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Azevedo MD, Prince N, Humbert-Claude M, Mesa-Infante V, Jeanneret C, Golzne V, De Matos K, Jamot BB, Magara F, Gonzalez-Hernandez T, Tenenbaum L. Oxidative stress induced by sustained supraphysiological intrastriatal GDNF delivery is prevented by dose regulation. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101106. [PMID: 37766790 PMCID: PMC10520444 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite its established neuroprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons and encouraging phase I results, intraputaminal GDNF administration failed to demonstrate significant clinical benefits in Parkinson's disease patients. Different human GDNF doses were delivered in the striatum of rats with a progressive 6-hydroxydopamine lesion using a sensitive doxycycline-regulated AAV vector. GDNF treatment was applied either continuously or intermittently (2 weeks on/2 weeks off) during 17 weeks. Stable reduction of motor impairments as well as increased number of dopaminergic neurons and striatal innervation were obtained with a GDNF dose equivalent to 3- and 10-fold the rat endogenous level. In contrast, a 20-fold increased GDNF level only temporarily provided motor benefits and neurons were not spared. Strikingly, oxidized DNA in the substantia nigra increased by 50% with 20-fold, but not 3-fold GDNF treatment. In addition, only low-dose GDNF allowed to preserve dopaminergic neuron cell size. Finally, aberrant dopaminergic fiber sprouting was observed with 20-fold GDNF but not at lower doses. Intermittent 20-fold GDNF treatment allowed to avoid toxicity and spare dopaminergic neurons but did not restore their cell size. Our data suggest that maintaining GDNF concentration under a threshold generating oxidative stress is a pre-requisite to obtain significant symptomatic relief and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Duarte Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Center for Neuroscience Research, Clinical Neurosciences Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Naika Prince
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Center for Neuroscience Research, Clinical Neurosciences Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Humbert-Claude
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Center for Neuroscience Research, Clinical Neurosciences Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginia Mesa-Infante
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Cheryl Jeanneret
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Center for Neuroscience Research, Clinical Neurosciences Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentine Golzne
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Center for Neuroscience Research, Clinical Neurosciences Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin De Matos
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Center for Neuroscience Research, Clinical Neurosciences Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Boury Jamot
- Center for the Study of Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), 1008 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fulvio Magara
- Center for the Study of Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), 1008 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Gonzalez-Hernandez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Liliane Tenenbaum
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Center for Neuroscience Research, Clinical Neurosciences Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Burkert N, Roy S, Häusler M, Wuttke D, Müller S, Wiemer J, Hollmann H, Oldrati M, Ramirez-Franco J, Benkert J, Fauler M, Duda J, Goaillard JM, Pötschke C, Münchmeyer M, Parlato R, Liss B. Deep learning-based image analysis identifies a DAT-negative subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons in the lateral Substantia nigra. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1146. [PMID: 37950046 PMCID: PMC10638391 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we present a deep learning-based image analysis platform (DLAP), tailored to autonomously quantify cell numbers, and fluorescence signals within cellular compartments, derived from RNAscope or immunohistochemistry. We utilised DLAP to analyse subtypes of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive dopaminergic midbrain neurons in mouse and human brain-sections. These neurons modulate complex behaviour, and are differentially affected in Parkinson's and other diseases. DLAP allows the analysis of large cell numbers, and facilitates the identification of small cellular subpopulations. Using DLAP, we identified a small subpopulation of TH-positive neurons (~5%), mainly located in the very lateral Substantia nigra (SN), that was immunofluorescence-negative for the plasmalemmal dopamine transporter (DAT), with ~40% smaller cell bodies. These neurons were negative for aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1, with a lower co-expression rate for dopamine-D2-autoreceptors, but a ~7-fold higher likelihood of calbindin-d28k co-expression (~70%). These results have important implications, as DAT is crucial for dopamine signalling, and is commonly used as a marker for dopaminergic SN neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Burkert
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Shoumik Roy
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Max Häusler
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Sonja Müller
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johanna Wiemer
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Helene Hollmann
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marvin Oldrati
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jorge Ramirez-Franco
- UMR_S 1072, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, Marseille, France
- INT, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Campus Santé Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Julia Benkert
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Fauler
- Institute of General Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johanna Duda
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Goaillard
- UMR_S 1072, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, Marseille, France
- INT, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Campus Santé Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Christina Pötschke
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Moritz Münchmeyer
- Wolution GmbH & Co. KG, 82152, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rosanna Parlato
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Birgit Liss
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
- Linacre College & New College, Oxford University, OX1 2JD, Oxford, UK.
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Barroso-Chinea P, Salas-Hernández J, Cruz-Muros I, López-Fernández J, Freire R, Afonso-Oramas D. Expression of RAD9B in the mesostriatal system of rats and humans: Overexpression in a 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease. Ann Anat 2023; 250:152135. [PMID: 37460044 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects primarily the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons of the mesostriatal system, among other nuclei of the brain. Although it is considered an idiopathic disease, oxidative stress is believed to be involved in DAergic neuron death and therefore plays an important role in the onset and development of the disease. RAD9B is a paralog of the RAD9 checkpoint, sharing some similar functions related to DNA damage resistance and apoptosis, as well as the ability to form 9-1-1 heterotrimers with RAD1 and HUS1. METHODS In addition to immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western-blot analysis, we implemented Quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization techniques. RESULTS We demonstrated RAD9B expression in rat and human mesencephalic DAergic cells using specific markers. Additionally, we observed significant overexpression of RAD9B mRNA (p<0.01) and protein (p<0.01) in the midbrain 48 h after inducing damage with 150 µg of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injected in a rat model of PD. Regarding protein expression, the increased levels were observed in neurons of the mesostriatal system and returned to normal 5 days post-injury. CONCLUSIONS This response to a neurotoxin, known to produce oxidative stress specifically on DAergic neurons indicates the potential importance of RAD9B in this highly vulnerable population to cell death. In this model, RAD9B function appears to provide neuroprotection, as the induced lesion resulted in only mild degeneration. This observation highlights the potential of RAD9B checkpoint protein as a valuable target for future therapeutic interventions aimed at promoting neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barroso-Chinea
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias (IUNE). Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Josmar Salas-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ignacio Cruz-Muros
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jonathan López-Fernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Domingo Afonso-Oramas
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias (IUNE). Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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Chagraoui A, Di Giovanni G, De Deurwaerdère P. Neurobiological and Pharmacological Perspectives of D3 Receptors in Parkinson’s Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020243. [PMID: 35204744 PMCID: PMC8961531 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the D3 receptor (D3R) subtypes of dopamine (DA) has generated an understandable increase in interest in the field of neurological diseases, especially Parkinson’s disease (PD). Indeed, although DA replacement therapy with l-DOPA has provided an effective treatment for patients with PD, it is responsible for invalidating abnormal involuntary movements, known as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, which constitutes a serious limitation of the use of this therapy. Of particular interest is the finding that chronic l-DOPA treatment can trigger the expression of D1R–D3R heteromeric interactions in the dorsal striatum. The D3R is expressed in various tissues of the central nervous system, including the striatum. Compelling research has focused on striatal D3Rs in the context of PD and motor side effects, including dyskinesia, occurring with DA replacement therapy. Therefore, this review will briefly describe the basal ganglia (BG) and the DA transmission within these brain regions, before going into more detail with regard to the role of D3Rs in PD and their participation in the current treatments. Numerous studies have also highlighted specific interactions between D1Rs and D3Rs that could promote dyskinesia. Finally, this review will also address the possibility that D3Rs located outside of the BG may mediate some of the effects of DA replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Différenciation et Communication Neuroendocrine, Endocrine et Germinale Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), University of Rouen, INSERM 1239, 76000 Rouen, France
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-35-14-83-69
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, Malta;
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5287, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEDEX, 33000 Bordeaux, France;
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Co-Expression of Nogo-A in Dopaminergic Neurons of the Human Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Is Reduced in Parkinson’s Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123368. [PMID: 34943877 PMCID: PMC8699585 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is mainly characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Together with the small number, the high vulnerability of the dopaminergic neurons is a major pathogenic culprit of Parkinson’s disease. Our previous findings of a higher survival of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra co-expressing Nogo-A in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease suggested that Nogo-A may be associated with dopaminergic neurons resilience against Parkinson’s disease neurodegeneration. In the present study, we have addressed the expression of Nogo-A in the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in postmortem specimens of diseased and non-diseased subjects of different ages. For this purpose, in a collaborative effort we developed a tissue micro array (TMA) that allows for simultaneous staining of many samples in a single run. Interestingly, and in contrast to the observations gathered during normal aging and in the animal model of Parkinson’s disease, increasing age was significantly associated with a lower co-expression of Nogo-A in nigral dopaminergic neurons of patients with Parkinson’s disease. In sum, while Nogo-A expression in dopaminergic neurons is higher with increasing age, the opposite is the case in Parkinson’s disease. These observations suggest that Nogo-A might play a substantial role in the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease.
