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Abstract
Lectins are widely distributed proteins having ability of binding selectively and reversibly with carbohydrates moieties and glycoconjugates. Although lectins have been reported from different biological sources, the legume lectins are the best-characterized family of plant lectins. Legume lectins are a large family of homologous proteins with considerable similarity in amino acid sequence and their tertiary structures. Despite having strong sequence conservation, these lectins show remarkable variability in carbohydrate specificity and quaternary structures. The ability of legume lectins in recognizing glycans and glycoconjugates on cells and other intracellular structures make them a valuable research tool in glycomic research. Due to variability in binding with glycans, glycoconjugates and multiple biological functions, legume lectins are the subject of intense research for their diverse application in different fields such as glycobiology, biomedical research and crop improvement. The present review specially focuses on structural and functional characteristics of legume lectins along with their potential areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Katoch
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSKHPKV, Palampur, 176 062 India
| | - Ankur Tripathi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSKHPKV, Palampur, 176 062 India
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Liu YM, Shahed-Al-Mahmud M, Chen X, Chen TH, Liao KS, Lo JM, Wu YM, Ho MC, Wu CY, Wong CH, Jan JT, Ma C. A Carbohydrate-Binding Protein from the Edible Lablab Beans Effectively Blocks the Infections of Influenza Viruses and SARS-CoV-2. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108016. [PMID: 32755598 PMCID: PMC7380208 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and coronavirus spike (S) protein mediate virus entry. HA and S proteins are heavily glycosylated, making them potential targets for carbohydrate binding agents such as lectins. Here, we show that the lectin FRIL, isolated from hyacinth beans (Lablab purpureus), has anti-influenza and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. FRIL can neutralize 11 representative human and avian influenza strains at low nanomolar concentrations, and intranasal administration of FRIL is protective against lethal H1N1 infection in mice. FRIL binds preferentially to complex-type N-glycans and neutralizes viruses that possess complex-type N-glycans on their envelopes. As a homotetramer, FRIL is capable of aggregating influenza particles through multivalent binding and trapping influenza virions in cytoplasmic late endosomes, preventing their nuclear entry. Remarkably, FRIL also effectively neutralizes SARS-CoV-2, preventing viral protein production and cytopathic effect in host cells. These findings suggest a potential application of FRIL for the prevention and/or treatment of influenza and COVID-19. FRIL is a plant lectin with potent anti-influenza and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity FRIL preferentially binds to complex-type N-glycans on viral glycoproteins FRIL inhibits influenza virus entry by sequestering virions in late endosomes Intranasal administration of FRIL protects against lethal H1N1 challenge in mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Min Liu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | | | - Xiaorui Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hua Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Shiang Liao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jennifer M Lo
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Cryo-EM Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chiao Ho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Cryo-EM Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Che Ma
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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Ma Q, Song Y, Sun W, Cao J, Yuan H, Wang X, Sun Y, Shum HC. Cell-Inspired All-Aqueous Microfluidics: From Intracellular Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation toward Advanced Biomaterials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903359. [PMID: 32274317 PMCID: PMC7141073 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Living cells have evolved over billions of years to develop structural and functional complexity with numerous intracellular compartments that are formed due to liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Discovery of the amazing and vital roles of cells in life has sparked tremendous efforts to investigate and replicate the intracellular LLPS. Among them, all-aqueous emulsions are a minimalistic liquid model that recapitulates the structural and functional features of membraneless organelles and protocells. Here, an emerging all-aqueous microfluidic technology derived from micrometer-scaled manipulation of LLPS is presented; the technology enables the state-of-art design of advanced biomaterials with exquisite structural proficiency and diversified biological functions. Moreover, a variety of emerging biomedical applications, including encapsulation and delivery of bioactive gradients, fabrication of artificial membraneless organelles, as well as printing and assembly of predesigned cell patterns and living tissues, are inspired by their cellular counterparts. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for further advancing the cell-inspired all-aqueous microfluidics toward a more powerful and versatile platform are discussed, particularly regarding new opportunities in multidisciplinary fundamental research and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Ma
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyQingdao UniversityQingdao266021China
| | - Yang Song
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology & Emory School of MedicineAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Wentao Sun
- Center for Basic Medical ResearchTEDA International Cardiovascular HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjin300457China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyQingdao UniversityQingdao266021China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Institute of Applied MechanicsNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Institute of Thermal Science and TechnologyShandong UniversityJinan250061China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyQingdao UniversityQingdao266021China
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong Kong
- HKU‐Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU‐SIRI)Shenzhen518000China
