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Abstract
The risk of toxicity in a child who is unintentionally exposed to a beta-blocking drug remains uncertain. The current study further defines this risk, particularly in the common scenario of ingestion of one or two tablets. A prospective cohort of 208 pediatric patients, 6 months to 6 years of age, reported to two regional poison centers serves as the study population. Data were collected with a standardized instrument during the care of each patient and for a minimum of 24 hours after exposure. No instances of serious toxicity typical of beta-blocker intoxication, such as ‘shock-like’ states, arrhythmias or seizures were observed in this series. Furthermore, there were no reported episodes of hypoglycemia, symptomatic bradycardia or bronchospasm. Nine instances of altered mental status or behavioral changes were reported. All appeared to be minor in nature. The most serious outcome was charcoal aspiration during gastrointestinal decontamination. This study adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that exposure to one or two beta-blocker tablets places children at very little, if any, risk of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Love
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Ground Floor CCC bldg, 3800 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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Howell JM, Luider J, Wong H, Perrizolo M, Demetrick D, Auer I, Mansoor A. High affinity IL-2 receptor (CD25) expression among Chronic Lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients is independent of mutational status and ZAP-70 positivitys. CLIN INVEST MED 2007. [DOI: 10.25011/cim.v30i4.2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have suggested promising roles for immunotherapy through CD40 ligand /IL-2 signaling pathway in CLL patients. Differential expression of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2 R) has been reported in CLL and other B-cell malignancies. Because CLL is divided into two distinct prognostic groups (based on the level of somatic hypermutation or alternatively on the presence or absence of ZAP-70), it is important to determine the correlation of IL-2 R expression with mutational status and/or ZAP-70 positivity in CLL for better patient group stratification in clinical trials.
Methods: In this study, 132 pts (82 M/50F; M: F 1.6) with an age range of 33-91 yrs (median 66 yrs) were included. Of these, 67/132 (51%) were found to be CD25+, 44/132 (33%) CD25- and 16% were CD25 dim (not further analyzed). In terms of ZAP positivity, 19/132 (14%) pts were ZAP-70+ and 113 (86%) were ZAP-70-.
Results: Mutational data (n=93) revealed 60/93 (65%) patients with SHM and 33/ 93 (35%) without. Correlation between ZAP-70+ and absence of SHM was highly significant (p< 0.0001), however, no statistically significant correlation was noted between CD25 expression and SHM (p= 0.331) or ZAP positivity (p= 0.785).
Conclusions: This data suggests that IL-2 R expression, although noted among a significant proportion of patients with B-CLL, is independent of somatic hypermutation or ZAP-70 expression. This observation will be important in evaluation of clinical efficacy of immunotherapy among CLL patients, and points to the existence of another mechanism for the presence of IL-2 R in these patients.
Abbreviations: B-CLL (B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia), SHM (Somatic Hypermutation)
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Yuasa K, Yoshimura M, Urasawa N, Ohshima S, Howell JM, Nakamura A, Hijikata T, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y, Takeda S. Injection of a recombinant AAV serotype 2 into canine skeletal muscles evokes strong immune responses against transgene products. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1249-60. [PMID: 17581597 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using murine models, we have previously demonstrated that recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated microdystrophin gene transfer is a promising approach to treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). To examine further therapeutic effects and the safety issue of rAAV-mediated microdystrophin gene transfer using larger animal models, such as dystrophic dog models, we first investigated transduction efficiency of rAAV in wild-type canine muscle cells, and found that rAAV2 encoding beta-galactosidase effectively transduces canine primary myotubes in vitro. Subsequent rAAV2 transfer into skeletal muscles of normal dogs, however, resulted in low and transient expression of beta-galactosidase together with intense cellular infiltrations in vivo, where cellular and humoral immune responses were remarkably activated. In contrast, rAAV2 expressing no transgene elicited no cellular infiltrations. Co-administration of immunosuppressants, cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil could partially improve rAAV2 transduction. Collectively, these results suggest that immune responses against the transgene product caused cellular infiltration and eliminated transduced myofibers in dogs. Furthermore, in vitro interferon-gamma release assay showed that canine splenocytes respond to immunogens or mitogens more susceptibly than murine ones. Our results emphasize the importance to scrutinize the immune responses to AAV vectors in larger animal models before applying rAAV-mediated gene therapy to DMD patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Calmodulin/genetics
- Cyclosporine/administration & dosage
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Dogs
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Dystrophin/metabolism
- Genetic Engineering
- Genetic Therapy/adverse effects
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/adverse effects
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Animal
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/virology
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/immunology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/therapy
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/immunology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/therapy
- Parvoviridae Infections/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic/methods
- Transgenes
- beta-Galactosidase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yuasa
