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Champeil J, Mangion M, Gilbert R, Gaillet B. Improved Manufacturing Methods of Extracellular Vesicles Pseudotyped with the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Glycoprotein. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1116-1131. [PMID: 38182864 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-01007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV), which expose the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG) on their surface, are used for delivery of nucleic acids and proteins in human cell lines. These particles are biomanufactured using methods that are difficult to scale up. Here, we describe the development of the first EV-VSVG production process in serum-free media using polyethylenimine (PEI)-based transient transfection of HEK293 suspension cells, as well as the first EV-VSVG purification process to utilize both ultracentrifugation and chromatography. Three parameters were investigated for EV-VSVG production: cell density, DNA concentration, and DNA:PEI ratio. The best production titer was obtained with 3 × 106 cells/mL, a plasmid concentration of 2 µg/mL, and a DNA:PEI ratio of 1:4. The production kinetics of VSVG was performed and showed that the highest amount of VSVG was obtained 3 days after transfection. Addition of cell culture supplements during the transfection resulted in an increase in VSVG production, with a maximum yield obtained with 2 mM of sodium butyrate added 18 h after transfection. Moreover, the absence of EV-VSVG during cell transfection with a GFP-coding plasmid revealed to be ineffective, with no fluorescent cells. An efficient EV-VSVG purification procedure consisting of a two-step concentration by low-speed centrifugation and sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation followed by a heparin affinity chromatography purification was also developed. Purified bioactive EV-VSVG preparations were characterized and revealed that EV-VSVG are spherical particles of 176.4 ± 88.32 nm with 91.4% of protein similarity to exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Champeil
- Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, 1065, Avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Pouliot, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- PROTEO: The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Université du Québec à Montréal, 201 Avenue du Président Kennedy, Montréal, QC, H2X 3Y7, Canada
- ThéCell: FRQS Cell, Tissue and Gene Therapy Network, Laboratoire d'organogénèse expérimentale - LOEX, 1401, 18E rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mathias Mangion
- Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, 1065, Avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Pouliot, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- PROTEO: The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Université du Québec à Montréal, 201 Avenue du Président Kennedy, Montréal, QC, H2X 3Y7, Canada
- ThéCell: FRQS Cell, Tissue and Gene Therapy Network, Laboratoire d'organogénèse expérimentale - LOEX, 1401, 18E rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rénald Gilbert
- ThéCell: FRQS Cell, Tissue and Gene Therapy Network, Laboratoire d'organogénèse expérimentale - LOEX, 1401, 18E rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, 6100, Avenue Royalmount, Montréal, Québec, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Bruno Gaillet
- Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, 1065, Avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Pouliot, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- PROTEO: The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Université du Québec à Montréal, 201 Avenue du Président Kennedy, Montréal, QC, H2X 3Y7, Canada.
- ThéCell: FRQS Cell, Tissue and Gene Therapy Network, Laboratoire d'organogénèse expérimentale - LOEX, 1401, 18E rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada.
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Hossain MS, Kerkvliet JG, Hoppe AD. Whole genome CRISPR screening strategy to identify genes contributing to SARS-CoV-2 spike and VSV-G mediated entry. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29087. [PMID: 37707319 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular host factors that promote and inhibit viral entry is important for identifying viral countermeasures. CRISPR whole-genome screens can be used to rapidly discover host factors that contribute to or impair viral entry. However, when using live viruses and cellular lethality for selection, these screens can identify an overwhelming number of genes without specificity for the stage of the viral infection cycle. New screening methods are needed to identify host machinery contributing to specific steps of viral infection. Here, we developed a CRISPR whole-genome screen and counter-screen strategy based on a pseudoviral platform that allowed identification of genes specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike and vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) mediated entry. Screening of SARS-CoV-2 spike and VSV-G on the same lentiviral pseudovirus allowed the identification of entry-specific genes relative to genes associated with retro-transcription, integration, and reporter expression from the lentiviral pseudovirus. Second, a Cre-Gag fusion protein packaged into the pseudovirus was used to bypass retro-transcription and integration by directly activating a floxed fluorescent protein reporter upon entry reduced the number of gene hits and increase specificity for viral entry. Our approach correctly identified SARS-CoV-2 and VSV-G receptors ACE2 and low-density lipoprotein receptors, respectively, and distinguished genes associated with retroviral reporter expression from envelope-mediated entry. Moreover, the CRE-Gag fusion/flox reporter increased the screen specificity for viral entry-associated genes. Validation of a few hits demonstrates that this approach distinguishes envelope-specific host factors from genes affecting reporter expression. Overall, this approach provides a new strategy for identifying host genes influencing viral entry without the confounding complexity of live-viral screens which produce long gene lists associated with all aspects of viral pathogenesis and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saddam Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Jason G Kerkvliet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Adam D Hoppe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
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Lentiviral Vectors as a Vaccine Platform against Infectious Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030846. [PMID: 36986707 PMCID: PMC10053212 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are among the most effective viral vectors for vaccination. In clear contrast to the reference adenoviral vectors, lentiviral vectors have a high potential for transducing dendritic cells in vivo. Within these cells, which are the most efficient at activating naive T cells, lentiviral vectors induce endogenous expression of transgenic antigens that directly access antigen presentation pathways without the need for external antigen capture or cross-presentation. Lentiviral vectors induce strong, robust, and long-lasting humoral, CD8+ T-cell immunity and effective protection against several infectious diseases. There is no pre-existing immunity to lentiviral vectors in the human population and the very low pro-inflammatory properties of these vectors pave the way for their use in mucosal vaccination. In this review, we have mainly summarized the immunological aspects of lentiviral vectors, their recent optimization to induce CD4+ T cells, and our recent data on lentiviral vector-based vaccination in preclinical models, including prophylaxis against flaviviruses, SARS-CoV-2, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Production and characterization of lentivirus vector-based SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses with dual reporters: Evaluation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 viral effect of Korean Red Ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:123-132. [PMID: 35855181 PMCID: PMC9283196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudotyped virus systems that incorporate viral proteins have been widely employed for the rapid determination of the effectiveness and neutralizing activity of drug and vaccine candidates in biosafety level 2 facilities. We report an efficient method for producing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pseudovirus with dual luciferase and fluorescent protein reporters. Moreover, using the established method, we also aimed to investigate whether Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), a valuable Korean herbal medicine, can attenuate infectivity of the pseudotyped virus. Methods A pseudovirus of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-2pv) was constructed and efficiently produced using lentivirus vector systems available in the public domain by the introduction of critical mutations in the cytoplasmic tail of the spike protein. KRG extract was dose-dependently treated to Calu-3 cells during SARS2-pv treatment to evaluate the protective activity against SARS-CoV-2. Results The use of Calu-3 cells or the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in HEK293T cells enabled SARS-2pv infection of host cells. Coexpression of transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2), which is the activator of spike protein, with ACE2 dramatically elevated luciferase activity, confirming the importance of the TMPRSS2-mediated pathway during SARS-CoV-2 entry. Our pseudovirus assay also revealed that KRG elicited resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection in lung cells, suggesting its beneficial health effect. Conclusion The method demonstrated the production of SARS-2pv for the analysis of vaccine or drug candidates. When KRG was assessed by the method, it protected host cells from coronavirus infection. Further studies will be followed for demonstrating this potential benefit.
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Olivieri PH, Jesus MB, Nader HB, Justo GZ, Sousa AA. Cell-surface glycosaminoglycans regulate the cellular uptake of charged polystyrene nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7350-7363. [PMID: 35535683 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07279j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles approaching the cell body will first encounter and interact with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) before reaching the plasma membrane and becoming internalized. However, how surface GAGs may regulate the cellular entry of nanoparticles remains poorly understood. Herein, it is shown that the surface GAGs of Chinese hamster ovary cells perform as a charge-based barrier against the cellular internalization of anionic polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs). In contrast, cationic PS NPs interact favorably with the surface GAGs and thereby are efficiently internalized. Anionic PS NPs eventually reaching the plasma membrane bind to scavenger receptors and are endocytosed by clathrin-mediated and lipid raft/cholesterol-dependent mechanisms, whereas cationic PS NPs are primarily internalized via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. Upon the enzymatic shedding of surface GAGs, the uptake of anionic PS NPs increases while that of cationic PS NPs is dramatically reduced. Interestingly, the diminished uptake of cationic PS NPs is observed only when heparan sulfate, but not chondroitin sulfate, is cleaved from the cell surface. Heparan sulfate therefore serves as anchors/first receptors to facilitate the cellular entry of cationic PS NPs. These findings contribute to advance the basic science of nanoparticle endocytosis while also having important implications for the use of engineered nanocarriers as intracellular drug-delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H Olivieri
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo B Jesus
- Department of Biochemistry & Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Helena B Nader
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil.
| | - Giselle Z Justo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil.
| | - Alioscka A Sousa
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil.
