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Li W, Xie L, Wang L, Lin F. CircRIMS promotes cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through increasing apoptosis and targeting the miR-96-5p/JAK/STAT1 axis. Brain Inj 2023; 37:1235-1244. [PMID: 37515578 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2023.2237890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the function of circRIMS in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CIR) and its regulatory mechanism. METHOD The expression of the circRIMS was examined in GEO chip data and validated by qRT-PCR analysis. A middle cerebral artery occlusion/repression (MCAO/R) model was developed using C57BL/6J mice. Starbase and circinteractome were employed to identify the target miRNA and mRNA. The result was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay, and biotinylated RNA-pulldown assay. The cell viability and apoptosis were confirmed through CCK-8 and flow cytometry assay. RESULTS This study revealed that circRIMS expression was upregulated in MCAO mice model and OGD/RX-simulated cell model. Knockdown circRIMS demonstrated the functional of circRIMS in increasing cell viability, reducing apoptosis, LDH activity and inflammatory factors secretion in OGD/RX-simulated CIR injury in vitro. Additionally, miR-96-5p was identified as a target of circRIMS, while the STAT1 gene is a downstream gene of miR-96-5p, and JAK was also considered to be a downstream gene of the JAK-STAT pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-96-5p or overexpression of STAT1 promoted the progression of CIR injury by elevating apoptosis, reducing cell viability, and increasing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION CircRIMS contributes to the progression of CIR injury via regulating miR-96-5p/JAK/STAT1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lisha Wang
- Department of Neurology Intensive Care Unit, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Faliang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
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2
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Chen B, Jin W. A comprehensive review of stroke-related signaling pathways and treatment in western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1200061. [PMID: 37351420 PMCID: PMC10282194 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides insight into the complex network of signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in stroke pathophysiology. It summarizes the historical progress of stroke-related signaling pathways, identifying potential interactions between them and emphasizing that stroke is a complex network disease. Of particular interest are the Hippo signaling pathway and ferroptosis signaling pathway, which remain understudied areas of research, and are therefore a focus of the review. The involvement of multiple signaling pathways, including Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, and AMPK in pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress and apoptosis, highlights the complexity of stroke. The review also delves into the details of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapies such as Rehmanniae and Astragalus, providing an analysis of the recent status of western medicine in the treatment of stroke and the advantages and disadvantages of TCM and western medicine in stroke treatment. The review proposes that since stroke is a network disease, TCM has the potential and advantages of a multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism of action in the treatment of stroke. Therefore, it is suggested that future research should explore more treasures of TCM and develop new therapies from the perspective of stroke as a network disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhao Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Liu Y, Che X, Yu X, Shang H, Cui P, Fu X, Lu X, Liu Y, Wu C, Yang J. Phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 contributes to TFEB-mediated autophagy-lysosomal pathway dysfunction and leads to ischemic injury in rats. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:160. [PMID: 37210406 PMCID: PMC11072684 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that permanent ischemia induces marked dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) in rats, which is possibly mediated by the transcription factor EB (TFEB). However, it is still unclear whether signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is responsible for the TFEB-mediated dysfunction of ALP in ischemic stroke. In the present study, we used AAV-mediated genetic knockdown and pharmacological blockade of p-STAT3 to investigate the role of p-STAT3 in regulating TFEB-mediated ALP dysfunction in rats subjected to permanent middle cerebral occlusion (pMCAO). The results showed that the level of p-STAT3 (Tyr705) in the rat cortex increased at 24 h after pMCAO and subsequently led to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and ALP dysfunction. These effects can be alleviated by inhibitors of p-STAT3 (Tyr705) or by STAT3 knockdown. Additionally, STAT3 knockdown significantly increased the nuclear translocation of TFEB and the transcription of TFEB-targeted genes. Notably, TFEB knockdown markedly reversed STAT3 knockdown-mediated improvement in ALP function after pMCAO. This is the first study to show that the contribution of p-STAT3 (Tyr705) to ALP dysfunction may be partly associated with its inhibitory effect on TFEB transcriptional activity, which further leads to ischemic injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaohang Che
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hanxiao Shang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Peirui Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xianda Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chunfu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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4
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Waseem A, Rashid S, Rashid K, Khan MA, Khan R, Haque R, Seth P, Raza SS. Insight into the transcription factors regulating Ischemic Stroke and Glioma in Response to Shared Stimuli. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 92:102-127. [PMID: 37054904 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke and glioma are the two leading causes of patient mortality globally. Despite physiological variations, 1 in 10 people who have an ischemic stroke go on to develop brain cancer, most notably gliomas. In addition, glioma treatments have also been shown to increase the risk of ischemic strokes. Stroke occurs more frequently in cancer patients than in the general population, according to traditional literature. Unbelievably, these events share multiple pathways, but the precise mechanism underlying their co-occurrence remains unknown. Transcription factors (TFs), the main components of gene expression programmes, finally determine the fate of cells and homeostasis. Both ischemic stroke and glioma exhibit aberrant expression of a large number of TFs, which are strongly linked to the pathophysiology and progression of both diseases. The precise genomic binding locations of TFs and how TF binding ultimately relates to transcriptional regulation remain elusive despite a strong interest in understanding how TFs regulate gene expression in both stroke and glioma. As a result, the importance of continuing efforts to understand TF-mediated gene regulation is highlighted in this review, along with some of the primary shared events in stroke and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshi Waseem
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
| | - Sumaiya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Rashid
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521
| | | | - Rehan Khan
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City,Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya -824236, India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana-122052, India
| | - Syed Shadab Raza
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
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5
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Kumar S, Mehan S, Narula AS. Therapeutic modulation of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPAR-γ signaling in neurological dysfunctions. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:9-49. [PMID: 36478124 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine-activated Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) cascade is a pleiotropic pathway that involves receptor subunit multimerization. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase that perceives and integrates a variety of intracellular and environmental stimuli to regulate essential activities such as cell development and metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a prototypical metabolic nuclear receptor involved in neural differentiation and axon polarity. The JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling pathways serve as a highly conserved signaling hub that coordinates neuronal activity and brain development. Additionally, overactivation of JAK/STAT, mTOR, and inhibition of PPARγ signaling have been linked to various neurocomplications, including neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Emerging research suggests that even minor disruptions in these cellular and molecular processes can have significant consequences manifested as neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Of interest, target modulators have been proven to alleviate neuronal complications associated with acute and chronic neurological deficits. This research-based review explores the therapeutic role of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling modulators in preventing neuronal dysfunctions in preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India.
| | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
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Zhao Y, Ding M, Yan F, Yin J, Shi W, Yang N, Zhao H, Fang Y, Huang Y, Zheng Y, Yang X, Li W, Ji X, Luo Y. Inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and cell cycle re-entry contribute to the protective effect of remote ischemic pre-conditioning of rat hindlimbs on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:866-877. [PMID: 36419252 PMCID: PMC9928551 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Remote ischemic pre-conditioning (RIPC) protects against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the mechanisms underlying this protection remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway and cell cycle arrest, and their relationship with neuronal apoptosis following RIPC. METHODS A rat cerebral I/R injury model was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and AG490 was used to investigate the mechanisms of RIPC. p-JAK2-, p-STAT3-, cyclin D1-, and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) expression was assessed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS RIPC reduced the infarct volume, improved neurological function, and increased neuronal survival. Furthermore, p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 were detected during the initial phase of reperfusion; the expression levels were significantly increased at 3 and 24 h after reperfusion and were suppressed by RIPC. Additionally, the MCAO-induced upregulation of the cell cycle regulators cyclin D1 and CDK6 was ameliorated by RIPC. Meanwhile, cyclin D1 and CDK6 were colocalized with p-STAT3 in the ischemic brain. CONCLUSION RIPC ameliorates the induction of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and cell cycle regulators cyclin D1 and CDK6 by MCAO, and this net inhibition of cell cycle re-entry by RIPC is associated with downregulation of STAT3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Zhao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Mao Ding
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Feng Yan
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Jie Yin
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wenjuan Shi
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Haiping Zhao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Yalan Fang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuyou Huang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Yangmin Zheng
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Xueqi Yang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Xunming Ji
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseasesBeijingChina,Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yumin Luo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease ResearchXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseasesBeijingChina,Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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7
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Davis CM, Lyon-Scott K, Varlamov EV, Zhang WH, Alkayed NJ. Role of Endothelial STAT3 in Cerebrovascular Function and Protection from Ischemic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12167. [PMID: 36293020 PMCID: PMC9602684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
STAT3 plays a protective role against ischemic brain injury; however, it is not clear which brain cell type mediates this effect, and by which mechanism. We tested the hypothesis that endothelial STAT3 contributes to protection from cerebral ischemia, by preserving cerebrovascular endothelial function and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. The objective of this study was to determine the role of STAT3 in cerebrovascular endothelial cell (EC) survival and function, and its role in tissue outcome after cerebral ischemia. We found that in primary mouse brain microvascular ECs, STAT3 was constitutively active, and its phosphorylation was reduced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), recovering after re-oxygenation. STAT3 inhibition, using two mechanistically different pharmacological inhibitors, increased EC injury after OGD. The sub-lethal inhibition of STAT3 caused endothelial dysfunction, demonstrated by reduced nitric oxide release in response to acetylcholine and reduced barrier function of the endothelial monolayer. Finally, mice with reduced endothelial STAT3 (Tie2-Cre; STAT3flox/wt) sustained larger brain infarcts after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. We conclude that STAT3 is vital to maintaining cerebrovascular integrity, playing a role in EC survival and function, and protection against cerebral ischemia. Endothelial STAT3 may serve as a potential target in preventing endothelial dysfunction after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Davis
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., UHN-2, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Kristin Lyon-Scott
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., UHN-2, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Elena V. Varlamov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., UHN-2, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Wenri H. Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., UHN-2, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Nabil J. Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., UHN-2, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., UHN-2, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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8
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Jin W, Zhao J, Yang E, Wang Y, Wang Q, Wu Y, Tong F, Tan Y, Zhou J, Kang C. Neuronal STAT3/HIF-1α/PTRF axis-mediated bioenergetic disturbance exacerbates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via PLA2G4A. Theranostics 2022; 12:3196-3216. [PMID: 35547748 PMCID: PMC9065197 DOI: 10.7150/thno.71029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is an acute and severe neurological disease with high mortality and disability rates worldwide. Polymerase I and transcript release factor (PTRF) plays a pivotal role in regulating cellular senescence, glucose intolerance, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial bioenergetics, but its mechanism, characteristics, and functions in neuronal cells following the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury remain to be determined. Methods: Transcription factor motif analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), luciferase and co-Immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays were performed to investigate the mechanisms of PTRF in neuronal cells after I/R injury. Lentiviral-sgRNA against PTRF gene was introduced to HT22 cells, and adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding a human synapsin (hSyn) promoter-driven construct was transduced a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against PTRF mRNA in primary neuronal cells and the cortex of the cerebral I/R mice for investigating the role of PTRF in neuronal damage and PLA2G4A change induced by the cerebral I/R injury. Results: Here, we reported that neuronal PTRF was remarkably increased in the cerebral penumbra after I/R injury, and HIF-1α and STAT3 regulated the I/R-dependent expression of PTRF via binding to its promoter in neuronal cells. Moreover, overexpression of neuronal PTRF enhanced the activity and stability of PLA2G4A by decreasing its proteasome-mediated degradation pathway. Subsequently, PTRF promoted reprogramming of lipid metabolism and altered mitochondrial bioenergetics, which could lead to oxidative damage, involving autophagy, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptosis via PLA2G4A in neuronal cells. Furthermore, inhibition of neuronal PTRF/PLA2G4A-axis markedly reduced the neurological deficits, cerebral infarct volumes, and mortality rates in the mice following cerebral I/R injury. Conclusion: Our results thus identify that the STAT3/HIF-1α/PTRF-axis in neurons, aggravating cerebral I/R injury by regulating the activity and stability of PLA2G4A, might be a novel therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jixing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Eryan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qixue Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yanli Tan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Junhu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chunsheng Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
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9
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Molecular Signature of Neuroinflammation Induced in Cytokine-Stimulated Human Cortical Spheroids. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051025. [PMID: 35625761 PMCID: PMC9138619 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is the process of neuroinflammation that is often linked to the pro-inflammatory cytokines Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β). Human cortical spheroids (hCSs) constitute a valuable tool to study the molecular mechanisms underlying neurological diseases in a complex three-dimensional context. We recently designed a protocol to generate hCSs comprising all major brain cell types. Here we stimulate these hCSs for three time periods with TNFα and with IL-1β. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that the main process induced in the TNFα- as well as in the IL-1β-stimulated hCSs is neuroinflammation. Central in the neuroinflammatory response are endothelial cells, microglia and astrocytes, and dysregulated genes encoding cytokines, chemokines and their receptors, and downstream NFκB- and STAT-pathway components. Furthermore, we observe sets of neuroinflammation-related genes that are specifically modulated in the TNFα-stimulated and in the IL-1β-stimulated hCSs. Together, our results help to molecularly understand human neuroinflammation and thus a key mechanism of neurodegeneration.
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10
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Ma Y, Zhou Z, Yang GY, Ding J, Wang X. The Effect of Erythropoietin and Its Derivatives on Ischemic Stroke Therapy: A Comprehensive Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:743926. [PMID: 35250554 PMCID: PMC8892214 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.743926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies explored the therapeutic effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on neurodegenerative diseases. Few studies provided comprehensive and latest knowledge of EPO treatment for ischemic stroke. In the present review, we introduced the structure, expression, function of EPO, and its receptors in the central nervous system. Furthermore, we comprehensively discussed EPO treatment in pre-clinical studies, clinical trials, and its therapeutic mechanisms including suppressing inflammation. Finally, advanced studies of the therapy of EPO derivatives in ischemic stroke were also discussed. We wish to provide valuable information on EPO and EPO derivatives’ treatment for ischemic stroke for basic researchers and clinicians to accelerate the process of their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guo-Yuan Yang, ; Jing Ding,
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guo-Yuan Yang, ; Jing Ding,
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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New Drug Targets to Prevent Death Due to Stroke: A Review Based on Results of Protein-Protein Interaction Network, Enrichment, and Annotation Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212108. [PMID: 34829993 PMCID: PMC8619767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study used established biomarkers of death from ischemic stroke (IS) versus stroke survival to perform network, enrichment, and annotation analyses. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed that the backbone of the highly connective network of IS death consisted of IL6, ALB, TNF, SERPINE1, VWF, VCAM1, TGFB1, and SELE. Cluster analysis revealed immune and hemostasis subnetworks, which were strongly interconnected through the major switches ALB and VWF. Enrichment analysis revealed that the PPI immune subnetwork of death due to IS was highly associated with TLR2/4, TNF, JAK-STAT, NOD, IL10, IL13, IL4, and TGF-β1/SMAD pathways. The top biological and molecular functions and pathways enriched in the hemostasis network of death due to IS were platelet degranulation and activation, the intrinsic pathway of fibrin clot formation, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator pathway, post-translational protein phosphorylation, integrin cell-surface interactions, and the proteoglycan-integrin extracellular matrix complex (ECM). Regulation Explorer analysis of transcriptional factors shows: (a) that NFKB1, RELA and SP1 were the major regulating actors of the PPI network; and (b) hsa-mir-26-5p and hsa-16-5p were the major regulating microRNA actors. In conclusion, prevention of death due to IS should consider that current IS treatments may be improved by targeting VWF, the proteoglycan-integrin-ECM complex, TGF-β1/SMAD, NF-κB/RELA and SP1.