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Santos AL, Leite GO, Carneiro RF, Roma RR, Santos VF, Santos MH, Pereira RO, Silva RC, Nagano CS, Sampaio AH, Rocha BA, Delatorre P, Campos AR, Teixeira CS. Purification and biophysical characterization of a mannose/N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-specific lectin from Machaerium acutifolium and its effect on inhibition of orofacial pain via TRPV1 receptor. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 664:149-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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García-Maldonado E, Cano-Sánchez P, Hernández-Santoyo A. Molecular and functional characterization of a glycosylated Galactose-Binding lectin from Mytilus californianus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:564-574. [PMID: 28546025 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lectins play crucial roles for innate immune responses in invertebrates by recognizing and eliminating pathogens. In this study, a lectin from the mussel Mytilus californianus (MCL) was identified and characterized. The lectin was purified by affinity chromatography in α-lactose-agarose resin showing an experimental molecular mass of 18000 Da as determined by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. It was specific for binding d-galactose and N-Acetyl-d-galactosamine that contained carbohydrate moieties that were also inhibited by melibiose and raffinose. It had the ability to agglutinate all types of human erythrocytes, as well as rabbit red blood cells. Circular dichroism analyzes have indicated that this lectin possessed an α/β fold with a predominance of β structures. This was consistent with the structure of the protein that was determined by the X-ray diffraction techniques. MCL was crystallized in the space group C21 and it diffracted to 1.79 Å resolution. Two monomers were found in the asymmetric unit and they formed dimers in solution. The protein has shown to be a member of the β-trefoil family, with three sugar binding sites per monomer. In accord with fluorescence-based thermal shift assays, we observed that the MCL Tm increased about 10 °C in the presence of galactose. Furthermore, we have determined the complete amino acid sequence by cDNA sequencing. The gene had two ORF2 proteins, one resulting in a 180 residue protein with a theoretical molecular mass of 20227 Da, and another resulting in a 150 residue protein with a theoretical molecular mass of 16911 Da. The difference between the theoretical and experimental values was due to the presence of a glycosylation that was observed by the glycosylation assay. A positive microbial agglutination and a growth inhibition activity were observed against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The M. californianus lectin is the fourth member of the recently proposed new family of lectins that have been reported to date, occurring only in mollusks belonging to the family Mytilidae. It is the first member to be glycosylated and with a strong tendency to form large oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrén García-Maldonado
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Cd. Mx. C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Patricia Cano-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Cd. Mx. C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Hernández-Santoyo
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Cd. Mx. C.P. 04510, Mexico.
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Nonaka Y, Ogawa T, Yoshida H, Shoji H, Nishi N, Kamitori S, Nakamura T. Crystal structure of a Xenopus laevis skin proto-type galectin, close to but distinct from galectin-1. Glycobiology 2015; 25:792-803. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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B S GK, Pohlentz G, Schulte M, Mormann M, Nadimpalli SK. N-glycan analysis of mannose/glucose specific lectin from Dolichos lablab seeds. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69:400-7. [PMID: 24907509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An affinity purified mannose/glucose specific lectin from the seeds of Dolichos lablab (Indian bean/lablab bean) resolves into five subunits upon SDS-PAGE in the range of Mr 12-20kDa. Partial de novo sequencing of subunits resulted in 88% and 73% sequence coverage for α and β subunits of the cDNA derived FRIL (Flt3 receptor interacting lectin) sequence, respectively and suggested that four bands correspond to the α-subunits while the band of lowest molecular mass is designated as β. It was proposed in an earlier study on FRIL that the difference in molecular mass of α-subunits is due to differences in C-terminal processing and differential N-glycosylation i.e. numbers of N-glycans present (Colucci et al., 1999). Thus, differential N-glycosylation of the purified mannose/glucose specific lectin was unravelled by in-gel trypsin/chymotrypsin digestion of the α-subunits followed by desalting and ZIC-HILIC enrichment of N-glycopeptides. Subsequently, analyses by nano electrospray ionisation quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry and low-energy collision-induced dissociation experiments revealed the presence of a typical paucimannose type N-glycan (Man2(Xyl)GlcNAc2(Fuc)) in α subunits 2-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gnanesh Kumar B S
- Protein Biochemistry and Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute for Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Mona Schulte
- Institute for Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Michael Mormann
- Institute for Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, D-48149, Germany.
| | - Siva Kumar Nadimpalli
- Protein Biochemistry and Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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Effects of Canavalia lectins on acute inflammation in sensitized and non-sensitized rats. Inflammation 2014; 36:713-22. [PMID: 23377963 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory activity of Canavalia seed lectins (Canavalia gladiata [CGL], Canavalia maritima [ConM] and Canavalia brasiliensis [ConBr]) was evaluated by intravenous administration in rats. In non-sensitized rats, cellular edema elicited by carrageenan was reduced (45-51 %) by ConM and (44-59 %) by CGL. Osmotic edema elicited by dextran was reduced by ConM and CGL in 27 % and 29 %. ConM and CGL reduced the edema elicited by L-arginine in 53 % and that of prostaglandin E2 in 48 % and 36 %. Leukocyte migration elicited by carrageenan was reduced in 49 % by ConM and in 55 % by CGL (attenuated in 4× by glucose) and peritoneal TNF-α content in 82 %. In rats sensitized, ConM inhibited the paw edema and leukocyte migration elicited by ovalbumin in 34 % and 70 %. ConM and CGL are anti-inflammatory, mainly in cellular events mediated by prostaglandin E₂, nitric oxide and TNF-α in non-sensitized rats. However, only ConM is anti-inflammatory in sensitized rats. CGL effect involves the lectin domain.