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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Kirschenbaum LJ, Howell JM, Rossi AR. Optimized exponents for nickel atom 4s and 4p orbitals obtained from ab initio molecular orbital calculations on tetracarbonylnickel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j150601a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fletcher S, Carville KS, Howell JM, Mann CJ, Wilton SD. Evaluation of a short interspersed nucleotide element in the 3' untranslated region of the defective dystrophin gene of dogs with muscular dystrophy. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1964-8. [PMID: 11763189 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the distribution of a 231-base pair (bp) element in the dystrophin gene 3' untranslated region (UTR) in a colony of Golden Retrievers with muscular dystrophy and other unrelated dogs and to estimate the frequency of recombination for the canine dystrophin gene. ANIMALS 77 dogs from the Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy (GRMD) colony at the Murdoch Veterinary School and 30 unrelated dogs from the Murdoch University Veterinary Clinic. PROCEDURE Samples of blood or hair from dogs were used for amplification of DNA, using primers to the canine dystrophin 3' UTR. RESULTS The DNA from affected dogs generated a larger PCR product than that obtained from clinically normal dogs. Products were cloned and sequenced, and the difference in size was found to be attributable to a 231-bp short interspersed nucleotide element (SINE). The SINE was found in all affected dogs in the colony but not in most unaffected puppies in the colony. Eighteen of 19 dogs in the colony were heterozygous for the GRMD mutation, and 7 of 30 unrelated dogs also were heterozygous for the SINE. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Evidence of recombination between the GRMD mutation and the SINE was observed in only 4 dogs (2 sets of littermates) in the GRMD colony. Incidence of this SINE in a few unrelated dogs suggests that this particular insertion into the dystrophin gene may have been a recent event. The SINE in the dystrophin 3' UTR did not have an apparent influence on dystrophin mRNA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fletcher
- Australian Neuromuscular Research Institute, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia
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9
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Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is critical for degradation of several important fatty acid amides including anandamide, an endocannabinoid, as well as oleamide, a sleep-inducing factor. These compounds play roles in diverse physiological processes ranging from memory and learning to the regulation of blood pressure. The mechanisms that regulate FAAH expression have not been characterized. A 5'-region of the mouse FAAH with promoter activity was isolated from 1.8 kbp of genomic sequence. Characterization of +1 of transcription of FAAH by RNA ligase mediated-rapid amplification of cDNA ends showed that FAAH mRNA is transcribed from multiple transcription start sites lacking a TATA-box element. Functional analysis of the FAAH upstream sequence fused to a luciferase reporter gene revealed a FAAH-promoter construct with tissue specific activity. A 674-bp FAAH-promoter construct was active in N18TG2 (N18) neuroblastoma cells and C6 glioma cells, lines that have endogenous FAAH activity. The same 674-bp FAAH-promoter construct was not active in C2C12 or L6 myogenic cells, two lines that do not have FAAH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Puffenbarger
- Department of Biology, Bridgewater College, 402 East College Street, Bridgewater, VA 22812-1599, USA
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Gilbert R, Nalbantoglu J, Howell JM, Davies L, Fletcher S, Amalfitano A, Petrof BJ, Kamen A, Massie B, Karpati G. Dystrophin expression in muscle following gene transfer with a fully deleted ("gutted") adenovirus is markedly improved by trans-acting adenoviral gene products. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:1741-55. [PMID: 11560768 DOI: 10.1089/104303401750476249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper-dependent adenoviruses (HDAd) are Ad vectors lacking all or most viral genes. They hold great promise for gene therapy of diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), because they are less immunogenic than E1/E3-deleted Ad (first-generation Ad or FGAd) and can carry the full-length (Fl) dystrophin (dys) cDNA (12 kb). We have compared the transgene expression of a HDAd (HDAdCMVDysFl) and a FGAd (FGAdCMV-dys) in cell culture (HeLa, C2C12 myotubes) and in the muscle of mdx mice (the mouse model for DMD). Both vectors encoded dystrophin regulated by the same cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. We demonstrate that the amount of dystrophin expressed was significantly higher after gene transfer with FGAdCMV-dys compared to HDAdCMVDysFl both in vitro and in vivo. However, gene transfer with HDAdCMVDysFl in the presence of a FGAd resulted in a significant increase of dystrophin expression indicating that gene products synthesized by the FGAd increase, in trans, the amount of dystrophin produced. This enhancement occurred in cell culture and after gene transfer in the muscle of mdx mice and dystrophic golden retriever (GRMD) dogs, another animal model for DMD. The E4 region of Ad is required for the enhancement, because no increase of dystrophin expression from HDAdCMVDysFl was observed in the presence of an E1/E4-deleted Ad in vitro and in vivo. The characterization of these enhancing gene products followed by their inclusion into an HDAd may be required to produce sufficient dystrophin to mitigate the pathology of DMD by HDAd-mediated gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gilbert
- Neuromuscular Research Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 2B4
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O'Hara AJ, Howell JM, Taplin RH, Fletcher S, Lloyd F, Kakulas B, Lochmüller H, Karpati G. The spread of transgene expression at the site of gene construct injection. Muscle Nerve 2001; 24:488-95. [PMID: 11268020 DOI: 10.1002/mus.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Seven 2-day-old golden retriever pups were given focal intramuscular injections of a first generation adenovirus-dystrophin minigene construct and adenovirus-beta-galactosidase construct as a 2:1 mixture into the left anterior tibial muscle. The spread of transgene expression within the anterior tibial muscle was compared with the spread of methylene blue dye after identical injection into the contralateral muscle. Transgene expression 5-7 days after intramuscular injection was shown to extend between 5.8 and 11.6 mm along the biopsied muscle length (range of biopsy lengths 11.1-12.2 mm). The level of transgene expression at 2-2.5-mm intervals from the site of injection was significantly related to the distance from the site of injection (dystrophin, P = 0.009; beta-galactosidase, P = 0.015). The spread of methylene blue dye within the anterior tibial muscle < or =24 h after identical intramuscular injection demonstrated a similar pattern to the transgene expression, with dye staining measured between 5.5 and 8.5 mm along the muscle sample length (range of biopsy lengths 5.6-15.6 mm). The greatest transgene expression and dye staining was measured 2-2.5 mm proximal to the site of injection with a maximum of 23% of muscle fibers expressing the dystrophin transgene, 95.2% expressing the beta-galactosidase transgene, and 98% of the tissue section stained with methylene blue dye. These results suggest transgene expression after focal intramuscular injection is relatively localized around the site of injection. Further research is required to develop techniques that will provide transgene expression throughout the length and breadth of a muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J O'Hara
