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Podolska MJ, Grützmann R, Pilarsky C, Bénard A. IL-3: key orchestrator of inflammation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1411047. [PMID: 38938573 PMCID: PMC11208316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1411047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-3 has long been known for its hematopoietic properties. However, recent evidence has expanded our understanding of IL-3 function by identifying IL-3 as a critical orchestrator of inflammation in a wide array of diseases. Depending on the type of disease, the course of inflammation, the cell or the tissue involved, IL-3 promotes either pathologic inflammation or its resolution. Here, we describe the cell-specific functions of IL-3 and summarize its role in diseases. We discuss the current treatments targeting IL-3 or its receptor, and highlight the potential and the limitations of targeting IL-3 in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan Bénard
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Amin K, Qadr SH, Hassan Hussein R, Ali KM, Rahman HS. Levels of cytokines and GADA in type I and II diabetic patients. Prim Care Diabetes 2020; 14:61-67. [PMID: 31014937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes Mellitus is described as a group of metabolic diseases in which the patient has higher blood glucose levels due to many causes. These include a defect in insulin secretion and failure of the body's cells to respond to the hormone. Cytokines and autoantibodies have a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetes, especially type I. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to measure the serum levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interferon-gamma (INF- γ), and glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody (GADA) in patients with type I and type II diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, serum samples were taken from 250 individuals, including 100 samples from patients with type II diabetes mellitus, 100 samples from healthy controls, and 50 samples from patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Five milliliters of venous blood were taken from each individual and the samples were analyzed for cytokines (IL-1 β, IL-3, and INF- γ) and GABA using ELISA. RESULTS In the study, we found that the serum levels of IL-1 β were significantly higher in the healthy control group compared to the patients with type I and type II diabetes mellitus. The levels of IL-3 and INF- γ were significantly higher in type II diabetes mellitus, while GABA serum levels were higher in type I diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION Our data showed that GADA is an important autoantibody, not only in type I but also in type II diabetes mellitus and can probably be used in the future for diagnosis of this disease. There was also a close association of GADA with systemic immunoregulation in type I and II diabetes mellitus. The relation of cytokines (IL-1 β, IL-3, and INF- γ) and GADA in patients with diabetes will also increase our understanding for the immunology of diabetes mellitus and to propose specific treatment on the basis of our findings. Our data also include correlation between age and the level of cytokines and GADA with different conclusion for each parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawa Amin
- Department of Medical Science, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Clinical Chemistry and Asthma Research Centre, Uppsala University and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Microbiology/Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq.
| | - Shnyar Hamid Qadr
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Iraq
| | | | - Kosar Muhammad Ali
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
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Williams A, Greene N, Kimbro K. Increased circulating cytokine levels in African American women with obesity and elevated HbA1c. Cytokine 2020; 128:154989. [PMID: 32004791 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.154989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity has emerged as one of the biggest health crisis and is the leading cause of death and disabilities around the world. BMI trends suggest that majority of the increase in T2D is resulting from the increased prevalence of obesity. In fact, 85.2% of people with T2D are overweight or obese. The highest prevalence for obesity is seen in non-Hispanic, African American women (56.6%). T2D is classified as an inflammatory disease because of elevated, circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute-phase inflammatory proteins. This study was designed to determine how high HbA1c and serum glucose correlate with circulatory cytokine levels in obese, African American women. METHODS We investigated cytokine/chemokine serum levels using a multiplex assay. Then we used Pairwise Pearson Correlation Test to determine the relationship between clinical metabolic parameters and cytokine/chemokine serum levels. RESULTS The results indicated that participants with elevated HbA1c exhibited an up regulation of IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, TNF-α, IFN-α2 and CX3CL1 serum levels compared to participants with normal HbA1c. These cytokines were also correlated with several clinical metabolic parameters. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, TNF-α, IFN-α2 and CX3CL1 serum levels may contribute to the development and onset of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Williams
- Julius l. Chambers Biomedical/ Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville St., Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Natasha Greene
- Julius l. Chambers Biomedical/ Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville St., Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - K Kimbro
- Julius l. Chambers Biomedical/ Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville St., Durham, NC 27707, USA; Department of Biomedical and Biologically Sciences, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville St., Durham, NC 27707, USA.