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Shetty KN, Latha VL, Rao RN, Nadimpalli SK, Suguna K. Affinity of a galactose-specific legume lectin from Dolichos lablab to adenine revealed by X-ray cystallography. IUBMB Life 2014; 65:633-44. [PMID: 23794513 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Crystal structure analysis of a galactose-specific lectin from a leguminous food crop Dolichos lablab (Indian lablab beans) has been carried out to obtain insights into its quaternary association and lectin-carbohydrate interactions. The analysis led to the identification of adenine binding sites at the dimeric interfaces of the heterotetrameric lectin. Structural details of similar adenine binding were reported in only one legume lectin, Dolichos biflorus, before this study. Here, we present the structure of the galactose-binding D. lablab lectin at different pH values in the native form and in complex with galactose and adenine. This first structure report on this lectin also provides a high resolution atomic view of legume lectin-adenine interactions. The tetramer has two canonical and two DB58-like interfaces. The binding of adenine, a non-carbohydrate ligand, is found to occur at four hydrophobic sites at the core of the tetramer at the DB58-like dimeric interfaces and does not interfere with the carbohydrate-binding site. To support the crystallographic observations, the adenine binding was further quantified by carrying out isothermal calorimetric titration. By this method, we not only estimated the affinity of the lectin to adenine but also showed that adenine binds with negative cooperativity in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartika N Shetty
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Molecular modeling of lectin-like protein from Acacia farnesiana reveals a possible anti-inflammatory mechanism in Carrageenan-induced inflammation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:253483. [PMID: 24490151 PMCID: PMC3893743 DOI: 10.1155/2013/253483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acacia farnesiana lectin-like protein (AFAL) is a chitin-binding protein and has been classified as phytohaemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA). Legume lectins are examples for structural studies, and this family of proteins shows a remarkable conservation in primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. Lectins have ability to reduce the effects of inflammation caused by phlogistic agents, such as carrageenan (CGN). This paper explains the anti-inflammatory activity of AFAL through structural comparison with anti-inflammatory legume lectins. The AFAL model was obtained by molecular modeling and molecular docking with glycan and carrageenan were performed to explain the AFAL structural behavior and biological activity. Pisum sativum lectin was the best template for molecular modeling. The AFAL structure model is folded as a β sandwich. The model differs from template in loop regions, number of β strands and carbohydrate-binding site. Carrageenan and glycan bind to different sites on AFAL. The ability of AFAL binding to carrageenan can be explained by absence of the sixth β -strand (posterior β sheets) and two β strands in frontal region. AFAL can inhibit pathway inflammatory process by carrageenan injection by connecting to it and preventing its entry into the cell and triggers the reaction.
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Krissinel E. Macromolecular complexes in crystals and solutions. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2011; 67:376-85. [PMID: 21460456 PMCID: PMC3069753 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444911007232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a discussion of existing methods for the analysis of macromolecular interactions and complexes in crystal packing. Typical situations and conditions where wrong answers may be obtained in the course of ordinary procedures are presented and discussed. The more general question of what the relationship is between natural (in-solvent) and crystallized assemblies is discussed and researched. A computational analysis suggests that weak interactions with K(d) ≥ 100 µM have a considerable chance of being lost during the course of crystallization. In such instances, crystal packing misrepresents macromolecular complexes and interactions. For as many as 20% of protein dimers in the PDB the likelihood of misrepresentation is estimated to be higher than 50%. Given that weak macromolecular interactions play an important role in many biochemical processes, these results suggest that a complementary noncrystallographic study should be always conducted when inferring structural aspects of weakly bound complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Krissinel
- CCP4, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, England.
