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Sharma P, Ganguly M, Doi A. Analytical developments in the synergism of copper particles and cysteine: a review. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3476-3493. [PMID: 38989510 PMCID: PMC11232554 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00321g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is a vital candidate for physiology. Coinage metal particles (both clusters and nanoparticles) are highly interesting for their spectacular plasmonic properties. In this case, copper is the most important candidate for its cost-effectiveness and abundance. However, rapid oxidation destroys the stability of copper particles, warranting the necessity of suitable capping agents and experimental conditions. Cysteine can efficiently carry out such a role. On the contrary, cysteine sensing is a vital step for biomedical science. This review article is based on a comparative account of copper particles with cysteine passivation and copper particles for cysteine sensing. For the deep understanding of readers, we discuss nanoparticles and nanoclusters, properties of cysteine, and importance of capping agents, along with various synthetic protocols and applications (sensing and bioimaging) of cysteine-capped copper particles (cysteine-capped copper nanoparticles and cysteine-capped copper nanoclusters). We also include copper nanoparticles and copper nanoclusters for cysteine sensing. As copper is a plasmonic material, fluorometric and colorimetric methods are mostly used for sensing. Real sample analysis for both copper particles with cysteine and copper particles for cysteine sensing are also incorporated in this review to demonstrate their practical applications. Both cysteine-capped copper particles and copper particles for cysteine sensing are the main essence of this review. The aspect of the synergism of copper and cysteine (unlike other amino acids) is quite promising for future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur Dehmi Kalan Jaipur 303007 India
| | - Mainak Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur Dehmi Kalan Jaipur 303007 India
| | - Ankita Doi
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur Dehmi Kalan Jaipur 303007 India
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Alavanda C, Ceylan Eİ, Kılavuz S, Çıkı K. Comprehensive analyses of phenylalanine hydroxylase variants and phenotypic characteristics of patients in the eastern region of Türkiye. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2024; 37:543-552. [PMID: 38706300 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2024-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is predominantly a hepatic enzyme that catalyzes phenylalanine (Phe) into tyrosine, which is the rate-limiting step in Phe catabolism. Biallelic variants in the PAH gene cause PAH enzyme deficiency. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder that causes neurologic, behavioral, and dermatological findings. PKU could be divided clinically into three types based on the blood Phe levels: classic phenylketonuria (cPKU), mild-moderate phenylketonuria (mPKU), and mild hyperphenylalaninemia (MHP). This study aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Turkish PKU patients in the eastern region of Türkiye. METHODS Demographic characteristics, serum Phe levels, treatments, and PAH variants of 163 patients with PKU and hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) were retrospectively evaluated. Blood Phe levels of the patients were analyzed with the high-performance liquid chromatography method. For PAH gene analysis, next-generation sequencing was performed. RESULTS Of the 163 patients included in the study, 38 (23.3 %) had cPKU, 16 (9.8 %) had mPKU, and 109 (66.9 %) had MHP. Homozygous variants in the PAH gene were detected in 66 (40.5 %) of the patients, while compound heterozygous variants were detected in 97 (59.5 %) patients. Two novel and 35 recurrent variants in the PAH gene were detected. Of the two novel variants, one was missense (p.Phe351Leu) and the other was frameshift (p.Met276Cysfs*65). The most frequently detected variants were p.Thr380Met (18 %), p.Arg261Gln (16.8 %), and p.Ala300Ser (12.8 %). All patients with the homozygous c.1066-11G>A variant exhibited cPKU phenotype. The c.898G>T (p.Ala300Ser), c.1139C>T (p.Thr380Met), and c.1208C>T (p.Ala403Val) variants were statistically related to mild phenotype. On the other hand, c.592_613del (p.Tyr198Serfs*136), c.1028A>G (p.Tyr343Cys), and c.782G>A (p.Arg261Gln) variants were more frequently detected in the cPKU group. CONCLUSIONS Our study, conducted with patients from the eastern region of Türkiye, demonstrates the genetic heterogeneity in the Turkish population. Simultaneously, our research contributes to genotype-phenotype correlation and expands the genotypic spectrum by identifying novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Alavanda
- Department of Medical Genetics, Van Research and Training Hospital, Van, Türkiye
| | - Emine İpek Ceylan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Van Research and Training Hospital, Van, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Genetics, Dr Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Sebile Kılavuz
- Division of Child Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Türkiye
- Division of Child Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Van Research and Training Hospital, Van, Türkiye
| | - Kısmet Çıkı
- Division of Child Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Van Research and Training Hospital, Van, Türkiye
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Diniz TG, Severo de Assis C, de Sousa BRV, Batista KS, Silva AS, Wanderley de Queiroga Evangelista I, Monteiro Viturino MG, do Nascimento YM, da Silva EF, Tavares JF, Cavalcanti Alves Monteiro MG, Novaes Dos Santos Fechine CP, Lima E Silva A, Persuhn DC. Metabolomic analysis of retinopathy stages and amputation in type 2 diabetes. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 61:158-167. [PMID: 38777429 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and limb amputation are frequent complications of diabetes that cannot always be explained by blood glucose control. Metabolomics is a science that is currently being explored in the search for biomarkers or profiles that identify clinical conditions of interest. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze, using a metabolomic approach, peripheral blood samples from type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) individuals, compared with those with diabetic retinopathy and limb amputation. METHODS The sample consisted of 128 participants, divided into groups: control, DM2 without DR (DM2), non-proliferative DR (DRNP), proliferative DR (DRP), and DM2 amputated (AMP). Metabolites from blood plasma were classified by spectra using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the metabolic routes of each group using metaboanalyst. RESULTS We identified that the metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan was discriminant for the DRP group. Histidine biosynthesis, on the other hand, was statistically associated with the AMP group. The results of this work consolidate metabolites such as glutamine and citrulline as discriminating for DRP, and the branched-chain amino acids as important for DR. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the relationship between the metabolism of ketone bodies, with acetoacetate metabolite being discriminating for the DRP group and histidine being a significant metabolite in the AMP group, when compared to the DM2 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainá Gomes Diniz
- Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Alexandre Sérgio Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Marina Gonçalves Monteiro Viturino
- Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Lauro Wanderley University Hospital, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Yuri Mangueira do Nascimento
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Evandro Ferreira da Silva
- Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines - IPeFarM, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines - IPeFarM, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Anauara Lima E Silva
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Darlene Camati Persuhn
- Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil.
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Moritz L, Klotz K, Grünert SC, Hannibal L, Spiekerkoetter U. Metabolic phenotyping in phenylketonuria reveals disease clustering independently of metabolic control. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 138:107509. [PMID: 36791482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU, MIM #261600) is one of the most common inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) with an incidence of 1:10000 in the European population. PKU is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and manifests with elevation of phenylalanine (Phe) in plasma and urine. Untreated PKU manifests with intellectual disability including seizures, microcephaly and behavioral abnormalities. Early treatment and good compliance result in a normal intellectual outcome in many but not in all patients. This study examined plasma metabolites in patients with PKU (n = 27), hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA, n = 1) and healthy controls (n = 32) by LC- MS/MS. We hypothesized that PKU patients would exhibit a distinct "submetabolome" compared to that of healthy controls. We further hypothesized that the submetabolome of PKU patients with good metabolic control would resemble that of healthy controls. Results from this study show: (i) Distinct clustering of healthy controls and PKU patients based on polar metabolite profiling, (ii) Increased and decreased concentrations of metabolites within and afar from the Phe pathway in treated patients, and (iii) A specific PKU-submetabolome independently of metabolic control assessed by Phe in plasma. We examined the relationship between PKU metabolic control and extended metabolite profiles in plasma. The PKU submetabolome characterized in this study represents the combined effects of dietary adherence, adjustments in metabolic pathways to compensate for defective Phe processing, as well as metabolic derangements that could not be corrected with dietary management even in patients classified as having good metabolic control. New therapeutic targets may be uncovered to approximate the PKU submetabolome to that of healthy controls and prevent long-term organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Moritz
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Klotz
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Catharina Grünert
- Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ute Spiekerkoetter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Wu J, Shao X, Shen J, Lin Q, Zhu X, Li S, Li J, Zhou W, Qi C, Ni Z. Downregulation of PPARα mediates FABP1 expression, contributing to IgA nephropathy by stimulating ferroptosis in human mesangial cells. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5438-5458. [PMID: 36147466 PMCID: PMC9461665 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.74675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the commonest primary glomerulonephritis, and a major cause of end-stage renal disease; however, its pathogenesis requires elucidation. Here, a hub gene, FABP1, and signaling pathway, PPARα, were selected as key in IgAN pathogenesis by combined weighted gene correlation network analysis of clinical traits and identification of differentially expressed genes from three datasets. FABP1 and PPARα levels were lower in IgAN than control kidney, and linearly positively correlated with one another, while FABP1 levels were negatively correlated with urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and GPX4 levels were significantly decreased in IgAN. In human mesangial cells (HMCs), PPARα and FABP1 levels were significantly decreased after Gd-IgA1 stimulation and mitochondria appeared structurally damaged, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased, and glutathione and GPX4 decreased, relative to controls. GPX4 levels were decreased, and those of ACSL4 increased on siPPARα and siFABP1 siRNA treatment. In PPARα lentivirus-transfected HMCs stimulated by Gd-IgA1, ROS, MDA, and ACSL4 were decreased; glutathione and GPX4, and immunofluorescence colocalization of PPARα and GPX4, increased; and damaged mitochondria reduced. Hence, PPARα pathway downregulation can reduce FABP1 expression, affecting GPX4 and ACSL4 levels, causing HMC ferroptosis, and contributing to IgAN pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkui Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghua Shao
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxiao Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qisheng Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuying Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaojun Qi
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohui Ni
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Post A, Kremer D, Groothof D, van der Veen Y, de Blaauw P, van der Krogt J, Kema IP, Westerhuis R, Heiner-Fokkema MR, Bakker SJL, Franssen CFM. Amino Acid Homeostasis and Fatigue in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients. Nutrients 2022; 14:2810. [PMID: 35889768 PMCID: PMC9318329 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients dependent on chronic hemodialysis treatment are prone to malnutrition, at least in part due to insufficient nutrient intake, metabolic derangements, and chronic inflammation. Losses of amino acids during hemodialysis may be an important additional contributor. In this study, we assessed changes in plasma amino acid concentrations during hemodialysis, quantified intradialytic amino acid losses, and investigated whether plasma amino acid concentrations and amino acid losses by hemodialysis and urinary excretion are associated with fatigue. The study included a total of 59 hemodialysis patients (65 ± 15 years, 63% male) and 33 healthy kidney donors as controls (54 ± 10 years, 45% male). Total plasma essential amino acid concentration before hemodialysis was lower in hemodialysis patients compared with controls (p = 0.006), while total non-essential amino acid concentration did not differ. Daily amino acid losses were 4.0 ± 1.3 g/24 h for hemodialysis patients and 0.6 ± 0.3 g/24 h for controls. Expressed as proportion of protein intake, daily amino acid losses of hemodialysis patients were 6.7 ± 2.4% of the total protein intake, compared to 0.7 ± 0.3% for controls (p < 0.001). Multivariable regression analyses demonstrated that hemodialysis efficacy (Kt/V) was the primary determinant of amino acid losses (Std. β = 0.51; p < 0.001). In logistic regression analyses, higher plasma proline concentrations were associated with higher odds of severe fatigue (OR (95% CI) per SD increment: 3.0 (1.3; 9.3); p = 0.03), while higher taurine concentrations were associated with lower odds of severe fatigue (OR (95% CI) per log2 increment: 0.3 (0.1; 0.7); p = 0.01). Similarly, higher daily taurine losses were also associated with lower odds of severe fatigue (OR (95% CI) per log2 increment: 0.64 (0.42; 0.93); p = 0.03). Lastly, a higher protein intake was associated with lower odds of severe fatigue (OR (95% CI) per SD increment: 0.2 (0.04; 0.5); p = 0.007). Future studies are warranted to investigate the mechanisms underlying these associations and investigate the potential of taurine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Post
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.K.); (D.G.); (Y.v.d.V.); (S.J.L.B.); (C.F.M.F.)