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Goad DW, Bressy C, Holbrook MC, Grdzelishvili VZ. Acquired chemoresistance can lead to increased resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:59-76. [PMID: 34977342 PMCID: PMC8703189 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising oncolytic virus (OV) against different malignancies, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our previous studies have demonstrated that VSV-based OVs are effective against the majority of tested human PDAC cell lines. However, some PDAC cell lines are resistant to VSV. PDAC is one of the deadliest types of human malignancies in part due to intrinsic or acquired chemoresistance. Here, we investigated how acquired chemoresistance impacts the efficacy of VSV-based OV therapy. Using an experimental evolution approach, we generated PDAC cell lines with increased resistance to gemcitabine and examined their responsiveness to oncolytic virotherapy. We found that gemcitabine-resistant PDAC cells become more resistant to VSV. The cross-resistance correlated with upregulated levels of a subset of interferon-stimulated genes, resembling the interferon-related DNA damage resistance signature (IRDS), often associated with resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Analysis of ten different PDAC cell lines showed that four PDAC cell lines most resistant to VSV were also highly resistant to gemcitabine, and they all displayed IRDS-like expression in our previous reports. Our study highlights a possible interaction between two different therapies that should be considered in the future for the development of rational treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota W. Goad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Christian Bressy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Molly C. Holbrook
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Valery Z. Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- Corresponding author Valery Z. Grdzelishvili, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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Gesteira TF, Marforio TD, Mueller JW, Calvaresi M, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Structural Determinants of Substrate Recognition and Catalysis by Heparan Sulfate Sulfotransferases. ACS Catal 2021; 11:10974-10987. [PMID: 37799563 PMCID: PMC10550706 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin contain imprinted "sulfation codes", which dictate their diverse physiological and pathological functions. A group of orchestrated biosynthetic enzymes cooperate in polymerizing and modifying HS chains. The biotechnological development of enzymes that can recreate this sulfation pattern on synthetic heparin is challenging, primarily due to the paucity of quantitative data for sulfotransferase enzymes. Herein, we identified critical structural characteristics that determine substrate specificity and shed light on the catalytic mechanism of sugar sulfation of two HS sulfotransferases, 2-O-sulfotransferase (HS2ST) and 6-O-sulfotransferase (HS6ST). Two sets of molecular clamps in HS2ST recognize appropriate substrates; these clamps flank the acceptor binding site on opposite sides. The hexuronic epimers, and not their puckers, have a critical influence on HS2ST selectivity. In contrast, HS6ST recognizes a broader range of substrates. This promiscuity is granted by a conserved tryptophan residue, W210, that positions the acceptor within the active site for catalysis by means of strong electrostatic interactions. Lysines K131 and K132 act in concert with a second tryptophan, W153, shedding water molecules from within the active site, thus providing HS6ST with a binding preference toward 2-O-sulfated substrates. QM/MM calculations provided valuable mechanistic insights into the catalytic process, identifying that the sulfation of both HS2ST and HS6ST follows a SN2-like mechanism. When they are taken together, our findings reveal the molecular basis of how these enzymes recognize different substrates and catalyze sugar sulfation, enabling the generation of enzymes that could create specific heparin epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tainah Dorina Marforio
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Jonathan Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
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Perry C, Rayat ACME. Lentiviral Vector Bioprocessing. Viruses 2021; 13:268. [PMID: 33572347 PMCID: PMC7916122 DOI: 10.3390/v13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are potent tools for the delivery of genes of interest into mammalian cells and are now commonly utilised within the growing field of cell and gene therapy for the treatment of monogenic diseases and adoptive therapies such as chimeric antigen T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. This is a comprehensive review of the individual bioprocess operations employed in LV production. We highlight the role of envelope proteins in vector design as well as their impact on the bioprocessing of lentiviral vectors. An overview of the current state of these operations provides opportunities for bioprocess discovery and improvement with emphasis on the considerations for optimal and scalable processing of LV during development and clinical production. Upstream culture for LV generation is described with comparisons on the different transfection methods and various bioreactors for suspension and adherent producer cell cultivation. The purification of LV is examined, evaluating different sequences of downstream process operations for both small- and large-scale production requirements. For scalable operations, a key focus is the development in chromatographic purification in addition to an in-depth examination of the application of tangential flow filtration. A summary of vector quantification and characterisation assays is also presented. Finally, the assessment of the whole bioprocess for LV production is discussed to benefit from the broader understanding of potential interactions of the different process options. This review is aimed to assist in the achievement of high quality, high concentration lentiviral vectors from robust and scalable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Perry
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Andrea C. M. E. Rayat
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
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Wallert M, Nie C, Anilkumar P, Abbina S, Bhatia S, Ludwig K, Kizhakkedathu JN, Haag R, Block S. Mucin-Inspired, High Molecular Weight Virus Binding Inhibitors Show Biphasic Binding Behavior to Influenza A Viruses. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004635. [PMID: 33135314 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent binding inhibitors are a promising new class of antivirals that prevent virus infections by inhibiting virus binding to cell membranes. The design of these inhibitors is challenging as many properties, for example, inhibitor size and functionalization with virus attachment factors, strongly influence the inhibition efficiency. Here, virus binding inhibitors are synthesized, the size and functionalization of which are inspired by mucins, which are naturally occurring glycosylated proteins with high molecular weight (MDa range) and interact efficiently with various viruses. Hyperbranched polyglycerols (hPGs) with molecular weights ranging between 10 and 2600 kDa are synthesized, thereby hitting the size of mucins and allowing for determining the impact of inhibitor size on the inhibition efficiency. The hPGs are functionalized with sialic acids and sulfates, as suggested from the structure of mucins, and their inhibition efficiency is determined by probing the inhibition of influenza A virus (IAV) binding to membranes using various methods. The largest, mucin-sized inhibitor shows potent inhibition at pm concentrations, while the inhibition efficiency decreases with decreasing the molecular weight. Interestingly, the concentration-dependent IAV inhibition shows a biphasic behavior, which is attributed to differences in the binding affinity of the inhibitors to the two IAV envelope proteins, neuraminidase, and hemagglutinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wallert
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Emmy-Noether Group "Bionanointerfaces", Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Chuanxiong Nie
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Parambath Anilkumar
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Srinivas Abbina
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Research Center for Electron Microscopy and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 36a, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Jayachandran N Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Stephan Block
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Emmy-Noether Group "Bionanointerfaces", Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
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Izumida M, Hayashi H, Tanaka A, Kubo Y. Cathepsin B Protease Facilitates Chikungunya Virus Envelope Protein-Mediated Infection via Endocytosis or Macropinocytosis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070722. [PMID: 32635194 PMCID: PMC7412492 DOI: 10.3390/v12070722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an enveloped virus that enters host cells and transits within the endosomes before starting its replication cycle, the precise mechanism of which is yet to be elucidated. Endocytosis and endosome acidification inhibitors inhibit infection by CHIKV, murine leukemia virus (MLV), or SARS-coronavirus, indicating that these viral entries into host cells occur through endosomes and require endosome acidification. Although endosomal cathepsin B protease is necessary for MLV, Ebola virus, and SARS-CoV infections, its role in CHIKV infection is unknown. Our results revealed that endocytosis inhibitors attenuated CHIKV-pseudotyped MLV vector infection in 293T cells but not in TE671 cells. In contrast, macropinocytosis inhibitors attenuated CHIKV-pseudotyped MLV vector infection in TE671 cells but not in 293T cells, suggesting that CHIKV host cell entry occurs via endocytosis or macropinocytosis, depending on the cell lines used. Cathepsin B inhibitor and knockdown by an shRNA suppressed CHIKV-pseudotyped MLV vector infection both in 293T and TE671 cells. These results show that cathepsin B facilitates CHIKV infection regardless of the entry pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Izumida
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Medical University Research Administrator, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Yoshinao Kubo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.I.); (Y.K.)
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Experimental Evolution Generates Novel Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses with Improved Replication in Virus-Resistant Pancreatic Cancer Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01643-19. [PMID: 31694943 PMCID: PMC7000975 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01643-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based oncolytic viruses are promising agents against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, some PDAC cell lines are resistant to VSV. Here, using a directed viral evolution approach, we generated novel oncolytic VSVs with an improved ability to replicate in virus-resistant PDAC cell lines, while remaining highly attenuated in nonmalignant cells. Two independently evolved VSVs obtained 2 identical VSV glycoprotein mutations, K174E and E238K. Additional experiments indicated that these acquired G mutations improved VSV replication, at least in part due to improved virus attachment to SUIT-2 cells. Importantly, no deletions or mutations were found in the virus-carried transgenes in any of the passaged viruses. Our findings demonstrate long-term genomic stability of complex VSV recombinants carrying large transgenes and support further clinical development of oncolytic VSV recombinants as safe therapeutics for cancer. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) based oncolytic viruses are promising agents against various cancers. We have shown that pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines exhibit great diversity in susceptibility and permissibility to VSV. Here, using a directed evolution approach with our two previously described oncolytic VSV recombinants, VSV-p53wt and VSV-p53-CC, we generated novel oncolytic VSVs with an improved ability to replicate in virus-resistant PDAC cell lines. VSV-p53wt and VSV-p53-CC encode a VSV matrix protein (M) with a ΔM51 mutation (M-ΔM51) and one of two versions of a functional human tumor suppressor, p53, fused to a far-red fluorescent protein, eqFP650. Each virus was serially passaged 32 times (which accounts for more than 60 viral replication cycles) on either the SUIT-2 (moderately resistant to VSV) or MIA PaCa-2 (highly permissive to VSV) human PDAC cell lines. While no phenotypic changes were observed for MIA PaCa-2-passaged viruses, both SUIT-2-passaged VSV-p53wt and VSV-p53-CC showed improved replication in SUIT-2 and AsPC-1, another human PDAC cell line also moderately resistant to VSV, while remaining highly attenuated in nonmalignant cells. Surprisingly, two identical VSV glycoprotein (VSV-G) mutations, K174E and E238K, were identified in both SUIT-2-passaged viruses. Additional experiments indicated that the acquired G mutations improved VSV replication, at least in part due to improved virus attachment to SUIT-2 cells. Importantly, no mutations were found in the M-ΔM51 protein, and no deletions or mutations were found in the p53 or eqFP650 portions of virus-carried transgenes in any of the passaged viruses, demonstrating long-term genomic stability of complex VSV recombinants carrying large transgenes. IMPORTANCE Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based oncolytic viruses are promising agents against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, some PDAC cell lines are resistant to VSV. Here, using a directed viral evolution approach, we generated novel oncolytic VSVs with an improved ability to replicate in virus-resistant PDAC cell lines, while remaining highly attenuated in nonmalignant cells. Two independently evolved VSVs obtained 2 identical VSV glycoprotein mutations, K174E and E238K. Additional experiments indicated that these acquired G mutations improved VSV replication, at least in part due to improved virus attachment to SUIT-2 cells. Importantly, no deletions or mutations were found in the virus-carried transgenes in any of the passaged viruses. Our findings demonstrate long-term genomic stability of complex VSV recombinants carrying large transgenes and support further clinical development of oncolytic VSV recombinants as safe therapeutics for cancer.
