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Mizobuchi K, Hayashi T, Tanaka K, Kuniyoshi K, Murakami Y, Nakamura N, Torii K, Mizota A, Sakai D, Maeda A, Kominami T, Ueno S, Kusaka S, Nishiguchi KM, Ikeda Y, Kondo M, Tsunoda K, Hotta Y, Nakano T. Genetic and Clinical Features of ABCA4-Associated Retinopathy in a Japanese Nationwide Cohort. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 264:36-43. [PMID: 38499139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the genetic and clinical features of Japanese patients with ABCA4-associated retinopathy. DESIGN Retrospective, multicenter cohort study. METHODS Patients with retinal degeneration and biallelic ABCA4 variants were recruited from 13 different hospitals. Whole exome sequencing analysis was used for genetic testing. Comprehensive ophthalmic examinations were performed on matched patients. The primary outcome measure was identifying multimodal retinal imaging findings associated with disease progression. RESULTS This study included 63 patients: 19 with missense/missense, 23 with missense/truncation, and 21 with truncation/truncation genotypes. In total, 62 variants were identified, including 29 novel variants. Six patients had a mild phenotype characterized by foveal-sparing or preserved foveal structure, including 4 with missense/missense and 2 with missense/truncation genotypes. The p.Arg212His variant was the most frequent in patients with mild phenotypes (4/12 alleles). Clinical findings showed a disease duration-dependent worsening of the phenotypic stage. Patients with the truncation/truncation genotype exhibited rapid retinal degeneration within a few years and definite fundus autofluorescence imaging patterns, including hyper autofluorescence at the macula and few or no flecks. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that missense/missense or missense/truncation genotypes, including the p.Arg212His variant, are associated with a relatively mild phenotype. In contrast, the truncation/truncation genotype causes rapid and severe retinal degeneration in Japanese patients with ABCA4-associated retinopathy. These data are vital in predicting patient prognosis, guiding genetic counseling, and stratifying patients for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Mizobuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology (K.M., T.H., T.N.), The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology (K.M., T.H., T.N.), The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Katsushika Medical Center (T.H.), The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Sciences (K.T.), Nihon University School of Medicine, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kuniyoshi
- Department of Ophthalmology (K.K., S.K.), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology (Y.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Natsuko Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology (N.N.), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoruko Torii
- Department of Ophthalmology (K.T., Y.H.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mizota
- Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Sakai
- Department of Ophthalmology (D.S., A.M.), Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiko Maeda
- Department of Ophthalmology (D.S., A.M.), Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Taro Kominami
- Department of Ophthalmology (T.K., S.U., K.M.N.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinji Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology (T.K., S.U., K.M.N.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology (S.U.), Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shunji Kusaka
- Department of Ophthalmology (K.K., S.K.), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Japan
| | - Koji M Nishiguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology (T.K., S.U., K.M.N.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology (Y.I.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology (M.K.), Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kazushige Tsunoda
- Division of Vision Research (K.T.), National Institute of Sensory Organs, NHO Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hotta
- Department of Ophthalmology (K.T., Y.H.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakano
- Department of Ophthalmology (K.M., T.H., T.N.), The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang Y, Sun W, Zhou J, Li X, Jiang Y, Li S, Jia X, Xiao X, Ouyang J, Wang Y, Zhou L, Long Y, Liu M, Li Y, Yi Z, Wang P, Zhang Q. Different Phenotypes Represent Advancing Stages of ABCA4-Associated Retinopathy: A Longitudinal Study of 212 Chinese Families From a Tertiary Center. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:28. [PMID: 35608843 PMCID: PMC9150840 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the nature and association of different phenotypes associated with ABCA4 mutations in Chinese. Methods All patients were recruited from our pediatric and genetic eye clinic. Detailed ocular phenotypes were characterized. The disease course was evaluated by long-term follow-up observation, with a focus on fundus changes. Cox regression was used to identify the factors associated with disease progression. Results A systematic review of genetic and clinical data for 228 patients and follow-up data for 42 patients indicated specific features in patients with two ABCA4 variants. Of 185 patients with available fundus images, 107 (57.8%) showed focal lesions restricted to the central macula without flecks. Among these 107 patients, 30 patients (28.0%) initially presented with relatively preserved visual acuity and inconspicuous performance on routine fundus screening. A pigmentary change in the posterior pole was observed in 22 of 185 patients (11.9%), and this change mimicked retinitis pigmentosa in 10 cases (45.5%). Follow-up visits and sibling comparisons demonstrated disease progression from cone-rod dystrophy, Stargardt disease, to retinitis pigmentosa. An earlier age of onset was associated with a more rapid decrease in visual acuity (P = 0.03). Patients with two truncation variants had an earlier age of onset. Conclusion Phenotypic variation in ABCA4-associated retinopathy may represent sequential changes in a single disease: early-stage Stargardt disease may resemble cone-rod dystrophy, whereas the presence of diffuse pigmentation in the late stage may mimic retinitis pigmentosa. Recognizing the natural progression of fundus changes, especially those visualized by wide-field fundus autofluorescence, is valuable for diagnostics and therapeutic decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenmin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Long
