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Tarifa MC, Agustín MDR, Brugnoni LI. Biological control of foodborne pathogens by lactic acid bacteria: A focus on juice processing industries. Rev Argent Microbiol 2023; 55:378-386. [PMID: 37302907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in foods as biocontrol agents against foodborne pathogens has become increasingly known. Under the premise that controlling the adhesion of microorganisms to food contact surfaces is an essential step for meeting the goals of food processing, the aim of this work was to investigate the inhibitory and anti-biofilm effectiveness of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 393) against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. Lactobacillus strains (108CFU/ml) and pathogens (104CFU/ml) were evaluated to monitor LAB anti-adhesive and antibiofilm effect, in two main scenarios: (i) co-adhesion and (ii) pathogen incorporation to stainless steel surfaces with a protective biofilm of Lactobacillus cells. In (i) the predominant effect was observed in L. rhamnosus against S. enterica and L. monocytogenes, whereas in (ii) both LAB significantly reduced the number of pathogenic adherent cells. The effect of pre-established LAB biofilms was more successful in displacing the three pathogens than when they were evaluated under co-adhesion. These findings show that both LAB can be considered good candidates to prevent or inhibit the adhesion and colonization of L. monocytogenes, S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 on surfaces and conditions of relevance for juice processing industries, offering alternatives for improving the safety and quality of fruit-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Clara Tarifa
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, CIT Río Negro, Río Negro, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Río Negro, CIT Río Negro (UNRN-CONICET), 8336 Villa Regina, Argentina
| | - María Del Rosario Agustín
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur, INBIOSUR (CONICET-UNS), 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Argentina
| | - Lorena Inés Brugnoni
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur, INBIOSUR (CONICET-UNS), 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Argentina.
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Agustín MDR, Stengel P, Kellermeier M, Tücking KS, Müller M. Monitoring Growth and Removal of Pseudomonas Biofilms on Cellulose-Based Fabrics. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040892. [PMID: 37110314 PMCID: PMC10143030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are often tolerant towards routine cleaning and disinfection processes. As they can grow on fabrics in household or healthcare settings, resulting in odors and serious health problems, it is necessary to contain biofilms through eradication strategies. The current study proposes a novel test model for the growth and removal of biofilms on textiles with Pseudomonas fluorescens and the opportunistic nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa as model organisms. To assess the biofilm removal on fabrics, (1) a detergent-based, (2) enzyme-based, and (3) combined formulation of both detergent and enzymes (F1/2) were applied. Biofilms were analyzed microscopically (FE-SEM, SEM, 3D laser scanning- and epifluorescence microscopy), via a quartz crystal microbalance with mass dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) as well as plate counting of colonies. This study indicated that Pseudomonas spp. form robust biofilms on woven cellulose that can be efficiently removed via F1/2, proven by a significant reduction (p < 0.001) of viable bacteria in biofilms. Moreover, microscopic analysis indicated a disruption and almost complete removal of the biofilms after F1/2 treatment. QCM-D measurements further confirmed a maximal mass dissipation change after applying F1/2. The combination strategy applying both enzymes and detergent is a promising antibiofilm approach to remove bacteria from fabrics.
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Improvement of Biohydrogen and Usable Chemical Products from Glycerol by Co-Culture of Enterobacter spH1 and Citrobacter freundii H3 Using Different Supports as Surface Immobilization. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel production in a yield of about 10% (w/w). The present study aims to improve the dark fermentation of glycerol by surface immobilization of microorganisms on supports. Four different supports were used—maghemite (Fe2O3), activated carbon (AC), silica gel (SiO2), and alumina (γ-Al2O3)—on which a newly isolated co-culture of Enterobacter spH1 and Citrobacter freundii, H3, was immobilized. The effect of iron species on dark fermentation was also studied by impregnation on AC and SiO2. The fermentative metabolites were mainly ethanol, 1,3-propanediol, lactate, H2 and CO2. The production rate (Rmax,i) and product yield (Yi) were elucidated by modeling using the Gompertz equation for the batch dark fermentation kinetics (maximum product formation (Pmax,i): (i) For each of the supports, H2 production (mmol/L) and yield (mol H2/mol glycerol consumed) increased in the following order: FC < γ-Al2O3 < Fe2O3 < SiO2 < Fe/SiO2 < AC < Fe/AC. (ii) Ethanol production (mmol/L) increased in the following order: FC < Fe2O3 < γ-Al2O3 < SiO2 < Fe/SiO2 < Fe/AC < AC, and yield (mol EtOH/mol glycerol consumed) increased in the following order: FC < Fe2O3 < Fe/AC < Fe/SiO2 < SiO2 < AC < γ-Al2O3. (iii) 1,3-propanediol production (mmol/L) and yield (mol 1,3PDO/mol glycerol consumed) increased in the following order: γ-Al2O3 < SiO2 < Fe/SiO2 < AC < Fe2O3 < Fe/AC < FC. (iv) Lactate production(mmol/L) and yield (mol Lactate/mol glycerol consumed) increased in the following order: γ-Al2O3 < SiO2 < AC < Fe/SiO2 < Fe/AC < Fe2O3 < FC. The study shows that in all cases, glycerol conversion was higher when the support assisted culture was used. It is noted that glycerol conversion and H2 production were dependent on the specific surface area of the support. H2 production clearly increased with the Fe2O3, Al2O3, SiO2 and AC supports. H2 production on the iron-impregnated AC and SiO2 supports was higher than on the corresponding bare supports. These results indicate that the support enhances the productivity of H2, perhaps because of specific surface area attachment, biofilm formation of the microorganisms and activation of the hydrogenase enzyme by iron species.