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Brazhnik E, Novikov N, McCoy AJ, Ilieva NM, Ghraib MW, Walters JR. Early decreases in cortical mid-gamma peaks coincide with the onset of motor deficits and precede exaggerated beta build-up in rat models for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 155:105393. [PMID: 34000417 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that exaggerated beta range local field potentials (LFP) in basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits constitute an important biomarker for feedback for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease patients, although the role of this phenomenon in triggering parkinsonian motor symptoms remains unclear. A useful model for probing the causal role of motor circuit LFP synchronization in motor dysfunction is the unilateral dopamine cell-lesioned rat, which shows dramatic motor deficits walking contralaterally to the lesion but can walk steadily ipsilaterally on a circular treadmill. Within hours after 6-OHDA injection, rats show marked deficits in ipsilateral walking with early loss of significant motor cortex (MCx) LFP peaks in the mid-gamma 41-45 Hz range in the lesioned hemisphere; both effects were reversed by dopamine agonist administration. Increases in MCx and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) coherence and LFP power in the 29-40 Hz range emerged more gradually over 7 days, although without further progression of walking deficits. Twice-daily chronic dopamine antagonist treatment induced rapid onset of catalepsy and also reduced MCx 41-45 Hz LFP activity at 1 h, with increases in MCx and SNpr 29-40 Hz power/coherence emerging over 7 days, as assessed during periods of walking before the morning treatments. Thus, increases in high beta power in these parkinsonian models emerge gradually and are not linearly correlated with motor deficits. Earlier changes in cortical circuits, reflected in the rapid decreases in MCx LFP mid-gamma LFP activity, may contribute to evolving plasticity supporting increased beta range synchronized activity in basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits after loss of dopamine receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Brazhnik
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3702, United States of America
| | - Nikolay Novikov
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3702, United States of America
| | - Alex J McCoy
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3702, United States of America
| | - Neda M Ilieva
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3702, United States of America
| | - Marian W Ghraib
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3702, United States of America
| | - Judith R Walters
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3702, United States of America.
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LRRK2 at the Crossroad of Aging and Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040505. [PMID: 33805527 PMCID: PMC8066012 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the widespread occurrence of proteinaceous inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. The etiology of PD is still far from clear, but aging has been considered as the highest risk factor influencing the clinical presentations and the progression of PD. Accumulating evidence suggests that aging and PD induce common changes in multiple cellular functions, including redox imbalance, mitochondria dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis. Age-dependent deteriorations in cellular dysfunction may predispose individuals to PD, and cellular damages caused by genetic and/or environmental risk factors of PD may be exaggerated by aging. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause late-onset, autosomal dominant PD and comprise the most common genetic causes of both familial and sporadic PD. LRRK2-linked PD patients show clinical and pathological features indistinguishable from idiopathic PD patients. Here, we review cellular dysfunctions shared by aging and PD-associated LRRK2 mutations and discuss how the interplay between the two might play a role in PD pathologies.
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Fougère M, van der Zouwen CI, Boutin J, Ryczko D. Heterogeneous expression of dopaminergic markers and Vglut2 in mouse mesodiencephalic dopaminergic nuclei A8-A13. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1273-1292. [PMID: 32869307 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Co-transmission of glutamate by brain dopaminergic (DA) neurons was recently proposed as a potential factor influencing cell survival in models of Parkinson's disease. Intriguingly, brain DA nuclei are differentially affected in Parkinson's disease. Whether this is associated with different patterns of co-expression of the glutamatergic phenotype along the rostrocaudal brain axis is unknown in mammals. We hypothesized that, as in zebrafish, the glutamatergic phenotype is present preferentially in the caudal mesodiencephalic DA nuclei. Here, we used in mice a cell fate mapping strategy based on reporter protein expression (ZsGreen) consecutive to previous expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2) gene, coupled with immunofluorescence experiments against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine transporter (DAT). We found three expression patterns in DA cells, organized along the rostrocaudal brain axis. The first pattern (TH-positive, DAT-positive, ZsGreen-positive) was found in A8-A10. The second pattern (TH-positive, DAT-negative, ZsGreen-positive) was found in A11. The third pattern (TH-positive, DAT-negative, ZsGreen-negative) was found in A12-A13. These patterns should help to refine the establishment of the homology of DA nuclei between vertebrate species. Our results also uncover that Vglut2 is expressed at some point during cell lifetime in DA nuclei known to degenerate in Parkinson's disease and largely absent from those that are preserved, suggesting that co-expression of the glutamatergic phenotype in DA cells influences their survival in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Fougère
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cornelis Immanuel van der Zouwen
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joël Boutin
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre d'Excellence en Neurosciences de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Sanphui P, Kumar Das A, Biswas SC. Forkhead Box O3a requires BAF57, a subunit of chromatin remodeler SWI/SNF complex for induction of p53 up‐regulated modulator of apoptosis (Puma) in a model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem 2020; 154:547-561. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Sanphui
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
| | - Anoy Kumar Das
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
| | - Subhas C. Biswas
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
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Ahmadi SA, Bötzel K, Levin J, Maiostre J, Klein T, Wein W, Rozanski V, Dietrich O, Ertl-Wagner B, Navab N, Plate A. Analyzing the co-localization of substantia nigra hyper-echogenicities and iron accumulation in Parkinson's disease: A multi-modal atlas study with transcranial ultrasound and MRI. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 26:102185. [PMID: 32050136 PMCID: PMC7013333 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Volumetric 3D analysis of hyper-echogenicities from transcranial ultrasound (TCS). First multi-modal analysis of TCS and QSM-MRI in Parkinson's disease. Computations of TCS-MRI registration and a novel multi-modal anatomical template. TCS hyper-echogenicities are co-localized with QSM iron accumulations. Co-localizations occur in the SNc and VTA, but nowhere else in the midbrain.