| | - Daan Kremer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.K.); (D.G.); (Y.v.d.V.); (S.J.L.B.); (C.F.M.F.)
| | - Dion Groothof
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.K.); (D.G.); (Y.v.d.V.); (S.J.L.B.); (C.F.M.F.)
| | - Yvonne van der Veen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.K.); (D.G.); (Y.v.d.V.); (S.J.L.B.); (C.F.M.F.)
| | - Pim de Blaauw
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.d.B.); (J.v.d.K.); (I.P.K.); (M.R.H.-F.)
| | - Jennifer van der Krogt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.d.B.); (J.v.d.K.); (I.P.K.); (M.R.H.-F.)
| | - Ido P. Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.d.B.); (J.v.d.K.); (I.P.K.); (M.R.H.-F.)
| | - Ralf Westerhuis
- Dialysis Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Rebecca Heiner-Fokkema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.d.B.); (J.v.d.K.); (I.P.K.); (M.R.H.-F.)
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.K.); (D.G.); (Y.v.d.V.); (S.J.L.B.); (C.F.M.F.)
| | - Casper F. M. Franssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.K.); (D.G.); (Y.v.d.V.); (S.J.L.B.); (C.F.M.F.)
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Wang CH, Ling HH, Liu MH, Pan YP, Chang PH, Lin YC, Chou WC, Peng CL, Yeh KY. Treatment-Interval Changes in Serum Levels of Albumin and Histidine Correlated with Treatment Interruption in Patients with Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Completing Chemoradiotherapy under Recommended Calorie and Protein Provision. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133112. [PMID: 35804884 PMCID: PMC9264877 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated risk factors for treatment interruption (TI) in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (LAHNSCC) following concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), under the provision of recommended calorie and protein intake; we also evaluated the associations between clinicopathological variables, calorie and protein supply, nutrition–inflammation biomarkers (NIBs), total body composition change (TBC), and a four-serum-amino-acid metabolite panel (histidine, leucine, ornithine, and phenylalanine) among these patients. Patients with LAHNSCC who completed the entire planned CCRT course and received at least 25 kcal/kg/day and 1 g of protein/kg/day during CCRT were prospectively recruited. Clinicopathological variables, anthropometric data, blood NIBs, CCRT-related factors, TBC data, and metabolite panels before and after treatment were collected; 44 patients with LAHNSCC were enrolled. Nine patients (20.4%) experienced TIs. Patients with TIs experienced greater reductions in hemoglobin, serum levels of albumin, uric acid, histidine, and appendicular skeletal mass, and suffered from more grade 3/4 toxicities than those with no TI. Neither increased daily calorie supply (≥30 kcal/kg/day) nor feeding tube placement was correlated with TI. Multivariate analysis showed that treatment-interval changes in serum albumin and histidine levels, but not treatment toxicity, were independently associated with TI. Thus, changes in serum levels of albumin and histidine over the treatment course could cause TI in patients with LAHNSCC following CCRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hung Wang
- Heart Failure Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan; (C.-H.W.); (M.-H.L.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan; (H.H.L.); (P.-H.C.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-C.C.)
| | - Hang Huong Ling
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan; (H.H.L.); (P.-H.C.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-C.C.)
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hui Liu
- Heart Failure Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan; (C.-H.W.); (M.-H.L.)
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Pan
- Department of Nutrition, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Hung Chang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan; (H.H.L.); (P.-H.C.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-C.C.)
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan; (H.H.L.); (P.-H.C.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-C.C.)
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
- Osteoporosis Prevention and Treatment Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chou
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan; (H.H.L.); (P.-H.C.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-C.C.)
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Peng
- Taiwan Nutraceutical Association, Taipei 104483, Taiwan;
| | - Kun-Yun Yeh
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan; (H.H.L.); (P.-H.C.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-C.C.)
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-24329292 (ext. 2360); Fax: +886-2-2435342
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Domino liver transplant from a donor with maple syrup urine disease into a recipient with phenylketonuria. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2022; 31:100866. [PMID: 35782613 PMCID: PMC9248231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2022.100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical phenylketonuria (PKU) presents a unique challenge for women of child-bearing age. In the context of pregnancy, poorly controlled hyperphenylalaninemia can result in a devastating constellation of outcomes for the baby referred to as the maternal PKU Syndrome. We present the case of a woman with classical PKU unable to maintain a restricted diet and refractory to pharmacological therapies. She elected to undergo a domino liver transplant, receiving an organ from a donor with classical branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase deficiency (maple syrup urine disease). Plasma phenylalanine concentrations normalized within a few days after transplant and remained so on an unrestricted diet during the first year of follow-up. The patient reports subjective improvements in mood, energy level, and overall quality of life. In the appropriate clinical setting, liver transplant should be considered to provide metabolic stability for PKU patients, particularly women of childbearing age. This article describes thenovel use of liver transplantation to prevent maternal PKU in a planned pregnancy. Utilization of a domino liver allograft from a patient who was being transplanted for Maple Syrup Urine Disease. Provides a systematic review of the available literature supporting the procedure and discussing the current outcome after transplant.
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Alsoud LO, Soares NC, Al-Hroub HM, Mousa M, Kasabri V, Bulatova N, Suyagh M, Alzoubi KH, El-Huneidi W, Abu-Irmaileh B, Bustanji Y, Semreen MH. Identification of Insulin Resistance Biomarkers in Metabolic Syndrome Detected by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060508. [PMID: 35736441 PMCID: PMC9227428 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a disorder characterized by a group of factors that can increase the risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Metabolomics has provided new insight into disease diagnosis and biomarker identification. This cross-sectional investigation used an untargeted metabolomics-based technique to uncover metabolomic alterations and their relationship to pathways in normoglycemic and prediabetic MetS participants to improve disease diagnosis. Plasma samples were collected from drug-naive prediabetic MetS patients (n = 26), normoglycemic MetS patients (n = 30), and healthy (normoglycemic lean) subjects (n = 30) who met the inclusion criteria for the study. The plasma samples were analyzed using highly sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS). One-way ANOVA analysis revealed that 59 metabolites differed significantly among the three groups (p < 0.05). Glutamine, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, L-sorbose, and hippurate were highly associated with MetS. However, 9-methyluric acid, sphinganine, and threonic acid were highly associated with prediabetes/MetS. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that arginine biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism were associated with MetS/prediabetes, while phenylalanine, D-glutamine and D-glutamate, and lysine degradation were highly impacted in MetS. The current study sheds light on the potential diagnostic value of some metabolites in metabolic syndrome and the role of their alteration on some of the metabolic pathways. More studies are needed in larger cohorts in order to verify the implication of the above metabolites on MetS and their diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Oyoun Alsoud
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (L.O.A.); (N.C.S.); (K.H.A.)
| | - Nelson C. Soares
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (L.O.A.); (N.C.S.); (K.H.A.)