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Lianou A, Nychas GJE, Koutsoumanis KP. Strain variability in biofilm formation: A food safety and quality perspective. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109424. [PMID: 33233106 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The inherent differences in microbial behavior among identically treated strains of the same microbial species, referred to as "strain variability", are regarded as an important source of variability in microbiological studies. Biofilms are defined as the structured multicellular communities with complex architecture that enable microorganisms to grow adhered to abiotic or living surfaces and constitute a fundamental aspect of microbial ecology. The research studies assessing the strain variability in biofilm formation are relatively few compared to the ones evaluating other aspects of microbial behavior such as virulence, growth and stress resistance. Among the available research data on intra-species variability in biofilm formation, compiled and discussed in the present review, most of them refer to foodborne pathogens as compared to spoilage microorganisms. Molecular and physiological aspects of biofilm formation potentially related to strain-specific responses, as well as information on the characterization and quantitative description of this type of biological variability are presented and discussed. Despite the considerable amount of available information on the strain variability in biofilm formation, there are certain data gaps and still-existing challenges that future research should cover and address. Current and future advances in systems biology and omics technologies are expected to aid significantly in the explanation of phenotypic strain variability, including biofilm formation variability, allowing for its integration in microbiological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lianou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - George-John E Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Konstantinos P Koutsoumanis
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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Yuan L, Wang NI, Sadiq FA, He G. Interspecies Interactions in Dual-Species Biofilms Formed by Psychrotrophic Bacteria and the Tolerance of Sessile Communities to Disinfectants. J Food Prot 2020; 83:951-958. [PMID: 32428932 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Biofilms on the surface of food processing equipment act as potential reservoirs of microbial contamination. Bacterial interactions are believed to play key roles in both biofilm formation and antimicrobial tolerance. In this study, Aeromonas hydrophila, Chryseobacterium oncorhynchi, and Pseudomonas libanensis, which were previously isolated from Chinese raw milk samples, were selected to establish two dual-species biofilm models (P. libanensis plus A. hydrophila and P. libanensis plus C. oncorhynchi) on stainless steel at 7°C. Subsequently, three disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide (100 ppm), peracetic acid (100 ppm), and sodium hypochlorite (100 ppm), were used to treat the developed sessile communities for 10 min. Structural changes after exposure to disinfectants were analyzed with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The cell numbers of both A. hydrophila and C. oncorhynchi recovered from surfaces increased when grown as dual species biofilms with P. libanensis. Dual-species biofilms were more tolerant of disinfectants than were each single-species biofilm. Peracetic acid was the most effective disinfectant for removing biofilms, followed by hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. The results expand the knowledge of mixed-species biofilms formed by psychrotrophic bacteria and will be helpful for developing effective strategies to eliminate bacterial mixed-species biofilms. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, People's Republic of China.,College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - N I Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Faizan A Sadiq
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Hot water sanitization of a commercial mushroom disk slicer to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Agustín MDR, Viceconte FR, Vela Gurovic MS, Costantino A, Brugnoni LI. Effect of quorum sensing molecules and natamycin on biofilms of Candida tropicalis and other yeasts isolated from industrial juice filtration membranes. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1808-1820. [PMID: 30861242 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cells limit the cell number of dense biofilms by releasing self-inhibitory molecules. Here, we aim to assess the effectiveness of yeast quorum sensing (QS) molecules and the antifungal agent natamycin against yeast biofilms of strains commonly isolated from fruit juice ultrafiltration membranes. METHODS AND RESULTS Yeast QS molecules, such as tyrosol, 2-phenylethanol and farnesol, were detected by solvent extraction and HS-SPME GC-MS in Candida tropicalis cultures. The effect of QS molecules on mono- and multispecies biofilms formed by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, C. tropicalis, Candida krusei and Candida kefyr was evaluated by plate count and epifluorescence microscopy. Farnesol caused a decrease in cell number and disrupted mono- and multispecies yeast biofilms during adhesion (0·6 mmol l-1 ). 2-phenyl ethanol 1·2 mmol l-1 stimulated biofilm density and increased cell number in both mono- and multispecies biofilms, while tyrosol did not show effects when tested against C. tropicalis biofilms (0·05-1·2 mmol l-1 ). Natamycin caused a strong decrease in cell number and disruption of biofilm structure in C. tropicalis biofilms at high concentrations (0·3-1·2 mmol l-1 ). The combination of farnesol 0·6 mmol l-1 and natamycin at 0·01 mmol l-1 , the maximum concentration of natamycin accepted for direct addition into fruit juices, effectively reduced cell counts and disrupted the structure of C. tropicalis biofilms. CONCLUSION Farnesol 0·6 mmol l-1 significantly increased the inhibition exerted by natamycin 0·01 mmol l-1 (~5 ppm) reducing biofilm development from juice on stainless steel surfaces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results support the use of QS molecules as biofilm inhibitors in beverages and would certainly inspire the design of novel preservative and cleaning products for the food industry based on combinatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D R Agustín
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | | | - M S Vela Gurovic
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,CERZOS UNS-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - A Costantino
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - L I Brugnoni
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences of the South (INBIOSUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Agustín MDR, Brugnoni L. Multispecies biofilms betweenListeria monocytogenesandListeria innocuawith resident microbiota isolated from apple juice processing equipment. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María del Rosario Agustín
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy; Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS); Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Lorena Brugnoni
- Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences of the South (INBIOSUR); Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Bahía Blanca Argentina
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9
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Interspecies variation in biofilm-forming capacity of psychrotrophic bacterial isolates from Chinese raw milk. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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González-Rivas F, Ripolles-Avila C, Fontecha-Umaña F, Ríos-Castillo AG, Rodríguez-Jerez JJ. Biofilms in the Spotlight: Detection, Quantification, and Removal Methods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1261-1276. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabián González-Rivas
- Faculty of Health Sciences at Manresa; Univ. of Vic Central Univ. of Catalonia; Manresa Spain
| | - Carolina Ripolles-Avila
- Hygiene and Food Inspection Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Dept. of Food and Animal Science, Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona; CP 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Fabio Fontecha-Umaña
- Hygiene and Food Inspection Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Dept. of Food and Animal Science, Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona; CP 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Abel Guillermo Ríos-Castillo
- Hygiene and Food Inspection Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Dept. of Food and Animal Science, Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona; CP 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - José Juan Rodríguez-Jerez
- Hygiene and Food Inspection Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Dept. of Food and Animal Science, Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona; CP 08193 Barcelona Spain
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Extraction and quantification of biofilm bacteria: Method optimized for urinary catheters. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8069. [PMID: 29795121 PMCID: PMC5966383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are responsible for the failure of many medical devices such as urinary catheters and are associated with many infectious and non-infectious complications. Preclinical and clinical evaluation of novel catheter coatings to prevent these infections needs to accurately quantify the bacterial load in the biofilm in vitro and ex vivo. There is currently no uniform gold standard for biofilm quantification for different surfaces and established biofilms. We have tried to establish a simple, accurate and reproducible method for extraction and measurement of biofilm bacteria on indwelling catheters, using a combination of vortexing and sonication. We demonstrate the usefulness of this method for catheters of different sizes - 3 Fr to 14 Fr - in vitro, in murine and porcine models, and indwelling in human clinical subjects. We also demonstrate consistent results with complex and polymicrobial biofilms. We believe that this standardized reproducible method will assist the assessment of biofilms in general and urological devices in particular in efforts to harness novel technologies to prevent healthcare associated infections.
