beta-Galactosidase/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- J C van Deutekom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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34
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Yeung SN, Bockhold K, Tufaro F. Efficient infection of mature skeletal muscle with herpes simplex virus vectors by using dextran sulfate as a co-receptor. Gene Ther 1999; 6:1536-44. [PMID: 10490762 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors for gene delivery to skeletal muscle is hampered by a maturation-dependent loss of muscle fiber infectivity. Previous studies of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the rodent show that the loss of infectivity may be due, at least in part, to the development of the basal lamina throughout the course of maturation, which may block the initial events in HSV infection. To initiate infection, HSV normally attaches to cell surface heparan sulfate, which stabilizes the virus such that it can interact with secondary protein receptors required for entry into host cells. In this study, we demonstrate that heparan sulfate biosynthesis is downregulated during skeletal muscle maturation. When myofibers were treated with a variety of enzymes, including collagenase type IV or chondroitin ABC lyase, HSV infection was restored, which suggests that virus secondary receptors were present but not readily accessible to the virus in the intact myofiber. Surprisingly, we also found that HSV-1 infectivity could be restored in vitro and in vivo by exposing myofibers to low concentrations of the glycosaminoglycan analog dextran sulfate, which appears to act as a surrogate receptor to stabilize the virus at the myofiber surface such that HSV can engage additional receptors. This demonstration that the basal lamina is not an absolute block to HSV-1 infection is remarkable because it allows for the nondestructive targeting of HSV-1 to mature myofibers and greatly expands the usefulness of HSV as a gene therapy vector for the treatment of inherited and acquired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Yeung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 300-6174 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T 1Z3
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35
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Bouri K, Feero WG, Myerburg MM, Wickham TJ, Kovesdi I, Hoffman EP, Clemens PR. Polylysine modification of adenoviral fiber protein enhances muscle cell transduction. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10:1633-40. [PMID: 10428208 DOI: 10.1089/10430349950017635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors (ADVs) are used widely for gene delivery to different tissues including muscle. One particularly promising use for ADVs is in the transfer of the dystrophin gene to the muscle of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, studies in different animal models of DMD suggest that ADVs inefficiently transduce mature skeletal muscle. In this article we test whether AdZ.F(pK7), a genetically modified ADV that expresses a polylysine moiety on the end of the fiber protein, could enhance transduction of muscle cells and circumvent the maturation-dependent loss of muscle infectivity by ADVs. The efficiency of transduction was tested at different levels of muscle maturation. In vitro, AdZ.F(pK7) showed a higher level of transduction at all stages of differentiation including myoblasts, myotubes, and single muscle fibers. In vivo, mature skeletal muscle was transduced fourfold better by AdZ.F(pK7) than by the unmodifled vector (AdZ.F). Together, these observations demonstrate improved ADV transduction of skeletal muscle by modifying ADV tropism, and provide a proof-of-principle that modification of ADVs to target muscle-specific molecules could result in tissue-specific transfer of skeletal muscle tissue as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bouri
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA
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36
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Dodds E, Piper TA, Murphy SJ, Dickson G. Cationic lipids and polymers are able to enhance adenoviral infection of cultured mouse myotubes. J Neurochem 1999; 72:2105-12. [PMID: 10217291 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0722105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer has been used to promote efficient expression of various reporter and therapeutic transgenes such as minidystrophin in skeletal muscle tissue. However, down-regulation of the adenovirus internalisation receptors, alpha(v)/beta3 and alpha(v)beta5, in adult myofibres and in mature cultured myotubes makes them less susceptible to infection than neonatal muscle or cultured myoblasts. It has been reported elsewhere that adenoviral transduction of cells that are normally refractory to infection can be enhanced by complexing virus particles with cationic lipids or cationic polymers. In this study we describe increased levels of adenovirus-mediated transduction of cultured C2C12 myotubes, when the vector is complexed with either of the cationic lipids Lipofectamine or 1,3-dioleoyloxy-2-(6-carboxyspermyl)propylamide (DOSPER) or the cationic polymer polyethylenimine. The presence of polycations allowed a smaller dose of adenovirus vector to be used to attain the same level of infection seen with adenovirus alone, which has important relevance to future in vivo studies. Electron microscopic analysis of adenovirus/polycation complexes showed large aggregates as opposed to single adenovirus particles in the absence of polycations. Finally, by complexing adenovirus particles with polycations, partial protection against the neutralising effect of adenovirus antiserum was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dodds