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (H.M.A.-H.); (W.E.-H.)
| | - Hamza M. Al-Hroub
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (H.M.A.-H.); (W.E.-H.)
| | - Muath Mousa
- Research Institute of Science and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Violet Kasabri
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (V.K.); (N.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Nailya Bulatova
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (V.K.); (N.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Maysa Suyagh
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (V.K.); (N.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (L.O.A.); (N.C.S.); (K.H.A.)
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (H.M.A.-H.); (W.E.-H.)
| | - Waseem El-Huneidi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (H.M.A.-H.); (W.E.-H.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bashaer Abu-Irmaileh
- Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (H.M.A.-H.); (W.E.-H.)
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (V.K.); (N.B.); (M.S.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (Y.B.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Mohammad H. Semreen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (L.O.A.); (N.C.S.); (K.H.A.)
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (H.M.A.-H.); (W.E.-H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.B.); (M.H.S.)
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10
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Jensen TL, Gøtzsche CR, Woldbye DPD. Current and Future Prospects for Gene Therapy for Rare Genetic Diseases Affecting the Brain and Spinal Cord. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:695937. [PMID: 34690692 PMCID: PMC8527017 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.695937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, gene therapy has been raising hopes toward viable treatment strategies for rare genetic diseases for which there has been almost exclusively supportive treatment. We here review this progress at the pre-clinical and clinical trial levels as well as market approvals within diseases that specifically affect the brain and spinal cord, including degenerative, developmental, lysosomal storage, and metabolic disorders. The field reached an unprecedented milestone when Zolgensma® (onasemnogene abeparvovec) was approved by the FDA and EMA for in vivo adeno-associated virus-mediated gene replacement therapy for spinal muscular atrophy. Shortly after EMA approved Libmeldy®, an ex vivo gene therapy with lentivirus vector-transduced autologous CD34-positive stem cells, for treatment of metachromatic leukodystrophy. These successes could be the first of many more new gene therapies in development that mostly target loss-of-function mutation diseases with gene replacement (e.g., Batten disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, gangliosidoses) or, less frequently, gain-of-toxic-function mutation diseases by gene therapeutic silencing of pathologic genes (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease). In addition, the use of genome editing as a gene therapy is being explored for some diseases, but this has so far only reached clinical testing in the treatment of mucopolysaccharidoses. Based on the large number of planned, ongoing, and completed clinical trials for rare genetic central nervous system diseases, it can be expected that several novel gene therapies will be approved and become available within the near future. Essential for this to happen is the in depth characterization of short- and long-term effects, safety aspects, and pharmacodynamics of the applied gene therapy platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leth Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Banh RS, Kim ES, Spillier Q, Biancur DE, Yamamoto K, Sohn ASW, Shi G, Jones DR, Kimmelman AC, Pacold ME. The polar oxy-metabolome reveals the 4-hydroxymandelate CoQ10 synthesis pathway. Nature 2021; 597:420-425. [PMID: 34471290 PMCID: PMC8538427 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03865-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is critical for a multitude of metabolic processes that are essential for human life. Biological processes can be identified by treating cells with 18O2 or other isotopically labelled gases and systematically identifying biomolecules incorporating labeled atoms. Here we labelled cell lines of distinct tissue origins with 18O2 to identify the polar oxy-metabolome, defined as polar metabolites labelled with 18O under different physiological O2 tensions. The most highly 18O-labelled feature was 4-hydroxymandelate (4-HMA). We demonstrate that 4-HMA is produced by hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-like (HPDL), a protein of previously unknown function in human cells. We identify 4-HMA as an intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of the coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) headgroup in human cells. The connection of HPDL to CoQ10 biosynthesis provides crucial insights into the mechanisms underlying recently described neurological diseases related to HPDL deficiencies1-4 and cancers with HPDL overexpression5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Banh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Esther S Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Quentin Spillier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas E Biancur
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Albert S W Sohn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guangbin Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Drew R Jones
- Metabolomics Core Resource Laboratory, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael E Pacold
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Soares RAN, Vargas G, Duffield T, Schenkel F, Squires EJ. Genome-wide association study and functional analyses for clinical and subclinical ketosis in Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10076-10089. [PMID: 34099305 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ketosis is one of the most frequent metabolic diseases in high-yielding dairy cows and is characterized by high concentrations of ketone bodies in blood, urine, and milk, causing high economic losses. The search for polymorphic genes, whose alleles have different effects on resistance to developing the disease, is of extreme importance to help select less susceptible animals. The aims of this study were to identify genomic regions associated with clinical and subclinical ketosis (β-hydroxybutyrate concentration) in North American Holstein dairy cattle and to investigate these regions to identify candidate genes and metabolic pathways associated with these traits. To achieve this, a GWAS was performed for 4 traits: clinical ketosis lactation 1, clinical ketosis lactation 2 to 5, subclinical ketosis lactation 1, and subclinical ketosis lactation 2 to 5. The estimated breeding values from 77,277 cows and 7,704 bulls were deregressed and used as pseudophenotypes in the GWAS. The top-20 genomic regions explaining the largest proportion of the genetic variance were investigated for putative genes associated with the traits through functional analyses. Regions of interest were identified on chromosomes 2, 5, and 6 for clinical ketosis lactation 1; 3, 6, and 7 for clinical ketosis lactation 2 to 5; 1, 2, and 12 for subclinical ketosis lactation 1; and 20, 11, and 25 for subclinical ketosis lactation 2 to 5. The highlighted genes potentially related to clinical and subclinical ketosis included ACAT2 and IGF1. Enrichment analysis of the list of candidate genes for clinical and subclinical ketosis showed molecular functions and biological processes involved in fatty acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory response in dairy cattle. Several genomic regions and SNPs related to susceptibility to ketosis in dairy cattle that were previously described in other studies were confirmed. The novel genomic regions identified in this study aid to characterize the most important genes and pathways that explain the susceptibility to clinical and subclinical ketosis in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A N Soares
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - G Vargas
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - T Duffield
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - F Schenkel
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - E J Squires
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Różyło K, Biszczak W, Jośko I, Kusiak M, Świeca M. The possibilities of using elicitors in the increase of functional value of winter wheat grain under field conditions. Cereal Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Różyło
- Department of Herbology and Plant Cultivation Techniques University of Life Sciences in Lublin Lublin Poland
| | - Wojciech Biszczak
- Department of Herbology and Plant Cultivation Techniques University of Life Sciences in Lublin Lublin Poland
| | - Izabela Jośko
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology University of Life Sciences in Lublin Lublin Poland
| | - Magdalena Kusiak
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology University of Life Sciences in Lublin Lublin Poland
| | - Michał Świeca
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry University of Life Sciences in Lublin Lublin Poland
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Lowe TB, DeLuca J, Arnold G. Neurocognitive, neuropsychiatric, and neurological outcomes associated with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency: Assessment considerations for nurse practitioners. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS 2021; 26:e12312. [PMID: 32956570 DOI: 10.1111/jspn.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to review literature for neurocognitive, neuropsychiatric, neurological complications associated with phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency. The goal is to familiarize nurse practitioners with treatment and monitoring guidelines for persons living with the disorder. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate treatment can maximize neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric outcomes. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Nurse practitioners can help persons with PAH deficiency through education and providing appropriate referrals and by supporting disease-specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy B Lowe
- Healthcare Genetics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jane DeLuca
- Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Georgianne Arnold
- Medical Genetics Clinical Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Zhang W, Liu X, Tang H, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Fan L, Wang H, Tan WS, Zhao L. Investigation into the impact of tyrosine on the product formation and quality attributes of mAbs in rCHO cell cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6953-6966. [PMID: 32577803 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine (Tyr) is crucial to the maintenance of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) titers and quality attributes in fed-batch cultures of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells. However, the relation between tyrosine and these aspects is not yet fully defined. In order to further elucidate such a relation, two groups of fed-batch experiments with high tyrosine (H-T) or low tyrosine (L-T) additions producing an IgG1 monoclonal antibody against CD20 were implemented to investigate the intracellular and extracellular effects of tyrosine on the culture performance. It was found that the scarcity of tyrosine led to the distinctive reduction in both viable cell density and antibody specific production rate, hence the sharply reduced titer, possibly related to the impaired translation efficiency caused by the substrate limitation of tyrosine. In addition, alterations to the critical quality attributes were detected in the L-T group, compared to those in the H-T condition. Notable decrease in the contents of intact antibody was found under the L-T condition because of the elevated reductive level in the supernatant. Moreover, the aggregate content in the L-T condition was also reduced, probably resulting from the accumulation of extracellular cystine. In particular, the lysine variant content noticeably increased with tyrosine limitation owing to the downregulation of two carboxypeptidases, i.e., CpB and CpH. Overall, understanding the role of tyrosine in these aspects is fundamental to the increase of product titers and control of critical quality attributes in the monoclonal antibody production of rCHO cell fed-batch cultures. KEY POINTS: • Tyrosine is essential in the maintenance of product titers and the control of product qualities in high cell density cultivations in rCHO cell. • This study revealed the bottleneck of decreased qmAbupon the deficiency of tyrosine. • The impact of tyrosine on the critical product qualities and the underlying mechanisms were also thoroughly assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xuping Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hongping Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Li Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Fuyang, Hangzhou, 311404, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Zhang S, Jiang W, Ma RC, Yu W. Region-based interaction detection in genome-wide case-control studies. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:133. [PMID: 31888606 PMCID: PMC6936067 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In genome-wide association study (GWAS), conventional interaction detection methods such as BOOST are mostly based on SNP-SNP interactions. Although single nucleotides are the building blocks of human genome, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are not necessarily the smallest functional unit for complex phenotypes. Region-based strategies have been proved to be successful in studies aiming at marginal effects. Methods We propose a novel region-region interaction detection method named RRIntCC (region-region interaction detection for case-control studies). RRIntCC uses the correlations between individual SNP-SNP interactions based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) contrast test. Results Simulation experiments showed that our method can achieve a higher power than conventional SNP-based methods with similar type-I-error rates. When applied to two real datasets, RRIntCC was able to find several significant regions, while BOOST failed to identify any significant results. The source code and the sample data of RRIntCC are available at http://bioinformatics.ust.hk/RRIntCC.html. Conclusion In this paper, a new region-based interaction detection method with better performance than SNP-based interaction detection methods has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ronald Cw Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weichuan Yu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Harding CO. Prospects for Cell-Directed Curative Therapy of Phenylketonuria (PKU). MOLECULAR FRONTIERS JOURNAL 2019; 3:110-121. [PMID: 32524084 PMCID: PMC7286632 DOI: 10.1142/s2529732519400145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) due to recessively inherited phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency is among the most common inborn errors of metabolism. Dietary therapy begun early in infancy prevents the major manifestations of the disease but shortcomings to treatment continue to exist including lifelong commitment to a complicated and unpalatable diet, poor adherence to diet in adolescence and adulthood, and consequently a range of unsatisfactory outcomes, including neuropsychiatric disorders, frequently develop. Novel treatments that do not strictly depend upon dietary protein restriction are actively sought. This review discusses the potential for and the limitations of permanently curative cell-directed treatment of PKU, including liver-directed gene therapy and gene editing, if initiated during early infancy. A fictional but realistic vignette of a family with a new baby girl recently diagnosed with PKU is presented. What is needed to permanently cure her?