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De Abrew Abeysundara P, Dhowlaghar N, Nannapaneni R, Schilling MW, Mahmoud B, Sharma CS, Ma DP. Salmonella enterica growth and biofilm formation in flesh and peel cantaloupe extracts on four food-contact surfaces. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 280:17-26. [PMID: 29763755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is responsible for the highest number of foodborne disease outbreaks pertaining to cantaloupe industry. The objective of this study was to examine the growth and biofilm formation by outbreak strains of S. enterica ser. Poona (S. Poona), S. enterica ser. Stanley (S. Stanley) and S. enterica ser. Montevideo (S. Montevideo) on different food-contact processing surfaces in cantaloupe flesh and peel extracts at 22 °C and 10 °C. The generation time of all S. enterica strains tested was shorter in the high concentration (50 mg/ml) of cantaloupe extract and high temperature. In 50 mg/ml of cantaloupe flesh or peel extract, the populations of S. enterica were increased by 5 log CFU/ml in 24 h at 22 °C and 1 log CFU/ml in 72 h at 10 °C. In 2 mg/ml of cantaloupe flesh or peel extracts, the populations of S. enterica were increased by 3.5 log CFU/ml in 56 h at 22 °C, but there were no changes in 72 h at 10 °C. The biofilm production of S. enterica was greater at 50 mg/ml of cantaloupe extract and 22 °C, but no major differences (P ≥ 0.05) were found among the strains tested. In 50 mg/ml cantaloupe extract, S. enterica produced 5-6 log CFU/cm2 biofilm in 4-7 d at 22 °C and approximately 3.5-4 log CFU/cm2 in 7 d at 10 °C. In 2 mg/ml of cantaloupe extract, S. enterica produced 4-4.5 log CFU/cm2 biofilms in 4-7 d at 22 °C and 3 log CFU/cm2 in 7 d at 10 °C. Biofilm formation by S. Poona (01A4754) was lowest on buna-n rubber compared to stainless steel, polyethylene and polyurethane surfaces under the majority of conditions tested. Overall, these findings show that S. enterica strains can grow rapidly and form biofilms on different cantaloupe processing surfaces in the presence of low concentrations of cantaloupe flesh or peel extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piumi De Abrew Abeysundara
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Nitin Dhowlaghar
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Nannapaneni
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Mark W Schilling
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Barakat Mahmoud
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Chander S Sharma
- Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Din-Pow Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Hüwe C, Schmeichel J, Brodkorb F, Dohlen S, Kalbfleisch K, Kreyenschmidt M, Lorenz R, Kreyenschmidt J. Potential of antimicrobial treatment of linear low-density polyethylene with poly((tert-butyl-amino)-methyl-styrene) to reduce biofilm formation in the food industry. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:378-387. [PMID: 29663827 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1453926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial surfaces are one approach to prevent biofilms in the food industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of poly((tert-butyl-amino)-methyl-styrene) (poly(TBAMS)) incorporated into linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) on the formation of mono- and mixed-species biofilms. The biofilm on untreated and treated LLDPE was determined after 48 and 168 h. The comparison of the results indicated that the ability of Listeria monocytogenes to form biofilms was completely suppressed by poly(TBAMS) (Δ168 h 3.2 log10 cfu cm-2) and colonization of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was significantly delayed, but no effect on Pseudomonas fluorescens was observed. The results of dual-species biofilms showed complex interactions between the microorganisms, but comparable effects on the individual bacteria by poly(TBAMS) were identified. Antimicrobial treatment with poly(TBAMS) shows great potential to prevent biofilms on polymeric surfaces. However, a further development of the material is necessary to reduce the colonization of strong biofilm formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Hüwe
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Processing Engineering , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Jennifer Schmeichel
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Processing Engineering , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Florian Brodkorb
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Applied Sciences Münster , Steinfurt , Germany
| | - Sophia Dohlen
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Processing Engineering , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Katrin Kalbfleisch
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Applied Sciences Münster , Steinfurt , Germany
| | - Martin Kreyenschmidt
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Applied Sciences Münster , Steinfurt , Germany
| | - Reinhard Lorenz
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Applied Sciences Münster , Steinfurt , Germany
| | - Judith Kreyenschmidt
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Processing Engineering , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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Tarifa MC, Lozano JE, Brugnoni LI. Disinfection efficacy over yeast biofilms of juice processing industries. Food Res Int 2018; 105:473-481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Propensity for biofilm formation by aerobic mesophilic and thermophilic spore forming bacteria isolated from Chinese milk powders. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 262:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Establishment of probabilistic model for Salmonella Enteritidis growth and inactivation under acid and osmotic pressure. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Tarifa MC, Lozano JE, Brugnoni LI. Candida krusei isolated from fruit juices ultrafiltration membranes promotes colonization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica on stainless steel surfaces. J Microbiol 2017; 55:96-103. [PMID: 28120191 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-6300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the interactions between a common food spoilage yeast and two pathogenic bacteria involved in outbreaks associated with fruit juices, the present paper studies the effect of the interplay of Candida krusei, collected from UF membranes, with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in the overall process of adhesion and colonization of abiotic surfaces. Two different cases were tested: a) co-adhesion by pathogenic bacteria and yeasts, and b) incorporation of bacteria to pre-adhered C. krusei cells. Cultures were made on stainless steel at 25°C using apple juice as culture medium. After 24 h of co-adhesion with C. krusei, both E. coli O157:H7 and S. enterica increased their counts 1.05 and 1.11 log CFU cm2, respectively. Similar increases were obtained when incorporating bacteria to pre-adhered cells of Candida. Nevertheless C. krusei counts decreased in both experimental conditions, in a) 0.40 log CFU cm2 and 0.55 log CFU cm2 when exposed to E. coli O157:H7 and S. enterica and in b) 0.18 and 0.68 log CFU cm2, respectively. This suggests that C. krusei, E. coli O157:H7, and S. enterica have a complex relationship involving physical and chemical interactions on food contact surfaces. This study supports the possibility that pathogen interactions with members of spoilage microbiota, such as C. krusei, might play an important role for the survival and dissemination of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in food-processing environments. Based on the data obtained from the present study, much more attention should be given to prevent the contamination of these pathogens in acidic drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Clara Tarifa
- Pilot Plant of Chemical Engineering (UNS-CONICET) Camino La, Carrindanga Km 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Jorge Enrique Lozano
- Pilot Plant of Chemical Engineering (UNS-CONICET) Camino La, Carrindanga Km 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Lorena Inés Brugnoni
- Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences of the South (UNS-CONICET), San Juan 670, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Zhang F, Zhu J, Wang H. Inhibitory Activity of Tea Polyphenols on Biofilm Development of Shewanella putrefaciens. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Junli Zhu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Huimin Wang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Hangzhou 310018 China