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway College, University of London, Egham, Surrey, England, UK
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37
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Nalbantoglu J, Pari G, Karpati G, Holland PC. Expression of the primary coxsackie and adenovirus receptor is downregulated during skeletal muscle maturation and limits the efficacy of adenovirus-mediated gene delivery to muscle cells. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10:1009-19. [PMID: 10223734 DOI: 10.1089/10430349950018409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers are infected efficiently by adenoviral vectors only in neonatal animals. This lack of tropism for mature skeletal muscle may be partly due to inefficient binding of adenoviral particles to the cell surface. We evaluated in developing mouse muscle the expression levels of two high-affinity receptors for adenovirus, MHC class I and the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR). The moderate levels of MHC class I transcripts that were detected in quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and heart muscle did not vary between postnatal day 3 and day 60 adult tissue. A low level of CAR expression was detected on postnatal day 3 in quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles, but CAR expression was barely detectable in adult skeletal muscle even by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. In contrast, CAR transcripts were moderately abundant at all stages of heart muscle development. Ectopic expression of CAR in C2C12 mouse myoblast cells increased their transducibility by adenovirus at all multiplicities of infection (MOIs) tested as measured by lacZ reporter gene activity following AVCMVlacZ infection, with an 80-fold difference between CAR-expressing cells and control C2C12 cells at an MOI of 50. Primary myoblasts ectopically expressing CAR were injected into muscles of syngeneic hosts; following incorporation of the exogenous myoblasts into host myofibers, an increased transducibility of adult muscle fibers by AVCMVlacZ was observed in the host. Expression of the lacZ reporter gene in host myofibers coincided with CAR immunoreactivity. Furthermore, sarcolemmal CAR expression was markedly increased in regenerating muscle fibers of the dystrophic mdx mouse, fibers that are susceptible to adenovirus transduction. These analyses show that CAR expression by skeletal muscle correlates with its susceptibility to adenovirus transduction, and that forced CAR expression in mature myofibers dramatically increases their susceptibility to adenovirus transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nalbantoglu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, and Montreal Neurological Institute, Quebec, Canada
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jaffé
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK.
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39
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Weihl C, Macdonald RL, Stoodley M, Lüders J, Lin G. Gene therapy for cerebrovascular disease. Neurosurgery 1999; 44:239-52; discussion 253. [PMID: 9932877 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199902000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the principles of and the experimental and clinical results of gene therapy for cerebrovascular disease. METHODS Literature review. RESULTS Vectors for gene transfer into the brain or into the cerebral vasculature include naked plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid, cationic liposomes, and viruses such as adenovirus, retrovirus, adeno-associated virus, and herpes simplex virus. Experiments using these vectors showed that intra- or perivascular application to systemic arteries can lead to transfection and expression of a foreign transgene in the adventitia and the endothelium. Intrathecal administration can lead to transfection and foreign transgene expression in leptomeningeal cells as well as in fibroblasts of blood vessel adventitia. Biological effects demonstrated thus far include increased nitric oxide production by transfection of cerebral arterial adventitia with adenovirus expressing nitric oxide synthase. Adenoviruses carrying foreign genes have been used to decrease neuronal damage in cerebral ischemia and to decrease blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Vectors and therapeutic applications for gene therapy are evolving rapidly. CONCLUSION Gene therapy for cerebrovascular disease is likely to have clinical application in the near future and will have a major impact on neurosurgery. Neurosurgeons will need to be aware of the literature in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Weihl
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medical Center and Pritzker School of Medicine, Illinois 60037, USA