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Bertini L, Proietti S, Caporale C, Caruso C. Molecular characterization of a wheat protein induced by vernalisation. Protein J 2010; 28:253-62. [PMID: 19626429 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-009-9190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using a PCR strategy we isolated from winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Bolero) the ver2 gene coding for a modular protein constituted by an N-terminal domain called "dirigent", found in several defence-related genes, and a C-terminal domain related to jacalin-related lectin (JRL). ver2 transcript as well as native Ver2 levels increased during vernalisation and upon methyl jasmonate treatment of young seedlings. ver2 transcript levels were kept constant either in infected tissues or in wounded samples indicating that Ver2 is not directly involved in plant defence mechanisms. The Ver2 protein was expressed in bacteria as a recombinant GST-Ver2 fusion protein. The purified recombinant protein was further characterized using an affinity chromatography approach based on its interaction with mannose-agarose beads. GST-Ver2 tightly bound to the matrix. Molecular modelling of the jacalin domain and mannose docking confirmed that Ver2 possesses D: -mannose binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bertini
- Dipartimento di Agrobiologia e Agrochimica, Universita' della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
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Su R, Li L, Chen X, Han J, Han S. Multivalent mannose-displaying nanoparticles constructed from poly{styrene-co-[(maleic anhydride)-alt-styrene]}. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2040-5. [PMID: 19421440 DOI: 10.1039/b817823b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Micellar mannose nanoparticles were constructed from poly{styrene-co-[(maleic anhydride)-alt-styrene]} with fluorophores or quenchers doped into the hydrophobic inner cores, allowing the direct monitoring of multivalent lectin-glycan interactions. The mannose-displaying nanoparticles bind Con A and sperm surface lectins with high affinity, suggesting their broad utility for modulating protein-carbohydrate interaction mediated cell surface biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmin Su
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, 361005, P. R. China
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Legume lectin FRIL preserves neural progenitor cells in suspension culture in vitro. Clin Dev Immunol 2008; 2008:531317. [PMID: 18695740 PMCID: PMC2496955 DOI: 10.1155/2008/531317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In vitro maintenance of stem cells is crucial for many clinical applications. Stem cell preservation factor FRIL (Flt3 receptor-interacting lectin) is a plant lectin extracted from Dolichos Lablab and has been found preserve hematopoietic stem cells in vitro for a month in our previous studies. To investigate whether FRIL can preserve neural progenitor cells (NPCs), it was supplemented into serum-free suspension culture media. FRIL made NPC grow slowly, induced cell adhesion, and delayed neurospheres formation. However, FRIL did not initiate NPC differentiation according to immunofluorescence and semiquantitive RT-PCR results. In conclusion, FRIL could also preserve neural progenitor cells in vitro by inhibiting both cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Rocha BAM, Moreno FBMB, Delatorre P, Souza EP, Marinho ES, Benevides RG, Rustiguel JKR, Souza LAG, Nagano CS, Debray H, Sampaio AH, de Azevedo WF, Cavada BS. Purification, Characterization, and Preliminary X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of a Lactose-Specific Lectin from Cymbosema roseum Seeds. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 152:383-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Purification of a PHA-Like Chitin-binding Protein from Acacia farnesiana Seeds: A Time-dependent Oligomerization Protein. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 150:97-111. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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MP2/6-311++G(d,p) study on galactose–aromatic residue analog complexes in different position-orientations of the saccharide relative to aromatic residue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2007.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Natchiar SK, Suguna K, Surolia A, Vijayan M. Peanut agglutinin, a lectin with an unusual quaternary structure and interesting ligand binding properties. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/08893110701382087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sultan NAM, Rao RN, Nadimpalli SK, Swamy MJ. Tryptophan environment, secondary structure and thermal unfolding of the galactose-specific seed lectin from Dolichos lablab: Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1001-8. [PMID: 16650937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 03/05/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic studies were carried out on the galactose-specific lectin from Dolichos lablab seeds (DLL-II). The microenvironment of the tryptophan residues in the lectin under native and denaturing conditions were investigated by quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of the protein by a neutral quencher (acrylamide), an anionic quencher (iodide ion) and a cationic quencher (cesium ion). The results obtained indicate that the tryptophan residues of DLL-II are largely buried in the hydrophobic core of the protein matrix, with positively charged side chains residing close to at least some of the tryptophan residues under the experimental conditions. Analysis of the far UV CD spectrum of DLL-II revealed that the secondary structure of the lectin consists of 57% alpha-helix, 21% beta-sheet, 7% beta-turns and 15% unordered structures. Carbohydrate binding did not significantly alter the secondary and tertiary structures of the lectin. Thermal unfolding of DLL-II, investigated by monitoring CD signals, showed a sharp transition around 75 degrees C both in the far UV region (205 nm) and the near UV region (289 nm), which shifted to ca. 77-78 degrees C in the presence of 0.1 M methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, indicating that ligand binding leads to a moderate stabilization of the lectin structure.