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Shrestha A, Champagne DE, Culbreath AK, Abney MR, Srinivasan R. Comparison of transcriptomes of an orthotospovirus vector and non-vector thrips species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223438. [PMID: 31600262 PMCID: PMC6786753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrips transmit one of the most devastating plant viruses worldwide–tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV). Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus is a type species in the genus Orthotospovirus and family Tospoviridae. Although there are more than 7,000 thrips species, only nine thrips species are known to transmit TSWV. In this study, we investigated the molecular factors that could affect thrips ability to transmit TSWV. We assembled transcriptomes of a vector, Frankliniella fusca [Hinds], and a non-vector, Frankliniella tritici [Fitch], and performed qualitative comparisons of contigs associated with virus reception, virus infection, and innate immunity. Annotations of F. fusca and F. tritici contigs revealed slight differences across biological process and molecular functional groups. Comparison of virus cell surface receptors revealed that homologs of integrin were present in both species. However, homologs of another receptor, heperan sulfate, were present in F. fusca alone. Contigs associated with virus replication were identified in both species, but a contig involved in inhibition of virus replication (radical s-adenosylmethionine) was only present in the non-vector, F. tritici. Additionally, some differences in immune signaling pathways were identified between vector and non-vector thrips. Detailed investigations are necessary to functionally characterize these differences between vector and non-vector thrips and assess their relevance in orthotospovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Shrestha
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States of America
| | - Donald E. Champagne
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Albert K. Culbreath
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Abney
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
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Polyamine Depletion Abrogates Enterovirus Cellular Attachment. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01054-19. [PMID: 31341056 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01054-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are small polycationic molecules with flexible carbon chains that are found in all eukaryotic cells. Polyamines are involved in the regulation of many host processes and have been shown to be implicated in viral replication. Depletion of polyamine pools in cells treated with FDA-approved drugs restricts replication of diverse RNA viruses. Viruses can exploit host polyamines to facilitate nucleic acid packaging, transcription, and translation, but other mechanisms remain largely unknown. Picornaviruses, including Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), are sensitive to the depletion of polyamines and remain a significant public health threat. We employed CVB3 as a model system to investigate a potential proviral role for polyamines using a forward screen. Passaging CVB3 in polyamine-depleted cells generated a mutation in capsid protein VP3 at residue 234. We show that this mutation confers resistance to polyamine depletion. Through attachment assays, we demonstrate that polyamine depletion limits CVB3 attachment to susceptible cells, which is rescued by incubating virus with polyamines. Furthermore, the capsid mutant rescues this inhibition in polyamine-depleted cells. More divergent viruses also exhibited reduced attachment to polyamine-depleted cells, suggesting that polyamines may facilitate attachment of diverse RNA viruses. These studies inform additional mechanisms of action for polyamine-depleting pharmaceuticals, with implications for potential antiviral therapies.IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses are significant human pathogens that can cause severe disease. These viruses rely on polyamines, small positively charged molecules, for robust replication, and polyamine depletion limits infection in vitro and in vivo The mechanisms by which polyamines enhance enteroviral replication are unknown. Here, we describe how Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) utilizes polyamines to attach to susceptible cells and initiate infection. Using a forward genetic screen, we identified a mutation in a receptor-binding amino acid that promotes infection of polyamine-depleted cells. These data suggest that pharmacologically inhibiting polyamine biosynthesis may combat virus infection by preventing virus attachment to susceptible cells.
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Cell Cycle Arrest in G 2/M Phase Enhances Replication of Interferon-Sensitive Cytoplasmic RNA Viruses via Inhibition of Antiviral Gene Expression. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01885-18. [PMID: 30487274 PMCID: PMC6364032 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01885-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (a rhabdovirus) and its variant VSV-ΔM51 are widely used model systems to study mechanisms of virus-host interactions. Here, we investigated how the cell cycle affects replication of these viruses using an array of cell lines with different levels of impairment of antiviral signaling and a panel of chemical compounds arresting the cell cycle at different phases. We observed that all compounds inducing cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase strongly enhanced the replication of VSV-ΔM51 in cells with functional antiviral signaling. G2/M arrest strongly inhibited type I and type III interferon (IFN) production as well as expression of IFN-stimulated genes in response to exogenously added IFN. Moreover, G2/M arrest enhanced the replication of Sendai virus (a paramyxovirus), which is also highly sensitive to the type I IFN response but did not stimulate the replication of a wild-type VSV that is more effective at evading antiviral responses. In contrast, the positive effect of G2/M arrest on virus replication was not observed in cells defective in IFN signaling. Altogether, our data show that replication of IFN-sensitive cytoplasmic viruses can be strongly stimulated during G2/M phase as a result of inhibition of antiviral gene expression, likely due to mitotic inhibition of transcription, a global repression of cellular transcription during G2/M phase. The G2/M phase thus could represent an "Achilles' heel" of the infected cell, a phase when the cell is inadequately protected. This model could explain at least one of the reasons why many viruses have been shown to induce G2/M arrest.IMPORTANCE Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (a rhabdovirus) and its variant VSV-ΔM51 are widely used model systems to study mechanisms of virus-host interactions. Here, we investigated how the cell cycle affects replication of VSV and VSV-ΔM51. We show that G2/M cell cycle arrest strongly enhances the replication of VSV-ΔM51 (but not of wild-type VSV) and Sendai virus (a paramyxovirus) via inhibition of antiviral gene expression, likely due to mitotic inhibition of transcription, a global repression of cellular transcription during G2/M phase. Our data suggest that the G2/M phase could represent an "Achilles' heel" of the infected cell, a phase when the cell is inadequately protected. This model could explain at least one of the reasons why many viruses have been shown to induce G2/M arrest, and it has important implications for oncolytic virotherapy, suggesting that frequent cell cycle progression in cancer cells could make them more permissive to viruses.
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15
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Kaltenbach DD, Jaishankar D, Hao M, Beer JC, Volin MV, Desai UR, Tiwari V. Sulfotransferase and Heparanase: Remodeling Engines in Promoting Virus Infection and Disease Development. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1315. [PMID: 30555321 PMCID: PMC6282075 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An extraordinary binding site generated in heparan sulfate (HS) structures, during its biosynthesis, provides a unique opportunity to interact with multiple protein ligands including viral proteins, and therefore adds tremendous value to this master molecule. An example of such a moiety is the sulfation at the C3 position of glucosamine residues in HS chain via 3-O sulfotransferase (3-OST) enzymes, which generates a unique virus-cell fusion receptor during herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry and spread. Emerging evidence now suggests that the unique patterns in HS sulfation assist multiple viruses in invading host cells at various steps of their life cycles. In addition, sulfated-HS structures are known to assist in invading host defense mechanisms and initiating multiple inflammatory processes; a critical event in the disease development. All these processes are detrimental for the host and therefore raise the question of how HS-sulfation is regulated. Epigenetic modulations have been shown to be implicated in these reactions during HSV infection as well as in HS modifying enzyme sulfotransferases, and therefore pose a critical component in answering it. Interestingly, heparanase (HPSE) activity is shown to be upregulated during virus infection and multiple other diseases assisting in virus replication to promote cell and tissue damage. These phenomena suggest that sulfotransferases and HPSE serve as key players in extracellular matrix remodeling and possibly generating unique signatures in a given disease. Therefore, identifying the epigenetic regulation of OST genes, and HPSE resulting in altered yet specific sulfation patterns in HS chain during virus infection, will be a significant a step toward developing potential diagnostic markers and designing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik D Kaltenbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Dinesh Jaishankar
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Meng Hao
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Jacob C Beer
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Michael V Volin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
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16
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IL-2 Inducible Kinase ITK is Critical for HIV-1 Infection of Jurkat T-cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3217. [PMID: 29453458 PMCID: PMC5816632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful replication of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 depends on the expression of various cellular host factors, such as the interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase (ITK), a member of the protein family of TEC-tyrosine kinases. ITK is selectively expressed in T-cells and coordinates signaling pathways downstream of the T-cell receptor and chemokine receptors, including PLC-1 activation, Ca2+-release, transcription factor mobilization, and actin rearrangements. The exact role of ITK during HIV-1 infection is still unknown. We analyzed the function of ITK during HIV-1 replication and showed that attachment, fusion of virions with the cell membrane and entry into Jurkat T-cells was inhibited when ITK was knocked down. In contrast, reverse transcription and provirus expression were not affected by ITK deficiency. Inhibited ITK expression did not affect the CXCR4 receptor on the cell surface, whereas CD4 and LFA-1 integrin levels were slightly enhanced in ITK knockdown cells and heparan sulfate (HS) expression was completely abolished in ITK depleted T-cells. However, neither HS expression nor other attachment factors could explain the impaired HIV-1 binding to ITK-deficient cells, which suggests that a more complex cellular process is influenced by ITK or that not yet discovered molecules contribute to restriction of HIV-1 binding and entry.
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17
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Ruxolitinib and Polycation Combination Treatment Overcomes Multiple Mechanisms of Resistance of Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00461-17. [PMID: 28566376 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00461-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising oncolytic virus (OV). Although VSV is effective against a majority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell (PDAC) cell lines, some PDAC cell lines are highly resistant to VSV, and the mechanisms of resistance are still unclear. JAK1/2 inhibitors (such as ruxolitinib and JAK inhibitor I) strongly stimulate VSV replication and oncolysis in all resistant cell lines but only partially improve the susceptibility of resistant PDACs to VSV. VSV tumor tropism is generally dependent on the permissiveness of malignant cells to viral replication rather than on receptor specificity, with several ubiquitously expressed cell surface molecules playing a role in VSV attachment to host cells. However, as VSV attachment to PDAC cells has never been tested before, here we examined if it was possibly inhibited in resistant PDAC cells. Our data show a dramatically weaker attachment of VSV to HPAF-II cells, the most resistant human PDAC cell line. Although sequence analysis of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) mRNA did not reveal any amino acid substitutions in this cell line, HPAF-II cells displayed the lowest level of LDLR expression and dramatically lower LDL uptake. Treatment of cells with various statins strongly increased LDLR expression levels but did not improve VSV attachment or LDL uptake in HPAF-II cells. However, LDLR-independent attachment of VSV to HPAF-II cells was dramatically improved by treating cells with Polybrene or DEAE-dextran. Moreover, combining VSV with ruxolitinib and Polybrene or DEAE-dextran successfully broke the resistance of HPAF-II cells to VSV by simultaneously improving VSV attachment and replication.IMPORTANCE Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is an anticancer approach that uses viruses that selectively infect and kill cancer cells. This study focuses on oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. Although VSV is effective against most PDAC cells, some are highly resistant to VSV, and the mechanisms are still unclear. Here we examined if VSV attachment to cells was inhibited in resistant PDAC cells. Our data show very inefficient attachment of VSV to the most resistant human PDAC cell line, HPAF-II. However, VSV attachment to HPAF-II cells was dramatically improved by treating cells with polycations. Moreover, combining VSV with polycations and ruxolitinib (which inhibits antiviral signaling) successfully broke the resistance of HPAF-II cells to VSV by simultaneously improving VSV attachment and replication. We envision that this novel triple-combination approach could be used in the future to treat PDAC tumors that are highly resistant to OV therapy.