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Nakamura T, Akiyoshi H, Saito I, Sato K. Adenovirus-mediated gene expression in the septal cells of cirrhotic rat livers. J Hepatol 1999; 30:101-6. [PMID: 9927156 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(99)80013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Liver cirrhosis is characterized by the formation of fibrous septa following hepatic necrosis and fibrosis, and finally progression to severe hepatic failure and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. To establish effective therapy for cirrhosis using a designed gene, we examined whether recombinant adenovirus vectors could transfer foreign genes into the septal cells of cirrhotic livers. METHODS Rats with cirrhosis induced by 4-8 weeks treatment with carbon tetrachloride were intravenously infected with a recombinant adenovirus Adex1CALacZ bearing a bacterial lacZ gene. Expression of the transferred gene was determined by X-gal staining. The infectivity of the vectors in vitro was examined using slice cultures from the cirrhotic rat livers. RESULTS In normal rat livers, almost all hepatocytes expressed beta-galactosidase from the recombinant adenovirus vectors. In rat liver fibrosis, the adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to hepatocytes is markedly reduced compared with normal rat liver. In cirrhosis, there is an even stronger reduction in the number of transduced hepatocytes. On the other hand, in vitro infection to the slice culture demonstrated that the cirrhotic hepatocytes still maintained adenovirus infectivity. Moreover, in the kidney, which is the second target organ of adenovirus, there was no difference in infectivity between normal and cirrhotic rats. CONCLUSION The recombinant adenovirus intravenously transmitted the foreign gene to septal cells in extranodular fibrous septa, rather than to hepatocytes within small nodules. Therefore, septal cells in the cirrhotic liver should be targeted with the adenovirus vector for a successful in vivo therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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41
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van Deutekom JC, Floyd SS, Booth DK, Oligino T, Krisky D, Marconi P, Glorioso JC, Huard J. Implications of maturation for viral gene delivery to skeletal muscle. Neuromuscul Disord 1998; 8:135-48. [PMID: 9631393 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(98)00019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Different viral vectors have been analyzed as gene delivery vehicles to skeletal muscle for potentially therapeutic purposes. In this review, we evaluate the application of retroviral, adenoviral, and herpes simplex viral vectors to deliver genes to skeletal muscle and focus on the dramatic loss of viral transduction detected throughout muscle maturation. Recent results suggested that there are several factors involved in the reduced viral transducibility of mature skeletal muscle: muscle cells become post-mitotic in an early stage, the extracellular matrix develops into a physical barrier, and a loss of myoblast mediation occurs since myoblasts progressively become quiescent. Approaches to improve viral gene delivery to mature skeletal muscle may include the use of particular enzymes to increase the permeability of the extracellular matrix, the pre-treatment of the muscle with a myonecrotic agent to induce myoblast mediation, or the application of the myoblast-mediated ex vivo gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C van Deutekom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital, 4151 Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of gene transfer into the retina of adult rats, using a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus vector expressing a reporter gene. METHODS Purified recombinant adenovirus expressing beta-galactosidase (lacZ) (Ad5.hCMV.lacZ) at doses ranging from 1.4 x 10(2) to 1.4 x 10(6) plaque-forming units (pfu) were injected into the subretinal space of adult Lewis rats. The presence of lacZ was determined by histochemical assay and reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction analysis (RT PCR) of total RNA extracted from eyes injected with recombinant adenovirus expressing lacZ. RESULTS As assessed by biomicroscopy, the expression of lacZ was highest in the retinal pigment epithelium in a localized area corresponding to the site of injection. The level of lacZ expression was correlated with the amount of virus delivered to the subretinal space. Persistent but decreasing expression of lacZ was noted over time. RT PCR revealed the expression of messenger RNA for at least sixty days. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that efficient and stable transfer of genetic material into the subretinal space of adult rats may be achieved using a recombinant adenoviral vector. The use of such vectors should prove useful in developing novel applications and approaches to the study of recombinant protein expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Anglade
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Smith GM, Berry RL, Yang J, Tanelian D. Electrophysiological analysis of dorsal root ganglion neurons pre- and post-coexpression of green fluorescent protein and functional 5-HT3 receptor. J Neurophysiol 1997; 77:3115-21. [PMID: 9212261 DOI: 10.1152/jn.1997.77.6.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aequorea green fluorescent protein (GFP) is an excellent marker to examine genetically altered live cells in whole animals or culture. Its potential use in identifying genetically modified neurons, however, has not been investigated extensively. To examine the usefulness, toxicity, and potential electrophyiological effects of GFP expression in neurons, we generated adenovirus containing the mGFP4 cDNA. One week after virus transfection of dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG), 10% of postnatal DRG neurons appeared brightly fluorescent, labelling the soma and neurites. Temporal examination of these neurons demonstrated no toxicity to DRG neurons even after several weeks in culture with repeated daily epifluorescent exposure. Electrophysiological analysis and comparison of control and