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4
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Anzai A, Mindur JE, Halle L, Sano S, Choi JL, He S, McAlpine CS, Chan CT, Kahles F, Valet C, Fenn AM, Nairz M, Rattik S, Iwamoto Y, Fairweather D, Walsh K, Libby P, Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK. Self-reactive CD4 + IL-3 + T cells amplify autoimmune inflammation in myocarditis by inciting monocyte chemotaxis. J Exp Med 2019; 216:369-383. [PMID: 30670465 PMCID: PMC6363430 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of self-reactive effector CD4+ T cells is a major component of the autoimmune response that can occur during myocarditis, an inflammatory form of cardiomyopathy. Although the processes by which self-reactive T cells gain effector function have received considerable attention, how these T cells contribute to effector organ inflammation and damage is less clear. Here, we identified an IL-3-dependent amplification loop that exacerbates autoimmune inflammation. In experimental myocarditis, we show that effector organ-accumulating autoreactive IL-3+ CD4+ T cells stimulate IL-3R+ tissue macrophages to produce monocyte-attracting chemokines. The newly recruited monocytes differentiate into antigen-presenting cells that stimulate local IL-3+ CD4+ T cell proliferation, thereby amplifying organ inflammation. Consequently, Il3 -/- mice resist developing robust autoimmune inflammation and myocardial dysfunction, whereas therapeutic IL-3 targeting ameliorates disease. This study defines a mechanism that orchestrates inflammation in myocarditis, describes a previously unknown function for IL-3, and identifies IL-3 as a potential therapeutic target in patients with myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Anzai
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John E Mindur
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lennard Halle
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Soichi Sano
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Jennifer L Choi
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shun He
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cameron S McAlpine
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher T Chan
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Florian Kahles
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Colin Valet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ashley M Fenn
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sara Rattik
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Kenneth Walsh
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Peter Libby
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA .,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Expression Profiling of Genes Related to Endothelial Cells Biology in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Patients with Prediabetes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1845638. [PMID: 27781209 PMCID: PMC5066000 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1845638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction appears to be an early sign indicating vascular damage and predicts the progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disorders. Extensive clinical and experimental evidence suggests that endothelial dysfunction occurs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes patients. This study was carried out with an aim to appraise the expression levels in the peripheral blood of 84 genes related to endothelial cells biology in patients with diagnosed T2DM or prediabetes, trying to identify new genes whose expression might be changed under these pathological conditions. The study covered a total of 45 participants. The participants were divided into three groups: group 1, patients with T2DM; group 2, patients with prediabetes; group 3, control group. The gene expression analysis was performed using the Endothelial Cell Biology RT2 Profiler PCR Array. In the case of T2DM, 59 genes were found to be upregulated, and four genes were observed to be downregulated. In prediabetes patients, increased expression was observed for 49 genes, with two downregulated genes observed. Our results indicate that diabetic and prediabetic conditions change the expression levels of genes related to endothelial cells biology and, consequently, may increase the risk for occurrence of endothelial dysfunction.
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Price JD, Hotta-Iwamura C, Zhao Y, Beauchamp NM, Tarbell KV. DCIR2+ cDC2 DCs and Zbtb32 Restore CD4+ T-Cell Tolerance and Inhibit Diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64:3521-31. [PMID: 26070317 PMCID: PMC4587633 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During autoimmunity, the normal ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to induce T-cell tolerance is disrupted; therefore, autoimmune disease therapies based on cell types and molecular pathways that elicit tolerance in the steady state may not be effective. To determine which DC subsets induce tolerance in the context of chronic autoimmunity, we used chimeric antibodies specific for DC inhibitory receptor 2 (DCIR2) or DEC-205 to target self-antigen to CD11b(+) (cDC2) DCs and CD8(+) (cDC1) DCs, respectively, in autoimmune-prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Antigen presentation by DCIR2(+) DCs but not DEC-205(+) DCs elicited tolerogenic CD4(+) T-cell responses in NOD mice. β-Cell antigen delivered to DCIR2(+) DCs delayed diabetes induction and induced increased T-cell apoptosis without interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or sustained expansion of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells. These divergent responses were preceded by differential gene expression in T cells early after in vivo stimulation. Zbtb32 was higher in T cells stimulated with DCIR2(+) DCs, and overexpression of Zbtb32 in T cells inhibited diabetes development, T-cell expansion, and IFN-γ production. Therefore, we have identified DCIR2(+) DCs as capable of inducing antigen-specific tolerance in the face of ongoing autoimmunity and have also identified Zbtb32 as a suppressive transcription factor that controls T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Price
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chie Hotta-Iwamura
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yongge Zhao
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nicole M Beauchamp
