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Soares GB, Adriano EA, Domingues MV, Rodríguez-González A, Balbuena JA. Evolutionary morphology of haptoral anchors in monogenoids (Dactylogyridae) of marine catfish (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from the Atlantic coast of South America. Parasitology 2024; 151:390-399. [PMID: 38389483 PMCID: PMC11044069 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Exploring the phylogenetic signal of morphological traits using geometric morphometry represents a powerful approach to assess the relative weights of convergence and shared evolutionary history in shaping species' forms. We evaluated the phylogenetic signal in shape and size of ventral and dorsal haptoral anchors of 10 species of monogenoids (Hamatopeduncularia, Chauhanellus and Susanlimocotyle) occurring in marine catfish (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from the Atlantic coast of South America. The phylogenetic relationships among these species were mapped onto the morphospaces of shape and size of dorsal and ventral anchors. Two different tests (squared change-parsimony and Kmult) were applied to establish whether the spatial positions in the phylomorphospace were influenced by phylogenetic relationships. A significant phylogenetic signal was found between anchor form and parasite phylogeny. Allometric effects on anchor shape were non-significant. Phylogenetically distant species on the same host differed markedly in anchor morphology, suggesting little influence of host species on anchor form. A significantly higher level of shape variation among ventral anchors was also found, suggesting that the evolutionary forces shaping ventral anchor morphology may operate with differing intensities or exhibit distinct mechanisms compared to their dorsal counterparts. Our results suggest that phylogenetic relationships were a key driver of changes in shape (but not size) of anchors of monogenoids of South American ariids. However, it seems that the emergence of the digitiform haptor in Hamatopenducularia and in some species of Chauhanellus played an important role in the reduction in anchor size and may cause secondary losses of anchors in other groups of monogenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geusivam Barbosa Soares
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Aparecido Adriano
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Abril Rodríguez-González
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto de Biología, Laboratorio de Helmintología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Antonio Balbuena
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Pohl KM, Bischoff-Grethe A, Stoner SA, Moore EM, Riley EP. Brain Volume in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Over a 20-Year Span. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2343618. [PMID: 37976065 PMCID: PMC10656646 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.43618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Anomalous brain development and mental health problems are prevalent in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), but there is a paucity of longitudinal brain imaging research into adulthood. This study presents long-term follow-up of brain volumetrics in a cohort of participants with FASD. Objective To test whether brain tissue declines faster with aging in individuals with FASD compared with control participants. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data collected from individuals with FASD and control individuals (age 13-37 years at first magnetic resonance imaging [MRI1] acquired 1997-2000) compared with data collected 20 years later (MRI2; 2018-2021). Participants were recruited for MRI1 through the University of Washington Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Follow-Up Study. For MRI2, former participants were recruited by the University of Washington Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit. Data were analyzed from October 2022 to August 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures Intracranial volume (ICV) and regional cortical and cerebellar gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid volumes were quantified automatically and analyzed, with group and sex as between-participant factors and age as a within-participant variable. Results Of 174 individuals with MRI1 data, 48 refused participation, 36 were unavailable, and 24 could not be located. The remaining 66 individuals (37.9%) were rescanned for MRI2, including 26 controls, 18 individuals with nondysmorphic heavily exposed fetal alcohol effects (FAE; diagnosed prior to MRI1), and 22 individuals with FAS. Mean (SD) age was 22.9 (5.6) years at MRI1 and 44.7 (6.5) years at MRI2, and 35 participants (53%) were male. The FAE and FAS groups exhibited enduring stepped volume deficits at MRI1 and MRI2; volumes among control participants were greater than among participants with FAE, which were greater than volumes among participants with FAS (eg, mean [SD] ICV: control, 1462.3 [119.3] cc at MRI1 and 1465.4 [129.4] cc at MRI2; FAE, 1375.6 [134.1] cc at MRI1 and 1371.7 [120.3] cc at MRI2; FAS, 1297.3 [163.0] cc at MRI1 and 1292.7 [172.1] cc at MRI2), without diagnosis-by-age interactions. Despite these persistent volume deficits, the FAE participants and FAS participants showed patterns of neurodevelopment within reference ranges: increase in white matter and decrease in gray matter of the cortex and decrease in white matter and increase in gray matter of the cerebellum. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this cohort study support a nonaccelerating enduring, brain structural dysmorphic spectrum following prenatal alcohol exposure and a diagnostic distinction based on the degree of dysmorphia. FASD was not a progressive brain structural disorder by middle age, but whether accelerated decline occurs in later years remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Edith V. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kilian M. Pohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Susan A. Stoner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Eileen M. Moore
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Edward P. Riley
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
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Jeffery N, Manson A. Postnatal growth and spatial conformity of the cranium, brain, eyeballs and masseter muscles in the macaque (Macaca mulatta). J Anat 2023; 243:590-604. [PMID: 37300248 PMCID: PMC10485578 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial growth constraints in the head region can lead to coordinated patterns of morphological variation that pleiotropically modify genetically defined phenotypes as the tissues compete for space. Here we test for such architectural modifications during rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) postnatal ontogeny. We captured cranium and brain shape from 153 MRI datasets spanning 13 to 1090 postnatal days and tested for patterns of covariation with measurements of relative brain, eyeball, and masseter muscle size as well as callosal tract length. We find that the shape of the infant (<365 days) macaque cranium was most closely aligned to masseter muscle and brain size measured relative to face size. Infant brain and juvenile (365-1090 days) cranium shape were more closely linked with brain size relative to basicranium and face size. Meanwhile, the juvenile macaque brain shape was dominated by the size of the brain relative to that of the basicranium. Associations with relative eyeball size and commissural tract lengths were weaker. Our results are consistent with a spatial-packing regime operating during postnatal macaque ontogeny, in which relative growth of the masseter, face and basicranium have a greater influence than brain growth on the overall shape of the cranium and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Jeffery
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS) and Human Anatomy Resource Centre (HARC), Education Directorate, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amy Manson
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS) and Human Anatomy Resource Centre (HARC), Education Directorate, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Shi R, Xiang S, Jia T, Robbins TW, Kang J, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Brühl R, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Vaidya N, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Lin X, Sahakian BJ, Feng J. Structural neurodevelopment at the individual level - a life-course investigation using ABCD, IMAGEN and UK Biobank data. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.20.23295841. [PMID: 37790416 PMCID: PMC10543061 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.20.23295841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents exhibit remarkable heterogeneity in the structural architecture of brain development. However, due to the lack of large-scale longitudinal neuroimaging studies, existing research has largely focused on population averages and the neurobiological basis underlying individual heterogeneity remains poorly understood. Using structural magnetic resonance imaging from the IMAGEN cohort (n=1,543), we show that adolescents can be clustered into three groups defined by distinct developmental patterns of whole-brain gray matter volume (GMV). Genetic and epigenetic determinants of group clustering and long-term impacts of neurodevelopment in mid-to-late adulthood were investigated using data from the ABCD, IMAGEN and UK Biobank cohorts. Group 1, characterized by continuously decreasing GMV, showed generally the best neurocognitive performances during adolescence. Compared to Group 1, Group 2 exhibited a slower rate of GMV decrease and worsened neurocognitive development, which was associated with epigenetic changes and greater environmental burden. Further, Group 3 showed increasing GMV and delayed neurocognitive development during adolescence due to a genetic variation, while these disadvantages were attenuated in mid-to-late adulthood. In summary, our study revealed novel clusters of adolescent structural neurodevelopment and suggested that genetically-predicted delayed neurodevelopment has limited long-term effects on mental well-being and socio-economic outcomes later in life. Our results could inform future research on policy interventions aimed at reducing the financial and emotional burden of mental illness.