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Deutsch DG, Glaser ST, Howell JM, Kunz JS, Puffenbarger RA, Hillard CJ, Abumrad N. The cellular uptake of anandamide is coupled to its breakdown by fatty-acid amide hydrolase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:6967-73. [PMID: 11118429 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003161200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Anandamide is an endogenous compound that acts as an agonist at cannabinoid receptors. It is inactivated via intracellular degradation after its uptake into cells by a carrier-mediated process that depends upon a concentration gradient. The fate of anandamide in those cells containing an amidase called fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is hydrolysis to arachidonic acid and ethanolamine. The active site nucleophilic serine of FAAH is inactivated by a variety of inhibitors including methylarachidonylfluorophosphonate (MAFP) and palmitylsulfonyl fluoride. In the current report, the net uptake of anandamide in cultured neuroblastoma (N18) and glioma (C6) cells, which contain FAAH, was decreased by nearly 50% after 6 min of incubation in the presence of MAFP. Uptake in laryngeal carcinoma (Hep2) cells, which lack FAAH, is not inhibited by MAFP. Free anandamide was found in all MAFP-treated cells and in control Hep2 cells, whereas phospholipid was the main product in N18 and C6 control cells when analyzed by TLC. The intracellular concentration of anandamide in N18, C6, and Hep2 cells was up to 18-fold greater than the extracellular concentration of 100 nm, which strongly suggests that it is sequestered within the cell by binding to membranes or proteins. The accumulation of anandamide and/or its breakdown products was found to vary among the different cell types, and this correlated approximately with the amount of FAAH activity, suggesting that the breakdown of anandamide is in part a driving force for uptake. This was shown most clearly in Hep2 cells transfected with FAAH. The uptake in these cells was 2-fold greater than in vector-transfected or untransfected Hep2 cells. Therefore, it appears that FAAH inhibitors reduce anandamide uptake by cells by shifting the anandamide concentration gradient in a direction that favors equilibrium. Because inhibition of FAAH increases the levels of extracellular anandamide, it may be a useful target for the design of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Deutsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 11974-5215, USA.
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Abstract
Urinary retention resulting from urethral obstruction by a retroverted, gravid uterus is an uncommon disorder that is reported only once in the Emergency Medicine literature. Yet these patients may present in extreme distress and precipitate considerable confusion regarding the cause of and solution to this problem. No study evaluating outcome, risk of complications, or therapy exists. We present two cases that clarify diagnostic and therapeutic controversies and provide a better understanding of what is known about the pathophysiology and treatment alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Love
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Abstract
Gene therapy for inherited muscle disease is an active area of research and development. Initial emphasis has been on gene replacement but alternative approaches are increasingly being considered in order to overcome difficulties, such as the immune rejection of transduced cells, the need for appropriate and tissue-specific control of expression, and the requirement for systemic spread in some conditions. However, the most significant obstacles to the clinical success of gene therapy are still the lack of efficiency and accuracy of gene medicine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fletcher
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth
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Nanduri VB, Banerjee A, Howell JM, Brzozowski DB, Eiring RF, Patel RN. Purification of a stereospecific 2-ketoreductase from Gluconobacter oxydans. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2000. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jim.7000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Love JN, Howell JM, Newsome JT, Skibbie DF, Dickerson LW, Henderson KJ. The effect of sodium bicarbonate on propranolol-induced cardiovascular toxicity in a canine model. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000; 38:421-8. [PMID: 10930059 DOI: 10.1081/clt-100100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential utility of sodium bicarbonate in an established model of acute propranolol toxicity. METHODS Two minutes after the completion of a propranolol infusion (10 mg/kg), a bolus of 1.5 mEq/kg of sodium bicarbonate solution (1 mEq/mL) followed by an infusion of 1.5 mEq/kg over the next 26 minutes (n = 6) or an equivalent timing and volume of 5% dextrose solution (n = 6) was administered in each dog. Targeted cardiovascular parameters included heart rate, mean arterial pressure, left ventricular dP/dtmax, and QRS interval. RESULTS Propranolol infusion significantly depressed heart rate (p < 0.0001), mean arterial pressure (p < 0.0001), dP/dtmax (p < 0.0001) and prolonged the QRS interval (p < 0.0001). Sodium bicarbonate failed to significantly improve these targeted parameters when compared to control animals. CONCLUSION In this canine model of propranolol toxicity, intravenous sodium bicarbonate appears to be an ineffective single therapy. Furthermore, these results may suggest a different mechanism of sodium channel blockade for propanolol than that of type IA antiarrhythmic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Love
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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Love JN, Howell JM, Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W. Acute beta blocker overdose: factors associated with the development of cardiovascular morbidity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000; 38:275-81. [PMID: 10866327 DOI: 10.1081/clt-100100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors in exposures to beta blockers (beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists) that are associated with the development of cardiovascular morbidity and contribute to disposition decisions from the emergency department. METHODS Prospective cohort of 280 beta blocker exposures reported to 2 regional poison centers. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine association of various clinical factors and outcome. RESULTS In this series of beta blocker exposures, 41 (15%) developed cardiovascular morbidity and 4 (1.4%) died. A history of cardioactive coingestant was the only factor significantly associated with the development of cardiovascular morbidity (p < .05). When cases reporting cardioactive coingestants were excluded, a history of ingesting a beta blocker with membrane stabilizing activity was significantly associated with the development of cardiovascular morbidity (p < .05). All those in whom the timing of symptoms could be determined, developed symptoms within 6 hours of ingestion. CONCLUSIONS The single most important factor associated with the development of cardiovascular morbidity in beta blocker ingestion is a history of a cardioactive coingestant, primarily calcium channel blockers, cyclic antidepressants, and neuroleptics. In the absence of such coingestion, exposure to a beta blocker with membrane stabilizing activity is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity. Beta blocker ingestion is unlikely to result in symptoms if the patient remains asymptomatic for 6 hours after the time of ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Love