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Lee CN, Lew AM, Wu L. The potential role of dendritic cells in the therapy of Type 1 diabetes. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:591-606. [PMID: 23725283 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the result of T-cell mediated autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells. The two current treatments for T1D are based on insulin or islet-cell replacement rather than the pathogenesis of T1D and remain problematic. Islet/pancreas transplantation does not cater for the majority of sufferers due to the lack of supply of organs and the need for continuous immunosuppression regimens. The mainstay treatment is insulin replacement, but this is disruptive to lifestyle and does not protect against severe long-term complications. An early vaccination and long-term restoration of immune tolerance to self-antigens in T1D patients (reversing the immunopathogenesis of the disease) would be preferable. Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent APCs and play an important role in inducing and maintaining immune tolerance. Targeting DCs through different DC surface molecules shows effective modulation of immune responses. Their feasibility for immunotherapy to prolong transplant survival and cancer immunotherapy has been demonstrated. Therefore, DCs could potentially be used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes new insights into DCs as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Nien Lee
- Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Shoda LKM, Young DL, Ramanujan S, Whiting CC, Atkinson MA, Bluestone JA, Eisenbarth GS, Mathis D, Rossini AA, Campbell SE, Kahn R, Kreuwel HTC. A comprehensive review of interventions in the NOD mouse and implications for translation. Immunity 2005; 23:115-26. [PMID: 16111631 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) animal models such as the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse have improved our understanding of disease pathophysiology, but many candidate therapeutics identified therein have failed to prevent/cure human disease. We have performed a comprehensive evaluation of disease-modifying agents tested in the NOD mouse based on treatment timing, duration, study length, and efficacy. Interestingly, some popular tenets regarding NOD interventions were not confirmed: all treatments do not prevent disease, treatment dose and timing strongly influence efficacy, and several therapies have successfully treated overtly diabetic mice. The analysis provides a unique perspective on NOD interventions and suggests that the response of this model to therapeutic interventions can be a useful predictor of the human response as long as careful consideration is given to treatment dose, timing, and protocols; more thorough investigation of these parameters should improve clinical translation.
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Hadaya K, Kared H, Masson A, Chatenoud L, Zavala F. G-CSF treatment prevents cyclophosphamide acceleration of autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse. J Autoimmun 2005; 24:125-34. [PMID: 15829405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CY) accelerates autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse at different levels, including critical targeting of a regulatory T cell subset, exacerbation of pro-Th1 IFN-gamma production and promotion of inflammation in pancreatic islets. Here we evaluated the ability of G-CSF to antagonize the acceleration of the disease induced by CY. Human recombinant G-CSF, administered daily at 200 microg/kg by s.c. injection, protected NOD mice from CY-accelerated onset of glycosuria and insulitis. G-CSF accelerated the recovery of the T cell compartment after the depletion of the lymphoid compartment triggered by CY injection. It selectively prevented the loss of the immunoregulatory T cells expressing the CD4(+)CD25+ phenotype that also stained CD62L+ in peripancreatic lymph nodes and promoted their expansion in the spleen. In addition to this, it abrogated the robust cytokine--particularly IFN-gamma- and chemokine burst triggered in immune cells by CY. G-CSF promoted only slight changes in the inflammatory effects of CY at the target tissue site, assessed by chemokine induction within the pancreas. Thus the immunoregulatory properties of G-CSF were critical in the early control of the accelerating effects of CY on autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Hadaya
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U580, Institut de Recherche Necker Enfants Malades, Hôpital Necker, 161 rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Fisman EZ, Motro M, Tenenbaum A. Cardiovascular diabetology in the core of a novel interleukins classification: the bad, the good and the aloof. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2003; 2:11. [PMID: 14525620 PMCID: PMC212422 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2003] [Accepted: 09/12/2003] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The impressive correlation between cardiovascular disease and glucose metabolism alterations has raised the likelihood that atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes may share common antecedents. Inflammation is emerging as a conceivable etiologic mechanism for both. Interleukins are regulatory proteins with ability to accelerate or inhibit inflammatory processes. Presentation of the hypothesis A novel interleukins classification is described, based on their role in diabetes and atherosclerosis, hypothesizing that each interleukin (IL) acts on both diseases in the same direction – regardless if harmful, favorable or neutral. Testing the hypothesis The 29 known interleukins were clustered into three groups: noxious (the "bad", 8 members), comprising IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-15, IL-17 and IL-18; protective (the "good", 5 members), comprising IL-4, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12 and IL-13; and "aloof", comprising IL-5, IL-9, IL-14, IL-16 and IL-19 through IL-29 (15 members). Each group presented converging effects on both diseases. IL-3 was reluctant to clustering. Implications These observations imply that 1) favorable effects of a given IL on either diabetes or atherosclerosis predicts similar effects on the other; 2) equally, harmful IL effects on one disease can be extrapolated to the other; and 3) absence of influence of a given IL on one of these diseases forecasts lack of effects on the other. These facts further support the unifying etiologic theory of both ailments, emphasizing the importance of a cardiovascular diabetologic approach to interleukins for future research. Pharmacologic targeting of these cytokines might provide an effective means to simultaneously control both atherosclerosis and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Z Fisman