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Mendes PFS, Baia-da-Silva DC, Melo WWP, Bittencourt LO, Souza-Rodrigues RD, Fernandes LMP, Maia CDSF, Lima RR. Neurotoxicology of alcohol: a bibliometric and science mapping analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1209616. [PMID: 37593178 PMCID: PMC10427875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1209616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is common in many societies and has increased considerably, resulting in many socioeconomic and public health problems. In this sense, studies have been carried out in order to understand the mechanisms involved in alcohol consumption and related harmful effects. This study aimed to identify and map the knowledge and to perform bibliometric analysis of the neurotoxicology of alcohol based on the 100 most cited articles. A search was carried out in the Web of Science Core Collection database and information was extracted regarding the journal, authors, keywords, year of publication, number of citations, country and continent of the corresponding author. For each selected manuscript, the study design, alcohol exposure model, dose, period of exposure, and effect on the central nervous system and research hotspots were mapped. The journal with the highest number of publications was Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research (n = 11 papers), the author who contributed the most was Crews FT (n = 8 papers), the studies had a total of 288 keywords and 75% of the publications were from the United States of America. The experimental studies evaluated the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure and were conducted in rats and mice using doses ranging from 2.5 to 14 g/kg/day, with administration by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intragastric, or inhalation route or with free access through drinking bottles. Among the studies mapped, the oldest one (1989) aimed to understand the systemic damage and mechanisms of action involved, while the most recent focused on understanding the receptors and mechanisms involved in addiction, as well as genetic factors. Our results show the panorama of the most widespread scientific production in the scientific community on the neurotoxicology of ethanol, a high prevalence was observed in studies that addressed fetal alcohol syndrome and/or the effects of ethanol on neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Fernando Santos Mendes
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Daiane Claydes Baia-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Wallacy Watson Pereira Melo
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Renata Duarte Souza-Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luanna Melo Pereira Fernandes
- Department of Morphology and Physiological Sciences, Center of Sciences Biological and Health, State University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Meombe Mbolle A, Thapa S, Bukiya AN, Jiang H. High-resolution imaging in studies of alcohol effect on prenatal development. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:10790. [PMID: 37593366 PMCID: PMC10433240 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.10790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol syndrome represents the leading known preventable cause of mental retardation. FAS is on the most severe side of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders that stem from the deleterious effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. Affecting as many as 1 to 5 out of 100 children, FASD most often results in brain abnormalities that extend to structure, function, and cerebral hemodynamics. The present review provides an analysis of high-resolution imaging techniques that are used in animals and human subjects to characterize PAE-driven changes in the developing brain. Variants of magnetic resonance imaging such as magnetic resonance microscopy, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, along with positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and photoacoustic imaging, are modalities that are used to study the influence of PAE on brain structure and function. This review briefly describes the aforementioned imaging modalities, the main findings that were obtained using each modality, and touches upon the advantages/disadvantages of each imaging approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Meombe Mbolle
- Department Medical Engineering, College of Engineering and Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Shiwani Thapa
- Department Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Anna N. Bukiya
- Department Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Huabei Jiang
- Department Medical Engineering, College of Engineering and Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Branton E, Thompson-Hodgetts S, Johnston D, Gross DP, Pritchard L. Motor skills and intelligence in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 64:965-970. [PMID: 35170025 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the relationship between motor abilities and intelligence in children and young people with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) being assessed for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). METHOD This was a cross-sectional correlational study of children and young people with PAE being assessed for FASD. The relationship between motor abilities (Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition) and intelligence (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth or Fifth Edition) was calculated using correlation and regression analyses. Attention and executive function were considered as potential confounding variables. RESULTS The relationship between motor abilities and intelligence in 73 children and young people (48 males, 25 females; aged 6-17y, mean age 10y 5mo [SD 2y 9mo]) assessed for FASD was small and statistically non-significant (r=0.05, p=0.67). INTERPRETATION The findings confirm that motor abilities and intelligence should be assessed separately when investigating an FASD diagnosis. Intelligence scores should not be used to estimate motor abilities, nor should they dictate when motor testing be completed. Assessing intelligence and motor domains separately will enhance diagnostic accuracy, identify the need for strategies or interventions to address functional motor skills, and further define the role of physiotherapy and occupational therapy in FASD assessment and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Branton
- Alberta Health Services, Central Zone East, Children's Rehabilitation Services, Camrose, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sandy Thompson-Hodgetts
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Danielle Johnston
- Alberta Health Services, Central Zone East, Children's Rehabilitation Services, Camrose, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas P Gross
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lesley Pritchard
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Laporta-Hoyos O, Pannek K, Pagnozzi AM, Whittingham K, Wotherspoon J, Benfer K, Fiori S, Ware RS, Boyd RN. Cognitive, academic, executive and psychological functioning in children with spastic motor type cerebral palsy: Influence of extent, location, and laterality of brain lesions. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 38:33-46. [PMID: 35381411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate, in spastic motor-type cerebral palsy, the association between 1) the location and extent of brain lesions and numerous psychological outcomes; 2) the laterality of brain lesions and performance of verbal-related cognitive functions. METHODS The semi-quantitative scale for MRI (sqMRI) was scored for 101 children with cerebral palsy. Non-verbal and verbal proxy intelligence quotients (IQ), word reading, spelling, numerical operations skills, executive functioning, and psychological adjustment were assessed. Relationships between global and regional sqMRI scores and clinical scores were examined. The best multivariable linear regression model for each outcome was identified using the Bayesian Information Criteria. Regional sqMRI scores, gross motor functioning, manual ability, and epilepsy status were considered for inclusion as covariables. Where sqMRI scores made statistically significant contributions to models of verbal-related functioning, data were reanalysed including these sqMRI scores' laterality index. Verbal-related outcomes were compared between participants with left-sided versus bilateral brain lesions. RESULTS Medial dorsal thalamus and parietal lobe lesions significantly accounted for poorer verbal proxy-IQ. Left-hemisphere lateralization of temporal lobe lesions was associated with poorer verbal proxy-IQ. Participants with bilateral lesions performed significantly better than those with unilateral left-sided lesions in verbal cognitive functions. Controlling for epilepsy diagnosis, participants with ventral posterior lateral thalamus lesions presented with better Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function scores, although within the normal range. sqMRI scores were not significantly associated with some psychological outcomes or these only bordered on significance after accounting for relevant control variables. CONCLUSION The laterality of early-life lesions influences the development of verbal-related cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Laporta-Hoyos
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Kerstin Pannek
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Alex M Pagnozzi
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Koa Whittingham
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jane Wotherspoon
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Kath Benfer
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Simona Fiori
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Robert S Ware
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Roslyn N Boyd