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12
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Zhong Y, Yin B, Ye Y, Dekhel OYAT, Xiong X, Jian Z, Gu L. The bidirectional role of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and related mechanisms in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113690. [PMID: 33798563 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway, a well-conserved and basic intracellular signaling cascade, is mostly inactivated under basal conditions, although it can be phosphorylated under extracellular stimulation; in addition, it can influence the transcription and expression of multiple genes involved in biological processes such as cellular growth, metabolism, differentiation, degradation and angiogenesis. The inflammatory response, apoptosis, oxidative stress and angiogenesis are the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Numerous studies have confirmed that the JAK2/STAT3 axis can be activated rapidly by ischemic stress, which is closely related to the regulation of these important pathological processes. However, different opinions on the specific role of this signaling pathway remain. In this paper, we review and summarize previous studies on the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bo Yin
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Omar Y A T Dekhel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Saad MAEL, Fahmy MIM, Al-Shorbagy M, Assaf N, Hegazy AAEA, El-Yamany MF. Nateglinide Exerts Neuroprotective Effects via Downregulation of HIF-1α/TIM-3 Inflammatory Pathway and Promotion of Caveolin-1 Expression in the Rat's Hippocampus Subjected to Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Inflammation 2021; 43:401-416. [PMID: 31863220 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and motor disabilities all over the world. It is a muti-factorial disorder associated with inflammatory, apoptotic, and oxidative responses. Nateglinide (NAT), an insulinotropic agent used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, recently showed potential anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. The aim of our study was to elucidate the unique neuroprotective role of NAT in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced stroke in rats. Fifty-six male rats were divided to 4 groups (n = 14 in each group): the sham-operated group, sham receiving NAT (50 mg/kg/day, p.o) group, ischemia/reperfusion (IR) group, and IR receiving NAT group (50 mg/kg/day, p.o). MCAO caused potent deficits in motor and behavioral functions of the rats. Significant increase in inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers has been observed in rats' hippocampi. Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway was significantly stimulated causing activation of series inflammatory biomarkers ending up neuro-inflammatory milieu. Pretreatment with NAT preserved rats' normal behavioral and motor functions. Moreover, NAT opposed the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) resulting in downregulation of more inflammatory mediators namely, NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β), and the anti-survival gene PMAIP-1. NAT stimulated caveolin-1 (Cav-1) which prevented expression of oxidative biomarkers, nitric oxide (NO), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and hamper the activation of apoptotic biomarker caspase-3. In conclusion, our work postulated that NAT exhibited its neuroprotective effects in rats with ischemic stroke via attenuation of different unique oxidative, apoptotic, and inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abd El-Latif Saad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,School of Pharmacy, NewGiza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Fahmy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Technology, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Al-Shorbagy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,School of Pharmacy, NewGiza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Naglaa Assaf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), Giza, Egypt
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Zhang K, Liu C, Yang T, Li X, Wei L, Chen D, Zhou J, Yin Y, Yu X, Li F. Systematically explore the potential hepatotoxic material basis and molecular mechanism of Radix Aconiti Lateralis based on the concept of toxicological evidence chain (TEC). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111342. [PMID: 32971455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Radix aconiti lateralis (Fuzi) is widely used in China as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of asthenia, pain and inflammation. However, its toxic alkaloids often lead to adverse reactions. Currently, most of the toxicity studies on Fuzi are focused on the heart and nervous system, and more comprehensive toxicity studies are needed. In this study, based on the previous reports of Fuzi hepatotoxicity, serum pharmacochemistry and network toxicology were used to screen the potential toxic components of Heishunpian(HSP), a processed product of Fuzi, and to explore the possible mechanism of HSP-induced hepatotoxicity. The results obtained are expressed based on the toxicological evidence chain (TEC). It was found that 22 potential toxic components screened can affect Th17 cell differentiation, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, glutathione metabolism, and other related pathways by regulating AKT1, IL2, F2, GSR, EGFR and other related targets, which induces oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, cell apoptosis, immune response, and excessive release of inflammatory factors, eventually inducing liver damage in rats. This is the first study on HSP-induced hepatotoxicity based on the TEC concept, providing references for further studies on the toxicity mechanism of Fuzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Tiange Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Longyin Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Dongling Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jiali Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yihui Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xinyu Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
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15
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Butturini E, Carcereri de Prati A, Mariotto S. Redox Regulation of STAT1 and STAT3 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197034. [PMID: 32987855 PMCID: PMC7582491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT1 and STAT3 are nuclear transcription factors that regulate genes involved in cell cycle, cell survival and immune response. The cross-talk between these signaling pathways determines how cells integrate the environmental signals received ultimately translating them in transcriptional regulation of specific sets of genes. Despite being activated downstream of common cytokine and growth factors, STAT1 and STAT3 play essentially antagonistic roles and the disruption of their balance directs cells from survival to apoptotic cell death or from inflammatory to anti-inflammatory responses. Different mechanisms are proposed to explain this yin-yang relationship. Considering the redox aspect of STATs proteins, this review attempts to summarize the current knowledge of redox regulation of STAT1 and STAT3 signaling focusing the attention on the post-translational modifications that affect their activity.
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Chen X, Chen H, He Y, Fu S, Liu H, Wang Q, Shen J. Proteomics-Guided Study on Buyang Huanwu Decoction for Its Neuroprotective and Neurogenic Mechanisms for Transient Ischemic Stroke: Involvements of EGFR/PI3K/Akt/Bad/14-3-3 and Jak2/Stat3/Cyclin D1 Signaling Cascades. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4305-4321. [PMID: 32700252 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD), a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been used for recovering neurological dysfunctions and treating post-stroke disability in China for 200 years. In the present study, we investigated the effects of BHD on inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, promoting proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and neurite formation and enhancing learning and memory functional recovery in an experimental rat ischemic stroke model. BHD significantly reduced infarct volume and decreased cell apoptosis in the ischemic brain. BHD enhanced neuronal cell viability in vitro. BHD dose-dependently promoted the proliferation of NSCs in ischemic rat brains in vivo. Moreover, BHD promoted neuronal and astrocyte differentiation in primary cultured NSCs in vitro. Water maze test revealed that BHD promoted the recovery of learning function but not memory functions in the transient ischemic rats. We then investigated the changes of the cellular signaling molecules by using two-dimension (2D) gel electrophoresis and focused on the PI3K/Akt/Bad and Jak2/Stat3/cyclin D1signaling pathway to uncover its underlying mechanisms for its neuroprotective and neurogenetic effects. BHD significantly upregulated the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-Bad as well as the expression of p-Jak, p-Stat3, and cyclin D1 in vitro and in vivo. In addition, BHD upregulated Hes1 and downregulated cav-1 in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that BHD has neuroprotective effects and neurogenesis-promoting effects via activating PI3K/Akt/Bad and Jak2/Stat3/Cyclin D1 signaling pathways. Graphical Abstract Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) activates the PI3K-AKT-BAD pathway in the ischemic brain for neuroprotection. BHD also activates JAK2/STAT3/Cyclin D1 signaling cascades for promoting neurogenesis in the hippocampus of post-ischemic brains. Moreover, BHD inhibits the expression of caveolin-1 and increases the expression of HES1 for promoting neuronal differentiation. The neuroprotective and neurogenesis-promoting effects in the hippocampus of post-ischemic brains promote learning ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,The 8th people's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.,School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yachong He
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuping Fu
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Haosheng Liu
- Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,The 8th people's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. .,The 8th people's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China. .,School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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17
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Rey F, Balsari A, Giallongo T, Ottolenghi S, Di Giulio AM, Samaja M, Carelli S. Erythropoietin as a Neuroprotective Molecule: An Overview of Its Therapeutic Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ASN Neuro 2020; 11:1759091419871420. [PMID: 31450955 PMCID: PMC6712762 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419871420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a cytokine mainly induced in hypoxia conditions. Its major production site is the kidney. EPO primarily acts on the erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. More and more studies are highlighting its secondary functions, with a crucial focus on its role in the central nervous system. Here, EPO may interact with up to four distinct isoforms of its receptor (erythropoietin receptor [EPOR]), activating different signaling cascades with roles in neuroprotection and neurogenesis. Indeed, the EPO/EPOR axis has been widely studied in the neurodegenerative diseases field. Its potential therapeutic effects have been evaluated in multiple disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injury, as well as brain ischemia, hypoxia, and hyperoxia. EPO is showing great promise by counteracting secondary neuroinflammatory processes, reactive oxygen species imbalance, and cell death in these diseases. Multiple studies have been performed both in vitro and in vivo, characterizing the mechanisms through which EPO exerts its neurotrophic action. In some cases, clinical trials involving EPO have been performed, highlighting its therapeutic potential. Together, all these works indicate the potential beneficial effects of EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rey
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Balsari
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Toniella Giallongo
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Ottolenghi
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Anna M Di Giulio
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.,3 Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Samaja
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Stephana Carelli
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.,3 Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Italy
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18