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Hanson RL, Howell JM, LaPorte TL, Donovan MJ, Cazzulino DL, Zannella V, Montana MA, Nanduri VB, Schwarz SR, Eiring RF, Durand SC, Wasylyk JM, Parker WL, Liu MS, Okuniewicz FJ, Chen B, Harris JC, Natalie KJ, Ramig K, Swaminathan S, Rosso VW, Pack SK, Lotz BT, Bernot PJ, Rusowicz A, Lust DA, Tse KS, Venit JJ, Szarka LJ, Patel RN. Synthesis of allysine ethylene acetal using phenylalanine dehydrogenase from Thermoactinomyces intermedius. Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 26:348-358. [PMID: 10713207 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Allysine ethylene acetal [(S)-2-amino-5-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-pentanoic acid (2)] was prepared from the corresponding keto acid by reductive amination using phenylalanine dehydrogenase (PDH) from Thermoactinomyces intermedius ATCC 33205. Glutamate, alanine, and leucine dehydrogenases, and PDH from Sporosarcina species (listed in order of increasing effectiveness) also gave the desired amino acid but were less effective. The reaction requires ammonia and NADH. NAD produced during the reaction was recyled to NADH by the oxidation of formate to CO(2) using formate dehydrogenase (FDH). PDH was produced by growth of T. intermedius ATCC 33205 or by growth of recombinant Escherichia coli or Pichia pastoris expressing the Thermoactinomyces enzyme. Using heat-dried T. intermedius as a source of PDH and heat-dried Candida boidinii SC13822 as a source of FDH,98%, but production of T. intermedius could not be scaled up. Using heat-dried recombinant E. coli as a source of PDH and heat-dried Candida boidinii 98%. In a third generation process, heat-dried methanol-grown P. pastoris expressing endogenous FDH and recombinant Thermoactinomyces98% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- RL Hanson
- Departments of Microbial Technology and Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Pari G, Crerar MM, Nalbantoglu J, Shoubridge E, Jani A, Tsujino S, Shanske S, DiMauro S, Howell JM, Karpati G. Myophosphorylase gene transfer in McArdle's disease myoblasts in vitro. Neurology 1999; 53:1352-4. [PMID: 10522901 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.53.6.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
McArdle's disease is due to a genetic deficiency of glycogen phosphorylase and results in a lack of glucose mobilization from glycogen during anaerobic exercise. A genetic defect in Merino sheep produces a similar picture. We constructed a first-generation adenoviral recombinant containing the full-length human phosphorylase cDNA under the control of the Rous sarcoma virus promoter. Primary myoblast cultures from phosphorylase-deficient human and sheep muscle were efficiently transduced with this vector, resulting in restoration of the phosphorylase activity. A similar correction of the genetic defect in muscles of McArdle's patients in vivo appears feasible, preferably with the use of an adeno-associated viral vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pari
- Neuromuscular Research Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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Honeyman K, Carville KS, Howell JM, Fletcher S, Wilton SD. Development of a snapback method of single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for genotyping Golden Retrievers for the X-linked muscular dystrophy allele. Am J Vet Res 1999; 60:734-7. [PMID: 10376903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a snapback method of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis for genotyping Golden Retrievers for the X-linked muscular dystrophy allele. ANIMALS 20 Golden Retriever puppies from a colony with X-linked muscular dystrophy. PROCEDURE DNA spanning the canine dystrophin mutation was amplified by means of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using a primer modified to have an additional sequence at the 5' terminus. The primer was designed so that 1 terminus of the single-stranded PCR product could anneal to the normal sequence flanking the region of the mutation in the allele but not in the mutant allele. True disease status of the dogs was determined by means of a PCR and restriction digest protocol. RESULTS Snapback SSCP analysis allowed for accurate and unambiguous genotyping of unaffected, carrier, and affected dogs, whereas conventional SSCP analysis, using the unmodified primer, did not. Creatine kinase activities measured within 24 hours after birth were not consistent with genotype. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Snapback SSCP analysis provided a simple, fast, and accurate method for genotyping Golden Retrievers for the mutation known to cause X-linked muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Honeyman
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Australia, Australian Neuromuscular Research Institute, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Howell
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia
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Abstract
The requirements for successful gene therapy are stated and brief details are given of the gene therapy trials in humans which have been approved by the NIH during the years 1989-1997. An indication is given of the gene therapy trials that have been carried out in animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy with emphasis on the Golden Retriever dog model. Problems facing somatic gene therapy for inherited muscle diseases are predominantly the following: the extent of the spread of expression from the injection site, the duration of expression and the need for systemic delivery. Brief details of the problems are given and possible ways of overcoming the difficulties are outlined. These include the use of multiple intramuscular injections, increasing the permeability of the extracellular matrix of muscle, inducing mitosis in myoblasts, the use of ex vivo gene transfer, using modified viruses as vectors or synthesized transporter molecules, the use of mechanisms which combat the action of killer T cells, upregulation of isoforms or of alternative proteins such as utrophin for dystrophin and the use of genetic correction methods such as the use of antisense oligonucleotides. It is concluded that there is a potential future for somatic gene therapy in the inherited muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Howell