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Layeghi Y, Momtazi F, Yazdi AB, Zarei R, Salahi M. An integrated taxonomic approach, using geometric morphometric methods, reveals the cryptic diversity of Parhyale darvishi Momtazi & Maghsoudlou, 2016 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalidae). ZOOL ANZ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Biffen SC, Dodge NC, Warton CMR, Molteno CD, Jacobson JL, Meintjes EM, Jacobson SW. Compromised interhemispheric transfer of information partially mediates cognitive function deficits in adolescents with fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:517-529. [PMID: 35187666 PMCID: PMC9018477 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been associated with compromised interhemispheric transfer of tactile stimuli in childhood and structural changes to the corpus callosum (CC). In this study, we used a finger localization task (FLT) to investigate whether interhemispheric transfer deficits persist in adolescence; whether effects of PAE on perceptual reasoning, working memory, and executive function are mediated by deficits in interhemispheric transfer of information; and whether CC size in childhood predicts FLT performance in adolescence. METHODS Participants, aged 16 to 17 years, were from the Cape Town Longitudinal Cohort, whose mothers were recruited during pregnancy and interviewed regarding their alcohol use using the timeline follow-back method. Diagnoses of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and partial FAS (PFAS) were determined by two expert dysmorphologists; nonsyndromal exposed children were designated as heavily exposed (HE); those born to abstainers or light drinkers, as controls. The FLT was administered to 74 participants (12 FAS, 16 PFAS, 14 HE and 32 controls). CC size at age 9 to 12 years was available for 35 participants (7 FAS, 13 PFAS, 5 HE and 10 control). RESULTS Although the degree of PAE was similar in the FAS, PFAS, and HE groups, only the adolescents with FAS showed more transfer-related errors than controls in conditions in which one finger was stimulated. FLT performance mediated the effects of FAS on perceptual reasoning and executive function. In the subsample for which neuroimaging data from childhood were available, there was an association among adolescents with PAE of smaller CC volumes with more transfer-related errors on the one-finger/hand hidden condition, suggesting that CC damage previously seen in childhood continues to impact function through adolescence. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of compromised interhemispheric transfer of information in adolescents with FAS, while those with PFAS or heavy exposed nonsyndromal individuals are apparently spared. It is the first to show that PAE effects on important aspects of cognitive function are partially mediated by deficits in the interhemispheric transfer of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevie C Biffen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Neil C Dodge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher M R Warton
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christopher D Molteno
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joseph L Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ernesta M Meintjes
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra W Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Brown J, Jonason A, Asp E, McGinn V, Carter MN, Spiller V, Jozan A. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and confabulation in psycholegal settings: A beginner's guide for criminal justice, forensic mental health, and legal interviewers. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2022; 40:46-86. [PMID: 34689366 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are neurodevelopmental/neurobehavioral conditions caused by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Impairments caused by PAE contribute to the over-representation of individuals with FASD in the United States juvenile and adult criminal justice systems. These same impairments can equally impact on individuals with FASD who are witnesses to or victims of crime who also have to navigate the complexities of the criminal justice system. Difficulties include increased susceptibility to confabulation throughout the legal process that, in turn, can contribute to increased rates of poor outcomes including false confessions and wrongful convictions. Individuals with FASD are particularity at risk of confabulation when they are subjected to tactics, such as stressful and anxiety-provoking situations, threats, and leading, suggestive, or coercive questioning. Many professionals in the forensic context are unfamiliar with FASD or related confabulation risk and may unintentionally utilize tactics that intensify impacts of pre-existing impairment. This article serves as a beginner's guide for professionals working in criminal justice settings by (a) providing research-based overviews of FASD and confabulation, (b) describing how FASD may lead to confabulation, and (c) suggesting ways that professionals can modify protocols when interacting with individuals with FASD. Suggestions in this article hold the potential to decrease the risk of confabulation in the criminal justice system and decrease problematic outcomes, such as false confessions and wrongful convictions among individuals with FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrod Brown
- Pathways Counseling Center, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Concordia University, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- American Institute for the Advancement of Forensic Studies, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alec Jonason
- Department of Psychology, Hamline University, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Wesley & Lorene Artz Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Hamline University, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erik Asp
- Department of Psychology, Hamline University, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Wesley & Lorene Artz Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Hamline University, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Valerie McGinn
- The FASD Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Megan N Carter
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Social and Health Services, Special Commitment Center, Steilacoom, Washington, USA
| | | | - Amy Jozan
- American Institute for the Advancement of Forensic Studies, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Pandolfi L, Bartolini-Lucenti S, Cirilli O, Bukhsianidze M, Lordkipanidze D, Rook L. Paleoecology, biochronology, and paleobiogeography of Eurasian Rhinocerotidae during the Early Pleistocene: The contribution of the fossil material from Dmanisi (Georgia, Southern Caucasus). J Hum Evol 2021; 156:103013. [PMID: 34030060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhinocerotidae represents a common element in the Eurasian Pleistocene faunas. Origin, dispersal route, and biochronology of several species are still poorly understood due to gaps in the fossil record, in particular from central Eurasia. A remarkable collection of rhinoceros remains was recovered from the Early Pleistocene site of Dmanisi (Georgia). This collection is unique for the Early Pleistocene Rhinocerotidae records due to its abundance in remains, its age (ca 1.8 Ma) and geographic position (between Eastern and Western Eurasia). Two crania, which display some different morphological traits, are assigned to two different morphotypes and investigated by means of geometric morphometrics using landmarks and semilandmarks. Shapes in lateral and dorsal views of different Rhinocerotini species are compared with the studied crania to infer paleoecological information. The shape in the lateral view reflects ecological niche, in particular feeding type from browsing to grazing, and it also represent taxonomic discrimination. Morphotypes 1 and 2 from Dmanisi fall in two different clusters, corresponding to two different species, notably in lateral view. The results suggest a niche partitioning during the Early Pleistocene of Dmanisi between a browse-dominated and a grass-dominated mixed feeders, or possibly the presence of two ecomorphotypes of the same species. A comprehensive update of the Early Pleistocene occurrences of Eurasian Rhinocerotidae is reported in the discussion on the paleoecology of the extinct Northern Eurasian rhinocerotines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pandolfi
- Earth Science Department, Paleo[Fab]Lab, University of Florence, via La Pira 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Saverio Bartolini-Lucenti
- Earth Science Department, Paleo[Fab]Lab, University of Florence, via La Pira 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy; Natural History Museum, Geology and Paleontology Section, via La Pira 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Omar Cirilli
- Earth Science Department, Paleo[Fab]Lab, University of Florence, via La Pira 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy; Regional PhD Programme in Earth Science, University of Pisa, via S. Maria 56, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - David Lordkipanidze
- Georgian National Museum, 3, Rustaveli ave., Tbilisi-0105, Georgia; Tbilisi State University 1, Tchavtchavadze Avenue, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Lorenzo Rook
- Earth Science Department, Paleo[Fab]Lab, University of Florence, via La Pira 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy