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Mailstop L-103, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
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18
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Zhang T, Xu J, Liu Y, Liu J. Metabolomic profiling for identification of potential biomarkers in patients with dermatomyositis. Metabolomics 2019; 15:77. [PMID: 31087209 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dermatomyositis (DM) is a rare autoimmune myopathy characterized by skin lesions, proximal muscle weakness and muscle inflammation. The pathogenesis of DM is unclear, and identification of reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis of DM is critical for design of a specific therapy for this disease. OBJECTIVES To find and identify potential serum biomarkers in DM patients. METHODS We performed an untargeted metabolomic approach using UHPLC-MS/MS. The blood serum metabolomic profiles of 26 DM patients and 26 healthy controls were collected. Multivariate analysis of the metabolomic profile was applied to differentiate DM patients and controls and to find potential biomarkers. RESULTS A significantly disturbed metabolic profile of DM patients was observed. Pathway analysis showed that aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and nitrogen metabolism are the most prominently altered pathways in DM. Receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that glutamine, methionine, isoleucine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, indole, protocatechuic acid, and phenylalanine were potential biomarkers for DM diagnosis in terms of both sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new insight into underlying mechanisms of DM, and we suggest that we should pay more attention to these metabolic pathways in the prevention and treatment of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Zhang
- Laboratory of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Sakura Garden East Street, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Echocadiography, The First Hospital of JiLin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 132200, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials, Sanming, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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Lees HJ, Swann JR, Poucher S, Holmes E, Wilson ID, Nicholson JK. Obesity and Cage Environment Modulate Metabolism in the Zucker Rat: A Multiple Biological Matrix Approach to Characterizing Metabolic Phenomena. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2160-2174. [PMID: 30939873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its comorbidities are increasing worldwide imposing a heavy socioeconomic burden. The effects of obesity on the metabolic profiles of tissues (liver, kidney, pancreas), urine, and the systemic circulation were investigated in the Zucker rat model using 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled to multivariate statistical analysis. The metabolic profiles of the obese ( fa/ fa) animals were clearly differentiated from the two phenotypically lean phenotypes, ((+/+) and ( fa/+)) within each biological compartment studied, and across all matrices combined. No significant differences were observed between the metabolic profiles of the genotypically distinct lean strains. Obese Zucker rats were characterized by higher relative concentrations of blood lipid species, cross-compartmental amino acids (particularly BCAAs), urinary and liver metabolites relating to the TCA cycle and glucose metabolism; and lower amounts of urinary gut microbial-host cometabolites, and intermatrix metabolites associated with creatine metabolism. Further to this, the obese Zucker rat metabotype was defined by significant metabolic alterations relating to disruptions in the metabolism of choline across all compartments analyzed. The cage environment was found to have a significant effect on urinary metabolites related to gut-microbial metabolism, with additional cage-microenvironment trends also observed in liver, kidney, and pancreas. This study emphasizes the value in metabotyping multiple biological matrices simultaneously to gain a better understanding of systemic perturbations in metabolism, and also underscores the need for control or evaluation of cage environment when designing and interpreting data from metabonomic studies in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Lees
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Simon Poucher
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals , Mereside , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , SK10 4TG , United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
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Perchik MC, Peterson LW, Cafiero M. The effects of ligand deprotonation on the binding selectivity of the phenylalanine hydroxylase active site. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Scherer T, Allegri G, Sarkissian CN, Ying M, Grisch-Chan HM, Rassi A, Winn SR, Harding CO, Martinez A, Thöny B. Tetrahydrobiopterin treatment reduces brain L-Phe but only partially improves serotonin in hyperphenylalaninemic ENU1/2 mice. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:709-718. [PMID: 29520738 PMCID: PMC6041158 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) caused by hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency has severe consequences on brain monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism. We have studied monoamine neurotransmitter status and the effect of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) treatment in Pahenu1/enu2 (ENU1/2) mice, a model of partial PAH deficiency. These mice exhibit elevated blood L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) concentrations similar to that of mild hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA), but brain levels of L-Phe are still ~5-fold elevated compared to wild-type. We found that brain L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, BH4 cofactor and catecholamine concentrations, and brain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity were normal in these mice but that brain serotonin, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5HIAA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) content, and brain TH protein, as well as tryptophan hydroxylase type 2 (TPH2) protein levels and activity were reduced in comparison to wild-type mice. Parenteral L-Phe loading conditions did not lead to significant changes in brain neurometabolite concentrations. Remarkably, enteral BH4 treatment, which normalized brain L-Phe levels in ENU1/2 mice, lead to only partial recovery of brain serotonin and 5HIAA concentrations. Furthermore, indirect evidence indicated that the GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) feedback regulatory protein (GFRP) complex may be a sensor for brain L-Phe elevation to ameliorate the toxic effects of HPA. We conclude that BH4 treatment of HPA toward systemic L-Phe lowering reverses elevated brain L-Phe content but the recovery of TPH2 protein and activity as well as serotonin levels is suboptimal, indicating that patients with mild HPA and mood problems (depression or anxiety) treated with the current diet may benefit from supplementation with BH4 and 5-OH-tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Scherer
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Metabolism and of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Allegri
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Metabolism and of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ming Ying
- Department of Biomedicine and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hiu Man Grisch-Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Metabolism and of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anahita Rassi
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Metabolism and of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Shelley R Winn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Science & Health University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Science & Health University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department of Biomedicine and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Beat Thöny
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Metabolism and of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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22
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Eichinger A, Danecka MK, Möglich T, Borsch J, Woidy M, Büttner L, Muntau AC, Gersting SW. Secondary BH4 deficiency links protein homeostasis to regulation of phenylalanine metabolism. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:1732-1742. [PMID: 29514280 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic control of phenylalanine concentrations in body fluids is essential for cognitive development and executive function. The hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylating system is regulated by the ratio of l-phenylalanine, which is substrate of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), to the PAH cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Physiologically, phenylalanine availability is governed by nutrient intake, whereas liver BH4 is kept at constant level. In phenylketonuria, PAH deficiency leads to elevated blood phenylalanine and is often caused by PAH protein misfolding with loss of function. Here, we report secondary hepatic BH4 deficiency in Pah-deficient mice. Alterations in de novo synthesis and turnover of BH4 were ruled out as molecular causes. We demonstrate that kinetically instable and aggregation-prone variant Pah proteins trap BH4, shifting the pool of free BH4 towards bound BH4. Interference of PAH protein misfolding with metabolite-based control of l-phenylalanine turnover suggests a mechanistic link between perturbation of protein homeostasis and disturbed regulation of metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eichinger
- Molecular Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Tamara Möglich
- Molecular Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Borsch
- Molecular Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Woidy
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Büttner
- Molecular Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Ania C Muntau
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Arts M, Soons Z, Ellis SR, Pierzchalski KA, Balluff B, Eijkel GB, Dubois LJ, Lieuwes NG, Agten SM, Hackeng TM, van Loon LJC, Heeren RMA, Olde Damink SWM. Detection of Localized Hepatocellular Amino Acid Kinetics by using Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Stable Isotopes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Arts
- Department of General Surgery (NUTRIM); Maastricht University; Postbus 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Zita Soons
- Department of General Surgery (NUTRIM); Maastricht University; Postbus 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Shane R. Ellis
- Maastricht MultiModal Imaging Institute (M4I); Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry; Maastricht University; Postbus 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Keely A. Pierzchalski
- Maastricht MultiModal Imaging Institute (M4I); Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry; Maastricht University; Postbus 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Balluff
- Maastricht MultiModal Imaging Institute (M4I); Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry; Maastricht University; Postbus 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Gert B. Eijkel
- Maastricht MultiModal Imaging Institute (M4I); Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry; Maastricht University; Postbus 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Ludwig J. Dubois
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO, GROW); Maastricht University; Postbus 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Natasja G. Lieuwes
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO, GROW); Maastricht University; Postbus 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Stijn M. Agten
- Department of Biochemistry (CARIM); Maastricht University; Postbus 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Tilman M. Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry (CARIM); Maastricht University; Postbus 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences (NUTRIM); Maastricht University; Postbus 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Imaging Institute (M4I); Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry; Maastricht University; Postbus 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Steven W. M. Olde Damink
- Department of General Surgery (NUTRIM); Maastricht University; Postbus 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery; University Hospital RWTH Aachen; 52075 Aachen Germany
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24