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Sun Y, Cheng M, Liang X, Chen S, Wang M, Zhang X. JAK2/STAT3 involves oxidative stress-induced cell injury in N2a cells and a rat MCAO model. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:1142-1150. [PMID: 32064985 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1730829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: In this study, we sought to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress injury in ischemic brains and H2O2-treated mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells (N2a) was related to STAT3 activation.Materials and methods: Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and H2O2-treated mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells (N2a) were used to investigate the relationship between oxidative stress injury and STAT3 activation.Results: 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content and STAT3 protein phosphorylation level were significantly increased after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. H2O2 treatment inhibited the cell viability, induced the apoptosis, and further raised pSTAT3 protein level in N2a cells. Moreover, the addition of AG490, the protein inhibitor of JAK2, significantly alleviated cerebral ischemic damage in vivo and H2O2-induced injury in vitro, and JAK2 siRNA also alleviated H2O2-induced injury in N2a cell.Conclusions: JAK2/STAT3 pathway may play a crucial role in mediating reactive oxidative species (ROS)-induced cell injury in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and N2a cells. ROS scavenging and down-regulation of STAT3 activation might be a candidate design of therapeutic strategies against oxidative stress-related neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Man Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoshan Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Nakagawa S, Aruga J. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Signaling Is Involved in Impaired Blood-Brain Barrier Function in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1594-1606. [PMID: 31802363 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a major bioactive lipid mediator in the vascular and immune system. Here, we have shown that inhibition of S1P signaling prevents blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction after ischemia both in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro BBB models, oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) enhanced the expression of an S1P synthesizing enzyme (Sphk1) and S1P transporters (Abca1, Spns2), increasing S1P in culture media. Inhibitors of Sphk1 (SKI-II) or Abca1 (probucol) attenuated the decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance and the increase in permeability caused by OGD/R. In the middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) model of mice, probucol administration after MCAO operation reduced the infarction area and vascular leakage, preserving the integrity of tight junction proteins. Furthermore, MCAO/R caused activation of STAT3, a downstream mediator of S1P signaling, which was suppressed by postoperative probucol administration. Accordingly, S1P activated STAT3, both in cultured vascular endothelial cells and pericytes, and STAT3 signaling inhibitor (Stattic) protected BBB dysfunction in OGD/R-treated in vitro BBB models. These results suggest that inhibition of S1P signaling is a strategy to treat BBB impairment after cerebral ischemia and highlight the potential alternative use of probucol, a classical anti-hyperlipidemic drug, for emergency treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Jun Aruga
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
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Amantea D, Petrelli F, Greco R, Tassorelli C, Corasaniti MT, Tonin P, Bagetta G. Azithromycin Affords Neuroprotection in Rat Undergone Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1256. [PMID: 31849581 PMCID: PMC6902046 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Repurposing existing drugs represents a promising approach for successful development of acute stroke therapies. In this context, the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin has been shown to exert neuroprotection in mice due to its immunomodulatory properties. Here, we have demonstrated that acute administration of a single dose of azithromycin upon reperfusion produces a dose-dependent (ED50 = 1.40 mg/kg; 95% CI = 0.48-4.03) reduction of ischemic brain damage measured 22 h after transient (2 h) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in adult male rats. Neuroprotection by azithromycin (150 mg/kg, i.p., upon reperfusion) was associated with a significant elevation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in astrocytes and neurons of the peri-ischemic motor cortex as detected after 2 and 22 h of reperfusion. By contrast, in the core region of the striatum, drug administration resulted in a dramatic elevation of STAT3 phosphorylation only after 22 h of reperfusion, being the signal mainly ascribed to infiltrating leukocytes displaying an M2 phenotype. These early molecular events were associated with a long-lasting neuroprotection, since a single dose of azithromycin reduced brain infarct damage and neurological deficit measured up to 7 days of reperfusion. These data, together with the evidence that azithromycin was effective in a clinically relevant time-window (i.e., when administered after 4.5 h of MCAo), provide robust preclinical evidence to support the importance of developing azithromycin as an effective acute therapy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrelli
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rosaria Greco
- Headache Science Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Headache Science Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Tonin
- Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, S. Anna Institute, Crotone, Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Li J, Wang T, Jiang XF. Inhibition of miR-337-3p involved in the protection of CoCl 2 -induced injury in PC12 cells via activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19076-19086. [PMID: 31264277 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possibility of microRNA (miR)-337-3p in the protection of hypoxia-induced injury in PC12 cells via modulating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. METHODS Dual-luciferase reporter assay analyzed the relationship between the miR-337-3p and JAK2. PC12 cells were divided into normal, CoCl2 , CoCl2 + NC, CoCl2 + inhibitors, CoCl2 + JAK2, and CoCl2 + mimics + JAK2 groups. Then, PC12 cell viability and apoptosis were measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide methods. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to determine expressions. Besides, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was examined by dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) while the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by using JC-1. RESULTS The negative targeting relationship between miR-337-3p and JAK2 was confirmed. When compared with the normal group, miR-337-3p was increased while JAK2 and STAT3 were decreased in CoCl2 -induced PC12 cells, with decreased cell viability. Moreover, either miR-337-3p inhibitor or JAK2 overexpression could partially reverse CoCl2 -induced decrease in PC12 cell viability. Besides, CoCl2 could also trigger PC12 cell apoptosis by increasing cleaved caspase 3 and Bax but decreasing Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, which, however, were abolished with the transfection of miR-337-3p inhibitors or lentivirus transfection to activate JAK2. Compared with the CoCl2 group, the average of fluorescent signals of ROS in the CoCl2 + inhibitors group and the CoCl2 + JAK2 group was lower, while the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and total anti-oxidative capacity were higher, together with an increase in MMP. CONCLUSION Inhibiting miR-337-3p could activate the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway to suppress CoCl 2 -induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis and ameliorate oxidative stress and MMP in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Child Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Child Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Jiang
- Department of Child Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, China
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Jia J, Li C, Zhang T, Sun J, Peng S, Xie Q, Huang Y, Yi L. CeO2@PAA-LXW7 Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammation in BV2 Microglia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:1125-1137. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zheng T, Peng J, Pei T, Shi Y, Liu L, Chen K, Xiao H, Chen Y. Cornel iridoid glycoside exerts a neuroprotective effect on neuroinflammation in rats with brain injury by inhibiting NF-κB and STAT3. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:195. [PMID: 31065495 PMCID: PMC6497687 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury leads to problems with movement and cognitive deficits and has a high mortality rate. Cornel iridoid glycoside, the active ingredient of Cornus officinalis, has been reported to ameliorate apoptosis and inflammation in rats. We investigated the therapeutic effect of cornel iridoid glycoside on neuroinflammation in rats with brain injury. Rats were treated with cornel iridoid glycoside, and then measurements of antioxidant, proinflammatory marker, and NF-κB and STAT3 mRNA and protein levels, as well as a histopathologic analysis, were conducted. Cornel iridoid glycoside significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and TNF-α and IL-6 levels but increased the levels of antioxidants. In addition, cornel iridoid glycoside significantly decreased the expression of NF-κB and STAT3. Histopathological analyses showed that cornel iridoid glycoside reduced the severity of neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Therefore, cornel iridoid glycoside significantly ameliorated neuroinflammation by reducing lipid peroxidation and proinflammatory marker levels and increasing antioxidant levels in rats with brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036 Guangdong China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Biomedical Research Institute, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036 Guangdong China
| | - Jiao Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036 Guangdong China
| | - Tao Pei
- Department of Stomatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036 Guangdong China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036 Guangdong China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Biomedical Research Institute, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036 Guangdong China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036 Guangdong China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Biomedical Research Institute, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036 Guangdong China
| | - Keke Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036 Guangdong China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Biomedical Research Institute, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036 Guangdong China
| | - Haitao Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061 Guangdong China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036 Guangdong China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Biomedical Research Institute, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036 Guangdong China
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24
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Gopalakrishnan P, Shrestha B, Kaskas AM, Green J, Alexander JS, Pattillo CB. Hydrogen sulfide: Therapeutic or injurious in ischemic stroke? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2019; 26:1-10. [PMID: 30528175 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been identified as a vasodilatory, neuromodulatory, and anti-inflammatory gasotransmitter with antioxidant properties. Studies focused in cardiac tissue suggest H2S functions as a protective agent; however in the central nervous system (CNS) the effects of H2S during states of stress or injury, such as stroke, remain controversial. Currently, the application of H2S donors and modulators in stroke depends on the type of H2S donor and the timing of the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA
| | - B Shrestha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA
| | - A M Kaskas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA
| | - J Green
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA
| | - J S Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA
| | - C B Pattillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA.
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25
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Inhibition of Connexin43 hemichannels with Gap19 protects cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in mice. Brain Res Bull 2018; 146:124-135. [PMID: 30593877 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional disruption of the neurovascular unit may lead to aggravation of ischemic cerebral injury. Connexin43 (Cx43)-dependent gap junctional channels (GJCs) are critical in maintaining brain homeostasis. However, excessive opening of hemichannels (HCs) after cerebral ischemia may cause apoptosis and finally lead to amplification of ischemic injury. Previous studies indicated that Cx43 mimetic peptides Gap26 and Gap27 may protect cerebral ischemic injury, but the latest studies showed they also inhibit the opening of GJCs, which are beneficial for neuroprotection. Recent studies showed that Gap19 is a new specific inhibitor of Cx43 HCs. We investigated the role of Gap19 on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Ventricle-injected Gap19 significantly alleviated infarct volume, neuronal cell damage and neurological deficits after ischemia, the neuroprotective effect of Gap19 was significant stronger than Gap26. Post-treatment with TAT-Gap19 still provided neuroprotection when it was administered intraperitoneally at 4 h after reperfusion. In addition, we found that Gap19 decreased the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax and increased the level of Bcl-2, suggesting the anti-apoptotic activity of specifically blocking the Cx43 HCs. Furthermore, our data indicate that Gap19 treatment increased the levels of phosphorylated JAK2 and STAT3 both in vivo and in vitro. Gap19 inhibited hemichannel activity assessed by dye uptake in astrocytes. And we detected that pSTAT3 co-localized with Cx43 together in astrocytes after oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) injury. Finally, AG490, a blocker of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, could reverse the neuroprotective effects of Gap19 both in vivo and in vitro. Our experiment investigated the anti-apoptotic activity of Gap19, the specific inhibitor of Cx43 HCs, and the potential mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that Gap19 plays an anti-apoptotic role via activating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway after cerebral I/R injury, indicating that specific blocking of Cx43 HCs is a potential target for ischemic stroke.