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Mitteroecker P, Stansfield E. A model of developmental canalization, applied to human cranial form. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008381. [PMID: 33591964 PMCID: PMC7909690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental mechanisms that canalize or compensate perturbations of organismal development (targeted or compensatory growth) are widely considered a prerequisite of individual health and the evolution of complex life, but little is known about the nature of these mechanisms. It is even unclear if and how a “target trajectory” of individual development is encoded in the organism’s genetic-developmental system or, instead, emerges as an epiphenomenon. Here we develop a statistical model of developmental canalization based on an extended autoregressive model. We show that under certain assumptions the strength of canalization and the amount of canalized variance in a population can be estimated, or at least approximated, from longitudinal phenotypic measurements, even if the target trajectories are unobserved. We extend this model to multivariate measures and discuss reifications of the ensuing parameter matrix. We apply these approaches to longitudinal geometric morphometric data on human postnatal craniofacial size and shape as well as to the size of the frontal sinuses. Craniofacial size showed strong developmental canalization during the first 5 years of life, leading to a 50% reduction of cross-sectional size variance, followed by a continual increase in variance during puberty. Frontal sinus size, by contrast, did not show any signs of canalization. Total variance of craniofacial shape decreased slightly until about 5 years of age and increased thereafter. However, different features of craniofacial shape showed very different developmental dynamics. Whereas the relative dimensions of the nasopharynx showed strong canalization and a reduction of variance throughout postnatal development, facial orientation continually increased in variance. Some of the signals of canalization may owe to independent variation in developmental timing of cranial components, but our results indicate evolved, partly mechanically induced mechanisms of canalization that ensure properly sized upper airways and facial dimensions. Developmental mechanisms that canalize or compensate perturbations of organismal development are a prerequisite of individual health and the evolution of complex life. However, surprisingly little is known about these mechanisms, partly because the “target trajectories” of individual development cannot be directly observed. Here we develop a statistical model of developmental canalization that allows one to estimate the strength of canalization and the amount of canalized variance in a population even if the target trajectories are unobserved. We applied these approaches to data on human postnatal craniofacial growth. Whereas overall craniofacial size was strongly canalized during the first 5 years of age, frontal sinus size did not show any signs of canalization. The relative dimensions of the nasopharynx showed strong canalization and a reduction of variance throughout postnatal development, whereas other shape features, such as facial orientation, continually increased in variance. Our results indicate evolved, partly mechanically induced mechanisms of canalization that ensure properly sized upper airways and facial dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mitteroecker
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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A case-comparison study of executive functions in alcohol-dependent adults with maternal history of alcoholism. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 24:195-200. [PMID: 19195848 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIntroductionAs executive dysfunctions frequently accompany alcohol dependence, we suggest that reports of executive dysfunction in alcoholics are actually due, in some case to a maternal history of alcohol misuse (MHA+). A history of maternal alcohol dependence increases the risk for prenatal alcohol exposure to unborn children. These exposures likely contribute to executive dysfunction in adult alcoholics. To assess this problem, we propose a case-comparison study of alcohol-dependent subjects with and without a MHA.MethodsTen alcohol-dependent subjects, with a maternal history of alcoholism (MHA) and paternal history of alcoholism (PHA), were matched with 10 alcohol-dependent people with only a paternal history of alcoholism (PHA). Executive functions (cancellation, Stroop, and trail-making A and B tests) and the presence of a history of three mental disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, violent behavior while intoxicated, and suicidal behavior) were evaluated in both populations.ResultsAlcohol-dependent subjects with MHA showed a significant alteration in executive functions and significantly more disorders related to these functions than PHA subjects. The major measures of executive functioning deficit are duration on task accomplishment in all tests. Rates of ADHD and suicidality were found to be higher in MHA patients compared to the controls.ConclusionA history of MHA, because of the high risk of PAE (in spite of the potential confounding factors such as environment) must be scrupulously documented when evaluating mental and cognitive disorders in a general population of alcoholics to ensure a better identification of these disorders. It would be helpful to replicate the study with more subjects.
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Sullivan EV, Moore EM, Lane B, Pohl KM, Riley EP, Pfefferbaum A. Graded Cerebellar Lobular Volume Deficits in Adolescents and Young Adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4729-4746. [PMID: 32133485 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive prenatal developmental growth period of the cerebellum renders it vulnerable to unhealthy environmental agents, especially alcohol. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is marked by neurodysmorphology including cerebral and cerebellar volume deficits, but the cerebellar lobular deficit profile has not been delineated. Legacy MRI data of 115 affected and 59 unaffected adolescents and young adults were analyzed for lobular gray matter volume and revealed graded deficits supporting a spectrum of severity. Graded deficits were salient in intracranial volume (ICV), where the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) group was smaller than the fetal alcohol effects (FAE) group, which was smaller than the controls. Adjusting for ICV, volume deficits were present in VIIB and VIIIA of the FAE group and were more widespread in FAS and included lobules I, II, IV, V, VI, Crus II, VIIB, and VIIIA. Graded deficits (FAS < FAE) were consistently present in lobules VI; neither group showed volume deficits in Crus I or IX. Neuroradiological readings blind to diagnosis identified 20 anomalies, 8 involving the cerebellum, 5 of which were in the FAS group. We speculate that the regional cerebellar FASD-related volume deficits may contribute to diagnostically characteristic functional impairment involving emotional control, visuomotor coordination, and postural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eileen M Moore
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Barton Lane
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kilian M Pohl
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Edward P Riley
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Inkelis SM, Moore EM, Bischoff-Grethe A, Riley EP. Neurodevelopment in adolescents and adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD): A magnetic resonance region of interest analysis. Brain Res 2020; 1732:146654. [PMID: 31930998 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental trajectory in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) has not been well characterized. We examined age-related differences in the volume of the corpus callosum, basal ganglia, and cerebellum across adolescence and young adulthood, due to the sensitivity of these regions to prenatal alcohol exposure. T1-weighted anatomical magnetic resonance images (MRI) were acquired from a cross-sectional sample of subjects 13-30 years old who had received an alcohol-related diagnosis (FASD, n = 107) and typically developing controls (CON, n = 56). FreeSurfer v5.3 was used to obtain volumetric data for the corpus callosum, caudate, putamen, pallidum, and cerebellum. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the effects of group (FASD, CON), sex, and age on region volume. Data were analyzed with and without correction for intracranial volume (ICV). All subregions were significantly smaller in the FASD group compared to controls, and these findings persisted even after ICV correction. Furthermore, the FASD and control groups differed in their relationship between age and total volume of the corpus callosum, caudate, and cerebellum. Specifically, older FASD individuals had smaller total volume in these regions; this relationship was not seen in the control group. Control males demonstrated larger volumes than control females in all regions prior to ICV correction; however, sex differences were attenuated in the FASD group in both the pallidum and cerebellum. Sex differences remained after ICV correction in the pallidum and cerebellum. These cross-sectional findings suggest that at least some brain regions may become smaller at an earlier than expected age in individuals with FASD, and that sex is an important factor to consider when examining neural structures in FASD. Further evaluation is necessary using longitudinal methods and including older ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Inkelis
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, 6330 Alvarado Court, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Eileen M Moore
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, 6330 Alvarado Court, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | | | - Edward P Riley
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, 6330 Alvarado Court, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
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Treit S, Jeffery D, Beaulieu C, Emery D. Radiological Findings on Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Healthy Controls. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:455-462. [PMID: 31840819 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) describe a range of physical, behavioral, and cognitive impairments stemming from prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Although case studies have demonstrated striking visible brain abnormalities in humans (enlargement of the lateral ventricles, thinning or absence of the corpus callosum, etc.), few studies have systematically determined how these radiological findings generalize to the wider population of individuals living with FASD. METHODS This study examines rates of structural brain anomalies on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as determined by 2 radiologists in a retrospective blinded review of 163 controls and 164 individuals with PAE who were previously scanned as participants of past research studies. Incidental findings were categorized as normal variants, nonclinically significant incidental findings, or clinically significant incidental findings. Rates were compared between diagnostic subgroups using chi-square analysis. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the overall rate of incidental findings between groups: 75% of controls and 73% of PAE participants had no incidental findings of any kind, and only 1% of controls and 3% of PAE participants had incidental finding of clinical significance (the remaining findings were considered nonsignificant anomalies or normal variants). When the PAE group was split by diagnosis, low-lying cerebellar tonsils, polymicrogyria, and ventricular asymmetry/enlargement were all most prevalent in subjects with fetal alcohol syndrome/partial fetal alcohol syndrome. In addition, the overall rate of incidental findings was higher (41%) in participants with FAS/pFAS, compared to 25% in controls. No participants in this relatively large sample had corpus callosum agenesis. CONCLUSIONS Although advanced quantitative MRI research has uncovered a range of differences in brain structure associated with FASD, this qualitative radiological study suggests that routine clinical MRI does not reveal a consistent pattern of brain abnormalities that can be used diagnostically in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Treit