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Wang H, Palmer J, Flint S. A rapid method for the nonselective enumeration of Yersinia enterocolitica, a foodborne pathogen associated with pork. Meat Sci 2015; 113:59-61. [PMID: 26613189 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An impedance method was developed as a rapid, convenient method to enumerate pure culture of Yersinia enterocolitica. Cultures were incubated in trypticase soy broth (TSB) at 30°C. The BacTrac™ 4000 microorganism growth analyser was used to detect impedance change of TSB representing bacteria cell numbers in the samples. Good correlations with standard plate counts were obtained (r(2)>0.95). This method is also reliable to enumerate Y. enterocolitica growing in biofilms attached to stainless steel. Compared with a standard plate count which involves dislodging biofilms from surfaces, this method is more convenient saving both time and effort. Therefore, it will be useful to study the conditions required for the biofilm growth and control of Y. enterocolitica that could be applied to the pork industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jon Palmer
- School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Steve Flint
- School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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20
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Tarifa MC, Lozano JE, Brugnoni LI. Dual-species relations between Candida tropicalis isolated from apple juice ultrafiltration membranes, with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella sp. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:431-42. [PMID: 25443982 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to determine the interactions between common spoilage yeast, Candida tropicalis, isolated from ultrafiltration membranes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella sp. on stainless steel surfaces. METHODS AND RESULTS Single and dual-species attachment assays were performed on stainless steel at 25°C using apple juice as culture medium. The growth of Salmonella sp. rose when it was co-cultivated with C. tropicalis in dual biofilms at 16 and 24 h; the same effect was observed for E. coli O157:H7 at 24 h. The colonization of C. tropicalis on stainless steel surfaces was reduced when it was co-cultivated with both pathogenic bacteria, reducing C. tropicalis population by at least 1.0 log unit. Visualization by SEM demonstrated that E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella sp. adhere closely to hyphal elements using anchorage structures to attach to the surface and other cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a route for potential increased survival of pathogens in juice processing environments. These support the notion that the species involved interact in mixed yeast-bacteria communities favouring the development of bacteria over yeast. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study support the plausibility that pathogen interactions with strong biofilm forming members of spoilage microbiota, such as C. tropicalis, might play an important role for the survival and dissemination of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella sp. in food-processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Tarifa
- Pilot Plant of Chemical Engineering (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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21
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Winkelströter LK, Teixeira FBDR, Silva EP, Alves VF, De Martinis ECP. Unraveling microbial biofilms of importance for food microbiology. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 68:35-46. [PMID: 24370864 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of biofilms is a relevant risk factors in the food industry due to the potential contamination of food products with pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. The majority of bacteria are able to adhere and to form biofilms, where they can persist and survive for days to weeks or even longer, depending on the microorganism and the environmental conditions. The biological cycle of biofilms includes several developmental phases such as: initial attachment, maturation, maintenance, and dispersal. Bacteria in biofilms are generally well protected against environmental stress, consequently, extremely difficult to eradicate and detect in food industry. In the present manuscript, some techniques and compounds used to control and to prevent the biofilm formation are presented and discussed. Moreover, a number of novel techniques have been recently employed to detect and evaluate bacteria attached to surfaces, including real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA microarray and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Better knowledge on the architecture, physiology and molecular signaling in biofilms can contribute for preventing and controlling food-related spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. The present study highlights basic and applied concepts important for understanding the role of biofilms in bacterial survival, persistence and dissemination in food processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizziane Kretli Winkelströter
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Nguyen H, Yang Y, Yuk H. Biofilm formation of Salmonella Typhimurium on stainless steel and acrylic surfaces as affected by temperature and pH level. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Kubo M, Ohshima Y, Irie F, Kikuchi M, Sawai J. Disinfection Treatment of Heated Scallop-Shell Powder on Biofilm of <i>Escherichia coli</i> ATCC 25922 Surrogated for <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2013.44a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Changes in resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium biofilms formed under various conditions to industrial sanitizers. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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SAWAI J, NAGASAWA KJ, KIKUCHI M. Ability of Heated Scallop-Shell Powder to Disinfect Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.19.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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26
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Current knowledge and perspectives on biofilm formation: the case of Listeria monocytogenes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:957-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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Swenson GJ, Hagenbuch IM, Pinckney JL, Long RA. Fluorometric estimation of surface associated microbial abundance. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 88:297-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Greco-Stewart VS, Brown EE, Parr C, Kalab M, Jacobs MR, Yomtovian RA, Ramírez-Arcos SM. Serratia marcescens strains implicated in adverse transfusion reactions form biofilms in platelet concentrates and demonstrate reduced detection by automated culture. Vox Sang 2011; 102:212-20. [PMID: 21967170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Serratia marcescens is a gram-negative bacterium that has been implicated in adverse transfusion reactions associated with contaminated platelet concentrates. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the ability of S. marcescens to form surface-attached aggregates (biofilms) could account for contaminated platelet units being missed during screening by the BacT/ALERT automated culture system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven S. marcescens strains, including biofilm-positive and biofilm-negative control strains and five isolates recovered from contaminated platelet concentrates, were grown in enriched Luria-Bertani medium and in platelets. Biofilm formation was examined by staining assay, dislodging experiments and scanning electron microscopy. Clinical strains were also analysed for their ability to evade detection by the BacT/ALERT system. RESULTS All strains exhibited similar growth in medium and platelets. While only the biofilm-positive control strain formed biofilms in medium, this strain and three clinical isolates associated with transfusion reactions formed biofilms in platelet concentrates. The other two clinical strains, which had been captured during platelet screening by BacT/ALERT, failed to form biofilms in platelets. Biofilm-forming clinical isolates were approximately three times (P<0·05) more likely to be missed by BacT/ALERT screening than biofilm-negative strains. CONCLUSION S. marcescens strains associated with transfusion reactions form biofilms under platelet storage conditions, and initial biofilm formation correlates with missed detection of contaminated platelet concentrates by the BacT/ALERT system.