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengchu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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Huang D, Heath Jeffery RC, Aung-Htut MT, McLenachan S, Fletcher S, Wilton SD, Chen FK. Stargardt disease and progress in therapeutic strategies. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 43:1-26. [PMID: 34455905 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1966053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Stargardt disease (STGD1) is an autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy due to mutations in ABCA4, characterized by subretinal deposition of lipofuscin-like substances and bilateral centrifugal vision loss. Despite the tremendous progress made in the understanding of STGD1, there are no approved treatments to date. This review examines the challenges in the development of an effective STGD1 therapy.Materials and Methods: A literature review was performed through to June 2021 summarizing the spectrum of retinal phenotypes in STGD1, the molecular biology of ABCA4 protein, the in vivo and in vitro models used to investigate the mechanisms of ABCA4 mutations and current clinical trials.Results: STGD1 phenotypic variability remains an challenge for clinical trial design and patient selection. Pre-clinical development of therapeutic options has been limited by the lack of animal models reflecting the diverse phenotypic spectrum of STDG1. Patient-derived cell lines have facilitated the characterization of splice mutations but the clinical presentation is not always predicted by the effect of specific mutations on retinoid metabolism in cellular models. Current therapies primarily aim to delay vision loss whilst strategies to restore vision are less well developed.Conclusions: STGD1 therapy development can be accelerated by a deeper understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science & the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rachael C Heath Jeffery
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - May Thandar Aung-Htut
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science & the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samuel McLenachan
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sue Fletcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science & the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steve D Wilton
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science & the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fred K Chen
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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4
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Thompson JA, Chiang JPW, De Roach JN, McLaren TL, Chen FK, Hoffmann L, Campbell I, Lamey TM. Analysis of the ABCA4 c.[2588G>C;5603A>T] Allele in the Australian Population. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1185:269-273. [PMID: 31884623 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27378-1_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are genetically and phenotypically diverse, and they cause significant morbidity worldwide. Importantly, IRDs may be amenable to precision medicine strategies, and thus the molecular characterisation of causative variants is becoming increasingly important with the promise of personalised therapies on the horizon. ABCA4, involved in the translocation of visual cycle derivatives, is a well-established, frequent cause of IRDs worldwide, with pathogenic variants implicated in phenotypically diverse diseases. Identification of causative ABCA4 variants in some individuals, however, has been enigmatic, and resolution of this issue is currently a hotbed of research. Recent evidence has indicated that hypomorphic alleles, which cause disease under certain conditions, may account for some of the missing causal variants. It has been postulated that the ABCA4 c.5603A>T (p.Asn1868Ile) variant, previously considered benign, be reclassified as hypomorphic when in cis configuration with c.2588G>C (p.Gly863Ala/Gly863del), a variant previously considered to be pathogenic in its own right. We are exploring this relationship within an Australian cohort to test this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Thompson
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | | | - John N De Roach
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Terri L McLaren
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Fred K Chen
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ling Hoffmann
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Isabella Campbell
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tina M Lamey
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Stocchi L, Giardina E, Varriale L, Sechi A, Vagnini A, Parri G, Valentini M, Capalbo M. Can Tangier disease cause male infertility? A case report and an overview on genetic causes of male infertility and hormonal axis involved. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 123:43-49. [PMID: 29198592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tangier disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ABCA1 gene and characterized by the accumulation of cholesteryl ester in various tissues and a near absence of high-density lipoprotein. The subject in this investigation was a 36-year-old Italian man with Tangier disease. He and his wife had come to the In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Pesaro Hospital (Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord) seeking help regarding fertility issues. The man was diagnosed with severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Testosterone is the sex hormone necessary for spermatogenesis and cholesterol is its precursor; hence, we hypothesized that the characteristic cholesterol deficiency in Tangier disease patients could compromise their fertility. The aim of the study was to therefore to determine if there is an association between Tangier disease and male infertility. After excluding viral, infectious, genetic and anatomical causes of the subject's oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, we performed a hormonal analysis to verify our hypothesis. The patient was found to be negative for frequent bacteria and viruses. The subject showed a normal male karyotype and tested negative for Yq microdeletions and Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator gene mutations. A complete urological examination was performed, and primary hypogonadism was also excluded. Conversely, hormonal analyses showed that the subject had a high level of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, low total testosterone and a significant decline in inhibin B. We believe that the abnormally low cholesterol levels typically found in subjects with Tangier disease may result in a reduced testosterone production which in turn could affect the hormonal axis responsible for spermatogenesis leading to a defective maturation of spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stocchi
- Pathophysiology of Reproduction, U.O.C., IVF Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Giardina
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine-UILDM, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Univ. Tor Vergata; Rome, Italy.