- From the, Department of Biomedical Engineering, (ST, CB), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dean Jeffery
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, (DJ, DE), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christian Beaulieu
- From the, Department of Biomedical Engineering, (ST, CB), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Derek Emery
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, (DJ, DE), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Goswami A, Watanabe A, Felice RN, Bardua C, Fabre AC, Polly PD. High-Density Morphometric Analysis of Shape and Integration: The Good, the Bad, and the Not-Really-a-Problem. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:669-683. [PMID: 31243431 PMCID: PMC6754122 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of comparative morphology has entered a new phase with the rapid generation of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) data. With freely available 3D data of thousands of species, methods for quantifying morphology that harness this rich phenotypic information are quickly emerging. Among these techniques, high-density geometric morphometric approaches provide a powerful and versatile framework to robustly characterize shape and phenotypic integration, the covariances among morphological traits. These methods are particularly useful for analyses of complex structures and across disparate taxa, which may share few landmarks of unambiguous homology. However, high-density geometric morphometrics also brings challenges, for example, with statistical, but not biological, covariances imposed by placement and sliding of semilandmarks and registration methods such as Procrustes superimposition. Here, we present simulations and case studies of high-density datasets for squamates, birds, and caecilians that exemplify the promise and challenges of high-dimensional analyses of phenotypic integration and modularity. We assess: (1) the relative merits of "big" high-density geometric morphometrics data over traditional shape data; (2) the impact of Procrustes superimposition on analyses of integration and modularity; and (3) differences in patterns of integration between analyses using high-density geometric morphometrics and those using discrete landmarks. We demonstrate that for many skull regions, 20-30 landmarks and/or semilandmarks are needed to accurately characterize their shape variation, and landmark-only analyses do a particularly poor job of capturing shape variation in vault and rostrum bones. Procrustes superimposition can mask modularity, especially when landmarks covary in parallel directions, but this effect decreases with more biologically complex covariance patterns. The directional effect of landmark variation on the position of the centroid affects recovery of covariance patterns more than landmark number does. Landmark-only and landmark-plus-sliding-semilandmark analyses of integration are generally congruent in overall pattern of integration, but landmark-only analyses tend to show higher integration between adjacent bones, especially when landmarks placed on the sutures between bones introduces a boundary bias. Allometry may be a stronger influence on patterns of integration in landmark-only analyses, which show stronger integration prior to removal of allometric effects compared to analyses including semilandmarks. High-density geometric morphometrics has its challenges and drawbacks, but our analyses of simulated and empirical datasets demonstrate that these potential issues are unlikely to obscure genuine biological signal. Rather, high-density geometric morphometric data exceed traditional landmark-based methods in characterization of morphology and allow more nuanced comparisons across disparate taxa. Combined with the rapid increases in 3D data availability, high-density morphometric approaches have immense potential to propel a new class of studies of comparative morphology and phenotypic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Goswami
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Akinobu Watanabe
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Ryan N Felice
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centre for Integrative Anatomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Carla Bardua
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - P David Polly
- Departments of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Biology, and Anthropology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 10 Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Bardua C, Felice RN, Watanabe A, Fabre AC, Goswami A. A Practical Guide to Sliding and Surface Semilandmarks in Morphometric Analyses. Integr Org Biol 2019; 1:obz016. [PMID: 33791531 PMCID: PMC7780474 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in imaging technologies, such as computed tomography (CT) and surface scanning, have facilitated the rapid generation of large datasets of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) specimen reconstructions in recent years. The wealth of phenotypic information available from these datasets has the potential to inform our understanding of morphological variation and evolution. However, the ever-increasing ease of compiling 3D datasets has created an urgent need for sophisticated methods of capturing high-density shape data that reflect the biological complexity in form. Landmarks often do not take full advantage of the rich shape information available from high-resolution 3D specimen reconstructions, as they are typically restricted to sutures or processes that can be reliably identified across specimens and exclude most of the surface morphology. The development of sliding and surface semilandmark techniques has greatly enhanced the quantification of shape, but their application to diverse datasets can be challenging, especially when dealing with the variable absence of some regions within a structure. Using comprehensive 3D datasets of crania that span the entire clades of birds, squamates and caecilians, we demonstrate methods for capturing morphology across incredibly diverse shapes. We detail many of the difficulties associated with applying semilandmarks to comparable regions across highly disparate structures, and provide solutions to some of these challenges, while considering the consequences of decisions one makes in applying these approaches. Finally, we analyze the benefits of high-density sliding semilandmark approaches over landmark-only studies for capturing shape across diverse organisms and discuss the promise of these approaches for the study of organismal form.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bardua
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - R N Felice
- Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - A Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.,Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - A-C Fabre
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - A Goswami
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Hutchinson D, Youssef GJ, McCormack C, Wilson J, Allsop S, Najman J, Elliott E, Burns L, Jacobs S, Honan I, Rossen L, Fiedler H, Teague S, Ryan J, Olsson CA, Mattick RP. Prenatal alcohol exposure and infant gross motor development: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:149. [PMID: 31088407 PMCID: PMC6515673 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal alcohol consumption in pregnancy may have adverse effects on child gross motor (GM) development. There have been few human studies on this topic, particularly ones examining low exposure. This study examined the association between prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and infant GM development at 12-months of age. METHODS Participants were 1324 women recruited from antenatal clinics in Sydney and Perth, Australia. Maternal and paternal alcohol use was assessed in pregnancy via interview; offspring GM development was measured at 12-months with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-III). RESULTS Any alcohol use in pregnancy was common: 56.1%, of pregnant women drank early in Trimester one (0-6 weeks), however this reduced to 27.9% on average thereafter and at predominantly low levels. However, infant BSID GM scale scores were not found to differ significantly as a function of PAE in the first 6-weeks (low, moderate, binge or heavy PAE), nor with low PAE across pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence to suggest that low PAE is associated with measurable impairment in infant GM development at 12-months. Further research is needed to examine potential PAE impacts on GM development in heavier exposure groups and through the childhood years when subtle GM deficits may be more detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delyse Hutchinson
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3125 Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George J. Youssef
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3125 Australia
| | - Clare McCormack
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Judy Wilson
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steve Allsop
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jake Najman
- Queensland Alcohol and Drug Research and Education Centre and Schools of Public Health and Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Elliott
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Children´s Hospitals Network, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucinda Burns
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sue Jacobs
- Department of Obstetrics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ingrid Honan
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Larissa Rossen
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hannah Fiedler
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Samantha Teague
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3125 Australia
| | - Joanne Ryan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig A. Olsson
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3125 Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Richard P. Mattick