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Belessi CEA, Gounadaki AS, Psomas AN, Skandamis PN. Efficiency of different sanitation methods on Listeria monocytogenes biofilms formed under various environmental conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 145 Suppl 1:S46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Soni KA, Nannapaneni R. Removal of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms with bacteriophage P100. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1519-24. [PMID: 20819365 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.8.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen with a persistent ability to form biofilm matrices in the food processing environments. In this study, we have determined the ability of bacteriophage P100 to reduce L. monocytogenes cell populations under biofilm conditions by using 21 L. monocytogenes strains representing 13 different serotypes. There were considerable differences in the ability of various strains of L. monocytogenes to form biofilms, with strains of serotype 1/2a showing maximum biofilm formation. Irrespective of the serotype, growth conditions, or biofilm levels, the phage P100 treatment significantly reduced L. monocytogenes cell populations under biofilm conditions. On the stainless steel coupon surface, there was a 3.5- to 5.4-log/cm2 reduction in L. monocytogenes cells by phage treatment. These findings illustrate that phage P100 is active against a wide range of L. monocytogenes strains in biofilm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh A Soni
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
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31
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Listeria monocytogenes attachment to and detachment from stainless steel surfaces in a simulated dairy processing environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:7182-8. [PMID: 19767476 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01359-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of pathogens in dairy products is often associated with contamination via bacteria attached to food-processing equipment, especially from areas where cleaning/sanitation is difficult. In this study, the attachment of Listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel (SS), followed by detachment and growth in foods, was evaluated under conditions simulating a dairy processing environment. Initially, SS coupons were immersed in milk, vanilla custard, and yogurt inoculated with the pathogen (10(7) CFU/ml or CFU/g) and incubated at two temperatures (5 and 20 degrees C) for 7 days. By the end of incubation, cells were mechanically detached from coupons and used to inoculate freshly pasteurized milk which was subsequently stored at 5 degrees C for 20 days. The suspended cells in all three products in which SS coupons were immersed were also used to inoculate freshly pasteurized milk (5 degrees C for 20 days). When SS coupons were immersed in milk, shorter lag phases were obtained for detached than for planktonically grown cells, regardless of the preincubation temperature (5 or 20 degrees C). The opposite was observed when custard incubated at 20 degrees C was used to prepare the two types of inocula. However, in this case, a significant increase in growth rate was also evident when the inoculum was derived from detached cells. In another parallel study, while L. monocytogenes was not detectable on SS coupons after 7 days of incubation (at 5 degrees C) in inoculated yogurt, marked detachment and growth were observed when these coupons were subsequently transferred and incubated at 5 degrees C in fresh milk or/and custard. Overall, the results obtained extend our knowledge on the risk related to contamination of dairy products with detached L. monocytogenes cells.
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32
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Rieu A, Guzzo J, Piveteau P. Sensitivity to acetic acid, ability to colonize abiotic surfaces and virulence potential of Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e after incubation on parsley leaves. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:560-70. [PMID: 19778346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate how the survival of Listeria monocytogenes on parsley leaves may affect its ability to sustain process-related harsh conditions and its virulence. METHODS AND RESULTS Parsley seedlings were spot inoculated with stationary phase cells of L. monocytogenes EGD-e and incubated for 15 days. Each day, bacterial cells were harvested and enumerated, and their ability to survive acetic acid challenge (90 min, pH 4.0), to colonize abiotic surfaces and to grow as biofilms was assessed. After a 3-log decrease over the first 48 h, the population stabilized to about 10(6) CFU g(-1) until the sixth day. After the sixth day, L. monocytogenes was no longer detected, even after specific enrichment. Incubation on parsley leaves affected the ability of L. monocytogenes to survive acetic acid challenge (90 min, pH 4.0) and to adhere to stainless steel although the ability to grow as biofilm was preserved. To further investigate these physiological alterations, the mRNA levels of six target genes (bsh, clpC, groEL, inlA, opuC, prfA) was quantified using reverse transcription qPCR after 5 h of incubation on parsley leaves. A decrease was observed in all but one (bsh) target, including groEL and clpC which are involved in resistance to salt and acid. Moreover, the decrease in the levels of inlA, prfA and opuC transcripts after incubation on parsley suggested a repression of some genes involved in pathogenicity. In vitro assessment of mammalian cell adherence and invasion using Caco-2 cells confirmed the repression of the virulence factor InlA; however, the virulence potential in vivo in the chick embryo model was not affected. CONCLUSION Listeria monocytogenes did undergo rapid changes to adapt its physiology to the phyllosphere. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study highlights the physiological changes undergone by L. monocytogenes during/after survival on parsley leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rieu
- Laboratoire de Recherche En Vigne et Vin REVV, Université de Bourgogne, IUVV, Dijon, France
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33
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Enhancing pozzolana colonization by As(III)-oxidizing bacteria for bioremediation purposes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:565-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wan Norhana MN, Goulter RM, Poole SE, Deeth HC, Dykes GA. Relationship between the physicochemical properties of nonchitinolytic Listeria and Salmonella and their attachment to shrimp carapace. J Food Prot 2009; 72:1181-9. [PMID: 19610328 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.6.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeria and Salmonella are important foodborne pathogens normally associated with the shrimp production chain. This study investigated the potential of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Senftenberg, and Listeria monocytogenes (Scott A and V7) to attach to and colonize shrimp carapace. Attachment and colonization of Listeria and Salmonella were demonstrated. Shrimp abdominal carapaces showed higher levels of bacterial attachment (P < 0.05) than did head carapaces. Listeria consistently exhibited greater attachment (P < 0.05) than did Salmonella on all surfaces. Chitinase activity of all strains was tested and found not to occur at the three temperatures (10, 25, and 37 degrees C) tested. The surface physicochemical properties of bacterial cells and shrimp carapace were studied to determine their role in attachment and colonization. Salmonella had significantly (P < 0.05) more positive (-3.9 and -6.0 mV) cell surface charge than Listeria (-18 and -22.8 mV) had. Both bacterial species were found to be hydrophilic (<35%) when measured by the bacterial adherence to hydrocarbon method and by contact angle (theta) measurements (Listeria, 21.3 and 24.8 degrees, and Salmonella, 14.5 and 18.9 degrees). The percentage of cells retained by Phenyl-Sepharose was lower for Salmonella (12.8 to 14.8%) than it was for Listeria (26.5 to 31.4%). The shrimp carapace was found to be hydrophobic (theta = 74.5 degrees), and a significant (P < 0.05) difference in surface roughness between carapace types was noted. There was a linear correlation between bacterial cell surface charge (r2 = 0.95) and hydrophobicity (r2 = 0.85) and initial attachment (P < 0.05) of Listeria and Salmonella to carapaces. However, the same properties could not be related to subsequent colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Wan Norhana
- School of Land, Crop, and Food Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4067, Australia
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Vukanti R, Crissman M, Leff LG, Leff AA. Bacterial communities of tyre monofill sites: growth on tyre shreds and leachate. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1957-66. [PMID: 19239530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate bacterial communities of tyre monofill sites, colonization of tyre material by bacteria and the effect of tyre leachate on bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS Culturable bacteria were isolated from buried tyre shreds and identified using fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Isolates belonged to taxonomic groups such as Bacilli, Actinobacteria, Clostridia, Flavobacteria, beta and gamma-proteobacteria. For tyre material colonization experiments, Bacillus megatarium, Bacillus cereus, Hydrogenophaga flava, Janthinobacterium lividum, Cellulosimicrobium cellulans, Arthrobacter globiformis (isolated from tyre shreds or leachate at the study site); Escherichia coli and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans were used. Beakers containing tyre shreds and artificial rain water were inoculated with a given bacterial culture, incubated at room temperature and sampled at regular intervals. 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining followed by epifluorescent microscopy was used to enumerate bacteria in samples. Of the bacteria tested, B. megatarium, J. lividum, E. coli, C. cellulans and A. globiformis exhibited the most extensive colonization of the tyre shreds. However, the extent of colonization varied among bacteria. Response to tyre leachate was also examined using B. cereus and J. lividum. Both bacteria increased in abundance due to the addition of leachate. CONCLUSIONS Bacteria associated with buried tyre shreds were identified and found to include typical soil and freshwater organisms. The majority of indigenous isolates grew on tyre material (or leachate) suggesting that they play an active role in the ecology of these sites and that their potential role in tyre degradation should be explored. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides information on bacterial communities of tyre-waste disposal sites, explores the interaction between tyre material and bacteria and identifies bacteria that could be involved in or employed for recycling tyre-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vukanti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA.