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Arts M, Soons Z, Ellis SR, Pierzchalski KA, Balluff B, Eijkel GB, Dubois LJ, Lieuwes NG, Agten SM, Hackeng TM, van Loon LJC, Heeren RMA, Olde Damink SWM. Detection of Localized Hepatocellular Amino Acid Kinetics by using Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Stable Isotopes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7146-7150. [PMID: 28493648 PMCID: PMC6099435 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) simultaneously detects and identifies the spatial distribution of numerous molecules throughout tissues. Currently, MSI is limited to providing a static and ex vivo snapshot of highly dynamic systems in which molecules are constantly synthesized and consumed. Herein, we demonstrate an innovative MSI methodology to study dynamic molecular changes of amino acids within biological tissues by measuring the dilution and conversion of stable isotopes in a mouse model. We evaluate the method specifically on hepatocellular metabolism of the essential amino acid l-phenylalanine, associated with liver diseases. Crucially, the method reveals the localized dynamics of l-phenylalanine metabolism, including its in vivo hydroxylation to l-tyrosine and co-localization with other liver metabolites in a time course of samples from different animals. This method thus enables the dynamics of localized biochemical synthesis to be studied directly from biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Arts
- Department of General Surgery (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Zita Soons
- Department of General Surgery (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Shane R Ellis
- Maastricht MultiModal Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Keely A Pierzchalski
- Maastricht MultiModal Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Balluff
- Maastricht MultiModal Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert B Eijkel
- Maastricht MultiModal Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ludwig J Dubois
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO, GROW), Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja G Lieuwes
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO, GROW), Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn M Agten
- Department of Biochemistry (CARIM), Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tilman M Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry (CARIM), Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W M Olde Damink
- Department of General Surgery (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52075, Aachen, Germany
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25
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Borghei YS, Hosseini M, Khoobi M, Ganjali MR. Copper nanocluster-enhanced luminol chemiluminescence for high-selectivity sensing of tryptophan and phenylalanine. LUMINESCENCE 2017; 32:1045-1050. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Hosseini
- Department of Life Science Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
- Medical Biomaterials Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Nanobiomaterials Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology & Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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26
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Trunzo R, Santacroce R, Shen N, Jung-Klawitter S, Leccese A, De Girolamo G, Margaglione M, Blau N. In vitro residual activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase variants and correlation with metabolic phenotypes in PKU. Gene 2016; 594:138-143. [PMID: 27620137 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperphenylalaninemias (HPAs) are genetic diseases predominantly caused by a wide range of variants in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. In vitro expression analysis of PAH variants offers the opportunity to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in HPAs and to clarify whether a disease-associated variant is genuinely pathogenic, while investigating the severity of a metabolic phenotype, and determining how a variant exerts its deleterious effects on the PAH enzyme. To study the effects of gene variants on PAH activity, we investigated eight variants: c.611A>G (p.Y204C), c.635T>C (p.L212P), c.746T>C (p.L249P), c.745C>T (p.L249F), c.809G>A (p.R270K), c.782G>C (p.R261P), c.587C>A (p.S196Y) and c.1139C>T (p.T380M), associated with different phenotypic groups. Transient expression of mutant full-length cDNAs in COS-7 cells yielded PAH proteins with PAH activity levels between 7% and 51% compared to the wild-type enzyme. With one exception (p.Y204C, which had no significant impact on PAH function), lower PAH activity was associated with a more severe phenotype (e.g. p.L249P with 7% PAH activity, 100% of classic PKU and no BH4 responsiveness), while higher activity correlated with milder phenotypes (e.g. p.T380M with 28% PAH activity, 97% of mild HPA and 83% of BH4 responsiveness). The results of the in vitro residual PAH activity have major implications, both for our understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations, and thereby existing inconsistencies, but also for the elucidation of the molecular basis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Trunzo
- Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Italy.
| | - Rosa Santacroce
- Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Italy
| | - Nan Shen
- Dietmar-Hopp Metabolic Center, University Children's Hospital, Department of General Pediatrics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Jung-Klawitter
- Dietmar-Hopp Metabolic Center, University Children's Hospital, Department of General Pediatrics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelica Leccese
- Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Girolamo
- Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Margaglione
- Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Italy
| | - Nenad Blau
- Dietmar-Hopp Metabolic Center, University Children's Hospital, Department of General Pediatrics, Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Supplemented protein or specific amino acids (AA) are proposed to help animals combat infection and inflammation. The current study investigates whole-body and splanchnic tissue metabolism in response to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge with or without a supplement of six AA (cysteine, glutamine, methionine, proline, serine and threonine). Eight sheep were surgically prepared with vascular catheters across the gut and liver. On two occasions, four sheep were infused through the jugular vein for 20 h with either saline or LPS from Escherichia coli (2 ng/kg body weight per min) in a random order, plus saline infused into the mesenteric vein; the other four sheep were treated with saline or LPS plus saline or six AA infused via the jugular vein into the mesenteric vein. Whole-body AA irreversible loss rate (ILR) and tissue protein metabolism were monitored by infusion of [ring-2H2]phenylalanine. LPS increased (P<0·001) ILR (+17 %), total plasma protein synthesis (+14 %) and lymphocyte protein synthesis (+386 %) but decreased albumin synthesis (-53 %, P=0·001), with no effect of AA infusion. Absorption of dietary AA was not reduced by LPS, except for glutamine. LPS increased the hepatic removal of leucine, lysine, glutamine and proline. Absolute hepatic extraction of supplemented AA increased, but, except for glutamine, this was less than the amount infused. This increased net appearance across the splanchnic bed restored arterial concentrations of five AA to, or above, values for the saline-infused period. Infusion of key AA does not appear to alter the acute period of endotoxaemic response, but it may have benefits for the chronic or recovery phases.
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28
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Abstract
Metabolic disorders comprise a large group of heterogeneous diseases ranging from very prevalent diseases such as diabetes mellitus to rare genetic disorders like Canavan Disease. Whether either of these diseases is amendable by gene therapy depends to a large degree on the knowledge of their pathomechanism, availability of the therapeutic gene, vector selection, and availability of suitable animal models. In this book chapter, we review three metabolic disorders of the central nervous system (CNS; Canavan Disease, Niemann-Pick disease and Phenylketonuria) to give examples for primary and secondary metabolic disorders of the brain and the attempts that have been made to use adeno-associated virus (AAV) based gene therapy for treatment. Finally, we highlight commonalities and obstacles in the development of gene therapy for metabolic disorders of the CNS exemplified by those three diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Gessler
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS6-2049, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS6-2049, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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29
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Lofthouse EM, Perazzolo S, Brooks S, Crocker IP, Glazier JD, Johnstone ED, Panitchob N, Sibley CP, Widdows KL, Sengers BG, Lewis RM. Phenylalanine transfer across the isolated perfused human placenta: an experimental and modeling investigation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 310:R828-36. [PMID: 26676251 PMCID: PMC5000773 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00405.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transporters are considered essential for placental amino acid transfer, but the contribution of other factors, such as blood flow and metabolism, is poorly defined. In this study we combine experimental and modeling approaches to understand the determinants of [(14)C]phenylalanine transfer across the isolated perfused human placenta. Transfer of [(14)C]phenylalanine across the isolated perfused human placenta was determined at different maternal and fetal flow rates. Maternal flow rate was set at 10, 14, and 18 ml/min for 1 h each. At each maternal flow rate, fetal flow rates were set at 3, 6, and 9 ml/min for 20 min each. Appearance of [(14)C]phenylalanine was measured in the maternal and fetal venous exudates. Computational modeling of phenylalanine transfer was undertaken to allow comparison of the experimental data with predicted phenylalanine uptake and transfer under different initial assumptions. Placental uptake (mol/min) of [(14)C]phenylalanine increased with maternal, but not fetal, flow. Delivery (mol/min) of [(14)C]phenylalanine to the fetal circulation was not associated with fetal or maternal flow. The absence of a relationship between placental phenylalanine uptake and net flux of phenylalanine to the fetal circulation suggests that factors other than flow or transporter-mediated uptake are important determinants of phenylalanine transfer. These observations could be explained by tight regulation of free amino acid levels within the placenta or properties of the facilitated transporters mediating phenylalanine transport. We suggest that amino acid metabolism, primarily incorporation into protein, is controlling free amino acid levels and, thus, placental transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Lofthouse
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - S Perazzolo
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - S Brooks
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - I P Crocker
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, and St. Mary's Hospital and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - J D Glazier
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, and St. Mary's Hospital and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - E D Johnstone
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, and St. Mary's Hospital and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - N Panitchob
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C P Sibley
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, and St. Mary's Hospital and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - K L Widdows
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, and St. Mary's Hospital and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - B G Sengers
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - R M Lewis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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30
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Doxycycline hinders phenylalanine fibril assemblies revealing a potential novel therapeutic approach in phenylketonuria. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15902. [PMID: 26510963 PMCID: PMC4625134 DOI: 10.1038/srep15902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new paradigm for the aetiopathology of phenylketonuria suggests the presence of amyloid-like assemblies in the brains of transgenic mouse models and patients with phenylketonuria, possibly shedding light on the selective cognitive deficit associated with this disease. Paralleling the amyloidogenic route that identifies different stages of peptide aggregation, corresponding to different levels of toxicity, we experimentally address for the first time, the physico-chemical properties of phenylalanine aggregates via Small Angle, Wide Angle X-ray Scattering and Atomic Force Microscopy. Results are consistent with the presence of well-structured, aligned fibres generated by milliMolar concentrations of phenylalanine. Moreover, the amyloid-modulating doxycycline agent affects the local structure of phenylalanine aggregates, preventing the formation of well-ordered crystalline structures. Phenylalanine assemblies prove toxic in vitro to immortalized cell lines and primary neuronal cells. Furthermore, these assemblies also cause dendritic sprouting alterations and synaptic protein impairment in neurons. Doxycycline counteracts these toxic effects, suggesting an approach for the development of future innovative non-dietary preventive therapies.