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Ghazi Sherbaf F, Aarabi MH, Hosein Yazdi M, Haghshomar M. White matter microstructure in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:1017-1036. [PMID: 30289588 PMCID: PMC6865781 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has revolutionized our understanding of the neural underpinnings of alcohol teratogenesis. This technique can detect alterations in white matter in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Using Prisma guidelines, we identified 23 DTI studies conducted on individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). These studies confirm the widespread nature of brain damage in PAE by reporting diffusivity alterations in commissural, association, and projection fibers; and in relation to increasing cognitive impairment. Reduced integrity in terms of lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher mean diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (RD) is reported more consistently in the corpus callosum, cerebellar peduncles, cingulum, and longitudinal fasciculi connecting frontal and temporoparietal regions. Although these interesting results provide insight into FASD neuropathology, it is important to investigate the clinical diversity of this disorder for better treatment options and prediction of progression. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of different patterns of neural structure between PAE and typically developed individuals. We further discuss the association of alterations in diffusivity with demographic features and symptomatology of PAE. With the accumulated knowledge of the neural correlates of FASD presenting symptoms, a comprehensive understanding of the heterogeneity in FASD will potentially improve the disease management and will highlight the diagnostic challenges and potential areas of future research avenues, where neural markers may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meisam Hosein Yazdi
- Namazee Hospital, Imaging Research Center, Department of RadiologyShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
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Sénèque E, Morisset S, Lesimple C, Hausberger M. Testing optimal methods to compare horse postures using geometric morphometrics. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204208. [PMID: 30379841 PMCID: PMC6209139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of animal behavior, especially regarding welfare, needs the development of tools to identify, quantify and compare animal postures with interobserver reliability. While most studies subjectively describe animal postures, or quantify only limited parts of the body, the usage of geometric morphometrics has allowed for the description of horses’ and pigs’ upper body outline and the comparison of postures from different populations thanks to robust statistical analysis. We have attempted here to optimize the geometric morphometrics (GM) method already used in horses by introducing the outline analysis with sliding semilandmarks (SSL), by eliminating the balance movement of the neck and by focusing only on parts of the upper line. For this purpose, photographs of 85 horses from 11 riding schools, known for differing in terms of housing and working conditions, were analyzed with previous and new GM methods and these results were compared with each other. Using SSL and eliminating the neck movement appeared to better discriminate the horse populations than the previous GM method. Study of parts of the dorsum proved efficient too. This new methodology should now be used to examine if posture could be an indicator of horse welfare state, and similar studies should be performed in other species in order to validate the same methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Sénèque
- UMR 6552 Ethologie Animale et Humaine, CNRS, Université de Rennes, Université de Caen-Normandie, Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Clémence Lesimple
- UMR 6552 Ethologie Animale et Humaine, CNRS, Université de Rennes, Université de Caen-Normandie, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Hausberger
- CNRS, UMR 6552 Ethologie animale et humaine, Université de Rennes, Université de Caen-Normandie, Rennes, France
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24
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Eberle J, Bazzato E, Fabrizi S, Rossini M, Colomba M, Cillo D, Uliana M, Sparacio I, Sabatinelli G, Warnock RCM, Carpaneto G, Ahrens D. Sex-Biased Dispersal Obscures Species Boundaries in Integrative Species Delimitation Approaches. Syst Biol 2018; 68:441-459. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syy072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Eberle
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Erika Bazzato
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Botany Division, University of Cagliari, viale Sant’Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari (CA), Italy
| | - Silvia Fabrizi
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michele Rossini
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Strada dei Guazzi, 1/3, 61122 Pesaro (PU), Italy
| | - Mariastella Colomba
- Università di Urbino, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari (DiSB), Via maggetti 22, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | | | - Marco Uliana
- Museo di Storia Naturale, Santa Croce 1730, 30135 Venezia, Italy
| | | | - Guido Sabatinelli
- Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Route de Malagnou 1, 1208 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Giuseppe Carpaneto
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Dirk Ahrens
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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25
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Park G, Kwak K, Seo SW, Lee JM. Automatic Segmentation of Corpus Callosum in Midsagittal Based on Bayesian Inference Consisting of Sparse Representation Error and Multi-Atlas Voting. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:629. [PMID: 30271320 PMCID: PMC6142891 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a novel automatic method for Corpus Callosum (CC) in midsagittal plane segmentation. The robust segmentation of CC in midsagittal plane is key role for quantitative study of structural features of CC associated with various neurological disorder such as epilepsy, autism, Alzheimer's disease, and so on. Our approach is based on Bayesian inference using sparse representation and multi-atlas voting which both methods are used in various medical imaging, and show outstanding performance. Prior information in the proposed Bayesian inference is obtained from probability map generated from multi-atlas voting. The probability map contains the information of shape and location of CC of target image. Likelihood in the proposed Bayesian inference is obtained from gamma distribution function, generated from reconstruction errors (or sparse representation error), which are calculated in sparse representation of target patch using foreground dictionary and background dictionary each. Unlike the usual sparse representation method, we added gradient magnitude and gradient direction information to the patches of dictionaries and target, which had better segmentation performance than when not added. We compared three main segmentation results as follow: (1) the joint label fusion (JLF) method which is state-of-art method in multi-atlas voting based segmentation for evaluation of our method; (2) prior information estimated from multi-atlas voting only; (3) likelihood estimated from comparison of the reconstruction errors from sparse representation error only; (4) the proposed Bayesian inference. The methods were evaluated using two data sets of T1-weighted images, which one data set consists of 100 normal young subjects and the other data set consist of 25 normal old subjects and 22 old subjects with heavy drinker. In both data sets, the proposed Bayesian inference method has significantly the best segmentation performance than using each method separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilsoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kichang Kwak
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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26
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Matthews H, Muggli E, Halliday J, Claes P. Mapping the Spectrum of Prenatal Alcohol Effects with Dense Surface Models of the Face and Brain. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1880-1882. [PMID: 30059158 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harold Matthews
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Evelyne Muggli
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Jane Halliday
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Peter Claes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Processing Speech and Images, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Drivers of wing shape in a widespread Neotropical bird: a dual role of sex-specific and migration-related functions. Evol Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-018-9945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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28
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Oesch G, Maga AM, Friedman SD, Poliachik SL, Budech CB, Wright JN, Bok LA, Gospe SM. Geometric morphometrics reveal altered corpus callosum shape in pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. Neurology 2018; 91:e78-e86. [PMID: 29875223 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the features and maturational changes in overall callosal shape in patients with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE). METHODS Measurements were conducted through landmark-based geometric morphometrics applied on cerebral MRIs of patients with PDE and age-matched control subjects. The outline of the corpus callosum was manually traced in the midsagittal plane. Three hundred semi-landmarks along the outline were collected and underwent statistical generalized Procrustes analysis. An allometric regression was applied to evaluate the callosal shape due to growth over time. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients with PDE and 38 age- and sex-matched control subjects were included. Mean age at the time of the MRI in the patient group was 9.3 years (median 6.3 years, range 0.01-48 years). Significant differences (p < 0.01) in the mean callosal shape between patients and controls were found. The allometric regression model revealed significant shape variations (p < 0.01) between the 2 study groups across the developmental course after controlling for the effect of callosal size on shape. This latter effect turned out to be significant as well (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with PDE show an altered callosal shape and variations in callosal ontogeny, which are likely secondary to the underlying genetic defect with abnormal function of antiquitin, the product of the ALDH7A1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Oesch