| | - Luigia Varriale
- Department of Clinical Pathology, U.O.S.D. D.A.L.T., Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Sechi
- Regional Center for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital of Udine, Italy.
| | - Andrea Vagnini
- Department of Clinical Pathology, U.O.S.D. D.A.L.T., Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy.
| | - Gianni Parri
- Department of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy.
| | - Massimo Valentini
- Department of Clinical Pathology, U.O.S.D. D.A.L.T., Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy.
| | - Maria Capalbo
- General Director of Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy.
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Wagner AH, Taylor KR, DeLuca AP, Casavant TL, Mullins RF, Stone EM, Scheetz TE, Braun TA. Prioritization of retinal disease genes: an integrative approach. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:853-9. [PMID: 23508994 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of novel disease-associated variations in genes is often a daunting task in highly heterogeneous disease classes. We seek a generalizable algorithm that integrates multiple publicly available genomic data sources in a machine-learning model for the prioritization of candidates identified in patients with retinal disease. To approach this problem, we generate a set of feature vectors from publicly available microarray, RNA-seq, and ChIP-seq datasets of biological relevance to retinal disease, to observe patterns in gene expression specificity among tissues of the body and the eye, in addition to photoreceptor-specific signals by the CRX transcription factor. Using these features, we describe a novel algorithm, positive and unlabeled learning for prioritization (PULP). This article compares several popular supervised learning techniques as the regression function for PULP. The results demonstrate a highly significant enrichment for previously characterized disease genes using a logistic regression method. Finally, a comparison of PULP with the popular gene prioritization tool ENDEAVOUR shows superior prioritization of retinal disease genes from previous studies. The java source code, compiled binary, assembled feature vectors, and instructions are available online at https://github.com/ahwagner/PULP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H Wagner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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7
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Zahid S, Jayasundera T, Rhoades W, Branham K, Khan N, Niziol LM, Musch DC, Heckenlively JR. Clinical phenotypes and prognostic full-field electroretinographic findings in Stargardt disease. Am J Ophthalmol 2013; 155:465-473.e3. [PMID: 23219216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationships between clinical and full-field electroretinographic (ERG) findings and progressive loss of visual function in Stargardt disease. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of data from 198 patients with Stargardt disease. Measures of visual function over time, including visual acuity, quantified Goldmann visual fields, and full-field ERG data were recorded. Data were analyzed using SAS statistical software. Subgroup analyses were performed on 148 patients with ERG phenotypic data, 46 patients with longitudinal visual field data, and 92 patients with identified ABCA4 mutations (46 with 1 mutation, and 47 with 2 or more mutations). RESULTS Of 46 patients with longitudinal visual field data, 8 patients with faster central scotoma progression rates had significantly worse scotopic B-wave amplitudes at their initial assessment than 20 patients with stable scotomata (P = .014) and were more likely to have atrophy beyond the arcades (P = .047). Overall, 47.3% of patients exhibited abnormal ERG results, with rod-cone dysfunction in 14.2% of patients, cone-rod dysfunction in 17.6% of patients, and isolated cone dysfunction in 15.5% of patients. Abnormal values in certain ERG parameters were associated significantly with (maximum-stimulation A- and B-wave amplitudes) or tended toward (photopic and scotopic B-wave amplitudes) a higher mean rate of central scotoma progression compared with those patients with normal ERG values. Scotoma size and ERG parameters differed significantly between those with a single mutation versus those with multiple mutations. CONCLUSIONS Full-field ERG examination provides clinically relevant information regarding the severity of Stargardt disease, likelihood of central scotoma expansion, and visual acuity deterioration. Patients also may exhibit an isolated cone dystrophy on ERG examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwar Zahid
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Mellough CB, Steel DHW, Lako M. Genetic basis of inherited macular dystrophies and implications for stem cell therapy. Stem Cells 2009; 27:2833-45. [PMID: 19551904 PMCID: PMC2962903 DOI: 10.1002/stem.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Untreatable hereditary macular dystrophy (HMD) presents a major burden to society in terms of the resulting patient disability and the cost to the healthcare provision system. HMD results in central vision loss in humans sufficiently severe for blind registration, and key issues in the development of therapeutic strategies to target these conditions are greater understanding of the causes of photoreceptor loss and the development of restorative procedures. More effective and precise analytical techniques coupled to the development of transgenic models of disease have led to a prolific growth in the identification and our understanding of the genetic mutations that underly HMD. Recent successes in driving differentiation of pluripotent cells towards specific somatic lineages have led to the development of more efficient protocols that can yield enriched populations of a desired phenotype. Retinal pigmented epithelial cells and photoreceptors derived from these are some of the most promising cells that may soon be used in the treatment of specific HMD, especially since rapid developments in the field of induced pluripotency have now set the stage for the production of patient-derived stem cells that overcome the ethical and methodological issues surrounding the use of embryonic derivatives. In this review we highlight a selection of HMD which appear suitable candidates for combinatorial restorative therapy, focusing specifically on where those photoreceptor loss occurs. This technology, along with increased genetic screening, opens up an entirely new pathway to restore vision in patients affected by HMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B Mellough