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26
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Surles-Zeigler MC, Li Y, Distel TJ, Omotayo H, Ge S, Ford BD. Transcriptomic analysis of neuregulin-1 regulated genes following ischemic stroke by computational identification of promoter binding sites: A role for the ETS-1 transcription factor. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197092. [PMID: 29856744 PMCID: PMC5983438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of mortality in the United States. We previously showed that neuregulin-1 (NRG1) was neuroprotective in rat models of ischemic stroke. We used gene expression profiling to understand the early cellular and molecular mechanisms of NRG1's effects after the induction of ischemia. Ischemic stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Rats were allocated to 3 groups: (1) control, (2) MCAO and (3) MCAO + NRG1. Cortical brain tissues were collected three hours following MCAO and NRG1 treatment and subjected to microarray analysis. Data and statistical analyses were performed using R/Bioconductor platform alongside Genesis, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and Enrichr software packages. There were 2693 genes differentially regulated following ischemia and NRG1 treatment. These genes were organized by expression patterns into clusters using a K-means clustering algorithm. We further analyzed genes in clusters where ischemia altered gene expression, which was reversed by NRG1 (clusters 4 and 10). NRG1, IRS1, OPA3, and POU6F1 were central linking (node) genes in cluster 4. Conserved Transcription Factor Binding Site Finder (CONFAC) identified ETS-1 as a potential transcriptional regulator of NRG1 suppressed genes following ischemia. A transcription factor activity array showed that ETS-1 activity was increased 2-fold, 3 hours following ischemia and this activity was attenuated by NRG1. These findings reveal key early transcriptional mechanisms associated with neuroprotection by NRG1 in the ischemic penumbra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique C. Surles-Zeigler
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California–Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, United States of America
- ICF, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Distel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California–Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Hakeem Omotayo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California–Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Shaokui Ge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California–Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Byron D. Ford
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California–Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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TNF-α-sensitive brain pericytes activate microglia by releasing IL-6 through cooperation between IκB-NFκB and JAK-STAT3 pathways. Brain Res 2018; 1692:34-44. [PMID: 29702085 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is an important mediator of neurovascular dysfunction, neurodegeneration and/or neuroinflammation. We previously reported that brain pericytes released higher levels of IL-6 than did glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Moreover, pericytes stimulated with TNF-α enhanced activation of BV-2 microglia. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of TNF-α mediated induction of IL-6 release from brain pericytes and astrocytes and whether pericyte-derived IL-6 would facilitate activation of BV-2 microglia. Using rat brain pericyte and astrocyte primary cultures and pharmacological inhibitors, we found that, TNF-α induced the highest levels of IL-6 release from pericytes by activating the inhibitor kappa B (IκB)-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) and Janus family of tyrosine kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 pathways. STAT3 contributed to TNF-α induced nuclear translocation of phospho-NFκB in pericytes. TNF-α-induced IL-6 release in astrocytes was mediated by NFκB but not by STAT3. The presence of pericytes amplified TNF-α-induced iNOS mRNA expression in BV-2 microglia. This effect was blocked by a neutralizing antibody for IL-6. These findings indicated that crosstalk between the IκB-NFκB and JAK-STAT3 pathways is a pericyte specific mechanism, not occurring in astrocytes, for TNF-α-induced IL-6 release. IL-6 derived from pericytes enhanced microglial activation. Our findings increase understanding of the role of pericyte-microglia crosstalk in the brain under neuroinflammatory conditions and suggest a potentially attractive therapeutic target for brain inflammation.
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28
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Butturini E, Cozzolino F, Boriero D, Carcereri de Prati A, Monti M, Rossin M, Canetti D, Cellini B, Pucci P, Mariotto S. S-glutathionylation exerts opposing roles in the regulation of STAT1 and STAT3 signaling in reactive microglia. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:191-201. [PMID: 29427792 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
STAT1 and STAT3 are two transcription factors involved in a lot of cellular functions such as immune response, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell survival. A number of literature evidences described a yin-yang relationship between activation of STAT1 and STAT3 in neurodegenerative disorders where STAT1 exerts a pro-apoptotic effect whereas STAT3 shows neuroprotective properties through the inhibition of apoptosis. Although the role of oxidative-stress in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration is clearly described, its influence in the regulation of these pathways is poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate that H2O2 rapidly induces phosphorylation of STAT1 whereas it is not able to influence phosphorylation of STAT3 in mouse microglia BV2 cells. The analysis of the molecular mechanism of STATs signaling reveals that H2O2 induces S-glutathionylation of both STAT1 and STAT3. The same post-translational event exerts an opposing role in the regulation of STAT1 and STAT3 signaling. These data not only confirm redox sensibility of STAT3 signaling but also reveal for the first time that STAT1 is susceptible to redox regulation. A deep study of the molecular mechanism of STAT1 redox regulation, identifies Cys324 and Cys492 as the main targets of S-glutathionylation and confirms that S-glutathionylation does not impair JAK2 mediated STAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation. These results demonstrate that both phosphorylation and glutathionylation contribute to activation of STAT1 during oxidative stress and underline that the same post-translation event exerts an opposing role in the regulation of STAT1 and STAT3 signaling in microglia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Butturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Flora Cozzolino
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate and Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Diana Boriero
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carcereri de Prati
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate and Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Rossin
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate and Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy3
| | - Diana Canetti
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate and Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Cellini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy3
| | - Piero Pucci
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate and Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sofia Mariotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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29
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Alsaffar H, Martino N, Garrett JP, Adam AP. Interleukin-6 promotes a sustained loss of endothelial barrier function via Janus kinase-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation and de novo protein synthesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 314:C589-C602. [PMID: 29351406 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00235.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular leakage is a hallmark of the inflammatory response. Acute changes in endothelial permeability are due to posttranslational changes in intercellular adhesion and cytoskeleton proteins. However, little is known about the mechanisms leading to long-term changes in vascular permeability. Here, we show that interleukin-6 (IL-6) promotes an increase in endothelial monolayer permeability that lasts over 24 h and demonstrate that activation of Src and MEK/ERK pathways is required only for short-term increases in permeability, being dispensable after 2 h. In contrast, Janus kinase (JAK)-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation at Y705 (but not S727) and de novo synthesis of RNA and proteins are required for the sustained permeability increases. Loss of junctional localization of VE-cadherin and ZO-1 is evident several hours after the maximal IL-6 response, thus suggesting that these events are a consequence of IL-6 signaling, but not a cause of the increased permeability. Understanding the mechanisms involved in sustaining vascular permeability may prove crucial to allow us to directly target vascular leakage and minimize tissue damage, thus reducing the rates of mortality and chronic sequelae of excessive edema. Targeting endothelial-specific mechanisms regulating barrier function could provide a new therapeutic strategy to prevent vascular leakage while maintaining the immune response and other beneficial aspects of the inflammatory response that are required for bacterial clearance and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Alsaffar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center , Albany, New York
| | - Nina Martino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center , Albany, New York
| | - Joshua P Garrett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center , Albany, New York
| | - Alejandro P Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center , Albany, New York.,Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York
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30
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Zbesko JC, Nguyen TVV, Yang T, Frye JB, Hussain O, Hayes M, Chung A, Day WA, Stepanovic K, Krumberger M, Mona J, Longo FM, Doyle KP. Glial scars are permeable to the neurotoxic environment of chronic stroke infarcts. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 112:63-78. [PMID: 29331263 PMCID: PMC5851450 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Following stroke, the damaged tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis, a stage of infarct resolution that lasts for months although the exact length of time is currently unknown. One method of repair involves reactive astrocytes and microglia forming a glial scar to compartmentalize the area of liquefactive necrosis from the rest of the brain. The formation of the glial scar is a critical component of the healing response to stroke, as well as other central nervous system (CNS) injuries. The goal of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the extracellular fluid present in areas of liquefactive necrosis and determine how effectively it is segregated from the remainder of the brain. To accomplish this goal, we used a mouse model of stroke in conjunction with an extracellular fluid toxicity assay, fluorescent and electron microscopy, immunostaining, tracer injections into the infarct, and multiplex immunoassays. We confirmed that the extracellular fluid present in areas of liquefactive necrosis following stroke is toxic to primary cortical and hippocampal neurons for at least 7 weeks following stroke, and discovered that although glial scars are robust physical and endocytic barriers, they are nevertheless permeable. We found that molecules present in the area of liquefactive necrosis can leak across the glial scar and are removed by a combination of paravascular clearance and microglial endocytosis in the adjacent tissue. Despite these mechanisms, there is delayed atrophy, cytotoxic edema, and neuron loss in regions adjacent to the infarct for weeks following stroke. These findings suggest that one mechanism of neurodegeneration following stroke is the failure of glial scars to impermeably segregate areas of liquefactive necrosis from surviving brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Zbesko
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Thuy-Vi V Nguyen
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Omar Hussain
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Megan Hayes
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Amanda Chung
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - W Anthony Day
- Arizona Health Sciences Center Imaging Core Facility, Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | | | - Maj Krumberger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Justine Mona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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31