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Buts L, Garcia-Pino A, Imberty A, Amiot N, Boons GJ, Beeckmans S, Versées W, Wyns L, Loris R. Structural basis for the recognition of complex-type biantennary oligosaccharides by Pterocarpus angolensis lectin. FEBS J 2006; 273:2407-20. [PMID: 16704415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of Pterocarpus angolensis lectin is determined in its ligand-free state, in complex with the fucosylated biantennary complex type decasaccharide NA2F, and in complex with a series of smaller oligosaccharide constituents of NA2F. These results together with thermodynamic binding data indicate that the complete oligosaccharide binding site of the lectin consists of five subsites allowing the specific recognition of the pentasaccharide GlcNAc beta(1-2)Man alpha(1-3)[GlcNAc beta(1-2)Man alpha(1-6)]Man. The mannose on the 1-6 arm occupies the monosaccharide binding site while the GlcNAc residue on this arm occupies a subsite that is almost identical to that of concanavalin A (con A). The core mannose and the GlcNAc beta(1-2)Man moiety on the 1-3 arm on the other hand occupy a series of subsites distinct from those of con A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven Buts
- Laboratorium voor Ultrastructuur, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Belgium
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22
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Buts L, Garcia-Pino A, Wyns L, Loris R. Structural basis of carbohydrate recognition by a Man(alpha1-2)Man-specific lectin from Bowringia milbraedii. Glycobiology 2006; 16:635-40. [PMID: 16567368 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the seed lectin from the tropical legume Bowringia milbraedii was determined in complex with the disaccharide ligand Man(alpha1-2)Man. In solution, the protein exhibits a dynamic dimer-tetramer equilibrium, consistent with the concanavalin A-type tetramer observed in the crystal. Contacts between the tetramers are mediated almost exclusively through the carbohydrate ligand, resulting in a crystal lattice virtually identical to that of the concanavalin-A:Man(alpha1-2)Man complex, even though both proteins have less than 50% sequence identity. The disaccharide binds exclusively in a "downstream" binding mode, with the non-reducing mannose occupying the monosaccharide-binding site. The reducing mannose is bound in a predominantly polar subsite involving Tyr131, Gln218, and Tyr219.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven Buts
- Laboratorium voor Ultrastructuur, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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23
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Lavanya Latha V, Kulkarni KA, Nagender Rao R, Siva Kumar N, Suguna K. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of a galactose-specific lectin from Dolichos lablab. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:163-5. [PMID: 16511291 PMCID: PMC2150945 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106001448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The galactose-specific lectin from the seeds of Dolichos lablab has been crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique. The crystals belong to space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a = 73.99, b = 84.13, c = 93.15 A, alpha = 89.92, beta = 76.01, gamma = 76.99 degrees. X-ray diffraction data to a resolution of 3.0 A have been collected under cryoconditions (100 K) using a MAR imaging-plate detector system mounted on a rotating-anode X-ray generator. Molecular-replacement calculations carried out using the available structures of legume lectins as search models revealed that the galactose-specific lectin from D. lablab forms a tetramer similar to soybean agglutinin; two such tetramers are present in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Lavanya Latha
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Kiran A. Kulkarni
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - R. Nagender Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - N. Siva Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - K. Suguna
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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24
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Gadelha CADA, Moreno FBMB, Santi-Gadelha T, Cajazeiras JB, Rocha BAMD, Assreuy AMS, Lima Mota MR, Pinto NV, Passos Meireles AV, Borges JC, Freitas BT, Canduri F, Souza EP, Delatorre P, Criddle DN, de Azevedo WF, Cavada BS. Native crystal structure of a nitric oxide-releasing lectin from the seeds of Canavalia maritima. J Struct Biol 2005; 152:185-94. [PMID: 16337811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the crystallographic study of a lectin from Canavalia maritima seeds (ConM) and its relaxant activity on vascular smooth muscle, to provide new insights into the understanding of structure/function relationships of this class of proteins. ConM was crystallized and its structure determined by standard molecular replacement techniques. The amino acid residues, previously suggested incorrectly by manual sequencing, have now been determined as I17, I53, S129, S134, G144, S164, P165, S187, V190, S169, T196, and S202. Analysis of the structure indicated a dimer in the asymmetric unit, two metal binding sites per monomer, and loops involved in the molecular oligomerization. These confer 98% similarity between ConM and other previously described lectins, derived from Canavalia ensiformis and Canavalia brasiliensis. Our functional data indicate that ConM exerts a concentration-dependent relaxant action on isolated aortic rings that probably occurs via an interaction with a specific lectin-binding site on the endothelium, resulting in a release of nitric oxide.
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25
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Garcia-Pino A, Loris R, Wyns L, Buts L. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the Man(alpha1-2)Man-specific lectin from Bowringia mildbraedii in complex with its carbohydrate ligand. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2005; 61:931-4. [PMID: 16511199 PMCID: PMC1991310 DOI: 10.1107/s174430910502854x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The lectin from Bowringia mildbraedii seeds crystallizes in the presence of the disaccharide Man(alpha1-2)Man. The best crystals grow at 293 K within four weeks after a pre-incubation at 277 K to induce nucleation. A complete data set was collected to a resolution of 1.90 A using synchrotron radiation. The crystals belong to space group I222, with unit-cell parameters a = 66.06, b = 86.35, c = 91.76 A, and contain one lectin monomer in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Garcia-Pino
- Laboratorium voor Ultrastructuur, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Remy Loris
- Laboratorium voor Ultrastructuur, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Lode Wyns