- Institute of Human Genetics andInternational Centre for LifeNewcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David HW Steel
- Sunderland Eye InfirmaryQueen Alexandra Road, Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - Majlinda Lako
- North East Stem Cell Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for LifeNewcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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9
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Zhang Q, Zulfiqar F, Xiao X, Riazuddin SA, Ahmad Z, Caruso R, MacDonald I, Sieving P, Riazuddin S, Hejtmancik JF. Severe retinitis pigmentosa mapped to 4p15 and associated with a novel mutation in the PROM1 gene. Hum Genet 2007; 122:293-9. [PMID: 17605048 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in the PROM1 gene previously has been identified in one family with retinal degeneration for which neither ERG recordings nor detailed information about visual impairment is available. A large family with multiple individuals affected by retinal degeneration was ascertained in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The visual acuity of all affected patients in the family was severely compromised beginning in early childhood. The retinal disease in this family is a severe form of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) accompanied by macular degeneration. Fundus changes advanced with age. Choriocapillaris atrophy and posterior RPE atrophy were obvious allowing visualization of the large choroidal vessels in patients over 40 years of age. Rod and cone responses on ERG recordings were extinguished in patient's teens. A genome-wide scan mapped the disease to a 34.7 cM region of chromosome 4p14-p16 between D4S1599 and D4S405. A maximum lod score of 3.96 with D4S403 and D4S391 is seen at theta = 0. Sequence analysis of PROM1 located in the linkage interval identified a c.1726C>T homozygous transition in exon 15: resulting in p.Gln576X in the translated protein. This mutation is found in a homozygous state in all six affected individuals and was heterozygous in five of the six unaffected family members examined. The mutation was not detected in 192 chromosomes of unrelated control individuals of the same ethnicity and from the same region. This delineates the phenotypic characteristics of retinopathy caused by mutations in PROM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiong Zhang
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA.
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10
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Weleber RG, Gregory-Evans K. Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Disorders. Retina 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02598-0.50023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Zhang Q, Zulfiqar F, Xiao X, Riazuddin SA, Ayyagari R, Sabar F, Caruso R, Sieving PA, Riazuddin S, Hejtmancik JF. Severe autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa maps to chromosome 1p13.3-p21.2 between D1S2896 and D1S457 but outside ABCA4. Hum Genet 2005; 118:356-65. [PMID: 16189710 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-0054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A severe form of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) was identified in a large Pakistani family ascertained in the Punjab province of Pakistan. All affected individuals in the family had night blindness in early childhood, early complete loss of useful vision, and typical RP fundus changes plus macular degeneration. After exclusion of known arRP loci, a genome-wide scan was performed using microsatellite markers at about 10 cM intervals and calculating two-point lod scores. PCR cycle dideoxynucleotide sequencing was used to sequence candidate genes inside the linked region for mutations. RP in this family shows linkage to markers in a 10.5 cM (8.9 Mbp) region of chromosome 1p13.3-p21.2 between D1S2896 and D1S457. D1S485 yields the highest lod score of 6.54 at theta=0. Sequencing the exons and intron-exon boundaries of five candidate genes and six ESTs in this region, OLFM3, GNAI3, LOC126987, FLJ25070, DKFZp586G0123, AV729694, BU662869, BU656110, BU171991, BQ953690, and CA397743, did not identify any causative mutations. This novel locus lies approximately 4.9 cM (7.1 Mbp) from ABCA4, which is excluded from the linked region. Identification and study of this gene may help to elucidate the phenotypic diversity of arRP mapping to this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiong Zhang
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 10B10, 10 center Drive, MSC 1860, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1860, USA
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12
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Lorenz B, Preising MN. Age matters?thoughts on a grading system for ABCA4 mutations. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004; 243:87-9. [PMID: 15614538 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-004-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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13
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Abstract
The inherited macular dystrophies comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders characterised by central visual loss and atrophy of the macula and underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The different forms of macular degeneration encompass a wide range of clinical, psychophysical and histological findings. The complexity of the molecular basis of monogenic macular disease is now beginning to be elucidated with the identification of many of the disease-causing genes. Age related macular degeneration (ARMD), the leading cause of blind registration in the developed world, may also have a significant genetic component to its aetiology. Genes implicated in monogenic macular dystrophies are good candidate susceptibility genes for ARMD, although to date, with the possible exception of ABCA4, none of these genes have been shown to confer increased risk of ARMD. The aim of this paper is to review current knowledge relating to the monogenic macular dystrophies, with discussion of currently mapped genes, chromosomal loci and genotype-phenotype relationships. Inherited systemic disorders with a macular dystrophy component will not be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michaelides
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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14