Background Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCS) can detect hyperechogenic speckles in the area of the substantia nigra (SN) in Parkinson's disease (PD). These speckles correlate with iron accumulation in the SN tissue, but an exact volumetric localization in and around the SN is still unknown. Areas of increased iron content in brain tissue can be detected in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging, using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). Methods In this work, we i) acquire, co-register and transform TCS and QSM imaging from a cohort of 23 PD patients and 27 healthy control subjects into a normalized atlas template space and ii) analyze and compare the 3D spatial distributions of iron accumulation in the midbrain, as detected by a signal increase (TCS+ and QSM+) in both modalities. Results We achieved sufficiently accurate intra-modal target registration errors (TRE<1 mm) for all MRI volumes and multi-modal TCS-MRI co-localization (TRE<4 mm) for 66.7% of TCS scans. In the caudal part of the midbrain, enlarged TCS+ and QSM+ areas were located within the SN pars compacta in PD patients in comparison to healthy controls. More cranially, overlapping TCS+ and QSM+ areas in PD subjects were found in the area of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Conclusion Our findings are concordant with several QSM-based studies on iron-related alterations in the area SN pars compacta. They substantiate that TCS+ is an indicator of iron accumulation in Parkinson's disease within and in the vicinity of the SN. Furthermore, they are in favor of an involvement of the VTA and thereby the mesolimbic system in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Ahmad Ahmadi
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Marchioninistraße 15, Munich 81377, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (DSGZ), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Marchioninistraße 15, Munich 81377, Germany; Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures (CAMP), Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 3, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Kai Bötzel
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Marchioninistraße 15, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Marchioninistraße 15, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Juliana Maiostre
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Marchioninistraße 15, Munich 81377, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Wein
- ImFusion GmbH, Agnes-Pockels-Bogen 1, München 80992, Germany
| | | | - Olaf Dietrich
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Marchioninistr. 15, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Birgit Ertl-Wagner
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Marchioninistr. 15, Munich 81377, Germany; The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1 × 8, Canada
| | - Nassir Navab
- Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures (CAMP), Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 3, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Annika Plate
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Marchioninistraße 15, Munich 81377, Germany.
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11
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12
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Knowlton C, Kutterer S, Roeper J, Canavier CC. Calcium dynamics control K-ATP channel-mediated bursting in substantia nigra dopamine neurons: a combined experimental and modeling study. J Neurophysiol 2017; 119:84-95. [PMID: 28978764 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00351.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Burst firing in medial substantia nigra (mSN) dopamine (DA) neurons has been selectively linked to novelty-induced exploration behavior in mice. Burst firing in mSN DA neurons, in contrast to lateral SN DA neurons, requires functional ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels both in vitro and in vivo. However, the precise role of K-ATP channels in promoting burst firing is unknown. We show experimentally that L-type calcium channel activity in mSN DA neurons enhances open probability of K-ATP channels. We then generate a mathematical model to study the role of Ca2+ dynamics driving K-ATP channel function in mSN DA neurons during bursting. In our model, Ca2+ influx leads to local accumulation of ADP due to Ca-ATPase activity, which in turn activates K-ATP channels. If K-ATP channel activation reaches levels sufficient to terminate spiking, rhythmic bursting occurs. The model explains the experimental observation that, in vitro, coapplication of NMDA and a selective K-ATP channel opener, NN414, is required to elicit bursting as follows. Simulated NMDA receptor activation increases the firing rate and the rate of Ca2+ influx, which increases the activation of K-ATP. The model suggests that additional sources of hyperpolarization, such as GABAergic synaptic input, are recruited in vivo for burst termination or rebound burst discharge. The model predicts that NN414 increases the sensitivity of the K-ATP channel to ADP, promoting burst firing in vitro, and that that high levels of Ca2+ buffering, as might be expected in the calbindin-positive SN DA neuron subpopulation, promote rhythmic bursting pattern, consistent with experimental observations in vivo. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recently identified distinct subpopulations of midbrain dopamine neurons exhibit differences in their two primary activity patterns in vivo: tonic (single spike) firing and phasic bursting. This study elucidates the biophysical basis of bursts specific to dopamine neurons in the medial substantia nigra, enabled by ATP-sensitive K+ channels and necessary for novelty-induced exploration. A better understanding of how dopaminergic signaling differs between subpopulations may lead to therapeutic strategies selectively targeted to specific subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Knowlton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sylvie Kutterer
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Jochen Roeper
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Carmen C Canavier
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
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13
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Quiroga-Varela A, Aguilar E, Iglesias E, Obeso JA, Marin C. Short- and long-term effects induced by repeated 6-OHDA intraventricular administration: A new progressive and bilateral rodent model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2017; 361:144-156. [PMID: 28823819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and the resulting striatal dopamine deficiency, which are responsible for the classic motor features. Although a diagnosis of PD relies on the clinical effects of dopamine deficiency, this disease is also associated with other neurotransmitter deficits that are recognized as causing various motor and non-motor symptoms. However, the cause of dopaminergic nigral neurodegeneration in PD and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. While animal models are considered valuable tools with which to investigate dopaminergic cell vulnerability, rodent models usually fail to mimic the neurodegeneration progression that occurs in human PD. To find a convenient rat model for studying the progression of dopaminergic cell degeneration and motor signs, we have developed a progressive rodent model using a repeated daily, intraventricular administration of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (100µg/day) in awakened rats for 1 to 10 consecutive days. The short- (6-day) and long-term (32-day) progression of motor alterations was studied. This model leads to a bilateral and progressive increase in catalepsy (evident from the 3rd infusion in the short-term groups (p<0.01) and from the 7th infusion in the long-term groups (p<0.01), which was associated with a progressive nigrostriatal dopaminergic deficit. All together this makes the new model an interesting experimental tool to investigate the mechanisms involved in the progression of dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Quiroga-Varela
- Movement Disorders Laboratory, Neurosciences Area, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - E Aguilar
- Laboratori de Neurologia Experimental, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Iglesias
- Movement Disorders Laboratory, Neurosciences Area, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - J A Obeso
- Movement Disorders Laboratory, Neurosciences Area, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - C Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Carvalho MM, Campos FL, Marques M, Soares-Cunha C, Kokras N, Dalla C, Leite-Almeida H, Sousa N, Salgado AJ. Effect of Levodopa on Reward and Impulsivity in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:145. [PMID: 28848409 PMCID: PMC5550717 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of dopamine replacement therapies (DRT) in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) can lead to the development of dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) and impulse control disorders (ICD), behavioral disturbances characterized by compulsive DRT self-medication and development of impulsive behaviors. However, the mechanisms behind these disturbances are poorly understood. In animal models of PD, the assessment of the rewarding properties of levodopa (LD), one of the most common drugs used in PD, has produced conflicting results, and its ability to promote increased impulsivity is still understudied. Moreover, it is unclear whether acute and chronic LD therapy differently affects reward and impulsivity. In this study we aimed at assessing, in an animal model of PD with bilateral mesostriatal and mesocorticolimbic degeneration, the behavioral effects of LD therapy regarding reward and impulsivity. Animals with either sham or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced bilateral lesions in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) were exposed to acute and chronic LD treatment. We used the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm to evaluate the rewarding effects of LD, whereas impulsive behavior was measured with the variable delay-to-signal (VDS) task. Correlation analyses between behavioral measurements of reward or impulsivity and lesion extent in SNc/VTA were performed to pinpoint possible anatomical links of LD-induced behavioral changes. We show that LD, particularly when administered chronically, caused the development of impulsive-like behaviors in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals in the VDS. However, neither acute or chronic LD administration had rewarding effects in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals in the CPP. Our results show that in a bilateral rat model of PD, LD leads to the development of impulsive behaviors, strengthening the association between DRT and DDS/ICD in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de GualtarBraga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate LaboratoryGuimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipa L Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de GualtarBraga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate LaboratoryGuimarães, Portugal