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
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23
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Fujinami RS, Sun X, Howell JM, Jenkin JC, Burns JB. Modulation of immune system function by measles virus infection: role of soluble factor and direct infection. J Virol 1998; 72:9421-7. [PMID: 9811674 PMCID: PMC110427 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.12.9421-9427.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus infection can result in a variety of immunologic defects. We have begun studies to determine the basis for the lack of immune responsiveness to antigen and mitogen following infection. Here we present data showing that Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-cell lines infected with measles virus produce a soluble factor that can inhibit antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and inhibit the proliferation of uninfected B cells. The soluble factor was neither interleukin-10, transforming growth factor beta, nor alpha/beta interferon. B cells infected with measles virus or treated with the soluble factor were unable to present antigen to T cells in a manner that supported antigen-specific proliferation. This could represent one mechanism of how measles virus limits T-cell expansion. However, we found that once CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells were activated, their cytolytic activity was intact whether infected with measles virus or treated with soluble factor. Thus, while slow to be generated these cytoxic cells could participate in viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Fujinami
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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24
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Follow-up compliance is critical in febrile children because they may harbor unrecognized life-threatening illnesses. This study compares follow-up rates between 2 systems: Wilford Hall Medical Center (WHMC), with preset appointments after ED release, and free medical care; and Fairfax Hospital (FFX), where parents must arrange follow-up appointments after ED release, and are responsible for payment for their follow-up visits. The study also investigated factors associated with follow-up compliance. METHODS This was a prospective, observational study of febrile children seen in 2 EDs with different systems for patient follow-up. From ED records and parental phone calls, diagnosis, follow-up compliance, and demographics were collected. Data were analyzed using logistic regression and chi2. RESULTS 423 children met entrance criteria, and 330 parents were successfully contacted after the child's ED release (146 from WHMC; 184 from FFX). The WHMC children were more likely to comply with follow-up than were the children in the FFX system (92% vs 67% follow-up, odds ratio 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.3). Other factors associated with noncompliance with recommended follow-up were: Hispanic ethnicity, non-English-speaking parents, and follow-up suggested for >24 hours after ED release. For FFX, self-pay, lack of a follow-up physician, parents' dissatisfaction with the ED medical care, and diagnosis of otitis media were also significant factors found associated with noncompliance. CONCLUSION Febrile children evaluated in a medical system with prearranged follow-up appointments and free medical care are more likely to comply with recommended follow-up than are those evaluated in a system where payment and appointments are the responsibility of the parents. Efforts should be made to improve follow-up compliance by modeling the WHMC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Hemphill
- Joint Military Medical Centers, Emergency Medicine Residency, San Antonio, TX, USA
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25
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Abstract
Nine cases of symptomatic bradycardia are presented in which treatment with intravenous glucagon was administered when atropine failed to improve the patient's condition significantly. Although the cause often was not obvious at presentation, all nine subjects took oral medications that could have contributed to the development of symptomatic bradycardia. Eight of nine patients demonstrated clinical improvement 5 to 10 min after glucagon administration, which was consistent with its peak clinical action. Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin were ultimately thought to have contributed to the majority of these presentations. This report suggests that glucagon may have a role in the treatment of symptomatic bradycardia, particularly in the presence of beta-adrenergic blockade and perhaps calcium channel blockade. Furthermore, the results in these cases suggest that future clinical trials should not be limited to drug-induced symptomatic bradycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Love
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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26
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Sun X, Burns JB, Howell JM, Fujinami RS. Suppression of antigen-specific T cell proliferation by measles virus infection: role of a soluble factor in suppression. Virology 1998; 246:24-33. [PMID: 9656990 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus infection causes a profound immunosuppression. The basis for this immunosuppression is not known. This immunosuppression could be due to virus acting directly on lymphoid cells, the production of an immunosuppressive viral product, or a lymphoid product. We have developed an antigen-specific T cell system to study measles virus-T-cell interactions. We demonstrate that as few as five infectious viral particles added to 1000 T cells results in profound inhibition of antigen-specific T cell proliferation. Supernates taken from measles virus-infected T cells suppress the proliferation of uninfected T cells. Measles-virus-infected HeLa or Vero cells do not produce the factor. The antiproliferative effects of the supernates cannot be attributed to infectious virus, IL-10 or TGF-beta. The soluble factor appears to be larger than 100 kDa, yet retains antiproliferative activity following trypsin digestion with a size less than 10 kDa. Loss of activity is seen following heat treatment at 56 degrees C. The factor is lymphoid cell specific and exhibits cytokine-like behavior yet appears not to be a known cytokine. This soluble factor may be responsible for the overt clinical immunosuppression seen in man and a previously undescribed cytokine induced by measles virus infection of human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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27