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Singaraja RR, Brunham LR, Visscher H, Kastelein JJP, Hayden MR. Efflux and atherosclerosis: the clinical and biochemical impact of variations in the ABCA1 gene. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:1322-32. [PMID: 12763760 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000078520.89539.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50 mutations and many single nucleotide polymorphisms have been described in the ABCA1 gene, with mutations leading to Tangier disease and familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Homozygotes and heterozygotes for mutations in ABCA1 display a wide range of phenotypes. Identification of ABCA1 as the molecular defect in these diseases has allowed for ascertainment based on genetic status and determination of genotype-phenotype correlations and has permitted us to identify mutations conferring a range of severity of cellular, biochemical, and clinical phenotypes. In this study we review how genetic variation at the ABCA1 locus affects its role in the maintenance of lipid homeostasis and the natural progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni R Singaraja
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, and Children's and Women's Hospital , Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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15
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Ducroq D, Rozet JM, Gerber S, Perrault I, Barbet F, Hanein S, Hakiki S, Dufier JL, Munnich A, Hamel C, Kaplan J. The ABCA4 gene in autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophies. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71:1480-2. [PMID: 12515255 PMCID: PMC378601 DOI: 10.1086/344829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Ducroq
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker, Paris; and Unité Inserm U-254, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Rozet
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker, Paris; and Unité Inserm U-254, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Gerber
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker, Paris; and Unité Inserm U-254, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Perrault
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker, Paris; and Unité Inserm U-254, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabienne Barbet
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker, Paris; and Unité Inserm U-254, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Hanein
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker, Paris; and Unité Inserm U-254, Montpellier, France
| | - Selim Hakiki
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker, Paris; and Unité Inserm U-254, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Dufier
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker, Paris; and Unité Inserm U-254, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker, Paris; and Unité Inserm U-254, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Hamel
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker, Paris; and Unité Inserm U-254, Montpellier, France
| | - Josseline Kaplan
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker, Paris; and Unité Inserm U-254, Montpellier, France
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16
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Arnould I, Schriml LM, Prades C, Lachtermacher-Triunfol M, Schneider T, Maintoux C, Lemoine C, Debono D, Devaud C, Naudin L, Bauché S, Annat M, Annilo T, Allikmets R, Gold B, Denèfle P, Rosier M, Dean M. Identifying and characterizing a five-gene cluster of ATP-binding cassette transporters mapping to human chromosome 17q24: a new subgroup within the ABCA subfamily. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1466-920x.2001.00038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters comprise a large family of membrane transport proteins and play a vital role in many cellular processes. The genes provide functions as diverse as peptide transport, cholesterol and sterol transport, bile acid, retinoid, and iron transport. In addition some ABC genes play a role as regulatory elements. Many ABC genes play a role in human genetic diseases, and several are critical drug transport proteins overexpressed in drug resistant cells. Analysis of the gene products allows the genes to be grouped into seven different subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dean
- Human Genetics Section, Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, NCI-Frederick, Maryland, USA
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18
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Clarke G, Héon E, McInnes RR. Recent advances in the molecular basis of inherited photoreceptor degeneration. Clin Genet 2000; 57:313-29. [PMID: 10852366 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2000.570501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To date, 118 loci have been associated with photoreceptor degenerative disease. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in the identification of genes that cause progressive photoreceptor cell death when mutated. We will focus on 12 genes isolated within the last two years that have been shown to be photoreceptor-specific, or that have provided insight into photoreceptor biology and the mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death. To aid in understanding the biologic basis for these diseases, we also briefly review photoreceptor biology. Finally, we report on recent advances towards the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Clarke
- Program in Developmental Biology and Genetics, The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
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19
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Dharmaraj S, Li Y, Robitaille JM, Silva E, Zhu D, Mitchell TN, Maltby LP, Baffoe-Bonnie AB, Maumenee IH. A novel locus for Leber congenital amaurosis maps to chromosome 6q. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:319-26. [PMID: 10631161 PMCID: PMC1288337 DOI: 10.1086/302719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sharola Dharmaraj
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Hereditary Eye Diseases, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; IWK-Grace Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax; Women's and Children's Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Wilmington; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia; and Division of Statistical Genetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Yingying Li
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Hereditary Eye Diseases, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; IWK-Grace Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax; Women's and Children's Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Wilmington; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia; and Division of Statistical Genetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Johane M. Robitaille