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18
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Coxsackievirus A16 utilizes cell surface heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans as its attachment receptor. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e65. [PMID: 28745308 PMCID: PMC5567171 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is one of the major pathogens responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease, which affects more than two million children in the Asian-Pacific region annually. Previous studies have shown that scavenger receptor B2 is a functional receptor for CVA16 that facilitates the uncoating process. However, it remains unclear whether other receptors are required for efficient CVA16 infection. In this study, by using a variety of assays we demonstrated that CVA16 utilizes surface heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans as its attachment receptor. We further showed that five surface-exposed positively charged residues located in a cluster at the five-fold vertex of the virion are critical to heparan sulfate binding and cellular attachment of CVA16. Among the five residues, the arginine at position 166 (R166) of VP1 capsid protein appeared to be the most important for the interaction between CVA16 and heparan sulfate. Alanine substitution at this site (R166A) almost completely abolished heparan sulfate binding and cellular attachment of the virus. Our work achieves insight into the early events of CVA16 infection, thereby providing information that may facilitate the rational design of antiviral drugs and vaccines against CVA16 infection.
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19
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Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) developed in the past two decades for research and pre-clinical purposes have entered clinical trials with remarkable safety and efficacy performances. Development and clinical testing of LVs for improvement of human immunity showed major advantages in comparison to other viral vector systems. Robust and persisted transduction efficiency of blood cells with LVs, resulted into a broad range of target cells for immune therapeutic approaches: from hematopoietic stem cells and precursor cells for correction of immune deficiencies, up to effector lymphoid and myeloid cells. T cells engineered for expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or epitope-specific transgenic T cell receptors (TCRs) are in several cancer immune therapy clinical trials worldwide. Development of engineered dendritic cells is primed for clinical trials for cancer and chronic infections. Technological adaptations for ex vivo cell manipulations are here discussed and presented based on properties and uses of the target cell. For future development of off-shelf immune therapies, direct in vivo administration of lentiviral vectors is warranted and intended. Approaches for lentiviral in vivo targeting to maximize immune therapeutic success are discussed.
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20
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Campi-Azevedo AC, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Coelho-Dos-Reis JG, Costa-Pereira C, Yamamura AY, Lima SMBD, Simões M, Campos FMF, de Castro Zacche Tonini A, Lemos EM, Brum RC, de Noronha TG, Freire MS, Maia MDLS, Camacho LAB, Rios M, Chancey C, Romano A, Domingues CM, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA. Heparin removal by ecteola-cellulose pre-treatment enables the use of plasma samples for accurate measurement of anti-Yellow fever virus neutralizing antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2017; 448:9-20. [PMID: 28514646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Technological innovations in vaccinology have recently contributed to bring about novel insights for the vaccine-induced immune response. While the current protocols that use peripheral blood samples may provide abundant data, a range of distinct components of whole blood samples are required and the different anticoagulant systems employed may impair some properties of the biological sample and interfere with functional assays. Although the interference of heparin in functional assays for viral neutralizing antibodies such as the functional plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT), considered the gold-standard method to assess and monitor the protective immunity induced by the Yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine, has been well characterized, the development of pre-analytical treatments is still required for the establishment of optimized protocols. The present study intended to optimize and evaluate the performance of pre-analytical treatment of heparin-collected blood samples with ecteola-cellulose (ECT) to provide accurate measurement of anti-YFV neutralizing antibodies, by PRNT. The study was designed in three steps, including: I. Problem statement; II. Pre-analytical steps; III. Analytical steps. Data confirmed the interference of heparin on PRNT reactivity in a dose-responsive fashion. Distinct sets of conditions for ECT pre-treatment were tested to optimize the heparin removal. The optimized protocol was pre-validated to determine the effectiveness of heparin plasma:ECT treatment to restore the PRNT titers as compared to serum samples. The validation and comparative performance was carried out by using a large range of serum vs heparin plasma:ECT 1:2 paired samples obtained from unvaccinated and 17DD-YFV primary vaccinated subjects. Altogether, the findings support the use of heparin plasma:ECT samples for accurate measurement of anti-YFV neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Campi-Azevedo
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Christiane Costa-Pereira
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anna Yoshida Yamamura
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sheila Maria Barbosa de Lima
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marisol Simões
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elenice Moreira Lemos
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecto-Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cristiano Brum
- Assessoria Clínica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Silva Freire
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Sousa Maia
- Assessoria Clínica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Rios
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research-CBER, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Caren Chancey
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research-CBER, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Romano
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Assessoria Clínica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Tan CW, Sam IC, Chong WL, Lee VS, Chan YF. Polysulfonate suramin inhibits Zika virus infection. Antiviral Res 2017; 143:186-194. [PMID: 28457855 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus that causes newborn microcephaly and Guillian-Barré syndrome in adults. No therapeutics are available to treat ZIKV infection or other flaviviruses. In this study, we explored the inhibitory effect of glycosaminoglycans and analogues against ZIKV infection. Highly sulfated heparin, dextran sulfate and suramin significantly inhibited ZIKV infection in Vero cells. De-sulfated heparin analogues lose inhibitory effect, implying that sulfonate groups are critical for viral inhibition. Suramin, an FDA-approved anti-parasitic drug, inhibits ZIKV infection with 3-5 log10 PFU viral reduction with IC50 value of ∼2.5-5 μg/ml (1.93 μM-3.85 μM). A time-of-drug-addition study revealed that suramin remains potent even when administrated at 1-24 hpi. Suramin inhibits ZIKV infection by preventing viral adsorption, entry and replication. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed stronger interaction of suramin with ZIKV NS3 helicase than with the envelope protein. Suramin warrants further investigation as a potential antiviral candidate for ZIKV infection. Heparan sulfate (HS) is a cellular attachment receptor for multiple flaviviruses. However, no direct ZIKV-heparin interaction was observed in heparin-binding analysis, and downregulate or removal of cellular HS with sodium chlorate or heparinase I/III did not inhibit ZIKV infection. This indicates that cell surface HS is not utilized by ZIKV as an attachment receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wah Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Lim Chong
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Theoretical and Computational Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vannajan Sanghiran Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Theoretical and Computational Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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22
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Liu X, Li YP, Zhong ZM, Tan HQ, Lin HP, Chen SJ, Fu YC, Xu WC, Wei CJ. Incorporation of Viral Glycoprotein VSV-G Improves the Delivery of DNA by Erythrocyte Ghost into Cells Refractory to Conventional Transfection. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 181:748-761. [PMID: 27665615 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to formulate a novel gene delivery system based on the erythrocyte ghost (EG) integrated with fusogenic viral glycoprotein vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G (VSV-G). VSV-G proteins were harvested as condition medium of Ad293 cells carrying a VSV-G transgene and then incorporated into EG. Plasmid DNA was condensed by various transfection reagents. A luciferase expression construct (pGL3-control) and a DsRed expression cassette (pCMV-DsRed) were used to evaluate the delivery efficiency of DNA/EG/VSV-G complexes. VSV-G proteins could be incorporated into EG in static incubation under acidic conditions as evidenced by the Western blot analysis. Condensed plasmid DNA was bound mostly to the outer surface of EG, which could be detected by electromicroscopy and measured by electrophoresis. EG/VSV-G complexes stimulated the delivery of pGL3-control into Ad293 cells significantly with the luciferase activity increased about 4-fold as compared to that of the control. The delivery of pCMV-DsRed was also enhanced with the percentage of DsRed-positive Ad293 cells increased from 55 % to about 80 %. Moreover, the transfection efficiency in 3T3, HeLa, INS-1, and bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) cells increased about 2-3-fold. Finally, confocal microscopy analysis showed that incorporation of VSV-G significantly enhanced the endocytosis of EG into target cells. In the present study, a novel type of non-viral DNA delivery vehicle consisting of EG and fusogenic VSV-G proteins was formulated, which showed superior transfection efficiency even in cells resistant to classical transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Multidisciplinary Research Center, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Yun-Pan Li
- Multidisciplinary Research Center, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Zhen-Min Zhong
- Multidisciplinary Research Center, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Hui-Qi Tan
- Multidisciplinary Research Center, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Hao-Peng Lin
- Multidisciplinary Research Center, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Shao-Jun Chen
- Multidisciplinary Research Center, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Yu-Cai Fu
- Laboratory of Cell Senescence, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Wen-Can Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Chi-Ju Wei
- Multidisciplinary Research Center, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
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Huan CC, Wang Y, Ni B, Wang R, Huang L, Ren XF, Tong GZ, Ding C, Fan HJ, Mao X. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus uses cell-surface heparan sulfate as an attachment factor. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1621-8. [PMID: 25896095 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that many viruses use heparan sulfate as the initial attachment factor. In the present study, we determined whether porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an emerging veterinary virus, infects Vero cells by attaching to heparan sulfate. Western blot analysis, real-time PCR, and plaque formation assay revealed that PEDV infection was inhibited when the virus was pretreated with heparin (an analogue of heparan sulfate). There was no inhibitory effect when the cells were pre-incubated with heparin. We next demonstrated that enzymatic removal of the highly sulfated domain of heparan sulfate by heparinase I treatment inhibited PEDV infection. We also confirmed that sodium chlorate, which interferes with heparan sulfate biosynthesis, also inhibited PEDV infection. Furthermore, we examined the effect of two heparin derivatives with different types of sulfation on PEDV infection. The data suggested de-N-sulfated heparin, but not N-acetyl-de-O-sulfated heparin, inhibits PEDV infection. In summary, our studies revealed that heparan sulfate acts as the attachment factor of PEDV in Vero cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-chao Huan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Nipah virus and Hendra virus are emerging, highly pathogenic, zoonotic paramyxoviruses that belong to the genus Henipavirus. They infect humans as well as numerous mammalian species. Both viruses use ephrin-B2 and -B3 as cell entry receptors, and following initial entry into an organism, they are capable of rapid spread throughout the host. We have previously reported that Nipah virus can use another attachment receptor, different from its entry receptors, to bind to nonpermissive circulating leukocytes, thereby promoting viral dissemination within the host. Here, this attachment molecule was identified as heparan sulfate for both Nipah virus and Hendra virus. Cells devoid of heparan sulfate were not able to mediate henipavirus trans-infection and showed reduced permissivity to infection. Virus pseudotyped with Nipah virus glycoproteins bound heparan sulfate and heparin but no other glycosaminoglycans in a surface plasmon resonance assay. Furthermore, heparin was able to inhibit the interaction of the viruses with the heparan sulfate and to block cell-mediated trans-infection of henipaviruses. Moreover, heparin was shown to bind to ephrin-B3 and to restrain infection of permissive cells in vitro. Consequently, treatment with heparin devoid of anticoagulant activity improved the survival of Nipah virus-infected hamsters. Altogether, these results reveal heparan sulfate as a new attachment receptor for henipaviruses and as a potential therapeutic target for the development of novel approaches against these highly lethal infections. IMPORTANCE The Henipavirus genus includes two closely related, highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses, Nipah virus and Hendra virus, which cause elevated morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. Pathogenesis of both Nipah virus and Hendra virus infection is poorly understood, and efficient antiviral treatment is still missing. Here, we identified heparan sulfate as a novel attachment receptor used by both viruses to bind host cells. We demonstrate that heparin was able to inhibit the interaction of the viruses with heparan sulfate and to block cell-mediated trans-infection of henipaviruses. Moreover, heparin also bound to the viral entry receptor and thereby restricted infection of permissive cells in vitro. Consequently, heparin treatment improved survival of Nipah virus-infected hamsters. These results uncover an important role of heparan sulfate in henipavirus infection and open novel perspectives for the development of heparan sulfate-targeting therapeutic approaches for these emerging infections.