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Motro
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Alexander Tenenbaum
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Meagher C, Sharif S, Hussain S, Cameron MJ, Arreaza GA, Delovitch TL. Cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of murine type 1 diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 520:133-58. [PMID: 12613577 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0171-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Meagher
- The Robarts Research Institute and University of Western Ontario, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Medicine, London, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Bach JF. Immunotherapy of type 1 diabetes: lessons for other autoimmune diseases. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2002; 4 Suppl 3:S3-15. [PMID: 12110118 PMCID: PMC3240130 DOI: 10.1186/ar554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2002] [Revised: 02/27/2002] [Accepted: 03/03/2002] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a well-recognised animal model of spontaneous autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The disease is T-cell mediated, involving both CD4 and CD8 cells. Its progress is controlled by a variety of regulatory T cells. An unprecedented number of immunological treatments have been assessed in this mouse strain. This chapter systematically reviews most of these therapeutic manoeuvres, discussing them in the context of their significance with regard to the underlying mechanisms and the potential clinical applications. The contrast between the surprisingly high rate of success found for a multitude of treatments (more than 160) administered early in the natural history of the disease and the few treatments active at a late stage is discussed in depth. Most of the concepts and strategies derived from this model apply to other autoimmune diseases, for which no such diversified data are available.
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Bregenholt S, Brimnes J, Nissen MH, Claesson MH. In vitro activated CD4+ T cells from interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-deficient mice induce intestinal inflammation in immunodeficient hosts. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 118:228-34. [PMID: 10540183 PMCID: PMC1905411 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of IFN-gamma in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were transplanted with in vitro activated CD4+ T cells from either wild-type (WT) or IFN-gamma-deficient (IFN-gammaKO) BALB/c mice. In vitro, the two types of T cells displayed comparable proliferation rates and production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 after concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation. When transplanted into SCID mice, WT CD4+ blasts induced a lethal IBD, whereas IFN-gammaKO blasts induced a less severe intestinal inflammation with moderate weight loss. Intracellular cytokine staining of lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) revealed comparable fractions of CD4+ T cells positive for TNF-alpha, IL-2 and IL-10 in the two groups of transplanted SCID mice, whereas a two-to-three-fold increase in the fraction of IL-4-positive cells was found in IFN-gammaKO-transplanted SCID mice. Flow cytometric analyses showed strong up-regulation of MHC class II expression of colonic epithelial cells of WT-CD4+ T cell-transplanted compared with IFN-gammaKO-transplanted SCID mice. A significantly higher fraction of CD4+ LPL were found to enter the cell cycle, i.e. to incorporate bromo-deoxy-uridine, and to undergo apoptosis in vivo in WT-transplanted compared with IFN-gammaKO-transplanted SCID mice. These data point towards an important role for IFN-gamma in the development of IBD in SCID mice. The inflammation might be initiated and subsequently enhanced by the ability of IFN-gamma to induce de novo MHC class II expression in the colonic epithelium, a change which could lead to increased antigen processing and production of local proinflammatory cytokines, CD4+ T cell turnover and thereby to exaggeration of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bregenholt
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Williams AM, Whiting CV, Bonhagen K, Reimann J, Bregenholt S, Claesson MH, Bland PW. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) transcription and translation in the CD4+ T cell-transplanted scid mouse model of colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 116:415-24. [PMID: 10361228 PMCID: PMC1905296 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of activated CD4+ alpha/beta T cell blasts from the spleens of immunocompetent C.B-17+/+ or BALB/cdm2 mice into C.B-17scid/scid (scid) mice induces a colitis in the scid recipient within 8 weeks, which progresses to severe disease within 16 weeks. T cells isolated from recipient colon show a Th1 cytokine phenotype. We have examined the relationship between the phenotype of the cellular infiltrate and the transcription and translation of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. The techniques of double indirect immunohistology and in situ hybridization using digoxigenin-labelled riboprobes were used. The prominent myeloid cell infiltrate in diseased tissues comprised F4/80+, Mac-l+ macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and activated macrophages. TNF-alpha transcription and translation were associated with activated macrophages in the lamina propria. Activated macrophages transcribing and translating TNF-alpha were clustered in areas of tissue destruction. Crypt epithelium of inflamed tissues transcribed TNF-alpha at a very early stage of the disease process, but translation of TNF-alpha protein could only be found in advanced epithelial dysplasia. This indicates differential post-transcriptional control of TNF-alpha in activated macrophages and the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Williams
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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