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Hereditary Eye Diseases, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; IWK-Grace Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax; Women's and Children's Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Wilmington; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia; and Division of Statistical Genetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Eduardo Silva
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Hereditary Eye Diseases, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; IWK-Grace Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax; Women's and Children's Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Wilmington; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia; and Division of Statistical Genetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Danping Zhu
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Hereditary Eye Diseases, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; IWK-Grace Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax; Women's and Children's Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Wilmington; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia; and Division of Statistical Genetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Thomas N. Mitchell
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Hereditary Eye Diseases, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; IWK-Grace Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax; Women's and Children's Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Wilmington; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia; and Division of Statistical Genetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Lara P. Maltby
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Hereditary Eye Diseases, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; IWK-Grace Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax; Women's and Children's Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Wilmington; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia; and Division of Statistical Genetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Agnes B. Baffoe-Bonnie
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Hereditary Eye Diseases, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; IWK-Grace Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax; Women's and Children's Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Wilmington; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia; and Division of Statistical Genetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Irene H. Maumenee
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Hereditary Eye Diseases, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore; IWK-Grace Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax; Women's and Children's Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Wilmington; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia; and Division of Statistical Genetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
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20
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Rozet JM, Gerber S, Souied E, Ducroq D, Perrault I, Ghazi I, Soubrane G, Coscas G, Dufier JL, Munnich A, Kaplan J. The ABCR gene: a major disease gene in macular and peripheral retinal degenerations with onset from early childhood to the elderly. Mol Genet Metab 1999; 68:310-5. [PMID: 10527682 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.1999.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Rozet
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U393, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, Paris Cedex 15, 75743, France
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21
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Maugeri A, van Driel MA, van de Pol DJ, Klevering BJ, van Haren FJ, Tijmes N, Bergen AA, Rohrschneider K, Blankenagel A, Pinckers AJ, Dahl N, Brunner HG, Deutman AF, Hoyng CB, Cremers FP. The 2588G-->C mutation in the ABCR gene is a mild frequent founder mutation in the Western European population and allows the classification of ABCR mutations in patients with Stargardt disease. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64:1024-35. [PMID: 10090887 PMCID: PMC1377826 DOI: 10.1086/302323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In 40 western European patients with Stargardt disease (STGD), we found 19 novel mutations in the retina-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCR) gene, illustrating STGD's high allelic heterogeneity. One mutation, 2588G-->C, identified in 15 (37.5%) patients, shows linkage disequilibrium with a rare polymorphism (2828G-->A) in exon 19, suggesting a founder effect. The guanine at position 2588 is part of the 3' splice site of exon 17. Analysis of the lymphoblastoid cell mRNA of two STGD patients with the 2588G-->C mutation shows that the resulting mutant ABCR proteins either lack Gly863 or contain the missense mutation Gly863Ala. We hypothesize that the 2588G-->C alteration is a mild mutation that causes STGD only in combination with a severe ABCR mutation. This is supported in that the accompanying ABCR mutations in at least five of eight STGD patients are null (severe) and that a combination of two mild mutations has not been observed among 68 STGD patients. The 2588G-->C mutation is present in 1 of every 35 western Europeans, a rate higher than that of the most frequent severe autosomal recessive mutation, the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator gene mutation DeltaPhe508. Given an STGD incidence of 1/10,000, homozygosity for the 2588G-->C mutation or compound heterozygosity for this and other mild ABCR mutations probably does not result in an STGD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maugeri