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Christison CA, Lindsay D, von Holy A. Cleaning and handling implements as potential reservoirs for bacterial contamination of some ready-to-eat foods in retail delicatessen environments. J Food Prot 2007; 70:2878-83. [PMID: 18095448 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.12.2878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the association of bacteria with cleaning tools, such as floor mops (n = 25) and cleaning cloths (n = 39), and handling devices, such as disposable plastic gloves (n = 20), used during filled baguette and assorted salad preparation in four selected retail delicatessens in Johannesburg, South Africa. Samples of each cleaning or handling tool were prepared for aerobic (APC), coliform (CC), Escherichia coli (EC), Bacillus cereus (BCC), and Staphylococcus aureus (SAC) counts, as well as tested for the incidence of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) and Salmonella (SALM) by standard plating methods. Bacterial populations attached to the cleaning and handling tools were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ten selected gram-positive isolates were further analyzed by 16S rRNA sequence analysis and compared with isolates from filled baguettes and assorted salads. The floor mops consistently yielded the highest APCs, CCs, and ECs (5.7, 4.1, and 3.0 log CFU/g, respectively), while gloves had the lowest corresponding counts (3.6, 2.0, and 1.0 log CFU/g, respectively). Low BCCs and SACs were recorded in this study (ca. 1.2 log CFU/g), while SALM and LM were each detected in five cleaning tool samples. SEM showed rods and cocci attached to handling and cleaning tools. Furthermore, results of 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that several gram-positive isolates were identified as S. aureus, Staphylococcus pasteuri, Staphylococcus sciuri, and Enterococcus faecalis. Genetically similar strains (100% similarity) were isolated from cleaning and handling tools and associated ready-to-eat (RTE) foods. Cleaning and handling tools may act as reservoirs of contamination for RTE foods during preparation in retail delicatessens in South Africa. The transfer of potential pathogens, such as S. aureus, to foods from cleaning and handling tools may hold food safety implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Christison
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
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Chavant P, Gaillard-Martinie B, Talon R, Hébraud M, Bernardi T. A new device for rapid evaluation of biofilm formation potential by bacteria. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 68:605-12. [PMID: 17218029 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the implementation of a new assay named the BioFilm Ring Test to evaluate the ability of bacteria to form biofilms. This assay is based on the immobilisation (or not) of magnetic beads embedded by bacterial aggregates or mats (patented concept). It is realised on modified polystyrene 96-wells microtiter plates with individual 8-wells slides. The kinetic of biofilm formation of four bacterial species, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus carnosus and Staphylococcus xylosus was evaluated with this new device by comparison with the standard crystal violet staining method of sessile cells. In parallel, the biofilm growth was visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations. The BioFilm Ring Test gave similar but faster results than the crystal violet method. Moreover, the new assay was easier to implement, more reproducible and allowed high throughput screenings due to limited manipulations (no washing and staining steps) and rapid and accurate measurements of magnetic bead immobilisation by sessile bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Chavant
- BioFilm Control SAS, Biopôle Clermont-Ferrand-Limagne, F-63360 St Beauzire, France
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Tolvanén R, Lunden J, Korkeala H, Wirtanen G. Ultrasonic cleaning of conveyor belt materials using Listeria monocytogenes as a model organism. J Food Prot 2007; 70:758-61. [PMID: 17388072 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.3.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Persistent Listeria monocytogenes contamination of food industry equipment is a difficult problem to solve. Ultrasonic cleaning offers new possibilities for cleaning conveyors and other equipment that are not easy to clean. Ultrasonic cleaning was tested on three conveyor belt materials: polypropylene, acetal, and stainless steel (cold-rolled, AISI 304). Cleaning efficiency was tested at two temperatures (30 and 45 degrees C) and two cleaning times (30 and 60 s) with two cleaning detergents (KOH, and NaOH combined with KOH). Conveyor belt materials were soiled with milk-based soil and L. monocytogenes strains V1, V3, and B9, and then incubated for 72 h to attach bacteria to surfaces. Ultrasonic cleaning treatments reduced L. monocytogenes counts on stainless steel 4.61 to 5.90 log units; on acetal, 3.37 to 5.55 log units; and on polypropylene, 2.31 to 4.40 log units. The logarithmic reduction differences were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. The logarithmic reduction was significantly greater in stainless steel than in plastic materials (P < 0.001 for polypropylene, P = 0.023 for acetal). Higher temperatures enhanced the cleaning efficiency in tested materials. No significant difference occurred between cleaning times. The logarithmic reduction was significantly higher (P = 0.013) in cleaning treatments with potassium hydroxide detergent. In this study, ultrasonic cleaning was efficient for cleaning conveyor belt materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riina Tolvanén
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Lindsay D, von Holy A. Bacterial biofilms within the clinical setting: what healthcare professionals should know. J Hosp Infect 2006; 64:313-25. [PMID: 17046102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm formation is the prevailing microbial lifestyle in natural and manmade environments and occurs on all surface types. Biofilm formation develops in several phases and is influenced by various parameters, both environmental and inherent to the attaching cell. Biofilms also serve as protective niches for particular pathogens when outside a host. Although it is accepted that biofilms are ubiquitous in nature, the significance of biofilms in clinical settings, especially with regard to their role in medical-related infections, is often underestimated. It has been found that several aspects of human pathogenesis within a clinical context are directly related to biofilm development. Various types of surfaces in clinical settings are prone to biofilm development and an increased risk of disease may be a direct consequence of their formation. This review describes the process of biofilm formation, highlights the importance of bacterial associations with surfaces in clinical settings and describes various methods for biofilm visualization and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lindsay