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Klein P, Dingledine R, Aronica E, Bernard C, Blümcke I, Boison D, Brodie MJ, Brooks-Kayal AR, Engel J, Forcelli PA, Hirsch LJ, Kaminski RM, Klitgaard H, Kobow K, Lowenstein DH, Pearl PL, Pitkänen A, Puhakka N, Rogawski MA, Schmidt D, Sillanpää M, Sloviter RS, Steinhäuser C, Vezzani A, Walker MC, Löscher W. Commonalities in epileptogenic processes from different acute brain insults: Do they translate? Epilepsia 2018; 59:37-66. [PMID: 29247482 PMCID: PMC5993212 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The most common forms of acquired epilepsies arise following acute brain insults such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, or central nervous system infections. Treatment is effective for only 60%-70% of patients and remains symptomatic despite decades of effort to develop epilepsy prevention therapies. Recent preclinical efforts are focused on likely primary drivers of epileptogenesis, namely inflammation, neuron loss, plasticity, and circuit reorganization. This review suggests a path to identify neuronal and molecular targets for clinical testing of specific hypotheses about epileptogenesis and its prevention or modification. Acquired human epilepsies with different etiologies share some features with animal models. We identify these commonalities and discuss their relevance to the development of successful epilepsy prevention or disease modification strategies. Risk factors for developing epilepsy that appear common to multiple acute injury etiologies include intracranial bleeding, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, more severe injury, and early seizures within 1 week of injury. In diverse human epilepsies and animal models, seizures appear to propagate within a limbic or thalamocortical/corticocortical network. Common histopathologic features of epilepsy of diverse and mostly focal origin are microglial activation and astrogliosis, heterotopic neurons in the white matter, loss of neurons, and the presence of inflammatory cellular infiltrates. Astrocytes exhibit smaller K+ conductances and lose gap junction coupling in many animal models as well as in sclerotic hippocampi from temporal lobe epilepsy patients. There is increasing evidence that epilepsy can be prevented or aborted in preclinical animal models of acquired epilepsy by interfering with processes that appear common to multiple acute injury etiologies, for example, in post-status epilepticus models of focal epilepsy by transient treatment with a trkB/PLCγ1 inhibitor, isoflurane, or HMGB1 antibodies and by topical administration of adenosine, in the cortical fluid percussion injury model by focal cooling, and in the albumin posttraumatic epilepsy model by losartan. Preclinical studies further highlight the roles of mTOR1 pathways, JAK-STAT3, IL-1R/TLR4 signaling, and other inflammatory pathways in the genesis or modulation of epilepsy after brain injury. The wealth of commonalities, diversity of molecular targets identified preclinically, and likely multidimensional nature of epileptogenesis argue for a combinatorial strategy in prevention therapy. Going forward, the identification of impending epilepsy biomarkers to allow better patient selection, together with better alignment with multisite preclinical trials in animal models, should guide the clinical testing of new hypotheses for epileptogenesis and its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Klein
- Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Bernard
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, INS, Instit Neurosci Syst, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Detlev Boison
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Martin J Brodie
- Epilepsy Unit, West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital-Yorkhill, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amy R Brooks-Kayal
- Division of Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jerome Engel
- Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Phillip L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michael A Rogawski
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Matti Sillanpää
- Departments of Child Neurology and General Practice, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Robert S Sloviter
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan,, Italy
| | - Matthew C Walker
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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32
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Chen S, Dong Z, Cheng M, Zhao Y, Wang M, Sai N, Wang X, Liu H, Huang G, Zhang X. Homocysteine exaggerates microglia activation and neuroinflammation through microglia localized STAT3 overactivation following ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:187. [PMID: 28923114 PMCID: PMC5604224 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels have been indicated as a strong and modifiable risk factor of ischemic stroke; the previous studies have shown that exposure to Hcy activates cultured microglia. However, whether neurotoxicity of Hcy involves microglia activation following brain ischemia and the underlying mechanisms remains incompletely understood. Methods The cerebral damage was evaluated by staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, hematoxylin-eosin, and Fluoro Jade B. The activation state of microglia was assessed via immunoreaction using the microglial markers Iba1 and OX-42. Then, the inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) were examined by Western blot analysis and fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Results Elevated Hcy level augmented brain damage and neural cell toxicity in the brain cortex and the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Meanwhile, Hcy activated microglia and induced the expression of the inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, Hcy caused an increase in pSTAT3 expression which occurs in microglial cells. AG490, a JAK2-STAT3 inhibitor, effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3, microglial cell activation and the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α raised by Hcy treatment. Conclusions STAT3 signaling pathway located in microglia plays a critical role in mediating Hcy-induced activation of microglia and neuroinflammation in rat MCAO model. This suggests the feasibility of targeting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway as an effective therapeutic strategy to alleviate the progression of Hcy-associated ischemia stroke. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0963-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Zhiping Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Man Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Na Sai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Chen S, Dong Z, Zhao Y, Sai N, Wang X, Liu H, Huang G, Zhang X. Homocysteine induces mitochondrial dysfunction involving the crosstalk between oxidative stress and mitochondrial pSTAT3 in rat ischemic brain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6932. [PMID: 28761070 PMCID: PMC5537278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) has been shown to have a neurotoxic effect on ischemic brain cells; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we examined whether Hcy treatment influences mitochondria injury, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial STAT3 (mitoStat3) expression in rat ischemic brain. Our results demonstrated that Hcy treatment aggravated the damage of mitochondrial ultrastructure in the brain cortex and the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus after focal cerebral ischemia. An elevated Hcy level was also accompanied by the significant inhibition of mitochondrial complex I–III enzymatic activities in addition to an increase in cytochrome c release. 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content and mitoStat3 protein phosphorylation level were increased in Hcy-treated animals, whereas AG490, a Jak2 inhibitor, inhibited mitoStat3 phosphorylation as well as 8-OHdG levels induced by Hcy. In vitro studies revealed that Hcy also markedly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitoStat3 levels. In addition, the inhibition of pSTAT3 reduced Hcy-mediated increase in ROS levels, whereas quenching ROS using the ROS inhibitor glutathione ethyl ester inhibited Hcy-mediated pSTAT3 overactivation in Neuro2a cells. These findings suggest that the development of therapies that interfere with the ROS/pSTAT3 pathway may be helpful for treating cerebral infarction-related diseases associated with Hcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiping Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Sai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Gao G, Fan H, Zhang X, Zhang F, Wu H, Qi F, Zhao L, Li Y. Neuroprotective effect of G14-humanin on global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion by activation of SOCS3 – STAT3 – MCL–1 signal transduction pathway in rats. Neurol Res 2017; 39:895-903. [PMID: 28720038 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1352187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangsheng Gao
- Intensive Care Unit, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
- Intensive Care Unit, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, P.R. China
| | - Huaihai Fan
- Intensive Care Unit, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, P.R. China
| | - Fusen Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, P.R. China
| | - Feng Qi
- Intensive Care Unit, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Intensive Care Unit, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, P.R. China
| | - Yun Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
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Tang QP, Shen Q, Wu LX, Feng XL, Liu H, Wu B, Huang XS, Wang GQ, Li ZH, Liu ZJ. STAT3 signal that mediates the neural plasticity is involved in willed-movement training in focal ischemic rats. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 17:493-502. [PMID: 27381726 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Willed-movement training has been demonstrated to be a promising approach to increase motor performance and neural plasticity in ischemic rats. However, little is known regarding the molecular signals that are involved in neural plasticity following willed-movement training. To investigate the potential signals related to neural plasticity following willed-movement training, littermate rats were randomly assigned into three groups: middle cerebral artery occlusion, environmental modification, and willed-movement training. The infarct volume was measured 18 d after occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the changes in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mRNA and protein, respectively. A chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to investigate whether STAT3 bound to plasticity-related genes, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synaptophysin, and protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1). In this study, we demonstrated that STAT3 mRNA and protein were markedly increased following 15-d willed-movement training in the ischemic hemispheres of the treated rats. STAT3 bound to BDNF, PICK1, and synaptophysin promoters in the neocortical cells of rats. These data suggest that the increased STAT3 levels after willed-movement training might play critical roles in the neural plasticity by directly regulating plasticity-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ping Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Qin Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Li-Xiang Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Feng
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Bei Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiao-Song Huang
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Gai-Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Zhong-Hao Li
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zun-Jing Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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Sevoflurane Postconditioning Reduces Apoptosis by Activating the JAK-STAT Pathway After Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2017; 29:37-45. [DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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IL-10 Promotes Neurite Outgrowth and Synapse Formation in Cultured Cortical Neurons after the Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation via JAK1/STAT3 Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30459. [PMID: 27456198 PMCID: PMC4960594 DOI: 10.1038/srep30459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As a classic immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10) provides neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia in vivo or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced injury in vitro. However, it remains blurred whether IL-10 promotes neurite outgrowth and synapse formation in cultured primary cortical neurons after OGD injury. In order to evaluate its effect on neuronal apoptosis, neurite outgrowth and synapse formation, we administered IL-10 or IL-10 neutralizing antibody (IL-10NA) to cultured rat primary cortical neurons after OGD injury. We found that IL-10 treatment activated the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Moreover, IL-10 attenuated OGD-induced neuronal apoptosis by down-regulating the Bax expression and up-regulating the Bcl-2 expression, facilitated neurite outgrowth by increasing the expression of Netrin-1, and promoted synapse formation in cultured primary cortical neurons after OGD injury. These effects were partly abolished by JAK1 inhibitor GLPG0634. Contrarily, IL-10NA produced opposite effects on the cultured cortical neurons after OGD injury. Taken together, our findings suggest that IL-10 not only attenuates neuronal apoptosis, but also promotes neurite outgrowth and synapse formation via the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway in cultured primary cortical neurons after OGD injury.