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Lewis RA, Shroyer NF, Singh N, Allikmets R, Hutchinson A, Li Y, Lupski JR, Leppert M, Dean M. Genotype/Phenotype analysis of a photoreceptor-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter gene, ABCR, in Stargardt disease. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64:422-34. [PMID: 9973280 PMCID: PMC1377752 DOI: 10.1086/302251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation scanning and direct DNA sequencing of all 50 exons of ABCR were completed for 150 families segregating recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1). ABCR variations were identified in 173 (57%) disease chromosomes, the majority of which represent missense amino acid substitutions. These ABCR variants were not found in 220 unaffected control individuals (440 chromosomes) but do cosegregate with the disease in these families with STGD1, and many occur in conserved functional domains. Missense amino acid substitutions located in the amino terminal one-third of the protein appear to be associated with earlier onset of the disease and may represent misfolding alleles. The two most common mutant alleles, G1961E and A1038V, each identified in 16 of 173 disease chromosomes, composed 18.5% of mutations identified. G1961E has been associated previously, at a statistically significant level in the heterozygous state, with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Clinical evaluation of these 150 families with STGD1 revealed a high frequency of AMD in first- and second-degree relatives. These findings support the hypothesis that compound heterozygous ABCR mutations are responsible for STGD1 and that some heterozygous ABCR mutations may enhance susceptibility to AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lewis
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, 609-E, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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van Soest S, Westerveld A, de Jong PT, Bleeker-Wagemakers EM, Bergen AA. Retinitis pigmentosa: defined from a molecular point of view. Surv Ophthalmol 1999; 43:321-34. [PMID: 10025514 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6257(98)00046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) denotes a group of hereditary retinal dystrophies, characterized by the early onset of night blindness followed by a progressive loss of the visual field. The primary defect underlying RP affects the function of the rod photoreceptor cell, and, subsequently, mostly unknown molecular and cellular mechanisms trigger the apoptotic degeneration of these photoreceptor cells. Retinitis pigmentosa is very heterogeneous, both phenotypically and genetically. In this review we propose a tentative classification of RP based on the functional systems affected by the mutated proteins. This classification connects the variety of phenotypes to the mutations and segregation patterns observed in RP. Current progress in the identification of the molecular defects underlying RP reveals that at least three distinct functional mechanisms may be affected: 1) the daily renewal and shedding of the photoreceptor outer segments, 2) the visual transduction cascade, and 3) the retinol (vitamin A) metabolism. The first group includes the rhodopsin and peripherin/RDS genes, and mutations in these genes often result in a dominant phenotype. The second group is predominantly associated with a recessive phenotype that results, as we argue, from continuous inactivation of the transduction pathway. Disturbances in the retinal metabolism seem to be associated with equal rod and cone involvement and the presence of deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S van Soest
- Department of Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam
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24
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Abstract
Retinal dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of diseases in which the retina degenerates, leading to either partial or complete blindness. The severe and clearly hereditary forms, retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and various macular degenerations, affect approximately 1 in 3000 people, but many more suffer from aging macular dystrophy in later life. Patients with RP present with narrowing visual fields and night blindness, while those with diseases of the macula lose central vision first. Even before the advent of molecular genetics it was evident that these were heterogeneous disorders, with wide variation in severity, mode of inheritance and phenotype. However, with the widespread application of linkage analysis and mutation detection techniques, a complex underlying pathology has now been revealed. In total, 66 distinct non-overlapping genes or gene loci have been implicated in the various forms of retinal dystrophy, with more being reported regularly in the literature. Within the category of non-syndromic RP alone there are at least 22 genes (and probably many more) involved, with further allelic heterogeneity arising from different mutations in the same gene. This complexity presents a problem for those involved in counselling patients, and also compounds the search for therapies. Nevertheless, several lines of research raise the hope of generic treatments applicable to all such patients, while the greater understanding of normal visual function that arises from genetic studies may open up new avenues for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Inglehearn
- Molecular Medicine Unit, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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25
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Ruiz A, Borrego S, Marcos I, Antiñolo G. A major locus for autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa on 6q, determined by homozygosity mapping of chromosomal regions that contain gamma-aminobutyric acid-receptor clusters. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62:1452-9. [PMID: 9585594 PMCID: PMC1377145 DOI: 10.1086/301866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common inherited retinal dystrophy, with extensive allelic and nonallelic genetic heterogeneity. Autosomal recessive RP (arRP) is the most common form of RP worldwide, with at least nine loci known and accountable for approximately 10%-15% of all cases. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory transmitter in the CNS. Different GABA receptors are expressed in all retinal layers, and inhibition mediated by GABA receptors in the human retina could be related to RP. We have selected chromosomal regions containing genes that encode the different subunits of the GABA receptors, for homozygosity mapping in inbred families affected by arRP. We identify a new locus for arRP, on chromosome 6, between markers D6S257 and D6S1644. Our data suggest that 10%-20% of Spanish families affected by typical arRP could have linkage to this new locus. This region contains subunits GABRR1 and GABRR2 of the GABA-C receptor, which is the effector of lateral inhibition at the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Universitario "Virgen del Rocío," Seville, Spain
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26