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Thompson LJ, Gray V, Lindsay D, von Holy A. Carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus ratios influence biofilm formation byEnterobacter cloacaeandCitrobacter freundii. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 101:1105-13. [PMID: 17040234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To test the effects of C : N : P ratio modification of a well-known nutrient medium formulation, the Endo formulation on biofilm formation by Enterobacter cloacae Ecl and Citrobacter freundii Cf1 in both single-species and binary species biofilms. METHODS AND RESULTS The C : N : P atom : atom ratio of a well-known nutrient medium formulation, the Endo formulation, that has been applied in fermentative biohydrogen studies, was modified to include two different C concentrations, one containing 17.65 g l(-1) and the other 8.84 g l(-1) sucrose, each containing four different C : N : P ratios, two at higher C : N : P ratios (334 : 84 : 16.8 and 334 : 84 : 3) and two at lower C : N : P ratios (334 : 28 : 5.6 and 334 : 28 : 1). Attached cells were enumerated after dislodging the biofilms that had formed on granular activated carbon (GAC). The modified medium containing 17.65 g l(-1) sucrose and having a C : N : P ratio of 334 : 28 : 5.6 resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher counts of attached cells for both single-species biofilms at 7.73 log(10) CFU g(-1) GAC and 9.3 log(10)CFU g(-1) GAC for Ent. cloacae Ecl and Cit. freundii Cf1, respectively, and binary species biofilms at 8.2 log(10) CFU g(-1) GAC and 6.34 log(10) CFU g(-1) GAC for Ent. cloacae Ecl and Cit. freundii Cf1, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs showed qualitative evidence that the 334 : 28 : 5.6 ratio encouraged more complex and extensive biofilm growth for both single-species and binary species biofilms. CONCLUSIONS The differences in the attachment numbers between the different ratios were found not to be a result of the individual actions of the bacterial isolates involved but rather because of the effects of the various C : N : P ratios. The 334 : 28 : 5.6 ratio showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher counts of attached cells for both single-species and binary species biofilms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study indicates that C : N : P ratios should be a key consideration with regard to maximizing biofilm formation in shake flask and fluidized bed bioreactor studies as well as understanding fundamental factors affecting biofilm growth in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Thompson
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Gauteng, South Africa
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Giaouris E, Chorianopoulos N, Nychas GJE. Effect of temperature, pH, and water activity on biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica enteritidis PT4 on stainless steel surfaces as indicated by the bead vortexing method and conductance measurements. J Food Prot 2005; 68:2149-54. [PMID: 16245722 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.10.2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An assay was developed in an effort to elucidate the effect of important environmental parameters (temperature, pH, and water activity [aw]) on Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation on stainless steel surfaces. To achieve this, a modified microbiological technique used for biofilm studying (the bead vortexing method) and a rapid method based on conductivity measurements were used. The ability of the microorganism to generate biofilm on the stainless surfaces was studied at three temperatures (5, 20, and 37 degrees C), four pH values (4.5, 5.5, 6.5, and 7.4), and four aw values (0.5, 1.5, 5.5, and 10.5% NaCl). Results obtained by the bead vortexing method show that maximum numbers of adherent bacteria per square centimeter (106 CFU/cm2) were attained in 6 days at 20 degrees C. Biofilm formation after 7 days of incubation at 20 degrees C was found to be independent of the pH value. In addition, the high concentration of sodium chloride (10.5% NaCl, aw = 0.94) clearly inhibited the adherence of cells to the coupons. Conductance measurements were used as a supplementary tool to measure indirectly the attachment and biofilm formation of bacterial cells on stainless steel surfaces via their metabolic activity (i.e., changes in the conductance of the growth medium due to microbial growth or metabolism). Results obtained by conductance measurements corresponded well to those of the bead vortexing method. Furthermore, we were able to detect cells that remained attached on the metal surfaces even after vortexing via their metabolic activity. The results, except for demonstrating environmental-dependent Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation, indicated that traditional vortexing with beads did not remove completely biofilm cells from stainless steel; hence, conductance measurements seem to provide a more sensitive test capable to detect down to one single viable organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giaouris
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Hilal N, Ogunbiyi OO, Miles NJ, Nigmatullin R. Methods Employed for Control of Fouling in MF and UF Membranes: A Comprehensive Review. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/ss-200068409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Castro-Rosas J, Escartín EF. Increased tolerance of Vibrio cholerae O1 to temperature, pH, or drying associated with colonization of shrimp carapaces. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 102:195-201. [PMID: 15992618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Revised: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
External surfaces of samples of shrimp carapace were inoculated with Vibrio cholerae and stored at 22 degrees C for 1 h in a moist environment to facilitate their adhesion, or for 24 h to permit their colonization of the material. Colonizing cells showed a higher resistance to the effects of high temperatures, low pH, and desiccation conditions than adherent cells. Periods of 10, 5, and 3 min and 0 s were required to inactivate the pathogen when attached cells were exposed to 50, 60, 65, or 70 degrees C. The corresponding times for colonizing cells were 30, 15, 10, and 1 min. At pH 2.5 numbers of attached V. cholerae were reduced by >5 log after 16 min, whereas the reduction of colonizing cells was only 2.8 log. The survival times of the microorganism on dried carapaces stored at 5 and 22 degrees C were, respectively, 60 and 10 min for adherent cells, and 12 and 4 h for colonizing cells. The increased resistance to the effects of high temperatures, low pH, and desiccation of V. cholerae O1 colonizing shrimp carapaces may have significant implications for food safety and the epidemiology of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castro-Rosas
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, 42076, México
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Abstract
Eight strains of Listeria monocytogenes (7644, 19112, 15313, Scott A, LCDC, 10403S, SLCC, and 1370) produce biofilms when grown on polyvinyl chloride microtiter well plates. The growth medium (tryptic soy broth [TSB] or modified Welshimer's broth [MWB] at 32 degrees C) influenced the amount of biofilm formed; maximum biofilms were formed in MWB by six strains and in TSB by the remaining two strains. This result suggests that the growth medium is critical in development of L. monocytogenes biofilm. This organism also produced biofilms on stainless steel chips. Biofilm formation on these chips was observed following growth in TSB at 4, 20, and 37 degrees C. After 20 h of incubation at 20 or 37 degrees C, the cell density was approximately 10(6) CFU per chip, and after 4 days incubation at 4 degrees C, the cell density was 10(5) CFU per chip. L. monocytogenes strain Scott A biofilm formation on stainless steel chips was visualized using scanning electron microscopy, which revealed dense aggregates of cells held together by meshlike webbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Moltz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Chmielewski RAN, Frank JF. A predictive model for heat inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm on stainless steel. J Food Prot 2004; 67:2712-8. [PMID: 15633676 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.12.2712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Heat treatment of potential biofilm-forming sites is sometimes used for control of Listeria monocytogenes in food processing plants. However, little information is available on the heat treatment required to kill L. monocytogenes present in biofilms. The purpose of this study was to develop a predictive model for the heat inactivation of L. monocytogenes in monoculture biofilms (strains Scott A and 3990) and in biofilms with competing bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. and Pantoea agglomerans) formed on stainless steel in the presence of food-derived soil. Biofilms were produced on stainless steel coupons with diluted tryptic soy broth incubated for 48 h at 25 degrees C. Duplicate biofilm samples were heat treated for 1, 3, 5, and 15 min at 70, 72, 75, 77, and 80 degrees C and tested for survivors using enrichment culture. The experiment was repeated six times. A predictive model was developed using logistic regression analysis of the fraction negative data. Plots showing the probability of L. monocytogenes inactivation in biofilms after heat treatment were generated from the predictive equation. The predictive model revealed that hot water sanitation of stainless steel can be effective for inactivating L. monocytogenes in a biofilm on stainless steel if time and temperature are controlled. For example, to obtain a 75% probability of total inactivation of L. monocytogenes 3990 biofilm, a heat treatment of 80 degrees C for 11.7 min is required. The model provides processors with a risk management tool that provides predicted probabilities of L. monocytogenes inactivation and allows a choice of three heat resistance assumptions. The predictive model was validated using a five-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes in the presence of food soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A N Chmielewski