viral exposed (GFP- and GFP+) DRG neurons did not demonstrate any differences in whole cell resistance, resting potential, action potential (AP) threshold, AP duration, AP amplitude, or whole cell capacitance. To investigate the usefulness of GFP as a marker for identifying neurons genetically altered to express a novel neurotransmitter receptor, a second adenovirus construct was generated containing both GFP and serotonin type 3 (5-HT3) receptor cDNAs. Transfection of DRG neurons with this virus produced an inward current in the presence of serotonin only in DRG neurons that were GFP-positive. It is concluded that adenoviral transfection of neurons with GFP, for cellular labeling, and coexpression of GFP-neurotransmitter constructs are safe, nontoxic, methods for electrophysiologically investigating neurons over several weeks. The uniqueness of the vector used in these experiments is that it was constructed to express GFP in a second cassette so that it would label the transduced cells, but have no potential for interfering with the function of the foreign 5-HT3 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Smith
- The Eugene McDermott Center for Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9068, USA
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44
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Clark KR, Sferra TJ, Johnson PR. Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors mediate long-term transgene expression in muscle. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:659-69. [PMID: 9113506 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.6-659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer to muscle holds overt promise for the treatment of inherited myopathies, lysosomal storage disorders, and serum protein deficiencies. In addition, muscle could provide a reservoir for delivery of therapeutic molecules like blood clotting factors, erythropoietin, or insulin. To date, successful gene transfer to muscle has been limited by the inefficiency of the vector delivery systems and the transient nature of gene expression. In this paper, we show that a vector based on recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) can efficiently transduce adult mouse skeletal muscle. Transduced myofibers escape immune elimination and transgene expression is robust beyond 5 months. Importantly, input vector DNA appears to undergo conversion from single-stranded genomes to high-molecular-weight concatameric forms. These data suggest that rAAV might have a significant advantage over many other viral and nonviral gene delivery methods, and holds significant promise as a vector for gene transfer to mature muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Clark
- Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Columbus, OH, USA
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Feero WG, Rosenblatt JD, Huard J, Watkins SC, Epperly M, Clemens PR, Kochanek S, Glorioso JC, Partridge TA, Hoffman EP. Viral gene delivery to skeletal muscle: insights on maturation-dependent loss of fiber infectivity for adenovirus and herpes simplex type 1 viral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:371-80. [PMID: 9054512 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.4-371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms causing age-dependent loss of muscle fiber infectivity observed in vivo for both adenoviral (Ad) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gene delivery vectors remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the possible bases for this phenomenon using the novel application of enzymatically isolated, viable, single muscle fibers. We show that maturation-dependent loss of fiber infectivity is recapitulated in single fibers, and, thus, is not solely due to host immune response. Using localized irradiation of muscle in vivo, we show data suggesting that Ad infectivity of differentiated myofibers depends, at least in part, on myoblasts to mediate fiber transduction. On the other hand, infection of single fibers by HSV-1 is not affected by irradiation. Using confocal microscopy, we show that the basal lamina of myogenic cells efficiently infected by HSV-1 is structurally less organized than that of fibers resistant to infection by HSV-1. As well, we show that single myofibers isolated from adult, basal lamina-defective mice (merosin-deficient, dy/dy) are at least 10-fold more susceptible to infection by HSV-1 than are myofibers isolated from control mice. Together, these observations support the hypothesis that the basal lamina acts as a physical barrier to HSV-1 infection of mature muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Feero
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
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Huard J, Akkaraju G, Watkins SC, Pike-Cavalcoli M, Glorioso JC. LacZ gene transfer to skeletal muscle using a replication-defective herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant vector. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:439-52. [PMID: 9054519 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.4-439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) represents a promising new viral vector capable of efficient transduction of myofibers in vivo. Here we report on the use of a replication-defective HSV-1 mutant vector (DZ) deleted for the essential immediate early (IE) gene ICP4 for studies of reporter gene transfer and expression following direct inoculation of mouse skeletal muscle. The recombinant vector was engineered to contain the Escherichia coli lacZ gene under transcriptional control of the strong human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) IE promoter. The effect of vector cytotoxicity on the durability of transgene expression following infection of muscle cells in culture and myofibers in vivo revealed that this first-generation HSV vector was cytopathic, limiting the persistence of vector-transduced cells. UV irradiation of vector preparations reduced viral cytotoxicity for myoblasts in culture without reducing significantly beta-galactosidase production. Moreover, muscle cell viability and the durability of transgene expression was enhanced by several days following UV inactivated-vector infection in vivo. Nevertheless, the viral DNA was subsequently lost from vector-inoculated muscle tissue within 2 weeks. This observation indicated that vector toxicity alone did not account for the lack of persistent transgene expression. Longer-term vector transduction and transgene expression was observed, however, following inoculation of immunodeficient SCID mice, indicating that host immunocompetence played an important role in determining the duration of transgene expression in animals. To support this hypothesis, cells expressing CD4 and CD8 antigens have been found in the HSV-1 injected muscle of immunocompetent mice. These data demonstrated that both vector toxicity and vector-induced immunity are significant obstacles to the use of HSV-1 vectors for muscle gene transfer. These impediments must be overcome to further develop HSV vectors for muscle gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huard
- Rangos Research Center in Musculoskeletal Research Center (MRSC) of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA
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Xiao X, Li J, Samulski RJ. Efficient long-term gene transfer into muscle tissue of immunocompetent mice by adeno-associated virus vector. J Virol 1996; 70:8098-108. [PMID: 8892935 PMCID: PMC190884 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.11.8098-8108.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle-directed gene transfer is being considered for the treatment of several metabolic diseases, including hemophilia and Duchene's muscular dystrophy. Previous efforts to target this tissue for somatic delivery with various vector systems have resulted in transient expression due to silencing of the transgene or to an immune response against the vector-transduced cells. We introduced recombinant adeno-associated virus vector (rAAV) carrying a lacZ reporter into muscle tissue of immunocompetent mice. The lacZ reporter gene was efficiently transduced and expressed with no evidence of a cellular immune response. Moreover, gene expression persisted for more than 1.5 years. Molecular characterization of rAAV vector DNA suggests a mechanism for persistence, since vector episomes convert to high-molecular-weight genomic DNA. These data provide the first report for establishing long-term gene transduction into mammalian muscle cells in vivo without the need for immune modulation of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xiao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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Huard J, Feero WG, Watkins SC, Hoffman EP, Rosenblatt DJ, Glorioso JC. The basal lamina is a physical barrier to herpes simplex virus-mediated gene delivery to mature muscle fibers. J Virol 1996; 70:8117-23. [PMID: 8892937 PMCID: PMC190886 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.11.8117-8123.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A major impediment to successful implementation of gene therapy for treatment of muscular dystrophy is the restricted infectivity of mature muscle fibers with viral vectors. This phenomenon has been observed with adenovirus vectors and more recently with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-based vectors. Here we report findings of morphological studies designed to experimentally determine the mechanism underlying the rapid reduction in vector-mediated gene delivery concomitant with the maturation of muscle fibers. Using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we have colocalized HSV-1 and collagen IV, a major component of the basal lamina, in HSV-1-injected muscles and determined that the virus penetrates and expresses a transgene (lacZ) in muscle fibers of newborn animals but cannot efficiently penetrate adult myofibers. This was observed in normal as well as in immunocompromised animals, suggesting that the lack of adult myofiber transduction is not a result of an immune response and clearance of the viral vector. Since heparan sulfate proteoglycan, the initial attachment receptor for HSV-1, was shown to be preserved during the maturation of the myofibers by immunofluorescence assay and HSV-1 was able to infect isolated, viable myofibers in vitro, we suggest that the low-level HSV-1 transduction of mature myofibers is not a consequence of the loss of viral attachment sites on the surfaces of mature muscle fibers. Rather, our results indicate that the mature basal lamina acts as a physical barrier to HSV-1 infection of adult myofibers. This conclusion was further supported by the finding that HSV-1 displayed an intermediate level of transduction in mature dy/dy muscle which is defective for normal basal lamina formation. Together, these experiments suggest that efficient HSV vector transduction in mature skeletal muscle requires methods to permeabilize the basal lamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huard
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biomedical Science Tower, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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