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Derrick-Roberts AL, Pyragius CE, Kaidonis XM, Jackson MR, Anson DS, Byers S. Lentiviral-Mediated Gene Therapy Results in Sustained Expression of β-Glucuronidase for up to 12 Months in the Gusmps/mps and up to 18 Months in the Gustm(L175F)Sly Mouse Models of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:798-810. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ainslie L.K. Derrick-Roberts
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, South Australia Pathology (Children, Youth and Women's Health Service Site), Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Carmen E. Pyragius
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, South Australia Pathology (Children, Youth and Women's Health Service Site), Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
| | - Xenia M. Kaidonis
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, South Australia Pathology (Children, Youth and Women's Health Service Site), Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- Department of Genetics, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Matilda R. Jackson
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, South Australia Pathology (Children, Youth and Women's Health Service Site), Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- Department of Genetics, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Donald S. Anson
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, South Australia Pathology (Children, Youth and Women's Health Service Site), Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Sharon Byers
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, South Australia Pathology (Children, Youth and Women's Health Service Site), Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Department of Genetics, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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26
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Liu YM, Zhang WY, Wang ZF, Yan CY, Gao PJ. High expression of beta2-glycoprotein I is associated significantly with the earliest stages of hepatitis B virus infection. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1296-306. [PMID: 24760738 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2-GPI) binds to recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) and can bind specifically to annexin II, which is located on the cell membrane of human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells. Viral envelope proteins are essential for mediating cellular entry. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of beta2-GPI in the early stages of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Western blot and qRT-PCR analyses revealed that beta2-GPI expression was upregulated in HepG2.2.15 cells at both the mRNA and protein level and was almost non-existent in 293T and CHO cells. Furthermore, annexin II was expressed at lower levels in HepG2.2.15 cells compared to L02, HepG2, and SMMC-7721 cells. Additionally, ELISA analyses demonstrated that beta2-GPI enhanced the ability of HBsAg to bind to cell surfaces, and there was differential adhesion to L02, HepG2, HepG2.2.15, and 293T cells. Western blot and ELISA were then performed to assess the effects of HBV and the HBsAg domain on beta2-GPI expression in co-transfected 293T cells. This study revealed that HBV and the large HBV envelope protein increased beta2-GPI expression. Further investigation indicated that beta2-GPI colocalized with HBsAg in the cytosol of HepG2.2.15 cells, with sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) on the cell membrane in NTCP-complemented HepG2 cells, and with annexin II in the cytosol of HepG2 and HepG2.2.15 cells. These data suggest that high expression of beta2-GPI enhances HBsAg binding to cell surfaces, thus contributing to virus particle transfer to the NTCP receptor and interaction with annexin II for viral membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ming Liu
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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27
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Thomas AM, Shea LD. Polysaccharide-modified scaffolds for controlled lentivirus delivery in vitro and after spinal cord injury. J Control Release 2013; 170:421-9. [PMID: 23791981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivering biomaterials have increasingly been employed to modulate the cellular microenvironment to promote tissue regeneration, yet low transduction efficiency has been a persistent challenge for in vivo applications. In this report, we investigated the surface modification of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) scaffolds with polysaccharides, which have been implicated in binding lentivirus but have not been used for delivery. Chitosan was directly conjugated onto PLG scaffolds, whereas heparin and hyaluronan were indirectly conjugated onto PLG scaffolds with multi-amine crosslinkers. The addition of chitosan and heparin onto PLG promoted the association of lentivirus to these scaffolds and enhanced their transduction efficiency in vitro relative to hyaluronan-conjugated and control scaffolds that had limited lentivirus association and transduction. Transduction efficiency in vitro was increased partly due to an enhanced retention of virus on the scaffold as well as an extended half-life of viral activity. Transduction efficiency was also evaluated in vivo using porous, multiple channel PLG bridges that delivered lentivirus to the injured mouse spinal cord. Transgene expression persisted for weeks after implantation, and was able to enhance axon growth and myelination. These studies support gene-delivering PLG scaffolds for in vivo regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Microparticle-mediated transfer of the viral receptors CAR and CD46, and the CFTR channel in a CHO cell model confers new functions to target cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52326. [PMID: 23284987 PMCID: PMC3527531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell microparticles (MPs) released in the extracellular milieu can embark plasma membrane and intracellular components which are specific of their cellular origin, and transfer them to target cells. The MP-mediated, cell-to-cell transfer of three human membrane glycoproteins of different degrees of complexity was investigated in the present study, using a CHO cell model system. We first tested the delivery of CAR and CD46, two monospanins which act as adenovirus receptors, to target CHO cells. CHO cells lack CAR and CD46, high affinity receptors for human adenovirus serotype 5 (HAdV5), and serotype 35 (HAdV35), respectively. We found that MPs derived from CHO cells (MP-donor cells) constitutively expressing CAR (MP-CAR) or CD46 (MP-CD46) were able to transfer CAR and CD46 to target CHO cells, and conferred selective permissiveness to HAdV5 and HAdV35. In addition, target CHO cells incubated with MP-CD46 acquired the CD46-associated function in complement regulation. We also explored the MP-mediated delivery of a dodecaspanin membrane glycoprotein, the CFTR to target CHO cells. CFTR functions as a chloride channel in human cells and is implicated in the genetic disease cystic fibrosis. Target CHO cells incubated with MPs produced by CHO cells constitutively expressing GFP-tagged CFTR (MP-GFP-CFTR) were found to gain a new cellular function, the chloride channel activity associated to CFTR. Time-course analysis of the appearance of GFP-CFTR in target cells suggested that MPs could achieve the delivery of CFTR to target cells via two mechanisms: the transfer of mature, membrane-inserted CFTR glycoprotein, and the transfer of CFTR-encoding mRNA. These results confirmed that cell-derived MPs represent a new class of promising therapeutic vehicles for the delivery of bioactive macromolecules, proteins or mRNAs, the latter exerting the desired therapeutic effect in target cells via de novo synthesis of their encoded proteins.