- Laboratorium voor Ultrastructuur, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Lieven Buts
- Laboratorium voor Ultrastructuur, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
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26
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Hamelryck T. An amino acid has two sides: A new 2D measure provides a different view of solvent exposure. Proteins 2005; 59:38-48. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.20379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Brinda KV, Mitra N, Surolia A, Vishveshwara S. Determinants of quaternary association in legume lectins. Protein Sci 2005; 13:1735-49. [PMID: 15215518 PMCID: PMC2279936 DOI: 10.1110/ps.04651004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the sequence of amino acids in proteins code for its tertiary structure. It is also known that there exists a relationship between sequence and the quaternary structure of proteins. The question addressed here is whether the nature of quaternary association can be predicted from the sequence, similar to the three-dimensional structure prediction from the sequence. The class of proteins called legume lectins is an interesting model system to investigate this problem, because they have very high sequence and tertiary structure homology, with diverse forms of quaternary association. Hence, we have used legume lectins as a probe in this paper to (1) gain novel insights about the relationship between sequence and quaternary structure; (2) identify the sequence motifs that are characteristic of a given type of quaternary association; and (3) predict the quaternary association from the sequence motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Brinda
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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28
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Loris R, Van Walle I, De Greve H, Beeckmans S, Deboeck F, Wyns L, Bouckaert J. Structural Basis of Oligomannose Recognition by the Pterocarpus angolensis Seed Lectin. J Mol Biol 2004; 335:1227-40. [PMID: 14729339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2003.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of a Man/Glc-specific lectin from the seeds of the bloodwood tree (Pterocarpus angolensis), a leguminous plant from central Africa, has been determined in complex with mannose and five manno-oligosaccharides. The lectin contains a classical mannose-specificity loop, but its metal-binding loop resembles that of lectins of unrelated specificity from Ulex europaeus and Maackia amurensis. As a consequence, the interactions with mannose in the primary binding site are conserved, but details of carbohydrate-binding outside the primary binding site differ from those seen in the equivalent carbohydrate complexes of concanavalin A. These observations explain the differences in their respective fine specificity profiles for oligomannoses. While Man(alpha1-3)Man and Man(alpha1-3)[Man(alpha1-6)]Man bind to PAL in low-energy conformations identical with that of ConA, Man(alpha1-6)Man is required to adopt a different conformation. Man(alpha1-2)Man can bind only in a single binding mode, in sharp contrast to ConA, which creates a higher affinity for this disaccharide by allowing two binding modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Loris
- Laboratorium voor Ultrastructuur, Instituut voor Moleculaire Biologie, Building E, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium.
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29
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Hayashida M, Fujii T, Hamasu M, Ishiguro M, Hata Y. Similarity between Protein–Protein and Protein–Carbohydrate Interactions, Revealed by Two Crystal Structures of Lectins from the Roots of Pokeweed. J Mol Biol 2003; 334:551-65. [PMID: 14623194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2003.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The roots of pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) are known to contain the lectins designated PL-A, PL-B, PL-C, PL-D1, and PL-D2. Of these lectins, the crystal structures of two PLs, the ligand-free PL-C and the complex of PL-D2 with tri-N-acetylchitotriose, have been determined at 1.8A resolution. The polypeptide chains of PL-C and PL-D2 form three and two repetitive chitin-binding domains, respectively. In the crystal structure of the PL-D2 complex, one trisaccharide molecule is shared mainly between two neighboring molecules related to each other by a crystallographic 2(1)-screw axis, and infinite helical chains of complexed molecules are generated by the sharing of ligand molecules. The crystal structure of PL-C reveals that the molecule is a dimer of two identical subunits, whose polypeptide chains are located in a head-to-tail fashion by a molecular 2-fold axis. Three putative carbohydrate-binding sites in each subunit are located in the dimer interface. The dimerization of PL-C is performed through the hydrophobic interactions between the carbohydrate-binding sites of the opposite domains in the dimer, leading to a distinct dimerization mode from that of wheat-germ agglutinin. Three aromatic residues in each carbohydrate-binding site of PL-C are involved in the dimerization. These residues correspond to the residues that interact mainly with the trisaccharide in the PL-D2 complex and appear to mimic the saccharide residues in the complex. Consequently, the present structure of the PL-C dimer has no room for accommodating carbohydrate. The quaternary structure of PL-C formed through these putative carbohydrate-binding residues may lead to the lack of hemagglutinating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Hayashida
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
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30
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Loris R, Imberty A, Beeckmans S, Van Driessche E, Read JS, Bouckaert J, De Greve H, Buts L, Wyns L. Crystal structure of Pterocarpus angolensis lectin in complex with glucose, sucrose, and turanose. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:16297-303. [PMID: 12595543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211148200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the Man/Glc-specific seed lectin from Pterocarpus angolensis was determined in complex with methyl-alpha-d-glucose, sucrose, and turanose. The carbohydrate binding site contains a classic Man/Glc type specificity loop. Its metal binding loop on the other hand is of the long type, different from what is observed in other Man/Glc-specific legume lectins. Glucose binding in the primary binding site is reminiscent of the glucose complexes of concanavalin A and lentil lectin. Sucrose is found to be bound in a conformation similar as seen in the binding site of lentil lectin. A direct hydrogen bond between Ser-137(OG) to Fru(O2) in Pterocarpus angolensis lectin replaces a water-mediated interaction in the equivalent complex of lentil lectin. In the turanose complex, the binding site of the first molecule in the asymmetric unit contains the alphaGlc1-3betaFruf form of furanose while the second molecule contains the alphaGlc1-3betaFrup form in its binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Loris