- From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.O., S.M.G.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Washington, and Seattle Children's Hospital; Division of Craniofacial Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute; Department of Radiology (S.D.F., S.L.P., C.B.B., J.N.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; and Department of Pediatrics (L.A.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - A Murat Maga
- From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.O., S.M.G.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Washington, and Seattle Children's Hospital; Division of Craniofacial Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute; Department of Radiology (S.D.F., S.L.P., C.B.B., J.N.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; and Department of Pediatrics (L.A.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Seth D Friedman
- From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.O., S.M.G.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Washington, and Seattle Children's Hospital; Division of Craniofacial Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute; Department of Radiology (S.D.F., S.L.P., C.B.B., J.N.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; and Department of Pediatrics (L.A.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra L Poliachik
- From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.O., S.M.G.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Washington, and Seattle Children's Hospital; Division of Craniofacial Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute; Department of Radiology (S.D.F., S.L.P., C.B.B., J.N.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; and Department of Pediatrics (L.A.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher B Budech
- From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.O., S.M.G.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Washington, and Seattle Children's Hospital; Division of Craniofacial Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute; Department of Radiology (S.D.F., S.L.P., C.B.B., J.N.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; and Department of Pediatrics (L.A.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jason N Wright
- From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.O., S.M.G.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Washington, and Seattle Children's Hospital; Division of Craniofacial Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute; Department of Radiology (S.D.F., S.L.P., C.B.B., J.N.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; and Department of Pediatrics (L.A.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Levinus A Bok
- From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.O., S.M.G.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Washington, and Seattle Children's Hospital; Division of Craniofacial Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute; Department of Radiology (S.D.F., S.L.P., C.B.B., J.N.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; and Department of Pediatrics (L.A.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sidney M Gospe
- From the Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.O., S.M.G.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Washington, and Seattle Children's Hospital; Division of Craniofacial Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute; Department of Radiology (S.D.F., S.L.P., C.B.B., J.N.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; and Department of Pediatrics (L.A.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands.
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29
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Huang R, Namburete A, Noble A. Learning to segment key clinical anatomical structures in fetal neurosonography informed by a region-based descriptor. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2018. [PMID: 29541649 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.5.1.014007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a general framework for automatic segmentation of fetal brain structures in ultrasound images inspired by recent advances in machine learning. The approach is based on a region descriptor that characterizes the shape and local intensity context of different neurological structures without explicit models. To validate our framework, we present experiments to segment two fetal brain structures of clinical importance that have quite different ultrasonic appearances-the corpus callosum (CC) and the choroid plexus (CP). Results demonstrate that our approach achieves high region segmentation accuracy (dice coefficient: [Formula: see text] CC, [Formula: see text] CP) relative to human delineation, whereas the derived automated biometry measurement deviations are within human intra/interobserver variations. The use of our proposed method may help to standardize intracranial anatomy measurements for both the routine examination and the detection of congenital conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Huang
- University of Oxford, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Namburete
- University of Oxford, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Noble
- University of Oxford, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Oxford, United Kingdom
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30
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Biffen SC, Warton CMR, Lindinger NM, Randall SR, Lewis CE, Molteno CD, Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Meintjes EM. Reductions in Corpus Callosum Volume Partially Mediate Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on IQ. Front Neuroanat 2018; 11:132. [PMID: 29379419 PMCID: PMC5771245 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disproportionate volume reductions in the basal ganglia, corpus callosum (CC) and hippocampus have been reported in children with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). However, few studies have investigated these reductions in high prevalence communities, such as the Western Cape Province of South Africa, and only one study made use of manual tracing, the gold standard of volumetric analysis. The present study examined the effects of PAE on subcortical neuroanatomy using manual tracing and the relation of volumetric reductions in these regions to IQ and performance on the California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version (CVLT-C), a list learning task sensitive to PAE. High-resolution T1-weighted images were acquired, using a sequence optimized for morphometric neuroanatomical analysis, on a Siemens 3T Allegra MRI scanner from 71 right-handed, 9- to 11-year-old children [9 fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 19 partial FAS (PFAS), 24 non-syndromal heavily exposed (HE) and 19 non-exposed controls]. Frequency of maternal drinking was ascertained prospectively during pregnancy using timeline follow-back interviews. PAE was examined in relation to volumes of the CC and left and right caudate nuclei, nucleus accumbens and hippocampi. All structures were manually traced using Multitracer. Higher levels of PAE were associated with reductions in CC volume after adjustment for TIV. Although the effect of PAE on CC was confounded with smoking and lead exposure, additional analyses showed that it was not accounted for by these exposures. Amongst dysmorphic children, smaller CC was associated with poorer IQ and CVLT-C scores and statistically mediated the effect of PAE on IQ. In addition, higher levels of PAE were associated with bilateral volume reductions in caudate nuclei and hippocampi, effects that remained significant after control for TIV, child sex and age, socioeconomic status, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and childhood lead exposure. These data confirm previous findings showing that PAE is associated with decreases in subcortical volumes and is the first study to show that decreases in callosal volume may play a role in fetal alcohol-related impairment in cognitive function seen in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevie C Biffen
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christopher M R Warton
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nadine M Lindinger
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Steven R Randall
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Catherine E Lewis
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christopher D Molteno
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joseph L Jacobson
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sandra W Jacobson
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ernesta M Meintjes
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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31
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Perez KE, King-Heiden TC. Geometric Morphometrics as a Tool to Evaluate Teratogenic Effects in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1797:373-391. [PMID: 29896704 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7883-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Geometric morphometrics allows for the characterization of shape using Cartesian geometric coordinates rather than linear or volumetric measurements, which are dependent upon size and are insufficient to capture geometric shape. By using landmarks on specimens, variations in position, orientation and scale between specimens can be removed to better compare variations in shape. This method has primarily been used in the fields of evolutionary biology and taxonomy. Here we describe how geometric morphometrics can be used to delineate variations in shape caused by teratogenic compounds in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Perez
- Department of Biology, University of Texas of the Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Tisha C King-Heiden
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA.