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31
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Wiggins T, Kumar S, Markar SR, Antonowicz S, Hanna GB. Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan in gastroesophageal malignancy: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 24:32-8. [PMID: 25344892 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroesophageal cancer has a rapidly increasing incidence worldwide and reliable biomarkers are urgently required to facilitate earlier diagnosis and improve survival. The aromatic amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan represent potential biomarkers and their relation to gastroesophageal cancer will be evaluated in this review. An electronic literature search was performed to identify all published research relating to the measurement of tyrosine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan in the biofluids or tissues of patients with gastroesophageal cancer. Sixteen studies were included in this systematic review. Six studies investigated serum concentrations, which all found decreased concentrations of these aromatic amino acids, except one study that found increased phenylalanine. Five studies reported increased concentrations within gastric content of these patients and two reported increased urinary concentrations. Tissue concentrations of these aromatic amino acids were increased in three studies. Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan represent potential biomarkers of gastroesophageal cancer, and further research is necessary to definitively establish the mechanism responsible for altered concentrations of these compounds in patients with gastroesophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wiggins
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sacheen Kumar
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sheraz R Markar
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Antonowicz
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - George B Hanna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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32
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Immune activation and inflammation in patients with cardiovascular disease are associated with higher phenylalanine to tyrosine ratios: the ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health study. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2014; 2014:783730. [PMID: 24660059 PMCID: PMC3934657 DOI: 10.1155/2014/783730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Higher serum neopterin is associated with increased mortality in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Preferentially Th1-type cytokine interferon-γ stimulates neopterin production by GTP cychlohydrolase I (GCH-I) in parallel in monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. In other cells, activation of GCH-I leads to the formation of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the necessary cofactor of amino acid hydroxylases like phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase (PAH). Serum concentrations of phenylalanine, tyrosine, neopterin, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured in 1196 patients derived from the LUdwigshafen RIsk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study, a cohort study among patients referred for coronary angiography. The phenylalanine to tyrosine ratio (Phe/Tyr) served as an estimate of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) enzyme activity. Serum concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine and of Phe/Tyr did not differ between individuals with or without CAD (Welch's t-test: P = n.s.). Higher neopterin and hsCRP concentrations were observed in CAD patients compared to controls (P < 0.0001) and they correlated with Phe/Tyr (Spearman's rank correlation for neopterin: rs = 0.216 and hsCRP: rs = 0.122; both of P < 0.0001) concentrations. In conclusion, immune activation is associated with higher Phe/Tyr in CAD patients. Data indicates subnormal PAH activity which might be involved in the precipitation of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients.
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33
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Park SK, Ryu AR, Lee MY. Protein expression profiling in the liver of rats exposed to phenanthrene. Mol Cell Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-013-0034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hennermann JB, Roloff S, Gellermann J, Vollmer I, Windt E, Vetter B, Plöckinger U, Mönch E, Querfeld U. Chronic kidney disease in adolescent and adult patients with phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:747-56. [PMID: 23138985 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A lifelong phenylalanine-restricted diet with supplementation of a phenylalanine-free amino acid formula is recommended in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). The effect of a long-term PKU diet on renal function and blood pressure has not been investigated yet. DESIGN We analyzed renal function in 67 patients with PKU, aged 15-43 years, by measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow by isotope clearance ((51)Cr-EDTA, (123)J-Hippuran), estimated GFR, blood retention parameters, urinary protein and electrolyte excretion. Renal ultrasound and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were performed additionally. Patients were divided into three groups according to their: 1) current diet (CD), i.e., daily protein intake: ICD <0.8 g/kg, IICD 0.8-1.04 g/kg, IIICD >1.04 g/kg; 2) life-long diet time (LDT), i.e., cumulative years of life in which daily protein intake exceeded dietary recommendations: ILDT <15 years, IILDT 15-19 years, IIILDT >19 years. RESULTS GFR was decreased in 19 % of the patients. With increasing protein intake, GFR decreased significantly (ICD 111 ml/min; IICD 105 ml/min; IIICD 99 ml/min. ILDT 112 ml/min; IILDT 103 ml/min; IIILDT 99 ml/min). Proteinuria was detected in 31 %, microalbuminuria in 7 %, and hypercalciuria in 23 % of the patients. 23 % of the patients had arterial hypertension, and 41 % revealed a nocturnal non-dipping status. CONCLUSIONS In patients with PKU on a lifelong diet we could detect impaired renal function in 19 %, proteinuria in 31 %, and arterial hypertension in 23 %. Thus, chronic kidney disease may develop in PKU patients, and routine renal function tests should be performed during long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Hennermann
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Heintz C, Troxler H, Martinez A, Thöny B, Blau N. Quantification of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 105:559-65. [PMID: 22300847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residual phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) activity is the key determinant for the phenotype severity in phenylketonuria (PKU) patients and correlates with the patient's genotype. Activity of in vitro expressed mutant PAH may predict the patient's phenotype and response to tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)), the cofactor of PAH. METHODS A robust LC-ESI-MSMS PAH assay for the quantification of phenylalanine and tyrosine was developed. We measured PAH activity a) of the PAH mutations p.Y417C, p.I65T, p.R261Q, p.E280A, p.R158Q, p.R408W, and p.E390G expressed in eukaryotic COS-1 cells; b) in different cell lines (e.g. Huh-7, Hep3B); and c) in liver, brain, and kidney tissue from wild-type and PKU mice. RESULTS The PAH assay was linear for phenylalanine and tyrosine (r(2)≥0.99), with a detection limit of 105 nmol/L for Phe and 398 nmol/L for Tyr. Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were <5.3% and <6.2%, respectively, for the p.R158Q variant in lower tyrosine range. Recovery of tyrosine was 100%. Compared to the wild-type enzyme, the highest PAH activity at standard conditions (1 mmol/L L-Phe; 200 μmol/L BH(4)) was found for the mutant p.Y417C (76%), followed by p.E390G (54%), p.R261Q (43%), p.I65T (33%), p.E280A (15%), p.R158Q (5%), and p.R408W (2%). A relative high PAH activity was found in kidney (33% of the liver activity), but none in brain. CONCLUSIONS This novel method is highly sensitive, specific, reproducible, and efficient, allowing the quantification of PAH activity in different cells or tissue extracts using minimum amounts of samples under standardized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Heintz
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Understanding and consequently treating neuropathic pain effectively is a challenge for modern medicine, as unlike inflammation, which can be controlled relatively well, chronic pain due to nerve injury is refractory to most current therapeutics. Here we define a target pathway for a new class of analgesics, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis and metabolism. BH4 is an essential co-factor in the synthesis of serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and nitric oxide and as a result, its availability influences many systems, including neurons. Following peripheral nerve damage, levels of BH4 are dramatically increased in sensory neurons, consequently this has a profound effect on the physiology of these cells, causing increased activity and pain hypersensitivity. These changes are principally due to the upregulation of the rate limiting enzyme for BH4 synthesis GTP Cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1). A GCH1 pain-protective haplotype which decreases pain levels in a variety of settings, by reducing the levels of endogenous activation of this enzyme, has been characterized in humans. Here we define the control of BH4 homeostasis and discuss the consequences of large perturbations within this system, both negatively via genetic mutations and after pathological increases in the production of this cofactor that result in chronic pain. We explain the nature of the GCH1 reduced-function haplotype and set out the potential for a ' BH4 blocking' drug as a novel analgesic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Latremoliere
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS 12260, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Costigan
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS 12260, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Rakovich T, Boland C, Bernstein I, Chikwana VM, Iwata-Reuyl D, Kelly VP. Queuosine deficiency in eukaryotes compromises tyrosine production through increased tetrahydrobiopterin oxidation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19354-63. [PMID: 21487017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.219576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Queuosine is a modified pyrrolopyrimidine nucleoside found in the anticodon loop of transfer RNA acceptors for the amino acids tyrosine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and histidine. Because it is exclusively synthesized by bacteria, higher eukaryotes must salvage queuosine or its nucleobase queuine from food and the gut microflora. Previously, animals made deficient in queuine died within 18 days of withdrawing tyrosine, a nonessential amino acid, from the diet (Marks, T., and Farkas, W. R. (1997) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 230, 233-237). Here, we show that human HepG2 cells deficient in queuine and mice made deficient in queuosine-modified transfer RNA, by disruption of the tRNA guanine transglycosylase enzyme, are compromised in their ability to produce tyrosine from phenylalanine. This has similarities to the disease phenylketonuria, which arises from mutation in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase or from a decrease in the supply of its cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Immunoblot and kinetic analysis of liver from tRNA guanine transglycosylase-deficient animals indicates normal expression and activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase. By contrast, BH4 levels are significantly decreased in the plasma, and both plasma and urine show a clear elevation in dihydrobiopterin, an oxidation product of BH4, despite normal activity of the salvage enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. Our data suggest that queuosine modification limits BH4 oxidation in vivo and thereby potentially impacts on numerous physiological processes in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Rakovich