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Singarapu K, Pal I, Ramsey JD. Polyethylene glycol–grafted polyethylenimine used to enhance adenovirus gene delivery. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:1857-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Singarapu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Ivy Pal
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Joshua D. Ramsey
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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30
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Tiwari V, Maus E, Sigar IM, Ramsey KH, Shukla D. Role of heparan sulfate in sexually transmitted infections. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1402-12. [PMID: 22773448 PMCID: PMC3481906 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate (HS), a polysaccharide composed of alternating uronic acid and glucosamine residues, represents a common link that many sexually transmitted infections (STIs) require for infection. Variable modifications within the monomeric units of HS chains together with their unique structural conformations generate heterogeneity, which expands the ability of HS to bind a diverse array of host and microbial proteins. Recent advances made in the field of glycobiology have critically enhanced our understanding of HS and its interactions with microbes and their significance in important human diseases. The role of HS has been elaborated for several STIs to include those caused by herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, and Chlamydia. In addition, gonorrhea, syphilis, and yeast infections are also dependent on the presence of HS on human target cells. Critical steps such as pathogen adhesion or binding to host cells followed by internalization to enhance intracellular survival and possible spread to other cells are mediated by HS. In addition, HS guided cell signaling plays a role in the development of angiogenesis and inflammation associated with many STIs. Past and ongoing investigations are providing new push for the development of HS-mimetics and analogs as novel prevention strategies against many different STIs. This review article summarizes the significance of HS in STIs and describes how emerging new products that target HS can be used to control the spread of STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
| | - Erika Maus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Ira M Sigar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Kyle H Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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31
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Enterovirus 71 uses cell surface heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan as an attachment receptor. J Virol 2012; 87:611-20. [PMID: 23097443 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02226-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) infections are usually associated with mild hand, foot, and mouth disease in young children but have been reported to cause severe neurological complications with high mortality rates. To date, four EV-71 receptors have been identified, but inhibition of these receptors by antagonists did not completely abolish EV-71 infection, implying that there is an as yet undiscovered receptor(s). Since EV-71 has a wide range of tissue tropisms, we hypothesize that EV-71 infections may be facilitated by using receptors that are widely expressed in all cell types, such as heparan sulfate. In this study, heparin, polysulfated dextran sulfate, and suramin were found to significantly prevent EV-71 infection. Heparin inhibited infection by all the EV-71 strains tested, including those with a single-passage history. Neutralization of the cell surface anionic charge by polycationic poly-d-lysine and blockage of heparan sulfate by an anti-heparan sulfate peptide also inhibited EV-71 infection. Interference with heparan sulfate biosynthesis either by sodium chlorate treatment or through transient knockdown of N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 and exostosin-1 expression reduced EV-71 infection in RD cells. Enzymatic removal of cell surface heparan sulfate by heparinase I/II/III inhibited EV-71 infection. Furthermore, the level of EV-71 attachment to CHO cell lines that are variably deficient in cell surface glycosaminoglycans was significantly lower than that to wild-type CHO cells. Direct binding of EV-71 particles to heparin-Sepharose columns under physiological salt conditions was demonstrated. We conclude that EV-71 infection requires initial binding to heparan sulfate as an attachment receptor.
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Ahn HC, Kim NY, Hur GH, Yang JM, Shin S. Role of chondroitin sulfate C in the action of anthrax toxin. Toxicology 2012; 297:10-6. [PMID: 22503668 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax toxin is produced by Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, and is responsible for the majority of disease symptoms. The toxin consists of 3 proteins, protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF), which combine to form lethal and edema toxin. Glycosaminoglycans, which are present on the surface of cells, were investigated with regard to their role in toxicity resulting from anthrax toxin exposure. Lethal toxin-induced cytotoxicity of the RAW 264.7 cells was significantly inhibited by the addition of chondroitin sulfate C as determined by the MTT assay. By contrast, several other glycosaminoglycans, including heparin, heparan sulfate, and dermatan sulfate did not show significant levels of inhibition. Studies utilizing fluorescence-labeled PA demonstrated decreased PA binding to RAW 264.7 cells with the addition of chondroitin sulfate C. Formation of PA oligomers at the surface of cells after binding was also inhibited by chondroitin sulfate C. Interestingly, enzymatic degradation of endogenous chondroitin sulfate C from the cell surface with chondroitinase ABC was accompanied by increased sensitivity to the toxin. These findings were further confirmed by pretreating cells with sodium chlorate to reduce the degree of cell surface glycosaminoglycans sulfation. In addition, chondroitin sulfate C effectively inhibits edema toxin-induced cAMP accumulation in cells. Our results indicate that chondroitin sulfate C may play an important role in the toxicity of anthrax toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Chan Ahn
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Shinsu-Dong, Mapo, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea
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O-sulfate groups of heparin are critical for inhibition of ecotropic murine leukemia virus infection by heparin. Virology 2012; 424:56-66. [PMID: 22226323 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that soluble glycosaminoglycans such as heparin can interfere with the infectivity of various viruses, including ecotropic murine leukemia viruses (MLVs). The ecotropic MLV, Friend MLV (F-MLV) and the neuropathogenic variants A8 MLV and PVC-211 MLV, were susceptible to heparin-mediated inhibition of infection of NIH 3T3 cells. To investigate the interaction between the envelope glycoprotein (Env) of MLV and heparin, we prepared vesicular stomatitis virus-based pseudotyped viruses carrying the Env of F-, A8, or PVC-211 MLVs. Surface plasmon resonance analyses indicated that the Env of A8 and PVC-211 MLVs had a higher binding activity to heparin than that of F-MLV. We examined the influence of N- or O-sulfation of heparin on binding activity to Env and on the inhibition of the infectivity of MLV and pseudotyped viruses carrying Env. This analysis indicated that the O-sulfate groups of heparin play a major role in determining Env-dependent inhibitory effects.
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White E, Bienemann A, Megraw L, Bunnun C, Wyatt M, Taylor H, Gill S. Distribution properties of lentiviral vectors administered into the striatum by convection-enhanced delivery. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 23:115-27. [PMID: 21793715 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Before the successful use of lentiviral vectors in clinical trials it is essential that strategies for direct vector delivery into the brain be evaluated in vivo, particularly as these vectors are significantly larger than the brain extracellular space. To date no such studies have been undertaken. In this study, convection-enhanced delivery (CED) was employed in an attempt to achieve widespread lentiviral delivery in the striatum. Infusions of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and HIV vector constructs expressing the reporter gene β-galactosidase (β-Gal) were undertaken into the striatum at a range of flow rates and viral titers. In rats, all EIAV and HIV infusions led to the extensive transduction of cells in perivascular spaces throughout the brain. Although infusions were performed under standardized conditions, the number and volume of distribution of transduced cells were highly variable, with approximately one-third of EIAV infusions leading to no concentrated cell transduction in the striatum. Heparin coinfusion had no effect on EIAV distribution, although coinfusion of nimodipine resulted in a significant reduction in the number and volume of distribution of transduced cells. Intrastriatal EIAV delivery in pigs led to extensive transduction of mainly neurons, which could be effectively visualized in real time by T(2)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. No infusions were associated with a significant inflammatory response. Therefore, despite its large size, lentiviral vectors can be administered by CED to the striatum in both small and large animal models. However, the variability in vector distribution under standardized conditions and widespread vector distribution through the perivascular spaces raise serious concerns regarding the practicality of lentivirus-mediated gene therapy in the brain in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward White
- Department of Neurosurgery, Frenchay Hospital , Bristol BS16 1LE, United Kingdom
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35
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Liu M, Eiden MV. The receptors for gibbon ape leukemia virus and amphotropic murine leukemia virus are not downregulated in productively infected cells. Retrovirology 2011; 8:53. [PMID: 21729311 PMCID: PMC3136417 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last several decades it has been noted, using a variety of different methods, that cells infected by a specific gammaretrovirus are resistant to infection by other retroviruses that employ the same receptor; a phenomenon termed receptor interference. Receptor masking is thought to provide an earlier means of blocking superinfection, whereas receptor down regulation is generally considered to occur in chronically infected cells. Results We used replication-competent GFP-expressing viruses containing either an amphotropic murine leukemia virus (A-MLV) or the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) envelope. We also constructed similar viruses containing fluorescence-labeled Gag proteins for the detection of viral particles. Using this repertoire of reagents together with a wide range of antibodies, we were able to determine the presence and availability of viral receptors, and detect viral envelope proteins and particles presence on the cell surface of chronically infected cells. Conclusions A-MLV or GALV receptors remain on the surface of chronically infected cells and are detectable by respective antibodies, indicating that these receptors are not downregulated in these infected cells as previously proposed. We were also able to detect viral envelope proteins on the infected cell surface and infected cells are unable to bind soluble A-MLV or GALV envelopes indicating that receptor binding sites are masked by endogenously expressed A-MLV or GALV viral envelope. However, receptor masking does not completely prevent A-MLV or GALV superinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Liu
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Rapista A, Ding J, Benito B, Lo YT, Neiditch MB, Lu W, Chang TL. Human defensins 5 and 6 enhance HIV-1 infectivity through promoting HIV attachment. Retrovirology 2011; 8:45. [PMID: 21672195 PMCID: PMC3146398 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Concurrent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) increase the likelihood of HIV transmission. The levels of defensins are frequently elevated in genital fluids from individuals with STIs. We have previously shown that human defensins 5 and 6 (HD5 and HD6) promote HIV entry and contribute to Neisseria gonorrhoeae-mediated enhancement of HIV infectivity in vitro. In this study, we dissect the molecular mechanism of the HIV enhancing effect of defensins. Results HD5 and HD6 primarily acted on the virion to promote HIV infection. Both HD5 and HD6 antagonized the anti-HIV activities of inhibitors of HIV entry (TAK 779) and fusion (T-20) when the inhibitors were present only during viral attachment; however, when these inhibitors were added back during viral infection they overrode the HIV enhancing effect of defensins. HD5 and HD6 enhanced HIV infectivity by promoting HIV attachment to target cells. Studies using fluorescent HIV containing Vpr-GFP indicated that these defensins enhanced HIV attachment by concentrating virus particles on the target cells. HD5 and HD6 blocked anti-HIV activities of soluble glycosaminoglycans including heparin, chondroitin sulfate, and dextran sulfate. However, heparin, at a high concentration, diminished the HIV enhancing effect of HD5, but not HD6. Additionally, the degree of the HIV enhancing effect of HD5, but not HD6, was increased in heparinase-treated cells. These results suggest that HD5 and haparin/heparan sulfate compete for binding to HIV. Conclusions HD5 and HD6 increased HIV infectivity by concentrating virus on the target cells. These defensins may have a negative effect on the efficacy of microbicides, especially in the setting of STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aprille Rapista