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Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 in Endothelial Cells of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Outer Membranes. World Neurosurg 2016; 91:376-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Hoffmann CJ, Harms U, Rex A, Szulzewsky F, Wolf SA, Grittner U, Lättig-Tünnemann G, Sendtner M, Kettenmann H, Dirnagl U, Endres M, Harms C. Vascular Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 Promotes Angiogenesis and Neuroplasticity Long-Term After Stroke. Circulation 2015; 131:1772-82. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.013003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Poststroke angiogenesis contributes to long-term recovery after stroke. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) is a key regulator for various inflammatory signals and angiogenesis. It was the aim of this study to determine its function in poststroke outcome.
Methods and Results—
We generated a tamoxifen-inducible and endothelial-specific Stat3 knockout mouse model by crossbreeding Stat3
floxed/KO
and Tie2-Cre
ERT2
mice. Cerebral ischemia was induced by 30 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion. We demonstrated that endothelial Stat3 ablation did not alter lesion size 2 days after ischemia but did worsen functional outcome at 14 days and increase lesion size at 28 days. At this late time point vascular Stat3 expression and phosphorylation were still increased in wild-type mice. Gene array analysis of a CD31-enriched cell population of the neurovascular niche showed that endothelial Stat3 ablation led to a shift toward an antiangiogenic and axon growth-inhibiting micromilieu after stroke, with an increased expression of Adamts9. Remodeling and glycosylation of the extracellular matrix and microglia proliferation were increased, whereas angiogenesis was reduced.
Conclusions—
Endothelial Stat3 regulates angiogenesis, axon growth, and extracellular matrix remodeling and is essential for long-term recovery after stroke. It might serve as a potent target for stroke treatment after the acute phase by fostering angiogenesis and neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. Hoffmann
- From Center for Stroke Research Berlin (C.J.H., U.H., A.R., U.G., G.L-T., U.D., M.E., C.H.) and Department of Neurology (C.J.H., U.H., M.E., C.H.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.S., S.A.W., H.K.); Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany (M.S.); Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.K., U.D., M.E.); and German Center for
| | - Ulrike Harms
- From Center for Stroke Research Berlin (C.J.H., U.H., A.R., U.G., G.L-T., U.D., M.E., C.H.) and Department of Neurology (C.J.H., U.H., M.E., C.H.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.S., S.A.W., H.K.); Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany (M.S.); Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.K., U.D., M.E.); and German Center for
| | - Andre Rex
- From Center for Stroke Research Berlin (C.J.H., U.H., A.R., U.G., G.L-T., U.D., M.E., C.H.) and Department of Neurology (C.J.H., U.H., M.E., C.H.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.S., S.A.W., H.K.); Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany (M.S.); Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.K., U.D., M.E.); and German Center for
| | - Frank Szulzewsky
- From Center for Stroke Research Berlin (C.J.H., U.H., A.R., U.G., G.L-T., U.D., M.E., C.H.) and Department of Neurology (C.J.H., U.H., M.E., C.H.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.S., S.A.W., H.K.); Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany (M.S.); Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.K., U.D., M.E.); and German Center for
| | - Susanne A. Wolf
- From Center for Stroke Research Berlin (C.J.H., U.H., A.R., U.G., G.L-T., U.D., M.E., C.H.) and Department of Neurology (C.J.H., U.H., M.E., C.H.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.S., S.A.W., H.K.); Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany (M.S.); Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.K., U.D., M.E.); and German Center for
| | - Ulrike Grittner
- From Center for Stroke Research Berlin (C.J.H., U.H., A.R., U.G., G.L-T., U.D., M.E., C.H.) and Department of Neurology (C.J.H., U.H., M.E., C.H.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.S., S.A.W., H.K.); Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany (M.S.); Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.K., U.D., M.E.); and German Center for
| | - Gisela Lättig-Tünnemann
- From Center for Stroke Research Berlin (C.J.H., U.H., A.R., U.G., G.L-T., U.D., M.E., C.H.) and Department of Neurology (C.J.H., U.H., M.E., C.H.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.S., S.A.W., H.K.); Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany (M.S.); Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.K., U.D., M.E.); and German Center for
| | - Michael Sendtner
- From Center for Stroke Research Berlin (C.J.H., U.H., A.R., U.G., G.L-T., U.D., M.E., C.H.) and Department of Neurology (C.J.H., U.H., M.E., C.H.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.S., S.A.W., H.K.); Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany (M.S.); Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.K., U.D., M.E.); and German Center for
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- From Center for Stroke Research Berlin (C.J.H., U.H., A.R., U.G., G.L-T., U.D., M.E., C.H.) and Department of Neurology (C.J.H., U.H., M.E., C.H.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.S., S.A.W., H.K.); Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany (M.S.); Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.K., U.D., M.E.); and German Center for
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- From Center for Stroke Research Berlin (C.J.H., U.H., A.R., U.G., G.L-T., U.D., M.E., C.H.) and Department of Neurology (C.J.H., U.H., M.E., C.H.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.S., S.A.W., H.K.); Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany (M.S.); Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.K., U.D., M.E.); and German Center for
| | - Matthias Endres
- From Center for Stroke Research Berlin (C.J.H., U.H., A.R., U.G., G.L-T., U.D., M.E., C.H.) and Department of Neurology (C.J.H., U.H., M.E., C.H.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.S., S.A.W., H.K.); Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany (M.S.); Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.K., U.D., M.E.); and German Center for
| | - Christoph Harms
- From Center for Stroke Research Berlin (C.J.H., U.H., A.R., U.G., G.L-T., U.D., M.E., C.H.) and Department of Neurology (C.J.H., U.H., M.E., C.H.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.S., S.A.W., H.K.); Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany (M.S.); Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.K., U.D., M.E.); and German Center for
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Choudhury GR, Ding S. Reactive astrocytes and therapeutic potential in focal ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:234-244. [PMID: 25982835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are specialized and the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). They play important roles in the physiology of the brain. Astrocytes are also critically involved in many CNS disorders including focal ischemic stroke, the leading cause of brain injury and death in patients. One of the prominent pathological features of a focal ischemic stroke is reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation. Reactive astrogliosis is accompanied with changes in morphology, proliferation, and gene expression in the reactive astrocytes. This study provides an overview of the most recent advances in astrocytic Ca(2+) signaling, spatial, and temporal dynamics of the morphology and proliferation of reactive astrocytes as well as signaling pathways involved in the reactive astrogliosis after ischemic stroke based on results from experimental studies performed in various animal models. This review also discusses the therapeutic potential of reactive astrocytes in focal ischemic stroke. As reactive astrocytes exhibit high plasticity, we suggest that modulation of local reactive astrocytes is a promising strategy for cell-based stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shinghua Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Liu R, Xu N, Yi W, Huang K. Electroacupuncture effects on cortical neurons, as well as Janus kinase 2-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signal transduction pathway, in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:457-62. [PMID: 25774189 PMCID: PMC4350133 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study established a model of focal cerebral ischemia through heat-coagulation induced occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Following electroacupuncture at Baihui (GV20) and Dazhui (GV14), or intracerebroventricular infusion of AG490, a Janus kinase 2 phosphorylation inhibitor, the amount of necrotic or degenerated neurons in the ischemic cerebral cortex decreased, neuronal swelling was ameliorated, and expression of phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 decreased. Results confirmed that electroacupuncture promoted neuronal repair in the cerebral cortex by reducing expression of phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, as well as weakening the phosphorylated activation, thereby blocking abnormal activation of the Janus kinase 2- signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Nenggui Xu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kangbai Huang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China
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Wang T, Yuan W, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhou X, Ning G, Zhang L, Yao L, Feng S, Kong X. The role of the JAK-STAT pathway in neural stem cells, neural progenitor cells and reactive astrocytes after spinal cord injury. Biomed Rep 2014; 3:141-146. [PMID: 25798237 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with spinal cord injuries can develop severe neurological damage and dysfunction, which is not only induced by primary but also by secondary injuries. As an evolutionarily conserved pathway of eukaryotes, the JAK-STAT pathway is associated with cell growth, survival, development and differentiation; activation of the JAK-STAT pathway has been previously reported in central nervous system injury. The JAK-STAT pathway is directly associated with neurogenesis and glia scar formation in the injury region. Following injury of the axon, the overexpression and activation of STAT3 is exhibited specifically in protecting neurons. To investigate the role of the JAK-STAT pathway in neuroprotection, we summarized the effect of JAK-STAT pathway in the following three sections: Firstly, the modulation of JAK-STAT pathway in proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells is discussed; secondly, the time-dependent effect of JAK-STAT pathway in reactive astrocytes to reveal their capability of neuroprotection is revealed and lastly, we focus on how the astrocyte-secretory polypeptides (astrocyte-derived cytokines and trophic factors) accomplish neuroprotection via the JAK-STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China ; Department of Orthopedics, The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Capital Medical University Luhe Hospital, Beijing 100000, P.R. China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Department of Paediatric Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Xianhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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Cheng Z, Li L, Mo X, Zhang L, Xie Y, Guo Q, Wang Y. Non-invasive remote limb ischemic postconditioning protects rats against focal cerebral ischemia by upregulating STAT3 and reducing apoptosis. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:957-66. [PMID: 25092271 PMCID: PMC4152138 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway has been implicated in cell apoptosis and inflammatory processes. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and ischemic postconditioning (IPTC) inhibit both of these processes. In the present study, we investigated the role of phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3)-mediated apoptosis and inflammation following non-invasive remote limb IPTC (NRIPoC) using a classic rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Forty-five adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into 3 groups (n=15 per group): the sham-operated, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and NRIPoC groups. NRIPoC was implemented at the beginning of reperfusion. At 24 h after cerebral reperfusion, we evaluated the neurological deficit score (NDS), assessed the cerebral infarct size and tissue morphology, and evaluated neuronal apoptosis. The protein expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and p-STAT3 in the penumbra region were assessed by western blot analysis. The cerebral infarct volume, the number of apoptotic cells and the protein expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, NF-κB and TNF-α were all found to be increased in the I/R group compared with the sham-operated group. However, these levels were decreased in the NRIPoC group compared with the I/R group. The number of apoptotic cells in the penumbra in the I/R group was increased compared with that in the NRIPoC and sham-operated groups. The protein expression of p-STAT3 was increased in the NRIPoC group compared with the sham-operated and I/R groups. These results indicate that the protective effects of NRIPoC against cerebral I/R injury may be related to the attenuation of neuronal apoptosis and inflammation through the activation of STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yongqiu Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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45
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Abstract
For many years, brain ischemia has been known to be a leading cause of adult neurological disorder. In particular, many reports have shown that hyperexcitability of neurons and inflammatory response of the glia induced by ischemic reperfusion (I/R) determine the fate of cells in the ischemic core and the penumbra region. Although there are many reports on the activation and roles of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins (STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5) during hyperexcitation in the neuron and inflammation occurring following I/R, the temporal and spatial activation of STAT6 protein in the ischemic cortex still remain elusive. In this study, using a transient rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model, we primarily investigated the time-course expression of the phosphorylated STAT6 (pSTAT6) in the ischemic core region following I/R, which was compared with that of pSTAT3. We found that pSTAT6 significantly decreases at 1 and 12 h following I/R, whereas pSTAT3 markedly increases at each follow-up time point. In addition, the level of pSTAT6 is reduced in the ischemic core in comparison with the penumbra region at 12 h following I/R. However, there is no significant difference in pSTAT3 expression between the ischemic core and the penumbra. Taken together, our data suggest that pSTAT6 and pSTAT3 are modulated differently following I/R during ischemic stroke.