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Tessari P, Vettore M, Millioni R, Puricelli L, Orlando R. Effect of liver cirrhosis on phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010; 13:81-6. [PMID: 19898234 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32833383af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Phenylalanine conversion to tyrosine (i.e., 'hydroxylation') is the first irreversible step in phenylalanine catabolism and a source of circulating tyrosine. The purpose of the present review is both to examine hydroxylation from a biochemical standpoint and to report data measured in vivo under physiological conditions, as well as in liver and kidney disease. RECENT FINDINGS The simultaneous infusion of phenylalanine and tyrosine tracers in humans allows us to determine the hydroxylation rate in vivo. Hydroxylation accounts for a minor ( approximately 10-20%) although significant portion of tyrosine flux. The liver and the kidney are the key organs accounting for virtually the whole-body hydroxylation rates. It is regulated by substrate availability, being acutely stimulated by mixed meal ingestion and by dietary adaptation to high phenylalanine intakes. Theoretically, it may be impaired in advanced liver and kidney disease. Nevertheless, in compensated liver cirrhosis, hydroxylation as well as tyrosine flux are not decreased but rather increased. Only in end stage liver disease hydroxylation may be impaired and is corrected by transplantation. Hydroxylation is also reduced in end stage renal disease. SUMMARY Phenylalanine hydroxylation in vivo appears to represent a regulatory step of phenylalanine disposal and tyrosine production under acute and/or extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tessari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Nascimento C, Leandro J, Lino PR, Ramos L, Almeida AJ, de Almeida IT, Leandro P. Polyol additives modulate the in vitro stability and activity of recombinant human phenylalanine hydroxylase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 162:192-207. [PMID: 19937396 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU; OMIM 261600), the most common disorder of amino acid metabolism, is caused by a deficient activity of human phenylalanine hydroxylase (hPAH). Although the dietetic treatment has proven to be effective in preventing the psycho-motor impairment, much effort has been made to develop new therapeutic approaches. Enzyme replacement therapy with hPAH could be regarded as a potential form of PKU treatment if the reported in vitro hPAH instability could be overcome. In this study, we investigated the effect of different polyol compounds, e.g. glycerol, mannitol and PEG-6000 on the in vitro stability of purified hPAH produced in a heterologous prokaryotic expression system. The recombinant human enzyme was stored in the presence of the studied stabilizing agents at different temperatures (4 and -20 degrees C) during a 1-month period. Protein content, degradation products, specific activity, oligomeric profile and conformational characteristics were assessed during storage. The obtained results showed that the use of 50% glycerol or 10% mannitol, at -20 degrees C, protected the enzyme from loss of its enzymatic activity. The determined DeltaG(0) and quenching parameters indicate the occurrence of conformational changes, which may be responsible for the observed increase in catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Nascimento
- Metabolism and Genetics Group, iMed.UL, Faculdade Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Molecular Diagnosis of Phenylketonuria: From Defective Protein to Disease-Causing Gene Mutation. J Med Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/v10011-009-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular Diagnosis of Phenylketonuria: From Defective Protein to Disease-Causing Gene MutationPhenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism, with an average incidence of 1/10000 in Caucasians. PKU is caused by more than 500 mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (PAH) which result in phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) enzyme deficiency. Two approaches, in vitro expression analysis of mutant PAH and genotype-phenotype correlation study, are used for the assessment of severity ofPAHmutations. It has been shown that there is a significant correlation between mutantPAHgenotypes and PKU phenotypes. As a result, the molecular diagnosis is completely shifted toward the detection of mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. The study of the molecular basis of PKU in Serbia included identification of the spectrum and frequency ofPAHmutations in Serbian PKU patients and genotype-phenotype correlation analysis. By using both PCR-RFLP and »broad range« DGGE/DNA sequencing analysis, the mutation detection rate reached 97%. Thus, the base for molecular diagnosis, genetic counseling and selection of BH4-responsive PKU patients in Serbia was created.
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Kitahama K, Ikemoto K, Jouvet A, Araneda S, Nagatsu I, Raynaud B, Nishimura A, Nishi K, Niwa SI. Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase-immunoreactive structures in human midbrain, pons, and medulla. J Chem Neuroanat 2009; 38:130-40. [PMID: 19589383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine with precision the localization of neurons and fibers immunoreactive (ir) for aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), the second-step enzyme responsible for conversion of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) in the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata of the adult human brain. Intense AADC immunoreactivity was observed in a large number of presumptive 5-HT neuronal cell bodies distributed in all of the raphe nuclei, as well as in regions outside the raphe nuclei such as the ventral portions of the pons and medulla. Moderate to strong immunoreaction was observable in presumptive DA cells in the mesencephalic reticular formation, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area of Tsai, as well as in presumptive noradrenergic (NA) cells, which were aggregated in the locus coeruleus and dispersed in the subcoeruleus nuclei. In the medulla oblongata, immunoreaction of moderate intensity was distributed in the mid and ventrolateral portions of the intermediate reticular nucleus, which constitutes the oblique plate of A1/C1 presumptive adrenergic and/or NA neurons. The dorsal vagal AADC-ir neurons were fewer in number and stained more weakly than cells immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). AADC immunoreactivity was not identified in an aggregate of TH-ir neurons lying in the gelatinous subnucleus of the solitary nucleus, a restricted region just rostroventral to the area postrema. Nonaminergic AADC-positive neurons (D neurons), which are abundant in the rat and cat midbrain, pons, and medulla, were hardly detectable in homologous regions in the human brain, although they were clearly distinguishable in the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Kitahama
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrative, Cellulaire et Moléculaire, UMR5123 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bat Raphaël Dubois, Campus La Doua, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Sarkissian CN, Gámez A, Scriver CR. What we know that could influence future treatment of phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:3-9. [PMID: 18668342 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-0917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU), a Mendelian autosomal recessive phenotype (OMIM 261600), is an inborn error of metabolism that can result in impaired postnatal cognitive development. The phenotypic outcome is multifactorial in origin, based both in nature, the mutations in the gene encoding the L-phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme, and nurture, the nutritional experience introducing L-phenylalanine into the diet. The PKU story contains many messages including a framework to appreciate the complexity of this disease where phenotype reflects both locus-specific and genomic components. This knowledge is now being applied in the development of patient-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Sarkissian
- Department of Biology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
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Landvogt C, Mengel E, Bartenstein P, Buchholz HG, Schreckenberger M, Siessmeier T, Scheurich A, Feldmann R, Weglage J, Cumming P, Zepp F, Ullrich K. Reduced cerebral fluoro-L-dopamine uptake in adult patients suffering from phenylketonuria. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:824-31. [PMID: 17971791 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in phenylketonuria (PKU) causes an excess of phenylalanine (Phe) throughout the body, predicting impaired synthesis of catecholamines in the brain. To test this hypothesis, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure the utilization of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA [corrected] (FDOPA) in the brain of adult patients suffering from PKU and in healthy controls. Dynamic 2-h long FDOPA emission recordings were obtained in seven adult PKU patients (five females, two males; age: 21 to 27 years) with elevated serum Phe levels, but lacking neurologic deficits. Seven age-matched, healthy volunteers were imaged under identical conditions. The utilization of FDOPA in striatum was calculated by linear graphical analysis (k3S, min(-1)), with cerebellum serving as a nonbinding reference region. The time to peak activity in all brain time-radioactivity curves was substantially delayed in the PKU patients relative to the control group. The mean magnitude of k3S in the striatum of the PKU patients (0.0052+/-0.0004 min(-1)) was significantly lower than in the control group (0.0088+/-0.0009 min(-1)) (P<0.001). There was no significant correlation between individual serum Phe levels and k3S. The unidirectional clearance of FDOPA to brain was impaired in adult patients suffering from PKU, presumably reflecting the competitive inhibition of the large neutral amino acid carrier by Phe. Assuming this competition to be spatially uniform, the relationship between striatum and cerebellum time-activity curves additionally suggests inhibition of DOPA efflux, possibly also due to competition from Phe. The linear graphical analysis shows reduced k3S in striatum, indicating reduced DOPA decarboxylase activity.