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Howell JM, Lochmüller H, O'Hara A, Fletcher S, Kakulas BA, Massie B, Nalbantoglu J, Karpati G. High-level dystrophin expression after adenovirus-mediated dystrophin minigene transfer to skeletal muscle of dystrophic dogs: prolongation of expression with immunosuppression. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:629-34. [PMID: 9551611 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.5-629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication-deficient adenovirus vectors (AdV) have been successfully used to transfer a truncated human dystrophin cDNA to skeletal muscle of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. A dystrophin-deficient golden retriever dog model (GRMD) has been identified, which, unlike the mouse model, leads to a clinicopathological phenotype similar to that of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We show for the first time that high-level dystrophin expression in skeletal muscle of GRMD dogs can be achieved by AdV-mediated gene transfer. However, a humoral and cellular immune response of the host against antigens of viral and transgene origin (similar to that occurring in mdx mice after AdV-mediated dystrophin gene transfer) leads to a decline of dystrophin expression over a 2-month period. Immunosuppression by cyclosporin significantly prolonged transgene expression. The GRMD model may help to solve the open questions pertaining to dystrophin gene transfer such as systemic delivery and improvement of muscle function before human trials for gene replacement therapy in DMD may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Howell
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia
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28
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Abstract
Bacterial beta-galactosidase cDNA was injected without lipofectin into 41 sites in dog muscle and expression was seen in 22 of them. The cDNA and lipofectin was injected into 35 similar sites and expression was seen in 21. Expression was seen in a maximum of 2.5% of muscle fibers and 23.21% of nonmuscle cells. A total of 106 muscle sites were injected with the minigene with and without lipofectin. In 4 of the 45 sites injected with the minigene without lipofectin human dystrophin was expressed around the periphery of 0.3% of the fibers. Bacterial beta-galactosidase cDNA was injected into the peritoneal cavity of 4 pups, 2 of which also received lipofectin. In all 4, expression was seen in liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node. In the 2 pups that received lipofectin, expression was also seen in the diaphragm, intercostal, and abdominal muscles of 1 and in the diagphragm and intercostal muscles of the other. These experiments show that human dystrophin transgene expression can be obtained in dog muscle. However, other methods will be required to increase the degree of expression before gene therapy trials can be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Howell
- School of Veterinary Studies, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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29
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Howell JM. Battling burnout in the ED. ED Manag 1997; 9:95-6. [PMID: 10169490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Howell
- Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Colbourne
- Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital, Western Australia
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31
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Abstract
Golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) is an excellent model for the study of the efficacy of gene therapy in dystrophin deficient myopathies for there are many similarities between affected dogs and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in boys. GRMD is not caused by deletion mutation but results from a point mutation in the consensus splice acceptor in intron 6 of the canine dystrophin gene. As a result exon 7 is skipped during processing of the GRMD dystrophin messenger RNA. We have developed a rapid test which makes direct use of exon 7 specific genomic PCR products. We have undertaken preliminary experiments on gene therapy using the mini-gene and the full length gene alone and in combination with lipofectin and/or the bacterial beta-galactosidase reporter gene Lac Z. Following direct injection of the Lac Z plasmid, either alone or with lipofectin, about 50% of the sites showed expression when biopsied some 14 days later. The beta-galactosidase activity was present in muscle and granulation tissue but was never abundant. Pups injected intraperitoneally with Lac Z were found to have positive material in their mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and spleen. Those injected with Lac Z and lipofectin also had positive material in the diaphragm, intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, but again only a small amount of positive material was present at any of the sites. In animals directly injected into the muscle with the dystrophin mini-gene, half had positive staining for dystrophin in biopsies taken 14 days later. Of the 6 sites in the muscles of animals given the mini-gene and lipofectin only one had fibres positive for dystrophin when examined 14 days later. Six pups were injected directly with full-length gene construct and when biopsies were taken 10 days later two of the animals had strongly stained peripheries to a small number of fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Howell
- School of Veterinary Studies, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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32
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Laing L, Howell JM. Introducing students to community health. CMAJ 1997; 156:1380, 1382. [PMID: 9164390 PMCID: PMC1227400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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33
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Abstract
Soft-tissue injuries remain one of the most common problems encountered in the emergency department. This article discusses techniques to minimize pain during the evaluation and repair process, methods to decrease healing complications, and repair considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Howell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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34
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Love JN, Litovitz TL, Howell JM, Clancy C. Characterization of fatal beta blocker ingestion: a review of the American Association of Poison Control Centers data from 1985 to 1995. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997; 35:353-9. [PMID: 9204094 DOI: 10.3109/15563659709043366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize beta blocker-related deaths. METHODS This is a retrospective review of beta blocker-related exposure data and fatality case abstracts reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System during the 11 year period, 1985 to 1995. Historical and laboratory data were used to determine those fatalities which resulted primarily from beta blocker intoxication. RESULTS Of 52,156 reported beta blocker exposures, 164 were fatal. In 38 cases, beta blockers were implicated as the primary cause of death. Propranolol was responsible for the greatest number of exposures (44%) and implicated as the cause of death in a disproportionately high percentage of fatalities (71%). Patients were generally young women; 63% were female and 92% were less than 50 years old. The dysrhythmias most often noted in fatal cases were bradycardia and asystole. Cardiopulmonary arrest did not develop until patients were in the care of health care personnel in 59% of cases. Though glucagon was initiated more often than any other intervention in fatal intoxications (83%), optimal dosing and maintenance infusions appear to have been underutilized. CONCLUSIONS The predominance of fatalities associated with propranolol compared to other beta blockers reflects both its greater frequency of use over the time period studied and its greater toxicity. Since 59% developed. cardiac arrest after reaching health care personnel, further study should focus on identifying medical intervention that can reduce mortality in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Love