- Public Health Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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O'Neill LS, Skinner AM, Woodward JA, Kurre P. Entry kinetics and cell-cell transmission of surface-bound retroviral vector particles. J Gene Med 2011; 12:463-76. [PMID: 20440757 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transduction with recombinant HIV-1 derived lentivirus vectors is a multi-step process initiated by surface attachment and subsequent receptor-directed uptake into the target cell. We previously reported the retention of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein pseudotyped particles on murine progenitor cells and their delayed cell-cell transfer. METHODS To examine the underlying mechanism in more detail, we used a combination of approaches focused on investigating the role of receptor-independent factors in modulating attachment. RESULTS The investigation of synchronized transduction reveals cell-type specific rates of vector particle clearance with substantial delays during particle entry into murine hematopoietic progenitor cells. The observed uptake kinetics from the surface of the 1 degrees cell correlate inversely with the magnitude of transfer to 2 degrees targets, corresponding with our initial observation of preferential cell-cell transfer in the context of brief vector exposures. We further demonstrate that vector particle entry into cells is associated with the cell-type specific abundance of extracellular matrix fibronectin. Residual particle-extracellular fibronectin matrix binding and 2 degrees transfer can be competitively disrupted by heparin exposure without affecting murine progenitor homing and repopulation. CONCLUSIONS Although cellular attachment factors, including fibronectin, aid gene transfer by colocalizing particles to cells and disfavoring early dissociation from targets, they also appear to stabilize particles on the cell surface. The present study highlights the inadvertent consequences for cell entry and cell-cell transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S O'Neill
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Abstract
Enveloped viruses penetrate their cell targets following the merging of their membrane with that of the cell. This fusion process is catalyzed by one or several viral glycoproteins incorporated on the membrane of the virus. These envelope glycoproteins (EnvGP) evolved in order to combine two features. First, they acquired a domain to bind to a specific cellular protein, named "receptor." Second, they developed, with the help of cellular proteins, a function of finely controlled fusion to optimize the replication and preserve the integrity of the cell, specific to the genus of the virus. Following the activation of the EnvGP either by binding to their receptors and/or sometimes the acid pH of the endosomes, many changes of conformation permit ultimately the action of a specific hydrophobic domain, the fusion peptide, which destabilizes the cell membrane and leads to the opening of the lipidic membrane. The comprehension of these mechanisms is essential to develop medicines of the therapeutic class of entry inhibitor like enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this chapter, we will summarize the different envelope glycoprotein structures that viruses develop to achieve membrane fusion and the entry of the virus. We will describe the different entry pathways and cellular proteins that viruses have subverted to allow infection of the cell and the receptors that are used. Finally, we will illustrate more precisely the recent discoveries that have been made within the field of the entry process, with a focus on the use of pseudoparticles. These pseudoparticles are suitable for high-throughput screenings that help in the development of natural or artificial inhibitors as new therapeutics of the class of entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Loic Cosset
- Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon1, IFR128, Lyon, France,INSERM, U758, Lyon, France,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Dimitri Lavillette
- Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon1, IFR128, Lyon, France,INSERM, U758, Lyon, France,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Uchida N, Washington KN, Lap CJ, Hsieh MM, Tisdale JF. Chicken HS4 insulators have minimal barrier function among progeny of human hematopoietic cells transduced with an HIV1-based lentiviral vector. Mol Ther 2010; 19:133-9. [PMID: 20940706 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Position effects limit the curative potential of gene transfer strategies for the hemoglobinopathies by inducing clonal variability of transgene expression. We evaluated the mitigating effects of the chicken hypersensitivity site 4 (HS4) insulator among lentiviral vector-transduced human hematopoietic cells. We constructed various lentiviral vectors using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter under the control of a reverse-oriented murine stem cell virus (MSCV)-long-term repeat (LTR) promoter or a reverse-oriented β-globin expression cassette. A full-length HS4, a tandem HS4 core, and a single core insulator were inserted into the 3' LTR in both forward and reverse orientation. All but the reverse single core insulator significantly decreased titers. All reduced %GFP without increasing mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) among erythroid progeny of transduced human CD34(+) cells. A lower coefficient of variation (CV) was observed only among progeny of the full-length vector-transduced cells, yet a fivefold reduction in transduction efficiency was observed. In xenografted mice, the single core insulator decreased both the %GFP and the MFI at 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation with no difference in CVs. These data demonstrate that the inclusion of HS4 insulator elements lowers viral titers, reduces efficiency of transduction, and produces minimal effects on transgene expression among human hematopoietic cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Uchida
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Impact of lentiviral vector-mediated transduction on the tightness of a polarized model of airway epithelium and effect of cationic polymer polyethylenimine. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:103976. [PMID: 20617131 PMCID: PMC2896616 DOI: 10.1155/2010/103976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral (LV) vectors are promising agents for efficient and long-lasting gene transfer into the lung and for gene therapy of genetically determined pulmonary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, however, they have not been evaluated for cytotoxicity and impact on the tightness of the airway epithelium. In this study, we evaluated the transduction efficiency of a last-generation LV vector bearing Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) gene as well as cytotoxicity and tight junction (TJ) integrity in a polarized model of airway epithelial cells. High multiplicities of infection (MOI) showed to be cytotoxic, as assessed by increase in propidium iodide staining and decrease in cell viability, and harmful for the epithelial tightness, as demonstrated by the decrease of transepithelial resistance (TER) and delocalization of occludin from the TJs. To increase LV efficiency at low LV:cell ratio, we employed noncovalent association with the polycation branched 25 kDa polyethylenimine (PEI). Transduction of cells with PEI/LV particles resulted in 2.5–3.6-fold increase of percentage of GFP-positive cells only at the highest PEI:LV ratios (1×107 PEI molecules/transducing units with 50 MOI LV) as compared to plain LV. At this dose PEI/LV transduction resulted in 6.5 ± 2.4% of propidium iodide-positive cells. On the other hand, PEI/LV particles did not determine any alteration of TER and occludin localization. We conclude that PEI may be useful for improving the efficiency of gene transfer mediated by LV vectors in airway epithelial cells, in the absence of high acute cytotoxicity and alteration in epithelial tightness.
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Directional spread of surface-associated retroviruses regulated by differential virus-cell interactions. J Virol 2010; 84:3248-58. [PMID: 20089647 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02155-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of viral infections involves the directional progression of virus particles from infected cells to uninfected target cells. Prior to entry, the binding of virus particles to specific cell surface receptors can trigger virus surfing, an actin-dependent lateral transport of viruses toward the cell body (M. J. Lehmann et al., J. Cell Biol. 170:317-325, 2005; M. Schelhaas, et al., PLoS Pathog. 4:e1000148, 2008; J. L. Smith, D. S. Lidke, and M. A. Ozbun, Virology 381:16-21, 2008). Here, we have used live-cell imaging to demonstrate that for cells chronically infected with the gammaretrovirus murine leukemia virus in which receptor has been downregulated, a significant portion of completely assembled virus particles are not immediately released into the supernatant but retain long-term association with the cell surface. Retention can be attributed, at least in part, to nonspecific particle attachment to cell surface glycosylaminoglycans. In contrast to virus surfing, viruses retained at the surface of infected cells undergo a lateral motility that is random and actin independent. This diffusive motility can be abruptly halted and converted into inward surfing after treatment with Polybrene, a soluble cation that increases virus-cell adsorption. In the absence of Polybrene, particle diffusion allows for an outward flow of viruses to the infected cell periphery. Peripheral particles are readily captured by and transmitted to neighboring uninfected target cells in a directional fashion. These data demonstrate a surface-based mechanism for the directional spread of viruses regulated by differential virus-cell interactions.
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Copreni E, Nicolis E, Tamanini A, Bezzerri V, Castellani S, Palmieri L, Giri MG, Vella A, Colombatti M, Rizzotti P, Conese M, Cabrini G. Late generation lentiviral vectors: Evaluation of inflammatory potential in human airway epithelial cells. Virus Res 2009; 144:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fadnes B, Rekdal O, Uhlin-Hansen L. The anticancer activity of lytic peptides is inhibited by heparan sulfate on the surface of the tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:183. [PMID: 19527490 PMCID: PMC2703650 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs) with antitumor activity constitute a promising group of novel anticancer agents. These peptides induce lysis of cancer cells through interactions with the plasma membrane. It is not known which cancer cell membrane components influence their susceptibility to CAPs. We have previously shown that CAPs interact with the two glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), which are present on the surface of most cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the two GAGs in the cytotoxic activity of CAPs. METHODS Various cell lines, expressing different levels of cell surface GAGs, were exposed to bovine lactoferricin (LfcinB) and the designer peptide, KW5. The cytotoxic effect of the peptides was investigated by use of the colorimetric MTT viability assay. The cytotoxic effect on wild type CHO cells, expressing normal amounts of GAGs on the cell surface, and the mutant pgsA-745, that has no expression of GAGs on the cell surface, was also investigated. RESULTS We show that cells not expressing HS were more susceptible to CAPs than cells expressing HS at the cell surface. Further, exogenously added heparin inhibited the cytotoxic effect of the peptides. Chondroitin sulfate had no effect on the cytotoxic activity of KW5 and only minor effects on LfcinB cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION Our results show for the first time that negatively charged molecules at the surface of cancer cells inhibit the cytotoxic activity of CAPs. Our results indicate that HS at the surface of cancer cells sequesters CAPs away from the phospholipid bilayer and thereby impede their ability to induce cytolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Fadnes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