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Abstract
"Inborn errors of metabolism," first recognized 100 years ago by Garrod, were seen as transforming evidence for chemical and biological individuality. Phenylketonuria (PKU), a Mendelian autosomal recessive phenotype, was identified in 1934 by Asbjörn Fölling. It is a disease with impaired postnatal cognitive development resulting from a neurotoxic effect of hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA). Its metabolic phenotype is accountable to multifactorial origins both in nurture, where the normal nutritional experience introduces L-phenylalanine, and in nature, where mutations (>500 alleles) occur in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (PAH) on chromosome 12q23.2 encoding the L-phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme (EC 1.14.16.1). The PAH enzyme converts phenylalanine to tyrosine in the presence of molecular oxygen and catalytic amounts of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), its nonprotein cofactor. PKU is among the first of the human genetic diseases to enter, through newborn screening, the domain of public health, and to show a treatment effect. This effect caused a paradigm shift in attitudes about genetic disease. The PKU story contains many messages, including: a framework on which to appreciate the complexity of PKU in which phenotype reflects both locus-specific and genomic components; what the human PAH gene tells us about human population genetics and evolution of modern humans; and how our interest in PKU is served by a locus-specific mutation database (http://www.pahdb.mcgill.ca; last accessed 20 March 2007). The individual Mendelian PKU phenotype has no "simple" or single explanation; every patient has her/his own complex PKU phenotype and will be treated accordingly. Knowledge about PKU reveals genomic components of both disease and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Scriver
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Dejong CHC, van de Poll MCG, Soeters PB, Jalan R, Olde Damink SWM. Aromatic amino acid metabolism during liver failure. J Nutr 2007; 137:1579S-1585S; discussion 1597S-1598S. [PMID: 17513430 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.6.1579s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver failure is associated with hepatic encephalopathy (HE). An imbalance in plasma levels of aromatic amino acids (AAA) phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan and branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and their BCAA/AAA ratio has been suggested to play a causal role in HE by enhanced brain AAA uptake and subsequently disturbed neurotransmission. Until recently, data on this subject and the role of the liver and splanchnic bed were scarce, particularly in humans, due to inaccessibility of portal and hepatic veins. Here, we discuss, against a background of relevant literature, data obtained in patients undergoing liver resection or with a transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic stent shunt (TIPSS), where these veins are accessible. The BCAA/AAA ratio remained unchanged after major liver resection, but plasma AAA levels were inversely correlated (P < 0.001) with residual liver volume, in keeping with the observed hepatic AAA uptake. In patients with stable cirrhosis and a TIPSS, the plasma BCAA/AAA ratio was lower than in controls (1.19 +/- 0.09 vs. controls: 3.63 +/- 0.34). Gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotics with a TIPSS induced disturbances in BCAA levels and the BCAA/AAA ratio and induced catabolism, which could partly be corrected by isoleucine administration. AAA may be important in the pathogenesis of HE, but it is unlikely that they are the sole factors. HE most likely is a syndrome with multifactorial pathogenesis, where hyperammonemia, AAA/BCAA imbalances, inflammation, brain edema, and neurotransmitter changes interact. Novel therapies to normalize AAA levels in patients with liver failure (such as the molecular adsorbent recirculating system dialysis device) should probably be combined with supplementation of e.g. isoleucine and enhancing ammonia excretion by the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis H C Dejong
- Department of Surgery, Nutrition and Toxicology Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
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Neckameyer WS, Coleman CM, Eadie S, Goodwin SF. Compartmentalization of neuronal and peripheral serotonin synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2007; 6:756-69. [PMID: 17376153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2007.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila, one enzyme (Drosophila tryptophan-phenylalanine hydroxylase, DTPHu) hydroxylates both tryptophan to yield 5-hydroxytryptophan, the first step in serotonin synthesis, and phenylalanine, to generate tyrosine. Analysis of the sequenced Drosophila genome identified an additional enzyme with extensive homology to mammalian tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), which we have termed DTRHn. We have shown that DTRHn can hydroxylate tryptophan in vitro but displays differential activity relative to DTPHu when using tryptophan as a substrate. Recent studies in mice identified the presence of two TPH genes, Tph1 and Tph2, from distinct genetic loci. Tph1 represents the non-neuronal TPH gene, and Tph2 is expressed exclusively in the brain. In this article, we show that DTRHn is neuronal in expression and function and thus represents the Drosophila homologue of Tph2. Using a DTRHn-null mutation, we show that diminished neuronal serotonin affects locomotor, olfactory and feeding behaviors, as well as heart rate. We also show that DTPHu functions in vivo as a phenylalanine hydroxylase in addition to its role as the peripheral TPH in Drosophila, and is critical for non-neuronal developmental events.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Neckameyer
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St Louis, University School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA.
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Chen YT, Kobayashi A, Kwan KM, Johnson RL, Behringer RR. Gene expression profiles in developing nephrons using Lim1 metanephric mesenchyme-specific conditional mutant mice. BMC Nephrol 2006; 7:1. [PMID: 16464245 PMCID: PMC1413522 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lim1 is a homeobox gene that is essential for nephrogenesis. During metanephric kidney development, Lim1 is expressed in the nephric duct, ureteric buds, and the induced metanephric mesenchyme. Conditional ablation of Lim1 in the metanephric mesenchyme blocks the formation of nephrons at the nephric vesicle stage, leading to the production of small, non-functional kidneys that lack nephrons. METHODS In the present study, we used Affymetrix probe arrays to screen for nephron-specific genes by comparing the expression profiles of control and Lim1 conditional mutant kidneys. Kidneys from two developmental stages, embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) and 18.5 (E18.5), were examined. RESULTS Comparison of E18.5 kidney expression profiles generated a list of 465 nephron-specific gene candidates that showed a more than 2-fold increase in their expression level in control kidney versus the Lim1 conditional mutant kidney. Computational analysis confirmed that this screen enriched for kidney-specific genes. Furthermore, at least twenty-eight of the top fifty (56%) candidates (or their vertebrate orthologs) were previously reported to have a nephron-specific expression pattern. Our analysis of E14.5 expression data yielded 41 candidate genes that are up-regulated in the control kidneys compared to the conditional mutants. Three of them are related to the Notch signaling pathway that is known to be important in cell fate determination and nephron patterning. CONCLUSION Therefore, we demonstrate that Lim1 conditional mutant kidneys serve as a novel tissue source for comprehensive expression studies and provide a means to identify nephron-specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Tzung Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kin Ming Kwan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
Affecting 1-3% of the population, mental retardation (MR) poses significant challenges for clinicians and scientists. Understanding the biology of MR is complicated by the extraordinary heterogeneity of genetic MR disorders. Detailed analyses of >1000 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database entries and literature searches through September 2003 revealed 282 molecularly identified MR genes. We estimate that hundreds more MR genes remain to be identified. A novel test, in which we distributed unmapped MR disorders proportionately across the autosomes, failed to eliminate the well-known X-chromosome overrepresentation of MR genes and candidate genes. This evidence argues against ascertainment bias as the main cause of the skewed distribution. On the basis of a synthesis of clinical and laboratory data, we developed a biological functions classification scheme for MR genes. Metabolic pathways, signaling pathways, and transcription are the most common functions, but numerous other aspects of neuronal and glial biology are controlled by MR genes as well. Using protein sequence and domain-organization comparisons, we found a striking conservation of MR genes and genetic pathways across the approximately 700 million years that separate Homo sapiens and Drosophila melanogaster. Eighty-seven percent have one or more fruit fly homologs and 76% have at least one candidate functional ortholog. We propose that D. melanogaster can be used in a systematic manner to study MR and possibly to develop bioassays for therapeutic drug discovery. We selected 42 Drosophila orthologs as most likely to reveal molecular and cellular mechanisms of nervous system development or plasticity relevant to MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Inlow
- Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721-0077, USA
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van de Poll MCG, Soeters PB, Deutz NEP, Fearon KCH, Dejong CHC. Renal metabolism of amino acids: its role in interorgan amino acid exchange. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:185-97. [PMID: 14749222 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidneys play a role in the synthesis and interorgan exchange of several amino acids. The quantitative importance of renal amino acid metabolism in the body is not, however, clear. We review here the role of the kidney in the interorgan exchange of amino acids, with emphasis on quantitative aspects. We reviewed relevant literature by using a computerized literature search (PubMed) and checking relevant references from the identified articles. Our own data are discussed in the context of the literature. The kidney takes up glutamine and metabolizes it to ammonia. This process is sensitive to pH and serves to maintain acid-base homeostasis and to excrete nitrogen. In this way, the metabolism of renal glutamine and ammonia is complementary to hepatic urea synthesis. Citrulline, derived from intestinal glutamine breakdown, is converted to arginine by the kidney. Renal phenylalanine uptake is followed by stoichiometric tyrosine release, and glycine uptake is accompanied by serine release. Certain administered oligopeptides (eg, glutamine dipeptides) are converted by the kidneys to their constituent components before they can be used in metabolic processes. The kidneys play an important role in the interorgan exchange of amino acids. Quantitatively, for several important amino acids, the kidneys are as important as the gut in intermediary metabolism. The kidneys may be crucial "mediators" of the beneficial effects of specialized, disease-specific feeding solutions such as those enriched in glutamine dipeptides.
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50
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Abstract
Abstract
Affecting 1-3% of the population, mental retardation (MR) poses significant challenges for clinicians and scientists. Understanding the biology of MR is complicated by the extraordinary heterogeneity of genetic MR disorders. Detailed analyses of >1000 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database entries and literature searches through September 2003 revealed 282 molecularly identified MR genes. We estimate that hundreds more MR genes remain to be identified. A novel test, in which we distributed unmapped MR disorders proportionately across the autosomes, failed to eliminate the well-known X-chromosome overrepresentation of MR genes and candidate genes. This evidence argues against ascertainment bias as the main cause of the skewed distribution. On the basis of a synthesis of clinical and laboratory data, we developed a biological functions classification scheme for MR genes. Metabolic pathways, signaling pathways, and transcription are the most common functions, but numerous other aspects of neuronal and glial biology are controlled by MR genes as well. Using protein sequence and domain-organization comparisons, we found a striking conservation of MR genes and genetic pathways across the ∼700 million years that separate Homo sapiens and Drosophila melanogaster. Eighty-seven percent have one or more fruit fly homologs and 76% have at least one candidate functional ortholog. We propose that D. melanogaster can be used in a systematic manner to study MR and possibly to develop bioassays for therapeutic drug discovery. We selected 42 Drosophila orthologs as most likely to reveal molecular and cellular mechanisms of nervous system development or plasticity relevant to MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Inlow
- Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077
| | - Linda L Restifo
- Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077
- Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077
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