| | - Mariana Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de GualtarBraga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate LaboratoryGuimarães, Portugal
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de GualtarBraga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate LaboratoryGuimarães, Portugal
| | - Nikolaos Kokras
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthens, Greece.,First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - Christina Dalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - Hugo Leite-Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de GualtarBraga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate LaboratoryGuimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de GualtarBraga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate LaboratoryGuimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de GualtarBraga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate LaboratoryGuimarães, Portugal
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15
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Altobelli GG, Pentimalli F, D'Armiento M, Van Noorden S, Cimini V. Calretinin Immunoreactivity in the Human Testis Throughout Fetal Life. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:1872-1878. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna G. Altobelli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences; Medical School; Federico II University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Center for Biotechnology; College of Science and Technology; Department of Biology; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Mariarosaria D'Armiento
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences; Medical School; Federico II University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Susan Van Noorden
- Department of Histopathology; Imperial College London; Hammersmith Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cimini
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences; Medical School; Federico II University of Naples; Naples Italy
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16
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Canavier CC, Evans RC, Oster AM, Pissadaki EK, Drion G, Kuznetsov AS, Gutkin BS. Implications of cellular models of dopamine neurons for disease. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:2815-2830. [PMID: 27582295 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00530.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the present state of single-cell models of the firing pattern of midbrain dopamine neurons and the insights that can be gained from these models into the underlying mechanisms for diseases such as Parkinson's, addiction, and schizophrenia. We will explain the analytical technique of separation of time scales and show how it can produce insights into mechanisms using simplified single-compartment models. We also use morphologically realistic multicompartmental models to address spatially heterogeneous aspects of neural signaling and neural metabolism. Separation of time scale analyses are applied to pacemaking, bursting, and depolarization block in dopamine neurons. Differences in subpopulations with respect to metabolic load are addressed using multicompartmental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C Canavier
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana;
| | - Rebekah C Evans
- Cellular Neurophysiology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrew M Oster
- Department of Mathematics, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Washington
| | - Eleftheria K Pissadaki
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York.,Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Drion
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Alexey S Kuznetsov
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Center for Mathematical Biosciences, Indiana University, Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Boris S Gutkin
- Group for Neural Theory, LNC INSERM U960, Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Center for Cognition and Decision Making, NRU Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia; and
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17
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Rodriguez M, Rodriguez-Sabate C, Morales I, Sanchez A, Sabate M. Parkinson's disease as a result of aging. Aging Cell 2015; 14:293-308. [PMID: 25677794 PMCID: PMC4406659 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally considered that Parkinson's disease is induced by specific agents that degenerate a clearly defined population of dopaminergic neurons. Data commented in this review suggest that this assumption is not as clear as is often thought and that aging may be critical for Parkinson's disease. Neurons degenerating in Parkinson's disease also degenerate in normal aging, and the different agents involved in the etiology of this illness are also involved in aging. Senescence is a wider phenomenon affecting cells all over the body, whereas Parkinson's disease seems to be restricted to certain brain centers and cell populations. However, reviewed data suggest that Parkinson's disease may be a local expression of aging on cell populations which, by their characteristics (high number of synaptic terminals and mitochondria, unmyelinated axons, etc.), are highly vulnerable to the agents promoting aging. The development of new knowledge about Parkinson's disease could be accelerated if the research on aging and Parkinson's disease were planned together, and the perspective provided by gerontology gains relevance in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)La Laguna, Spain
| | - Clara Rodriguez-Sabate
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ingrid Morales
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)La Laguna, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanchez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Spain
| | - Magdalena Sabate
- Rehabilitation Service, Department of Pharmacology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Spain
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18
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Molinet-Dronda F, Gago B, Quiroga-Varela A, Juri C, Collantes M, Delgado M, Prieto E, Ecay M, Iglesias E, Marín C, Peñuelas I, Obeso JA. Monoaminergic PET imaging and histopathological correlation in unilateral and bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat models of Parkinson's disease: A longitudinal in-vivo study. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 77:165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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19
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Morales I, Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Sabate C, Rodriguez M. The degeneration of dopaminergic synapses in Parkinson's disease: A selective animal model. Behav Brain Res 2015; 289:19-28. [PMID: 25907749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Available evidence increasingly suggests that the degeneration of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease starts in the striatal axons and synaptic terminals. A selective procedure is described here to study the mechanisms involved in the striatal denervation of dopaminergic terminals. This procedure can also be used to analyze mechanisms involved in the dopaminergic re-innervation of the striatum, and the role of astrocytes and microglia in both processes. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were injected in the lateral ventricles with increasing doses of 6-hydroxydopamine (12-50 μg), which generated a dose-dependent loss of dopaminergic synapses and axons in the striatum, followed by an axonal sprouting (weeks later) and by a progressive recovery of striatal dopaminergic synapses (months later). Both the degeneration and regeneration of the dopaminergic terminals were accompanied by astrogliosis. Because the experimental manipulations did not induce unspecific damage in the striatal tissue, this method could be particularly suitable to study the basic mechanisms involved in the distal degeneration and regeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons, and the possible role of astrocytes and microglia in the dynamics of both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Morales
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanchez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Clara Rodriguez-Sabate
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Liechti R, Ducray AD, Jensen P, Di Santo S, Seiler S, Jensen CH, Meyer M, Widmer HR. Characterization of fetal antigen 1/delta-like 1 homologue expressing cells in the rat nigrostriatal system: effects of a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116088. [PMID: 25723595 PMCID: PMC4344227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal antigen 1/delta-like 1 homologue (FA1/dlk1) belongs to the epidermal growth factor superfamily and is considered to be a non-canonical ligand for the Notch receptor. Interactions between Notch and its ligands are crucial for the development of various tissues. Moreover, FA1/dlk1 has been suggested as a potential supplementary marker of dopaminergic neurons. The present study aimed at investigating the distribution of FA1/dlk1-immunoreactive (-ir) cells in the early postnatal and adult midbrain as well as in the nigrostriatal system of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned hemiparkinsonian adult rats. FA1/dlk1-ir cells were predominantly distributed in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta (SNc) and in the ventral tegmental area. Interestingly, the expression of FA1/dlk1 significantly increased in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-ir cells during early postnatal development. Co-localization and tracing studies demonstrated that FA1/dlk1-ir cells in the SNc were nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, and unilateral 6-OHDA lesions resulted in loss of both FA1/dlk1-ir and TH-ir cells in the SNc. Surprisingly, increased numbers of FA1/dlk1-ir cells (by 70%) were detected in dopamine-depleted striata as compared to unlesioned controls. The higher number of FA1/dlk1-ir cells was likely not due to neurogenesis as colocalization studies for proliferation markers were negative. This suggests that FA1/dlk1 was up-regulated in intrinsic cells in response to the 6-OHDA-mediated loss of FA1/dlk1-expressing SNc dopaminergic neurons and/or due to the stab wound. Our findings hint to a significant role of FA1/dlk1 in the SNc during early postnatal development. The differential expression of FA1/dlk1 in the SNc and the striatum of dopamine-depleted rats could indicate a potential involvement of FA1/dlk1 in the cellular response to the degenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Liechti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Angélique D. Ducray
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Pia Jensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 21, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Stefano Di Santo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Seiler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte H. Jensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 21, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 21, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Hans Rudolf Widmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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21