- Laboratorium voor Ultrastructuur, Instituut voor Moleculaire Biologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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31
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Wangikar PP, Tendulkar AV, Ramya S, Mali DN, Sarawagi S. Functional sites in protein families uncovered via an objective and automated graph theoretic approach. J Mol Biol 2003; 326:955-78. [PMID: 12581652 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a method for detection of recurring side-chain patterns (DRESPAT) using an unbiased and automated graph theoretic approach. We first list all structural patterns as sub-graphs where the protein is represented as a graph. The patterns from proteins are compared pair-wise to detect patterns common to a protein pair based on content and geometry criteria. The recurring pattern is then detected using an automated search algorithm from the all-against-all pair-wise comparison data of proteins. Intra-protein pattern comparison data are used to enable detection of patterns recurring within a protein. A method has been proposed for empirical calculation of statistical significance of recurring pattern. The method was tested on 17 protein sets of varying size, composed of non-redundant representatives from SCOP superfamilies. Recurring patterns in serine proteases, cysteine proteases, lipases, cupredoxin, ferredoxin, ferritin, cytochrome c, aspartoyl proteases, peroxidases, phospholipase A2, endonuclease, SH3 domain, EF-hand and lectins show additional residues conserved in the vicinity of the known functional sites. On the basis of the recurring patterns in ferritin, EF-hand and lectins, we could separate proteins or domains that are structurally similar yet different in metal ion-binding characteristics. In addition, novel recurring patterns were observed in glutathione-S-transferase, phospholipase A2 and ferredoxin with potential structural/functional roles. The results are discussed in relation to the known functional sites in each family. Between 2000 and 50,000 patterns were enumerated from each protein with between ten and 500 patterns detected as common to an evolutionarily related protein pair. Our results show that unbiased extraction of functional site pattern is not feasible from an evolutionarily related protein pair but is feasible from protein sets comprising five or more proteins. The DRESPAT method does not require a user-defined pattern, size or location of the pattern and therefore, has the potential to uncover new functional sites in protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod P Wangikar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400 076, India.
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32
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Goel M, Jain D, Kaur KJ, Kenoth R, Maiya BG, Swamy MJ, Salunke DM. Functional equality in the absence of structural similarity: an added dimension to molecular mimicry. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:39277-81. [PMID: 11504727 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105387200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of meso-tetrasulfonatophenylporphyrin complexed with concanavalin A (ConA) was determined at 1.9 A resolution. Comparison of this structure with that of ConA bound to methyl alpha-d-mannopyranoside provided direct structural evidence of molecular mimicry in the context of ligand receptor binding. The sulfonatophenyl group of meso-tetrasulfonatophenylporphyrin occupies the same binding site on ConA as that of methyl alpha-d-mannopyranoside, a natural ligand. A pair of stacked porphyrin molecules stabilizes the crystal structure by end-to-end cross-linking with ConA resulting in a network similar to that observed upon agglutination of cells by lectins. The porphyrin binds to ConA predominantly through hydrogen bonds and water-mediated interactions. The sandwiched water molecules in the complex play a cementing role, facilitating favorable binding of porphyrin. Seven of the eight hydrogen bonds observed between methyl alpha-d-mannopyranoside and ConA are mimicked by the sulfonatophenyl group of porphyrin after incorporating two water molecules. Thus, the similarity in chemical interactions was manifested in terms of functional mimicry despite the obvious structural dissimilarity between the sugar and the porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goel
- Structural Biology Unit, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
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Grégoire C, Marco S, Thimonier J, Duplan L, Laurine E, Chauvin JP, Michel B, Peyrot V, Verdier JM. Three-dimensional structure of the lithostathine protofibril, a protein involved in Alzheimer's disease. EMBO J 2001; 20:3313-21. [PMID: 11432819 PMCID: PMC125531 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.13.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the presence of filamentous aggregates of proteins. We previously established that lithostathine is a protein overexpressed in the pre-clinical stages of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, it is present in the pathognomonic lesions associated with Alzheimer's disease. After self-proteolysis, the N-terminally truncated form of lithostathine leads to the formation of fibrillar aggregates. Here we observed using atomic force microscopy that these aggregates consisted of a network of protofibrils, each of which had a twisted appearance. Electron microscopy and image analysis showed that this twisted protofibril has a quadruple helical structure. Three-dimensional X-ray structural data and the results of biochemical experiments showed that when forming a protofibril, lithostathine was first assembled via lateral hydrophobic interactions into a tetramer. Each tetramer then linked up with another tetramer as the result of longitudinal electrostatic interactions. All these results were used to build a structural model for the lithostathine protofibril called the quadruple-helical filament (QHF-litho). In conclusion, lithostathine strongly resembles the prion protein in its dramatic proteolysis and amyloid proteins in its ability to form fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Grégoire
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Sergio Marco
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Jean Thimonier
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Laure Duplan
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Emmanuelle Laurine
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Jean-Paul Chauvin