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Somers EB, Wong ACL. Efficacy of two cleaning and sanitizing combinations on Listeria monocytogenes biofilms formed at low temperature on a variety of materials in the presence of ready-to-eat meat residue. J Food Prot 2004; 67:2218-29. [PMID: 15508633 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.10.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms in the food-processing industry are a serious concern due to the potential for contamination of food products, which may lead to decreased food quality and safety. The effect of two detergent and sanitizer combinations on the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms was studied. Combination A uses a chlorinated-alkaline, low-phosphate detergent, and dual peracid sanitizer. Combination B uses a solvated-alkaline environmental sanitation product and hypochlorite sanitizer. The survival of bacterial biofilms placed at 4 and 10 degrees C and held for up to 5 days was also addressed. To simulate conditions found in a ready-to-eat meat-processing environment, biofilms were developed in low-nutrient conditions at 10 degrees C (with and without meat and fat residue) on a variety of materials found in a plant setting. Included were two types of stainless steel, three materials for conveyor use, two rubber products, a wall, and floor material. Biofilms developed on all surfaces tested; numbers at day 2 ranged from 3.2 log on silicone rubber to 4.47 log CFU/cm2 on Delrin, an acetal copolymer. Biofilm survival during storage was higher at 4 degrees C (36.3 to 1,621%) than 10 degrees C (4.5 to 83.2%). Small amounts of meat extract, frankfurters, or pork fat reduced biofilm formation initially; with time, the biofilm cell number and survival percentage increased. Cleaning efficacy was surface dependent and decreased with residue-soiled surfaces; biofilms developed on the brick and conveyor material were most resistant. Both detergents significantly (P < 0.05) removed or inactivated biofilm bacteria. The sanitizers further reduced biofilm numbers; however, the reduction was not significant in most cases for the dual peracid. Using a benchmark efficacy of >3-log reduction, combination A was only effective on 50.0% of the samples, Combination B, at 86.1%, was more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen B Somers
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology, Food Research Institute, 1925 Willow Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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WANG Y, SOMERS EB, MANOLACHE S, DENES FS, WONG ACL. Cold Plasma Synthesis of Poly(ethylene glycol)-like Layers on Stainless-Steel Surfaces to Reduce Attachment and Biofilm Formation by Listeria monocytogenes. J Food Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb05803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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den Aantrekker ED, Vernooij WW, Reij MW, Zwietering MH, Beumer RR, van Schothorst M, Boom RM. A biofilm model for flowing systems in the food industry. J Food Prot 2003; 66:1432-8. [PMID: 12929831 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-66.8.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
When bacteria attach to the walls of pipelines, they can form biofilms, which can cause the recontamination of food products. In order to quantify such recontamination, a one-dimensional biofilm model was developed taking into account adsorption, desorption, and the growth of cells. The model consisted of two mass balances describing increases in biofilm formation at the wall and the accumulation of cells in the liquid phase. The necessary parameters for the model were obtained in laboratory biofilm experiments. These experiments involved a flowing system and the use of Staphylococcus aureus as a model pathogen and silicon tubing as a testing material. S. aureus was inoculated into the system for 2 h, and then the system was changed to a sterile medium. Both biofilm formation and the release of cells into the flowing liquid were measured until steady-state conditions were reached (for up to 9 days). The experiments were performed in duplicate for different flow conditions (i.e., for Reynolds numbers of 3.2, 32, and 170). It was shown that at higher Reynolds numbers, the biofilm developed faster, probably owing to an increase in the transfer of nutrients to the surface. The proposed biofilm model was capable of describing the data obtained for the three different flow conditions with the use of the specific growth rate in the biofilm and the desorption coefficient as fit parameters. The specific growth rates were 0.16, 0.27, and 0.49 h(-1) for Reynolds numbers of 3.2, 32, and 170, respectively, and the desorption coefficients were about 1% of these values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther D den Aantrekker
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Djordjevic D, Wiedmann M, McLandsborough LA. Microtiter plate assay for assessment of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:2950-8. [PMID: 12039754 PMCID: PMC123944 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.6.2950-2958.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 632] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2001] [Accepted: 03/30/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes has the ability to form biofilms on food-processing surfaces, potentially leading to food product contamination. The objective of this research was to standardize a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microtiter plate assay to compare the ability of L. monocytogenes strains to form biofilms. A total of 31 coded L. monocytogenes strains were grown in defined medium (modified Welshimer's broth) at 32 degrees C for 20 and 40 h in PVC microtiter plate wells. Biofilm formation was indirectly assessed by staining with 1% crystal violet and measuring crystal violet absorbance, using destaining solution. Cellular growth rates and final cell densities did not correlate with biofilm formation, indicating that differences in biofilm formation under the same environmental conditions were not due to growth rate differences. The mean biofilm production of lineage I strains was significantly greater than that observed for lineage II and lineage III strains. The results from the standardized microtiter plate biofilm assay were also compared to biofilm formation on PVC and stainless steel as assayed by quantitative epifluorescence microscopy. Results showed similar trends for the microscopic and microtiter plate assays, indicating that the PVC microtiter plate assay can be used as a rapid, simple method to screen for differences in biofilm production between strains or growth conditions prior to performing labor-intensive microscopic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Djordjevic
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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