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Schawkat K, Di Santo S, Seiler S, Ducray AD, Widmer HR. Loss of Nogo-A-expressing neurons in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2014; 288:59-72. [PMID: 25554426 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The myelin-associated protein Nogo-A is among the most potent neurite growth inhibitors in the adult CNS. Recently, Nogo-A expression was demonstrated in a number of neuronal subpopulations of the adult and developing CNS but at present, little is known about the expression of Nogo-A in the nigrostriatal system, a brain structure severely affected in Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study sought to characterize the expression pattern of Nogo-A immunoreactive (ir) cells in the adult ventral mesencephalon of control rats and in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD. Immunohistochemical analyses of normal adult rat brain showed a distinct expression of Nogo-A in the ventral mesencephalon, with the highest level in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) where it co-localized with dopaminergic neurons. Analyses conducted 1week and 1 month after unilateral striatal injections of 6-OHDA disclosed a severe loss of the number of Nogo-A-ir cells in the SNc. Notably, at 1week after treatment, more dopaminergic neurons expressing Nogo-A were affected by the 6-OHDA toxicity than Nogo-A-negative dopaminergic neurons. However, at later time points more of the surviving dopaminergic neurons expressed Nogo-A. In the striatum, both small and large Nogo-A-positive cells were detected. The large cells were identified as cholinergic interneurons. Our results suggest yet unidentified functions of Nogo-A in the CNS beyond the inhibition of axonal regeneration and plasticity, and may indicate a role for Nogo-A in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schawkat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - S Di Santo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - S Seiler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - A D Ducray
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - H R Widmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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22
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Siebert JR, Conta Steencken A, Osterhout DJ. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the nervous system: inhibitors to repair. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:845323. [PMID: 25309928 PMCID: PMC4182688 DOI: 10.1155/2014/845323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are widely expressed in the normal central nervous system, serving as guidance cues during development and modulating synaptic connections in the adult. With injury or disease, an increase in CSPG expression is commonly observed close to lesioned areas. However, these CSPG deposits form a substantial barrier to regeneration and are largely responsible for the inability to repair damage in the brain and spinal cord. This review discusses the role of CSPGs as inhibitors, the role of inflammation in stimulating CSPG expression near site of injury, and therapeutic strategies for overcoming the inhibitory effects of CSPGs and creating an environment conducive to nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Siebert
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, 20 Seton Hill Drive, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA
| | - Amanda Conta Steencken
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Donna J. Osterhout
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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23
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Intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine results in an increased number of tyrosine hydroxylase immune-positive cells in the rat cortex. Neuroscience 2014; 280:99-110. [PMID: 25230286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Previously we have demonstrated that intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) results in increased proliferation and de-differentiation of rat cortical astrocytes into progenitor-like cells 4 days after lesion (Wachter et al., 2010). To find out if these cells express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the catecholamine synthesis pathway, we performed immunohistochemistry in the rat cortex following intraventricular injection of 6-OHDA. Four days after injection we demonstrated a strong emergence of TH-positive (TH(+)) somata in the cortices of 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. The number of TH(+) cells in the cortex of 6-OHDA-lesioned animals was 15 times higher than in sham-operated animals, where virtually no TH(+) somata occurred. Combining TH immunohistochemistry with classical Nissl stain yielded complete congruency, and ∼45% of the TH(+) cells co-expressed calretinin, which indicates an interneuron affiliation. There was no co-staining of TH with other interneuron markers or with glial markers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or the neural stem/progenitor marker Nestin, nor could we find co-localization with the proliferation marker Ki67. However, we found a co-localization of TH with glial progenitor cell markers (Sox2 and S100β) and with polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), which has been shown to be expressed in immature, but not recently generated cortical neurons. Taken together, this study seems to confirm our previous findings with respect to a 6-OHDA-induced expression of neuronal precursor markers in cells of the rat cortex, although the TH(+) cells found in this study are not identical with the potentially de-differentiated astrocytes described recently (Wachter et al., 2010). The detection of cortical cells expressing the catecholaminergic key enzyme TH might indicate a possible compensatory role of these cells in a dopamine-(DA)-depleted system. Future studies are needed to determine whether the TH(+) cells are capable of DA synthesis to confirm this hypothesis.
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Haghdoost-Yazdi H, Sarookhani M, Faraj A, Fraidouni N, Dargahi T, Yaghoubidoust MH, Azhdari-Zarmehri H. Evaluation of the association between blood homocysteine concentration and the degree of behavioral symptoms in the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinsonism in rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 124:297-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Afonso-Oramas D, Cruz-Muros I, Castro-Hernández J, Salas-Hernández J, Barroso-Chinea P, García-Hernández S, Lanciego JL, González-Hernández T. Striatal vessels receive phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase-rich innervation from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:84. [PMID: 25206324 PMCID: PMC4144090 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays it is assumed that besides its roles in neuronal processing, dopamine (DA) is also involved in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. However, studies on the hemodynamic actions of DA have been mainly focused on the cerebral cortex, but the possibility that vessels in deeper brain structures receive dopaminergic axons and the origin of these axons have not been investigated. Bearing in mind the evidence of changes in the blood flow of basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease (PD), and the pivotal role of the dopaminergic mesostriatal pathway in the pathophysiology of this disease, here we studied whether striatal vessels receive inputs from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The injection of an anterograde neuronal tracer in combination with immunohistochemistry for dopaminergic, vascular and astroglial markers, and dopaminergic lesions, revealed that midbrain dopaminergic axons are in close apposition to striatal vessels and perivascular astrocytes. These axons form dense perivascular plexuses restricted to striatal regions in rats and monkeys. Interestingly, they are intensely immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylated at Ser19 and Ser40 residues. The presence of phosphorylated TH in vessel terminals indicates they are probably the main source of basal TH activity in the striatum, and that after activation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, DA release onto vessels precedes that onto neurons. Furthermore, the relative weight of this "vascular component" within the mesostriatal pathway suggests that it plays a relevant role in the pathophysiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Afonso-Oramas
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN)La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Cruz-Muros
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN)La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Castro-Hernández
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN)La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Josmar Salas-Hernández
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Barroso-Chinea
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN)La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - José L. Lanciego
- Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Tomás González-Hernández
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN)La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
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Differential effects of intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine on cell number and morphology in midbrain dopaminergic subregions of the rat. Brain Res 2014; 1574:113-9. [PMID: 24924804 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The midbrain dopaminergic perikarya are differentially affected in Parkinson׳s disease (PD). This study compared the effects of a partial unilateral intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion model of PD on the number, morphology, and nucleolar volume of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and retrorubral field (RRF). Adult, male rats (n=10) underwent unilateral intrastriatal infusion of 6-OHDA (12.5μg). Lesions were verified by amphetamine-stimulated rotation 7 days post-infusion. Rats were euthanized 14 days after treatment with 6-OHDA and brains were stained with a tyrosine hydroxylase-silver nucleolar (TH-AgNOR) stain. Dopaminergic cell number and morphology in the lesioned and intact hemispheres were quantified using stereological methods. The magnitude of decrease in planimetric volume, neuronal number, cell density, and neuronal volume resulting from 6-OHDA lesion differed between regions, with the SNpc exhibiting the greatest loss of neurons (46%), but the smallest decrease in neuronal volume (13%). The lesion also resulted in a decrease in nucleolar volume that was similar in all three regions (22-26%). These findings indicate that intrastriatal 6-OHDA lesion differentially affects dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc, VTA, and RRF; however, the resulting changes in nucleolar morphology suggest a similar cellular response to the toxin in all three cell populations.