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Copreni E, Castellani S, Palmieri L, Penzo M, Conese M. Involvement of glycosaminoglycans in vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein pseudotyped lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer into airway epithelial cells. J Gene Med 2009; 10:1294-302. [PMID: 18816484 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of surface molecules in HIV-1-derived lentivirus (LV)-mediated transduction of airway epithelial cells has not been studied so far. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in gene transfer mediated by a third generation vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G) pseudotyped LV vector in an in vitro model of polarized airway epithelial cells. METHODS Human bronchial (16HBE-S1) and tracheal (CFT1-C2) epithelial cells were grown either on plastic or on filters and transduced with the LV vector polypurine tract (PPT)-green fluoresecent protein (GFP). Zonula Occludens (ZO)-1, a marker of tight junction, and GAG localization were assessed by cytofluorimetry and confocal microscopy. Soluble GAGs and removal of cell surface GAGs were used to affect LV-mediated transduction. RESULTS Extensive optimization of experimental parameters (presence of polybrene during the infection, the incubation time in the presence of LV particles, period of time intercurring between infection and gene expression analysis) was carried out in plastic-adherent cells. Polybrene resulted to be cytotoxic and was not further used. In CFT1-C2 polarized cells, EGTA treatment determined a 20% decrease in transepithelial resistance, a diminished ZO-1 localization at the tight junction location and a 31% increase in GFP positive cells. Heparane sulfate was distributed evenly on the cell surface. Heparin and soluble chondroitin sulfate A and B inhibited LV-mediated transduction in a dose-dependent fashion. These results were confirmed upon enzymatic removal of GAGs from the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results show that GAGs are involved in VSV-G LV transduction of airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Copreni
- Institute for Experimental Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis, HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Henry SD, van der Wegen P, Metselaar HJ, Scholte BJ, Tilanus HW, van der Laan LJW. Hydroxyethyl starch-based preservation solutions enhance gene therapy vector delivery under hypothermic conditions. Liver Transpl 2008; 14:1708-17. [PMID: 19025921 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Isolated liver perfusion offers a unique prospect for safe, effective targeting of gene therapies that can be directed against allograft rejection or recurrent diseases such as reinfection by hepatitis C virus (HCV). We aimed to examine the effect of organ preservation solutions on vector-based gene therapy delivery under hypothermic conditions. University of Wisconsin (UW) solution, histidine tryptophan ketoglutarate (HTK), EloHaes, sodium-poly(ethylene glycol)-UW solution [Institut Georges Lopez 1 solution (IGL-1)], and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) culture medium (control) were tested at 2 degrees C or 37 degrees C for lentiviral vector transduction efficiencies to the hepatoma cell line Huh-7 and primary human or mouse hepatocytes. Lentiviral vectors expressing short hairpin RNA were used to target HCV replication. With a potent short hairpin RNA vector, transductions were directly correlated to the therapeutic effect, with low transduction yielding low knockdown and vice versa. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene expression was observed with vector incubation times as short as 10 minutes. The highest transductions were seen, after 2-hour 37 degrees C incubation, in UW (62% +/- 6 SEM); they were significantly higher than those in HTK (21% +/- 7 SEM). Neither adenosine nor glutathione, present in UW, provided any increase in transduction when supplemented to HTK, although the addition of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) significantly improved transductions. To rule out size exclusion as a mechanism of HES, IGL-1 was tested but did not result in better transductions than HTK or DMEM. When supplemented to UW, anionic compounds reduced transduction, and this indicated a charge interaction mechanism of HES. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that effective vector delivery can be achieved under conditions of hypothermic liver perfusion. UW provides superior transduction to hepatocytes over nonstarch solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scot D Henry
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University, Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Vacharaksa A, Asrani AC, Gebhard KH, Fasching CE, Giacaman RA, Janoff EN, Ross KF, Herzberg MC. Oral keratinocytes support non-replicative infection and transfer of harbored HIV-1 to permissive cells. Retrovirology 2008; 5:66. [PMID: 18637194 PMCID: PMC2491655 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral keratinocytes on the mucosal surface are frequently exposed to HIV-1 through contact with infected sexual partners or nursing mothers. To determine the plausibility that oral keratinocytes are primary targets of HIV-1, we tested the hypothesis that HIV-1 infects oral keratinocytes in a restricted manner. Results To study the fate of HIV-1, immortalized oral keratinocytes (OKF6/TERT-2; TERT-2 cells) were characterized for the fate of HIV-specific RNA and DNA. At 6 h post inoculation with X4 or R5-tropic HIV-1, HIV-1gag RNA was detected maximally within TERT-2 cells. Reverse transcriptase activity in TERT-2 cells was confirmed by VSV-G-mediated infection with HIV-NL4-3Δenv-EGFP. AZT inhibited EGFP expression in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that viral replication can be supported if receptors are bypassed. Within 3 h post inoculation, integrated HIV-1 DNA was detected in TERT-2 cell nuclei and persisted after subculture. Multiply spliced and unspliced HIV-1 mRNAs were not detectable up to 72 h post inoculation, suggesting that HIV replication may abort and that infection is non-productive. Within 48 h post inoculation, however, virus harbored by CD4 negative TERT-2 cells trans infected co-cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or MOLT4 cells (CD4+ CCR5+) by direct cell-to-cell transfer or by releasing low levels of infectious virions. Primary tonsil epithelial cells also trans infected HIV-1 to permissive cells in a donor-specific manner. Conclusion Oral keratinocytes appear, therefore, to support stable non-replicative integration, while harboring and transmitting infectious X4- or R5-tropic HIV-1 to permissive cells for up to 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjalee Vacharaksa
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Kwon YJ, Peng CA. Differential interaction of retroviral vector with target cell: quantitative effect of cellular receptor, soluble proteoglycan, and cell type on gene delivery efficiency. Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14:1497-506. [PMID: 18620488 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral vectors are powerful tools for gene therapy and stem cell engineering. To improve efficiency of retroviral gene delivery, quantitative understanding of interactions of a retroviral vector and a cell is crucial. Effects of nonspecific adsorption of retrovirus on a cell via proteoglycans and receptor-mediated binding of retrovirus to a cell on overall transduction efficiency were quantified by combining a mathematical model and experimental data. Results represented by transduction rate constant, a lumped parameter of overall transduction efficiency, delineated that chondroitin sulfate C (CSC) plays dual roles as either enhancer or inhibitor of retroviral transduction, depending on its concentrations in the retroviral supernatant. At the concentration of 20 microg/mL, CSC enhanced the transduction efficiency up to threefold but inhibited more than sevenfold at the concentration of 100 microg/mL. Transduction rate constants for amphotropic retroviral infection of NIH 3T3 cells under phosphate-depleted culture condition showed a proportional relationship between cellular receptor density on a cell and transduction efficiency. It was finally shown that amphotropic retrovirus transduced human fibroblast HT1080 cells more efficiently than NIH 3T3 cells. On the contrary, the transduction efficiency of NIH 3T3 cells by vesicular stomatitis virus G protein pseudotyped retroviruses was eightfold higher than that of HT1080 cells. This study implies usefulness of using quantitative analysis of retroviral transduction in understanding and optimizing retroviral gene delivery systems for therapeutic approaches to tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 92697, USA.
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Segura MDLM, Kamen A, Lavoie MC, Garnier A. Exploiting heparin-binding properties of MoMLV-based retroviral vectors for affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 846:124-31. [PMID: 16971193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromatography is deemed the most promising technology for large-scale purification of viral vectors. The authors have previously shown that heparin affinity chromatography could be successfully employed for the purification of VSV-G pseudotyped Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV)-derived vectors giving excellent results in terms of recovery of active particles, reproducibility and selectivity. In this study, the authors examined whether the ability of retrovirus particles to specifically bind to heparin ligands is restricted to VSV-G pseudotypes produced by 293-based packaging cells. It is shown that VSV-G deficient retrovirus particles are captured by a heparin chromatography column as efficiently as VSV-G containing particles. Most strikingly, RD114 pseudotyped retrovirus particles derived from a HT1080-based cell line were found to bind heparin with the same affinity as 293-derived VSV-G pseudotypes. RD114 pseudotyped retrovirus particles were successfully isolated using heparin affinity chromatography obtaining good recoveries of functional particles (43%). These results indicate that heparin affinity chromatography can be extended to the purification of retroviral vectors produced by different packaging cell lines independently of the Env-protein used for pseudotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de las Mercedes Segura
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre de Recherche sur la Fonction, la Structure et l'Ingénierie des Protéines, Université Laval, Que., Canada G1K 7P4
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Farley DC, Iqball S, Smith JC, Miskin JE, Kingsman SM, Mitrophanous KA. Factors that influence VSV-G pseudotyping and transduction efficiency of lentiviral vectors—in vitro andin vivo implications. J Gene Med 2007; 9:345-56. [PMID: 17366519 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudotyping viral vectors with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) enables the transduction of an extensive range of cell types from different species. We have discovered two important parameters of the VSV-G-pseudotyping phenomenon that relate directly to the transduction potential of lentiviral vectors: (1) the glycosylation status of VSV-G, and (2) the quantity of glycoprotein associated with virions. We measured production-cell and virion-associated quantities of two isoform variants of VSV-G, which differ in their glycosylation status, VSV-G1 and VSV-G2, and assessed the impact of this difference on the efficiency of mammalian cell transduction by lentiviral vectors. The glycosylation of VSV-G at N336 allowed greater maximal expression of VSV-G in HEK293T cells, thus facilitating vector pseudotyping. The transduction of primate cell lines was substantially affected (up to 50-fold) by the degree of VSV-G1 or VSV-G2 incorporation, whereas other cell lines, such as D17 (canine), were less sensitive to virion-associated VSV-G1/2 quantities. These data indicate that the minimum required concentration of virion-associated VSV-G differs substantially between cell species/types. The implications of these data with regard to VSV-G-pseudotyped vector production, titration, and use in host-cell restriction studies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Farley
- Oxford BioMedica Ltd., The Medawar Centre, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, UK.
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Rodrigues T, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM, Cruz PE. Purification of retroviral vectors for clinical application: Biological implications and technological challenges. J Biotechnol 2007; 127:520-41. [PMID: 16950534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For centuries mankind led a difficult battle against viruses, the smallest infectious agents at the surface of the earth. Nowadays it is possible to use viruses for our benefit, both at a prophylactic level in the production of vaccines and at a therapeutic level in the promising field of gene therapy. Retroviruses were discovered at the end of the 19th century and constitute one of the most effective entities for gene transfer and insertion into the genome of mammalian cells. This attractive feature has intensified research in retroviral vectors development and production over the past years, mainly due to the expectations raised by the concept of gene therapy. The demand for high quality retroviral vectors that meet standard requisites from the regulatory agencies (FDA and EMEA) is therefore increasing, as the technology has moved into clinical trials. The development of safer producer cell lines that can be used in large-scale production will result in the production of large quantities of retroviral stocks. Cost-efficient and scalable purification processes are essential for production of injectable-grade preparations to achieve final implementation of these vectors as therapeutics. Several preparative purification steps already established for proteins can certainly be applied to retroviral vectors, in particular membrane filtration and chromatographic methods. Nevertheless, the special properties of these complex products require technological improvement of the existing purification steps and/or development of particular purification steps to increase productivity and throughput, while maintaining biological activity of the final product. This review focuses on downstream process development in relation to the retroviral vectors characteristics and quality assessment of retroviral stocks for intended use in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rodrigues
- IBET/ITQB, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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