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Finckh U, Xu S, Kumaramanickavel G, Schürmann M, Mukkadan JK, Fernandez ST, John S, Weber JL, Denton MJ, Gal A. Homozygosity mapping of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa locus (RP22) on chromosome 16p12.1-p12.3. Genomics 1998; 48:341-5. [PMID: 9545639 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous and progressive degenerative disorder of the retina, leading usually to severe visual handicap in adulthood. To date, disease loci/genes have been mapped/identified only in a minority of cases. DNA samples were collected from 20 large consanguineous Indian families, in which arRP segregated and that were suitable for homozygosity mapping of the disease locus. After excluding linkage to all known arRP loci, a genome-wide scan was initiated. In two families, homozygosity mapping, haplotype analysis, and linkage data mapped the disease locus (RP22) in an approximately 16-cM region between D16S287 and D16S420 on the proximal short arm of chromosome 16. No mutation has been found by direct sequencing in the gene (CRYM) encoding micron crystallin, which maps in the critical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Finckh
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitäts-Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Banerjee P, Lewis CA, Kleyn PW, Shugart YY, Ross BM, Penchaszadeh GK, Ott J, Jacobson SG, Gilliam TC, Knowles JA. Homozygosity and physical mapping of the autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa locus (RP14) on chromosome 6p21.3. Genomics 1998; 48:171-7. [PMID: 9521870 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous genetic disorder with autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked forms. We previously mapped an additional arRP locus to chromosome 6p21 (RP14) in a single extended kinship from the Dominican Republic. Aided by a second linked RP pedigree from the same region of the Dominican Republic, we have refined the disease locus to a 2-cM region that is homozygous-by-descent in both pedigrees. A complete YAC, and a partial BAC, contig of the RP14 locus was constructed between the markers D6S1560 and D6S291, encompassing approximately 2.1 Mb. The contig contains 12 YACs and 31 BACs and is characterized by 45 markers including 8 microsatellite markers, 6 gene-derived sequences/ESTs obtained from the databases, and 28 new STSs and 4 new ESTs obtained by BLAST search using DNA sequence from the ends of the BAC and YAC inserts. With a STS density of approximately 1 every 20 kilobases, this contig significantly enhances available maps of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Banerjee
- Department of Genetics and Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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28
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Bayés M, Goldaracena B, Martínez-Mir A, Iragui-Madoz MI, Solans T, Chivelet P, Bussaglia E, Ramos-Arroyo MA, Baiget M, Vilageliu L, Balcells S, Gonzàlez-Duarte R, Grinberg D. A new autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa locus maps on chromosome 2q31-q33. J Med Genet 1998; 35:141-5. [PMID: 9507394 PMCID: PMC1051219 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (ARRP) is a genetically heterogeneous disease. To date, mutations in four members of the phototransduction cascade have been implicated in ARRP. Additionally, linkage of the disease to three loci on 1p, 1q, and 6p has been described. However, the majority of cases are still uncharacterised. We have performed linkage analysis in a large nuclear ARRP family with five affected sibs. After exclusion of several regions of the genome known to contain loci for retinal dystrophies, a genomic search for linkage to ARRP was undertaken. Positive lod scores were obtained with markers on 2q31-q33 (Zmax at theta = 0.00 of 4.03, 4.12, and 4.12 at D2S364, D2S118, and D2S389, respectively) defining an interval of about 7 cM for this new ARRP locus, between D2S148 and D2S161. Forty-four out of 47 additional ARRP families, tested with markers on 2q32, failed to show linkage, providing evidence of further genetic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bayés
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Martínez-Mir A, Paloma E, Allikmets R, Ayuso C, del Rio T, Dean M, Vilageliu L, Gonzàlez-Duarte R, Balcells S. Retinitis pigmentosa caused by a homozygous mutation in the Stargardt disease gene ABCR. Nat Genet 1998; 18:11-2. [PMID: 9425888 DOI: 10.1038/ng0198-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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30
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Allikmets R, Shroyer NF, Singh N, Seddon JM, Lewis RA, Bernstein PS, Peiffer A, Zabriskie NA, Li Y, Hutchinson A, Dean M, Lupski JR, Leppert M. Mutation of the Stargardt disease gene (ABCR) in age-related macular degeneration. Science 1997; 277:1805-7. [PMID: 9295268 DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5333.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe central visual impairment among the elderly and is associated both with environmental factors such as smoking and with genetic factors. Here, 167 unrelated AMD patients were screened for alterations in ABCR, a gene that encodes a retinal rod photoreceptor protein and is defective in Stargardt disease, a common hereditary form of macular dystrophy. Thirteen different AMD-associated alterations, both deletions and amino acid substitutions, were found in one allele of ABCR in 26 patients (16%). Identification of ABCR alterations will permit presymptomatic testing of high-risk individuals and may lead to earlier diagnosis of AMD and to new strategies for prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Allikmets
- Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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31
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Azarian SM, Travis GH. The photoreceptor rim protein is an ABC transporter encoded by the gene for recessive Stargardt's disease (ABCR). FEBS Lett 1997; 409:247-52. [PMID: 9202155 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rim protein (RmP) is a high-Mr membrane glycoprotein that has been localized to the rims of photoreceptor outer segment discs, but its molecular identity is unknown. Here, we describe the purification of RmP and present the sequence of its mRNA. RmP is a new member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. We show that RmP is expressed specifically in photoreceptors and predominantly in outer segments. Further, RmP is identical to the protein recently shown to be affected in recessive Stargardt's disease. RmP is the first ABC transporter observed in photoreceptors and may play a role in the photoresponse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Azarian
- Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9111, USA
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