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Delaville C, Cruz AV, McCoy AJ, Brazhnik E, Avila I, Novikov N, Walters JR. Oscillatory Activity in Basal Ganglia and Motor Cortex in an Awake Behaving Rodent Model of Parkinson's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3:221-227. [PMID: 25667820 DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Exaggerated beta range (15-30 Hz) oscillatory activity is observed in the basal ganglia of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients during implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes. This activity has been hypothesized to contribute to motor dysfunction in PD patients. However, it remains unclear how these oscillations develop and how motor circuits become entrained into a state of increased synchronization in this frequency range after loss of dopamine. It is also unclear whether this increase in neuronal synchronization actually plays a significant role in inducing the motor symptoms of this disorder. The hemiparkinsonian rat has emerged as a useful model for investigating relationships between loss of dopamine, increases in oscillatory activity in motor circuits and behavioral state. Chronic recordings from these animals show exaggerated activity in the high beta/low gamma range (30-35 Hz) in the dopamine cell-lesioned hemisphere. This activity is not evident when the animals are in an inattentive rest state, but it can be stably induced and monitored in the motor cortex and basal ganglia when they are engaged in an on-going activity such as treadmill walking. This review discusses data obtained from this animal model and the implications and limitations of this data for obtaining further insight into the significance of beta range activity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Delaville
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892-3702USA
| | - Ana V Cruz
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892-3702USA
| | - Alex J McCoy
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892-3702USA
| | - Elena Brazhnik
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892-3702USA
| | - Irene Avila
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892-3702USA
| | - Nikolay Novikov
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892-3702USA
| | - Judith R Walters
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892-3702USA
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Activation of GSK-3β and caspase-3 occurs in Nigral dopamine neurons during the development of apoptosis activated by a striatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70951. [PMID: 23940672 PMCID: PMC3733721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of Parkinson's disease is essential for a better understanding of the pathological processes underlying the human disease and for the evaluation of promising therapeutic interventions. This work evaluated whether a single striatal injection of 6-OHDA causes progressive apoptosis of dopamine (DA) neurons and activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and caspase-3 in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc). The loss of DA neurons was shown by three neuron markers; tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), NeuN, and β-III tubulin. Apoptosis activation was determined using Apostain and immunostaining against cleaved caspase-3 and GSK-3β pY216. We also explored the possibility that cleaved caspase-3 is produced by microglia and astrocytes. Our results showed that the 6-OHDA caused loss of nigral TH(+) cells, progressing mainly in rostrocaudal and lateromedial directions. In the neostriatum, a severe loss of TH(+) terminals occurred from day 3 after lesion. The disappearance of TH(+) cells was associated with a decrease in NeuN and β-III tubulin immunoreactivity and an increase in Apostain, cleaved caspase-3, and GSK-3β pY216 in the SNc. Apostain immunoreactivity was observed from days 3 to 21 postlesion. Increased levels of caspase-3 immunoreactivity in TH(+) cells were detected from days 1 to 15, and the levels then decreased to day 30 postlesion. The cleaved caspase-3 also collocated with microglia and astrocytes indicating its participation in glial activation. Our results suggest that caspase-3 and GSK-3β pY216 activation might participate in the DA cell death and that the active caspase-3 might also participate in the neuroinflammation caused by the striatal 6-OHDA injection.
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Castaño JG, González C, Obeso JA, Rodriguez M. Molecular Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease: New Targets for New Therapies. EMERGING DRUGS AND TARGETS FOR PARKINSON’S DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737357-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex chronic neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology. A conceptual framework for all chronic diseases involves a series of channels or pathways (aging, genetic, environment, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, protein aggregation, etc.) and their interactions. Those channels with specificities may explain the ‘developmental’ program that through transcriptional reprogramming results in stressed dopamine neurons that eventually become dysfunctional or die, giving rise to the clinical manifestations of PD. In Chapter 2 we review the molecular mechanisms of those channels that may be implicated in the pathogenesis of PD and the pathophysiology of the disease based on the anatomo‐physiological complexity of the basal ganglia. This illustrates that understanding the molecular mechanisms of a disease may not be enough, or we have to reach an adequate system level to understand the disease process. Finally, we suggest that common therapies used for the treatment of other chronic diseases may be useful for the treatment (or help to advance the understanding) of PD, as well as new targets for new therapies that may be useful in the prevention of, or to stop the progression of, PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G. Castaño
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Madrid Spain
| | - Carmen González
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha Albacete Spain
| | - José A. Obeso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Madrid Spain
- Laboratorio de Trastornos del Movimiento, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada University of Navarra Pamplona Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Madrid Spain
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands
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Quiroga-Varela A, Walters JR, Brazhnik E, Marin C, Obeso JA. What basal ganglia changes underlie the parkinsonian state? The significance of neuronal oscillatory activity. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 58:242-8. [PMID: 23727447 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One well accepted functional feature of the parkinsonian state is the recording of enhanced beta oscillatory activity in the basal ganglia. This has been demonstrated in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and in animal models such as the rat with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesion and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkeys, all of which are associated with severe striatal dopamine depletion. Neuronal hyper-synchronization in the beta (or any other) band is not present despite the presence of bradykinetic features in the rat and monkey models, suggesting that increased beta band power may arise when nigro-striatal lesion is advanced and that it is not an essential feature of the early parkinsonian state. Similar observations and conclusions have been previously made for increased neuronal firing rate in the subthalamic and globus pallidus pars interna nuclei. Accordingly, it is suggested that early parkinsonism may be associated with dynamic changes in basal ganglia output activity leading to reduced movement facilitation that may be an earlier feature of the parkinsonian state.