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Bernard Michel
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Vincent Peyrot
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Jean-Michel Verdier
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
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34
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Buts L, Dao-Thi MH, Loris R, Wyns L, Etzler M, Hamelryck T. Weak protein-protein interactions in lectins: the crystal structure of a vegetative lectin from the legume Dolichos biflorus. J Mol Biol 2001; 309:193-201. [PMID: 11491289 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The legume lectins are widely used as a model system for studying protein-carbohydrate and protein-protein interactions. They exhibit a fascinating quaternary structure variation, which becomes important when they interact with multivalent glycoconjugates, for instance those on cell surfaces. Recently, it has become clear that certain lectins form weakly associated oligomers. This phenomenon may play a role in the regulation of receptor crosslinking and subsequent signal transduction. The crystal structure of DB58, a dimeric lectin from the legume Dolichos biflorus reveals a separate dimer of a previously unobserved type, in addition to a tetramer consisting of two such dimers. This tetramer resembles that formed by DBL, the seed lectin from the same plant. A single amino acid substitution in DB58 affects the conformation and flexibility of a loop in the canonical dimer interface. This disrupts the formation of a stable DBL-like tetramer in solution, but does not prohibit its formation in suitable conditions, which greatly increases the possibilities for the cross-linking of multivalent ligands. The non-canonical DB58 dimer has a buried symmetrical alpha helix, which can be present in the crystal in either of two antiparallel orientations. Two existing structures and datasets for lectins with similar quaternary structures were reconsidered. A central alpha helix could be observed in the soybean lectin, but not in the leucoagglutinating lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris. The relative position and orientation of the carbohydrate-binding sites in the DB58 dimer may affect its ability to crosslink mulitivalent ligands, compared to the other legume lectin dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Buts
- ULTR-Ultrastructure Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Sint-Genesius-Rode Belgium.
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Gabius HJ. Glycohistochemistry: the why and how of detection and localization of endogenous lectins. Anat Histol Embryol 2001; 30:3-31. [PMID: 11284160 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0264.2001.00305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The central dogma of molecular biology limits the downstream flow of genetic information to proteins. Progress from the last two decades of research on cellular glycoconjugates justifies adding the enzymatic production of glycan antennae with information-bearing determinants to this famous and basic pathway. An impressive variety of regulatory processes including cell growth and apoptosis, folding and routing of glycoproteins and cell adhesion/migration have been unravelled and found to be mediated or modulated by specific protein (lectin)-carbohydrate interactions. The conclusion has emerged that it would have meant missing manifold opportunities not to recruit the sugar code to cellular information transfer. Currently, the potential for medical applications in anti-adhesion therapy or drug targeting is one of the major driving forces fuelling progress in glycosciences. In histochemistry, this concept has prompted the introduction of carrier-immobilized carbohydrate ligands (neoglycoconjugates) to visualize the cells' capacity to be engaged in oligosaccharide recognition. After their isolation these tissue lectins will be tested for ligand analysis. Since fine specificities of different lectins can differ despite identical monosaccharide binding, the tissue lectins will eventually replace plant agglutinins to move from glycan profiling and localization to functional considerations. Namely, these two marker types, i.e. neoglycoconjugates and tissue lectins, track down accessible binding sites with relevance for involvement in interactions in situ. The documented interplay of synthetic organic chemistry and biochemistry with cyto- and histochemistry nourishes the optimism that the application of this set of innovative custom-prepared tools will provide important insights into the ways in which glycans can act as hardware in transmitting information during normal tissue development and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 München, Germany.
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Loris R, De Greve H, Dao-Thi MH, Messens J, Imberty A, Wyns L. Structural basis of carbohydrate recognition by lectin II from Ulex europaeus, a protein with a promiscuous carbohydrate-binding site. J Mol Biol 2000; 301:987-1002. [PMID: 10966800 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein-carbohydrate interactions are the language of choice for inter- cellular communication. The legume lectins form a large family of homologous proteins that exhibit a wide variety of carbohydrate specificities. The legume lectin family is therefore highly suitable as a model system to study the structural principles of protein-carbohydrate recognition. Until now, structural data are only available for two specificity families: Man/Glc and Gal/GalNAc. No structural data are available for any of the fucose or chitobiose specific lectins. The crystal structure of Ulex europaeus (UEA-II) is the first of a legume lectin belonging to the chitobiose specificity group. The complexes with N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and fucosylgalactose show a promiscuous primary binding site capable of accommodating both N-acetylglucos amine or galactose in the primary binding site. The hydrogen bonding network in these complexes can be considered suboptimal, in agreement with the low affinities of these sugars. In the complexes with chitobiose, lactose and fucosyllactose this suboptimal hydrogen bonding network is compensated by extensive hydrophobic interactions in a Glc/GlcNAc binding subsite. UEA-II thus forms the first example of a legume lectin with a promiscuous binding site and illustrates the importance of hydrophobic interactions in protein-carbohydrate complexes. Together with other known legume lectin crystal structures, it shows how different specificities can be grafted upon a conserved structural framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Loris
- Laboratorium voor Ultrastruktuur, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Paardenstraat 65, Sint-Genesius-Rode, B-1640, Belgium.
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