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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35
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Abstract
Symptomatic bradycardia is commonly seen in the emergency department. Effective drug therapy for this clinical scenario is limited. Although glucagon has been used in no clinical trial in this setting, its cardiac activity may prove useful, particularly in the setting of beta-adrenergic blockade. We report a case series comprising three patients taking maintenance beta-blocker therapy who presented to the ED with symptomatic bradycardia and hypotension and in whom glucagon therapy obviated the need for further treatment. Further study is warranted to evaluate and define the role of glucagon in the treatment of symptomatic bradycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Love
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
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36
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Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the hemodynamic effects of calcium chloride in a canine model of acute propranolol toxicity. METHODS Two minutes after the completion of a propranolol infusion (10 mg/kg), a bolus of .125 mL/kg 10% CaCl solution followed by an infusion of .375 mL/kg over the next 30 minutes or a bolus and subsequent infusion of an equivalent volume of normal saline solution was administered to each dog. RESULTS CaCl yielded significant improvements in propranolol-induced decreases in cardiac index and stroke volume compared with saline solution-treated control animals (overall alpha = .05). Furthermore, CaCl administration resulted in earlier improvement in propranolol-induced alterations in mean arterial pressure, maximal left ventricular pressure change over time, and peripheral vascular resistance compared with saline solution (overall alpha = .05). We observed no difference between treatment groups in response to propranolol-induced bradycardia or QRS-interval prolongation. CONCLUSION In this model of acute propranolol toxicity, CaCl therapy improved depressed hemodynamic status, mainly by a positive inotropic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Love
- Georgetown-George Washington Emergency Medicine Residency, Washington, DC, USA
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37
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Bartlett RJ, Winand NJ, Secore SL, Singer JT, Fletcher S, Wilton S, Bogan DJ, Metcalf-Bogan JR, Bartlett WT, Howell JM, Cooper BJ, Kornegay JN. Mutation segregation and rapid carrier detection of X-linked muscular dystrophy in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:650-4. [PMID: 8723876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To use exon 7-specific genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products to identify the genotypes of normal, affected, and carrier female dogs in pedigrees segregating Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD), and to confirm the concordant segregation of the mutation in all carrier and affected dogs presently available. DESIGN The GRMD mutation is found in the consensus splice acceptor site in intron 6 of the canine dystrophin gene. PCR cycle-sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism/PCR were used for determination of the pattern of segregation of the point mutation which causes GRMD. ANIMALS Normal, clinically affected, and obligate carrier dogs in pedigrees of GRMD. PROCEDURE DNA from blood was amplified, using PCR and primers that bracket all of exon 7 of the canine dystrophin gene as well as 100 base pairs of intron on either side. PCR products were either cycle-sequenced directly or submitted to a second round of PCR, using 1 of the original primers coupled with a mutagenic restriction fragment length polymorphism-primer, which thus creates an artificial restriction site. Digestion with Stu I detected the normal allele. To detect the affected allele, Sau96 I was used to digest the 310-base pair exon 7 genomic fragment directly. CONCLUSIONS Simple, clear diagnosis of carrier status was possible using these methods. This mutation is passed through all carrier and affected dogs in both United States GRMD colonies and the colony in Australia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Rapid, accurate diagnosis of carrier and affected dogs will enhance study of this homologue of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bartlett
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA
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38
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE American College of Surgeons (ACS) and Residency Review Committee for Emergency Medicine (RRC-EM) guidelines conflict regarding the role of emergency physicians in directing major trauma resuscitations. This article describes the impact of ACS level I trauma certification on emergency medicine (EM) resident trauma experience. METHODS A written survey and a follow-up letter were sent to all 101 EM program directors as of August 16, 1994. The survey addressed demographics and trauma experience at hospitals designated by the RRC-EM as primary training sites. RESULTS There were 95 (94%) survey respondents. Estimates of the percentage of trauma resuscitations directed by EM residents were significantly lower at level I centers (52% +/- 27%, 95% CI 45-59%) than they were at non-level I centers (70% +/- 30%, 95% CI 58-82%) (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in trauma census between level I and non-level I centers. Of 14 respondents who said they were cited by the RRC-EM for inadequate trauma experience, ten (71%) were in ACS level I trauma centers (p = 1.0). Twelve of the 14 respondents cited for inadequate trauma experience were in either the Northeast or the Midwest. CONCLUSIONS EM residents direct a smaller percentage of major trauma resuscitations at ACS level I hospitals than they do at non-level I facilities. This finding is not offset by an increased trauma census at level I facilities and may be more pronounced in the Northeast and the Midwest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Howell
- SAEM Residency Committee, Lansing, MI, USA.