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Carvalho MM, Campos FL, Coimbra B, Pêgo JM, Rodrigues C, Lima R, Rodrigues AJ, Sousa N, Salgado AJ. Behavioral characterization of the 6-hydroxidopamine model of Parkinson's disease and pharmacological rescuing of non-motor deficits. Mol Neurodegener 2013; 8:14. [PMID: 23621954 PMCID: PMC3653696 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative condition that is characterized by motor symptoms as a result of dopaminergic degeneration, particularly in the mesostriatal pathway. However, in recent years, a greater number of clinical studies have focused on the emergence of non-motor symptoms in PD patients, as a consequence of damage on the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic networks, and on their significant impact on the quality of life of PD patients. Herein, we performed a thorough behavioral analysis including motor, emotional and cognitive dimensions, of the unilateral medial forebrain bundle (MFB) 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned model of PD, and further addressed the impact of pharmacological interventions with levodopa and antidepressants on mood dimensions. RESULTS Based on apomorphine-induced turning behaviour and degree of dopaminergic degeneration, animals submitted to MFB lesions were subdivided in complete and incomplete lesion groups. Importantly, this division also translated into a different severity of motor and exploratory impairments and depressive-like symptoms; in contrast, no deficits in anxiety-like and cognitive behaviors were found in MFB-lesioned animals. Subsequently, we found that the exploratory and the anhedonic behavioural alterations of MFB-lesioned rats can be partially improved with the administration of both levodopa or the antidepressant bupropion, but not paroxetine. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that this model is a relevant tool to study the pathophysiology of motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. In addition, the present data shows that pharmacological interventions modulating dopaminergic transmission are also relevant to revert the non-motor behavioral deficits found in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipa L Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Coimbra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José M Pêgo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carla Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana J Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Morales I, Sabate M, Rodriguez M. Striatal glutamate induces retrograde excitotoxicity and neuronal degeneration of intralaminar thalamic nuclei: their potential relevance for Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2172-82. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Sabate
- Department of Pharmacology and Physical Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of La Laguna; Service of Rehabilitation HUC; La Laguna; Tenerife; Canary Islands; Spain
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Engeln M, Ahmed SH, Vouillac C, Tison F, Bezard E, Fernagut PO. Reinforcing properties of Pramipexole in normal and parkinsonian rats. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 49:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Lui NP, Chen LW, Yung WH, Chan YS, Yung KKL. Endogenous repair by the activation of cell survival signalling cascades during the early stages of rat Parkinsonism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51294. [PMID: 23251488 PMCID: PMC3520983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a previously unknown self repair mechanism during extremely early stages of rat Parkinsonism. Two important cell survival signaling cascades, Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases (PI3K)/Akt pathway and extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway, could be responsible for this potential endogenous rescue system. In the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat, the phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK and its downstream target, the phosphorylated Bad at Ser 112, were up-regulated at post-lesion day 3 and lasted for a couple of weeks. Although the change in the phosphorylated Akt kinase was negligible throughout the studied period, its downstream target, the phosphorylated Bad at 136, was increased from post-lesion day 3 to post-lesion day 14. In the mean time, nestin-positive reactive astrocytes with low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) appeared at post-lesion day 3 in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat. BDNF was expressed in both striatum and substantia nigra whereas GDNF was displayed in striatum only. At post-lesion day 14, nestin, BDNF and GDNF expressions were diminished. These neurotrophic factors were believed to initiate the above anti-apoptotic signal transduction cascades as we could see that their expression patterns were similar. The data strongly suggest that there is an endogenous repair effort by evoking the cell survival signaling and possibly via the releases of BDNF and GDNF from nestin-immunoreactive reactive astrocytes. ERK/MAPK pathway was proposed to be the key endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms, particularly in early stages of rat Parkinsonism. However, the self repair effort is only functional within an extremely short time window immediately after onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga-Ping Lui
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Liang-Wei Chen
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Forth Military Medical University, Xian, PR China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- Department of Physiology and Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ken Kin-Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- * E-mail:
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Striatal interaction among dopamine, glutamate and ascorbate. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1308-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Healy-Stoffel M, Ahmad SO, Stanford JA, Levant B. A novel use of combined tyrosine hydroxylase and silver nucleolar staining to determine the effects of a unilateral intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in the substantia nigra: a stereological study. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 210:187-94. [PMID: 22850559 PMCID: PMC3443281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxic lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway model the deficits found in Parkinson's disease. This study used stereology and a novel staining method to examine the effects of a partial unilateral striatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion on substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) dopamine neuron number and morphology in rats. Adult male Long-Evans rats were subjected to unilateral lesion of the SNpc by intrastriatal microinjection of 6-OHDA (12.5 μg). Lesions were verified by d-amphetamine-stimulated rotation (2.5 mg/kg, sc) by force-plate rotometry 7 days post-surgery. Seven days after rotation testing, rats were euthanized, and brains were prepared for either histology (n=12) or determination of striatal dopamine content by HPLC-EC (n=20). Brains prepared for histology were stained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) combined with a silver nucleolar (AgNOR) stain using a modified protocol developed for stereological assessment. The AgNOR counterstain allowed for precise definition of the nucleolus of the cells, facilitating both counting and qualitative morphometry of TH-positive neurons. Stereological quantitation determined a 54% decrease in TH-positive neuron number (P<0.01), and a 14% decrease in neuron volume (P<0.05) on the lesioned side. Striatal dopamine concentration was decreased by 92% (P<0.01), suggesting that striatal dopamine analysis may overestimate the numbers of SNpc neurons lost. These findings demonstrate that combined use of TH and AgNOR staining provides improved characterization of 6-OHDA-induced pathology. Furthermore, the data suggest that decreased neuronal volume as well as number contributes to the functional deficits observed after unilateral intrastriatal 6-OHDA lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Healy-Stoffel
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - S. Omar Ahmad
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Doisy College of Health Sciences, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104 USA
| | - John A. Stanford
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Beth Levant
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
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Iglesias-González J, Sánchez-Iglesias S, Méndez-Álvarez E, Rose S, Hikima A, Jenner P, Soto-Otero R. Differential toxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and rat brain mitochondria: protective role of catalase and superoxide dismutase. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2150-60. [PMID: 22821477 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are two pathophysiological factors often associated with the neurodegenerative process involved in Parkinson's disease (PD). Although, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is able to cause dopaminergic neurodegeneration in experimental models of PD by an oxidative stress-mediated process, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. It has been established that some antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are often altered in PD, which suggests a potential role of these enzymes in the onset and/or development of this multifactorial syndrome. In this study we have used high-resolution respirometry to evaluate the effect of 6-OHDA on mitochondrial respiration of isolated rat brain mitochondria and the lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay to assess the percentage of cell death induced by 6-OHDA in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Our results show that 6-OHDA affects mitochondrial respiration by causing a reduction in both respiratory control ratio (IC(50) = 200 ± 15 nM) and state 3 respiration (IC(50) = 192 ± 17 nM), with no significant effects on state 4(o). An inhibition in the activity of both complex I and V was also observed. 6-OHDA also caused cellular death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells (IC(50) = 100 ± 9 μM). Both SOD and CAT have been shown to protect against the toxic effects caused by 6-OHDA on mitochondrial respiration. However, whereas SOD protects against 6-OHDA-induced cellular death, CAT enhances its cytotoxicity. The here reported data suggest that both superoxide anion and hydroperoxyl radical could account for 6-OHDA toxicity. Furthermore, factors reducing the rate of 6-OHDA autoxidation to its p-quinone appear to enhance its cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Iglesias-González
- Group of Neurochemistry for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco 1, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Passos PP, Borba JMC, Rocha-de-Melo AP, Guedes RCA, da Silva RP, Filho WTM, Gouveia KMM, Navarro DMDAF, Santos GKN, Borner R, Picanço-Diniz CW, Pereira A, de Oliveira Costa MSM, Rodrigues MCA, Andrade-da-Costa BLDS. Dopaminergic cell populations of the rat substantia nigra are differentially affected by essential fatty acid dietary restriction over two generations. J Chem Neuroanat 2012; 44:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ge S, Yang C, Li M, Li J, Chang X, Fu J, Chen L, Chang C, Wang X, Zhu J, Gao G. Dopamine depletion increases the power and coherence of high-voltage spindles in the globus pallidus and motor cortex of freely moving rats. Brain Res 2012; 1465:66-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6-Hydroxydopamine leads to T2 hyperintensity, decreased claudin-3 immunoreactivity and altered aquaporin 4 expression in the striatum. Behav Brain Res 2012; 232:148-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Understanding and prevention of "therapy-" induced dyskinesias. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:640815. [PMID: 22685687 PMCID: PMC3366244 DOI: 10.1155/2012/640815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
L-dopa is the most effective, currently available treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), but it leads to the development of involuntary movements known as L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in the majority of patients after long-term use. Both gene and cell therapy approaches are the subject of multiple ongoing studies as potential ways of relieving symptoms of PD without the complication of dyskinesia. However, the spectre of dyskinesia in the absence of L-dopa, the so-called "off-phase" or graft-induced dyskinesia (GID), remains a major obstacle particularly in the further development of cell therapy in PD, but it is also a concern for proponents of gene therapy approaches. LID results from nonphysiological dopamine release, supersensitivity of dopamine receptors, and consequent abnormal signalling through mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. Restoration of physiological circuitry within the basal ganglia loops is ultimately the aim of all cell and gene therapy approaches but each using distinctive strategies and accompanied by risks of exacerbation of LID or development of "off-phase"/GID. In this paper we discuss the details of what is understood regarding the development of dyskinesias with relevance to cell and gene therapy and potential strategies to minimize their occurrence.