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46
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Raible DJ, Frey LC, Brooks-Kayal AR. Effects of JAK2-STAT3 signaling after cerebral insults. JAKSTAT 2014; 3:e29510. [PMID: 25105066 PMCID: PMC4124058 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.29510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway has been shown to regulate the expression of genes involved in cell survival, cell proliferation, cell-cycle progression, and angiogenesis in development and after cerebral insults. Until recently, little has been known about the effects of this pathway activation after cerebral insults and if blocking this pathway leads to better recovery. This review exams the role of this pathway after 3 cerebral insults (traumatic brain injury, stroke, and status epilepticus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Raible
- Neuroscience Program; University of Colorado; Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO USA
| | - Lauren C Frey
- Department of Neurology; University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora, CO USA
| | - Amy R Brooks-Kayal
- Neuroscience Program; University of Colorado; Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO USA ; Department of Neurology; University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora, CO USA ; Division of Neurology; Department of Pediatrics; University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora, CO USA ; Children's Hospital Colorado; Aurora, CO USA
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47
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Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Kang N, Zhang N, Wang H, Xue J, Yu J, Yang Y, Cui H, Cui L, Wang L, Wang X. Diosmin protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through activating JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway in mice. Neuroscience 2014; 268:318-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Guo T, Leng XJ, Wu XF, Li JL, Gao JZ, Li XQ, Gan T, Wei J. Cloning, molecular characterization, and expression analysis of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT₃) gene from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1624-1634. [PMID: 24055509 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT₃) binds to Janus kinase 2 (JAK₂) to initiate the JAK₂/STAT₃ signal transduction pathway, which plays an important role in cancer cell proliferation, immune regulation, reproduction, lipid metabolism, and other physiological processes of the organism. In this study, the cDNA sequence of the STAT₃ gene from grass carp was cloned using RACE (rapid-amplification of cDNA ends). Twelve characteristics of the STAT₃ gene and its encoded protein sequence were predicted and analyzed using bioinformatics methods; these features included the general physical and chemical properties, the hydrophobicity, the secondary structure and the three-dimensional structure of the protein. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to detect grass carp STAT₃ expression pattern in different tissues. The results showed that the full-length STAT₃ gene from grass carp is 2739-bp long and contains a 216-bp 5'UTR, a 300-bp 3'UTR, and a 2223-bp open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a 740-amino acid peptide. The deduced protein exhibited 99%∼94% homology to the STAT₃ protein of zebrafish (Danio rerio), medaka (Oryzias latipes), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), white-spotted char (Salvelinus leucomaenis), mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and green pufferfish (Tetraodon fluviatilis). The deduced grass carp STAT₃ protein contains a protein interaction domain, an alpha domain, a DNA binding domain, and an SH2 domain. The STAT₃ protein of grass carp is a hydrophilic and non-secretory protein, and its molecular mass and isoeletronic point were found to be 98,5412.1 Da and 6.39, respectively. The structural elements of STAT₃ included α-helixes, β-sheets, and loops. The grass carp STAT₃ is expressed in all of the six tissues tested, which were the liver, spleen, gill, muscle, heart, and brain. The highest expression level was found in the liver (P < 0.05), whereas a significantly lower expression level was found in the spleen, gills, brain, and muscle (P < 0.05), and the lowest expression level was found in the heart (P < 0.05). This study provides a basis for further structural and functional exploration of the STAT₃ from grass carp, including its deduced protein and its signal transduction function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- The College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai University Knowledge Service Platform, Shanghai Ocean University Aquatic Animal Breeding Center, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
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Survivin Is a transcriptional target of STAT3 critical to estradiol neuroprotection in global ischemia. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12364-74. [PMID: 23884942 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1852-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient global ischemia causes selective, delayed death of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in humans and animals. It is well established that estrogens ameliorate neuronal death in animal models of focal and global ischemia. However, the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) and its target genes in estradiol neuroprotection in global ischemia remains unclear. Here we show that a single intracerebral injection of 17β-estradiol to ovariectomized female rats immediately after ischemia rescues CA1 neurons destined to die. Ischemia promotes activation of STAT3 signaling, association of STAT3 with the promoters of target genes, and STAT3-dependent mRNA and protein expression of prosurvival proteins in the selectively vulnerable CA1. In animals subjected to ischemia, acute postischemic estradiol further enhances activation and nuclear translocation of STAT3 and STAT3-dependent transcription of target genes. Importantly, we show that STAT3 is critical to estradiol neuroprotection, as evidenced by the ability of STAT3 inhibitor peptide and STAT3 shRNA delivered directly into the CA1 of living animals to abolish neuroprotection. In addition, we identify survivin, a member of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis family of proteins and known gene target of STAT3, as essential to estradiol neuroprotection, as evidenced by the ability of shRNA to survivin to reverse neuroprotection. These findings indicate that ischemia and estradiol act synergistically to promote activation of STAT3 and STAT3-dependent transcription of survivin in insulted CA1 neurons and identify STAT3 and survivin as potentially important therapeutic targets in an in vivo model of global ischemia.
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50
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Leibinger M, Andreadaki A, Diekmann H, Fischer D. Neuronal STAT3 activation is essential for CNTF- and inflammatory stimulation-induced CNS axon regeneration. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e805. [PMID: 24052073 PMCID: PMC3789169 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CNS neurons, such as retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), do not normally regenerate injured axons, but instead undergo apoptotic cell death. Regenerative failure is due to inhibitory factors in the myelin and forming glial scar as well as due to an insufficient intrinsic capability of mature neurons to regrow axons. Nevertheless, RGCs can be transformed into an active regenerative state upon inflammatory stimulation (IS) in the inner eye, for instance by lens injury, enabling these RGCs to survive axotomy and to regenerate axons into the lesioned optic nerve. The beneficial effects of IS are mediated by various factors, including CNTF, LIF and IL-6. Consistently, IS activates various signaling pathways, such as JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR, in several retinal cell types. Using a conditional knockdown approach to specifically delete STAT3 in adult RGCs, we investigated the role of STAT3 in IS-induced neuroprotection and axon regeneration. Conditional STAT3 knockdown in RGCs did not affect the survival of RGCs after optic nerve injury compared with controls, but significantly reduced the neuroprotective effects of IS. STAT3 depletion significantly compromised CNTF-stimulated neurite growth in culture and IS-induced transformation of RGCs into an active regenerative state in vivo. As a consequence, IS-mediated axonal regeneration into the injured optic nerve was almost completely abolished in mice with STAT3 depleted in RGCs. In conclusion, STAT3 activation in RGCs is involved in neuroprotection and is a necessary prerequisite for optic nerve regeneration upon IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leibinger
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, Düsseldorf, Germany
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