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39
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Howell JM. Acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1996; 14:83-91. [PMID: 8591786 DOI: 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effective treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and acute congestive heart failure (CHF) requires quick triage, accurate identification, and appropriate pharmacologic management. This article describes the initial assessment and management of adult patients with AMI and CHF, beginning with the first interaction of such patients with the emergency department staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Howell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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40
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Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To compare the tensile strength of lacerations closed with cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive, with suture, and with a combination of tissue adhesive and suture. DESIGN Randomized, controlled animal model study. SETTING Animal care facility. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen albino guinea pigs. INTERVENTIONS Four incisions to deep fascia were created on the dorsum of each animal. Lacerations were closed with either tissue adhesive alone, tissue adhesive with subcutaneous suture, percutaneous suture alone, or percutaneous suture with subcutaneous suture. After 4 days, the breaking strengths of all wound closures were measured. RESULTS Wound closures made with cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive alone exhibited significantly less tensile strength at 4 days than closures made by the other three methods. Wound closures made with combined percutaneous and subcutaneous sutures were significantly stronger than all other groups. CONCLUSION Wound closures made with cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive alone have less tensile strength at 4 days than those made with tissue adhesive and subcutaneous suture or those closed by traditional suture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Bresnahan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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41
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Jolin SW, Howell JM. Infrared emission detection tympanic thermometry. Am J Emerg Med 1995; 13:605. [PMID: 7662066 DOI: 10.1016/0735-6757(95)90183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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42
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Healy PJ, Nicholls PJ, Martiniuk F, Tzall S, Hirschhorn R, Howell JM. Evidence of molecular heterogeneity for generalised glycogenosis between and within breeds of cattle. Aust Vet J 1995; 72:309-11. [PMID: 8579563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1995.tb03561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Northern analyses revealed normal levels of acidic alpha-glucosidase mRNA in cultured fibroblasts from a Shorthorn calf affected with glycogenosis but a gross deficiency in an affected Brahman calf. Analyses of acidic alpha-glucosidase activity, relative to that of other lysosomal enzymes, in blood mononuclear cells revealed greater variation within and between Brahman herds than Shorthorn herds. A Msp1 restriction fragment length polymorphism associated with glycogenosis in Brahmans was not found in Shorthorns. These results are considered in relation to molecular heterogeneity for AAG deficiency in cattle and its implications for disease control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Healy
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, New South Wales
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43
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Stair TO, Howell JM, Fitzgerald DJ, Bailey SC, Bastasch MD. Hemolysis of blood specimens transported from ED to laboratory by pneumatic tube. Am J Emerg Med 1995; 13:484. [PMID: 7605542 DOI: 10.1016/0735-6757(95)90145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- T O Stair
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C., USA
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45
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Howell JM, Newsome JT, Stair TO, Wolfson AR, Bradley RN. Host response to multiple skin lacerations on the albino guinea pig. Lab Anim Sci 1995; 45:160-2. [PMID: 7603016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Investigators have studied methods of treating skin lacerations by placing multiple incisions on each albino guinea pig. Theoretically, host responses to laceration sites may differ on the basis of anatomic location and local cytokine effects. We used cytokine values and histologic examination to identify differences when multiple lacerations were placed on each animal. Four 3-cm lacerations were made on the dorsum of each male albino guinea pig: two incisions on either side and parallel to the spine. Each laceration was closed with staples. In five animals a sponge technique was used to assay wound cytokines 48 h later. In an additional four animals, wounds were excised at 96 h and stained for cells and new collagen. We identified no statistically significant differences among laceration sites based on polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cellularity, number of fibroblasts, new collagen deposition, or wound interleukin (IL)-6 activities. Using this model minimizes the number of animals needed to generate statistically significant findings in wound research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Howell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital and School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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46
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Patel RN, Banerjee A, Howell JM, McNamee CG, Brzozowski D, Nanduri V, Thottathil JK, Szarka LJ. Stereoselective microbial reduction of 2-keto-3-(N-benzoylamino)-3-phenyl propionic acid ethyl ester. Synthesis of taxol side-chain synthon. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 750:166-74. [PMID: 7785844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb19946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R N Patel
- Department of Microbial Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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47
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Howell JM, Bresnahan KA, Stair TO, Dhindsa HS, Edwards BA. Comparison of effects of suture and cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive on bacterial counts in contaminated lacerations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:559-60. [PMID: 7726534 PMCID: PMC162581 DOI: 10.1128/aac.39.2.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the effects of closing lacerations with suture or cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive on staphylococcal counts in inoculated guinea pig lacerations. Wounds closed with adhesive alone had lower counts than wounds containing suture material (P < 0.05). The results of a time-kill study were consistent with a bacteriostatic adhesive effect of the adhesive against Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Howell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C., USA
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48
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Howell JM, Stair TO, Chisholm CD, Allison L. Estimated charges for ED lacerations. Am J Emerg Med 1995; 13:110-1. [PMID: 7832935 DOI: 10.1016/0735-6757(95)90275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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49
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Stair TO, Howell JM. How long will it take? How much will it cost?: multiple regression and neural network programs at ED triage. Am J Emerg Med 1995; 13:118-9. [PMID: 7832942 DOI: 10.1016/0735-6757(95)90283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Jolin SW, Howell JM, Milzman DP, Stair TO, Butzin CA. Infrared emission detection tympanic thermometry may be useful in diagnosing acute otitis media. Am J Emerg Med 1995; 13:6-8. [PMID: 7832959 DOI: 10.1016/0735-6757(95)90230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the utility of infrared emission detection (IRED) tympanic thermometry in diagnosing acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM), a prospective, nonblinded sampling of ear temperatures was performed. Children between the ages of 6 months and 6 years presenting to an urban emergency department were included in the study. Tympanic temperatures were determined in all subjects. Clinical data, tympanic audiometry, and telephone follow-up were used to define ASOM. Temperature differences were determined for children with unilateral ASOM and those without ear infection. Data from 48 patients were analyzed. The mean temperature difference in the control group, 0.23 degrees +/- 0.15 degrees C (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17 degree to 0.29 degree C) differed from those with ASOM: 0.39 degree +/- 0.29 degree C (95% CI, 0.25 degree to 0.53 degree C, P = .047). Logistic regression was used to describe the predictive relationship between temperature difference and probability of ASOM. We conclude that IRED tympanic thermometry may be useful in diagnosing ASOM when used with other clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Jolin
- Section of Emergency Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT 06519-1315
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