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G-substrate: the cerebellum and beyond. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 106:381-416. [PMID: 22340725 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396456-4.00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of nitric oxide (NO) as an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) has stimulated extensive research on the NO-sGC-3':5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) pathway. However, the restricted localization of pathway components and the lack of information on PKG substrates have hindered research seeking to examine the physiological roles of the NO-sGC-cGMP-PKG pathway. An excellent substrate for PKG is the G-substrate, which was originally discovered in the cerebellum. The role of G-substrate in the cerebellum and other brain structures has been revealed in recent years. This review discusses the relationship between the G-substrate and other components of the NO-sGC-cGMP-PKG pathway and describes the characteristics of the G-substrate gene and protein related to diseases. Finally, we discuss the physiological role of G-substrate in the cerebellum, where it regulates cerebellum-dependent long-term memory, and its role in the ventral tegmental area and retina, where it acts as an effective neuroprotectant.
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Pålsson E, Söderlund G, Klamer D, Bergquist F. Noise benefit in prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 214:675-85. [PMID: 21107541 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Under some conditions, external sensory noise enhances cognitive functions, a phenomenon possibly involving stochastic resonance and/or enhanced central dopamine transmission. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex is a robust measure of sensorimotor gating and can be modulated by activity in the cortex and basal ganglia, including the central dopamine pathways. OBJECTIVES Previous empirical studies suggest a differential effect of acoustic noise in normal children and children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study investigated the effect of acoustic noise on PPI and if dopamine transmission interacts with acoustic noise effects in a rat ADHD model. METHODS The effect of background acoustic noise on acoustic startle response and PPI were measured with a constant prepulse to background noise ratio of 9 dB(A). Spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats were used as the ADHD model and compared with Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. Microdialysis, methylphenidate treatment and 6-OHDA lesions were used to investigate interaction with dopamine transmission. RESULTS Background noise facilitated PPI differently in SH rats and controls. The prefrontal cortex in SH rats had low basal dopamine concentrations, a high DOPAC/dopamine ratio and blunted dopamine release during PPI testing. Methylphenidate had small, but strain-specific, effects on startle and PPI. Bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions did not alter startle or PPI. CONCLUSIONS Prefrontal dopamine transmission is altered in SH rats during the sensorimotor gating task of PPI of the acoustic startle, indicating increased dopamine reuptake in this ADHD rat model. We propose that noise benefit could be explored as a non-pharmacological alternative for treating neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Pålsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 400, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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The dopamine transporter is differentially regulated after dopaminergic lesion. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 40:518-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Sadakierska-Chudy A, Haduch A, Gołembiowska K, Daniel WA. Effects of low doses of intracerebroventricular 6-OHDA on the levels of monoaminergic neurotransmitters in rat brain structures. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:1225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wachter B, Schürger S, Rolinger J, von Ameln-Mayerhofer A, Berg D, Wagner HJ, Kueppers E. Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on proliferation of glial cells in the rat cortex and striatum: evidence for de-differentiation of resident astrocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342:147-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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González-Hernández T, Cruz-Muros I, Afonso-Oramas D, Salas-Hernandez J, Castro-Hernandez J. Vulnerability of mesostriatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Front Neuroanat 2010; 4:140. [PMID: 21079748 PMCID: PMC2978035 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2010.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The term vulnerability was first associated with the midbrain dopaminergic neurons 85 years ago, before they were identified as monoaminergic neurons, when Foix and Nicolesco (1925) reported the loss of neuromelanin containing neurons in the midbrain of patients with post-encephalitic Parkinson's disease (PD). A few years later, Hassler (1938) showed that degeneration is more intense in the ventral tier of the substantia nigra compacta than in its dorsal tier and the ventral tegmental area (VTA), outlining the concept of differential vulnerability of midbrain dopaminergic (DA-) neurons. Nowadays, we know that other neuronal groups degenerate in PD, but the massive loss of nigral DA-cells is its pathological hallmark, having a pivotal position in the pathophysiology of the disease as it is responsible for the motor symptoms. Data from humans as well as cellular and animal models indicate that DA-cell degeneration is a complex process, probably precipitated by the convergence of different risk factors, mediated by oxidative stress, and involving pathogenic factors arising within the DA-neuron (intrinsic factors), and from its environment and distant interconnected brain regions (extrinsic factors). In light of current data, intrinsic factors seem to be preferentially involved in the first steps of the degenerative process, and extrinsic factors in its progression. A controversial issue is the relative weight of the impairment of common cell functions, such as energy metabolism and proteostasis, and specific dopaminergic functions, such as pacemaking activity and DA handling, in the pathogenesis of DA-cell degeneration. Here we will review the current knowledge about the relevance of these factors at the beginning and during the progression of PD, and in the differential vulnerability of midbrain DA-cells.
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Caudle WM, Bammler TK, Lin Y, Pan S, Zhang J. Using 'omics' to define pathogenesis and biomarkers of Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2010; 10:925-42. [PMID: 20518609 DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although great effort has been put forth to uncover the complex molecular mechanisms exploited in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, a satisfactory explanation remains to be discovered. The emergence of several -omics techniques, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, have been integral in confirming previously identified pathways that are associated with dopaminergic neurodegeneration and subsequently Parkinson's disease, including mitochondrial and proteasomal function and synaptic neurotransmission. Additionally, these unbiased techniques, particularly in the brain regions uniquely associated with the disease, have greatly enhanced our ability to identify novel pathways, such as axon-guidance, that are potentially involved in Parkinson's pathogenesis. A comprehensive appraisal of the results obtained by different -omics has also reconfirmed the increase in oxidative stress as a common pathway likely to be critical in Parkinson's development/progression. It is hoped that further integration of these techniques will yield a more comprehensive understanding of Parkinson's disease etiology and the biological pathways that mediate neurodegeneration.
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Aluf Y, Vaya J, Khatib S, Loboda Y, Kizhner S, Finberg JPM. Specific oxidative stress profile associated with partial striatal dopaminergic depletion by 6-hydroxydopamine as assessed by a novel multifunctional marker molecule. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:635-44. [DOI: 10.3109/10715761003692529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wang X, Michaelis EK. Selective neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress in the brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2010; 2:12. [PMID: 20552050 PMCID: PMC2874397 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS), caused by the imbalance between the generation and detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), plays an important role in brain aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and other related adverse conditions, such as ischemia. While ROS/RNS serve as signaling molecules at physiological levels, an excessive amount of these molecules leads to oxidative modification and, therefore, dysfunction of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The response of neurons to this pervasive stress, however, is not uniform in the brain. While many brain neurons can cope with a rise in OS, there are select populations of neurons in the brain that are vulnerable. Because of their selective vulnerability, these neurons are usually the first to exhibit functional decline and cell death during normal aging, or in age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of selective neuronal vulnerability (SNV) to OS is important in the development of future intervention approaches to protect such vulnerable neurons from the stresses of the aging process and the pathological states that lead to neurodegeneration. In this review, the currently known molecular and cellular factors that contribute to SNV to OS are summarized. Included among the major underlying factors are high intrinsic OS, high demand for ROS/RNS-based signaling, low ATP production, mitochondrial dysfunction, and high inflammatory response in vulnerable neurons. The contribution to the selective vulnerability of neurons to OS by other intrinsic or extrinsic factors, such as deficient DNA damage repair, low calcium-buffering capacity, and glutamate excitotoxicity, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Wang
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, The University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA
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