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32
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Gao T, Yapuncich GS, Daubechies I, Mukherjee S, Boyer DM. Development and Assessment of Fully Automated and Globally Transitive Geometric Morphometric Methods, With Application to a Biological Comparative Dataset With High Interspecific Variation. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 301:636-658. [PMID: 29024541 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Automated geometric morphometric methods are promising tools for shape analysis in comparative biology, improving researchers' abilities to quantify variation extensively (by permitting more specimens to be analyzed) and intensively (by characterizing shapes with greater fidelity). Although use of these methods has increased, published automated methods have some notable limitations: pairwise correspondences are frequently inaccurate and pairwise mappings are not globally consistent (i.e., they lack transitivity across the full sample). Here, we reassess the accuracy of published automated methods-cPDist (Boyer et al. Proc Nat Acad Sci 108 () 18221-18226) and auto3Dgm (Boyer et al.: Anat Rec 298 () 249-276)-and evaluate several modifications to these methods. We show that a substantial percentage of alignments and pairwise maps between specimens of dissimilar geometries were inaccurate in the study of Boyer et al. (Proc Nat Acad Sci 108 () 18221-18226), despite a taxonomically partitioned variance structure of continuous Procrustes distances. We show these inaccuracies are remedied using a globally informed methodology within a collection of shapes, rather than relying on pairwise comparisons (c.f. Boyer et al.: Anat Rec 298 () 249-276). Unfortunately, while global information generally enhances maps between dissimilar objects, it can degrade the quality of correspondences between similar objects due to the accumulation of numerical error. We explore a number of approaches to mitigate this degradation, quantify their performance, and compare the generated pairwise maps (and the shape space characterized by these maps) to a "ground truth" obtained from landmarks manually collected by geometric morphometricians. Novel methods both improve the quality of the pairwise correspondences relative to cPDist and achieve a taxonomic distinctiveness comparable to auto3Dgm. Anat Rec, 301:636-658, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingran Gao
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gabriel S Yapuncich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Sayan Mukherjee
- Departments of Statistical Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Doug M Boyer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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33
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Scarano AC, Vera B. Geometric morphometric analysis as a proxy to evaluate age-related change in molar shape variation of low-crowned Notoungulata (Mammalia). J Morphol 2017; 279:216-227. [PMID: 29068070 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Shape and age variation in dentition of Paleogene extinct native South American ungulates (Notoungulata) has been traditionally described using qualitative and quantitative approaches, and has played a controversial role in the systematics of several groups. Such is the case of the Notopithecidae, a group of notoungulates with low-crowned teeth, known from the middle Eocene of Patagonia (Argentina). In this group, as well as in other contemporary families, extreme morphological changes associated to increasing dental wear were originally assumed to represent taxonomic differences; thus, dozens of species were erected, clearly reflecting the difficulty of defining discrete characters. In this contribution, a total of 89 upper molars and 91 lower molars were analyzed distributed in two factors, wear and species; three species of notopithecids were considered as study case, Notopithecus adapinus, Antepithecus brachystephanus, and Transpithecus obtentus, based on the large and well-identified sample of upper and lower molars for each species. We have coupled geometric morphometric analyses with traditional comparative methods to get a better understanding and interpretation of both the changes in tooth shape contour and the link between shape and ontogeny. In addition, we evaluate the utility of this approach to identify which changes are strictly wear-related and also test the qualitative characteristics used for diagnosing and differentiating notopithecid species. Our study yielded consistent results when applying independent geometric morphometric analyses on complex structures such as brachydont molar teeth. The landmark data is highly congruent with alternative sources of evidence, such as morphological studies using discrete characters. In notopithecid species, wear is the main factor affecting molar shape, followed by species (in lower molars) and allometry; in addition, lower teeth morphology is more definitive in separating species than upper molars, a fact that entails a key point for systematic studies of Paleogene brachydont notoungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejo C Scarano
- División Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n. B1900FWA La, Plata, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB) CABA, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Avellaneda (UNDAV), España, 350, Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Vera
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CONICET, Avenida Ruiz Leal s/n, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
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34
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Miller MW. Effect of prenatal exposure to ethanol on the pyramidal tract in developing rats. Brain Res 2017; 1672:122-128. [PMID: 28779978 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to ethanol induces a relative increase in the numbers of pyramidal tract axons relative to the number of corticospinal projection neurons in somatosensory/motor cortices in the adult rat. The present study examines the effects of ethanol on the numbers of axons in the developing caudal pyramidal tract, i.e., corticospinal axons. Electron microscopic analyses of the pyramidal tracts of the offspring of pregnant rat dams fed a control diet ad libitum, pair-fed a liquid control diet, or fed an ethanol-containing diet ad libitum were performed. The pups were 5-, 15-, 30- and 90-days-old. The numbers of axons in control rats fell precipitously after postnatal day (P) 15 and the frequency of myelinated axons rose dramatically between P15 and P90. Ethanol exposure had no significant effect on the numbers of pyramidal tract axons at any age. Moreover, no ethanol-induced differences in the numbers of axons in different stages of myelination, i.e., axons that were "free" of glial associations, glia-engulfed, invested by 1-2 layers of myelin, or myelinated by 3+ layers of myelin, were detected on P15. Thus, it appears that (a) pyramidal tract axons are lost or pruned during the first two postnatal weeks and (b) postnatal development of pyramidal tract axons (e.g., pruning and myelination) is not affected by ethanol. The implications are that the ethanol-induced increase in the number of axons relative to the number of somata of corticospinal neurons detected in pups and adults results from the effects of ethanol on early stages (initiation) of axogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Miller
- Department of Anatomy, School of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 42242, USA; Department of Anatomy, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, NY 10940, USA.
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35
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36
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Abstract
Landmark-based geometric morphometrics is a powerful approach to quantifying biological shape, shape variation, and covariation of shape with other biotic or abiotic variables or factors. The resulting graphical representations of shape differences are visually appealing and intuitive. This paper serves as an introduction to common exploratory and confirmatory techniques in landmark-based geometric morphometrics. The issues most frequently faced by (paleo)biologists conducting studies of comparative morphology are covered. Acquisition of landmark and semilandmark data is discussed. There are several methods for superimposing landmark configurations, differing in how and in the degree to which among-configuration differences in location, scale, and size are removed. Partial Procrustes superimposition is the most widely used superimposition method and forms the basis for many subsequent operations in geometric morphometrics. Shape variation among superimposed configurations can be visualized as a scatter plot of landmark coordinates, as vectors of landmark displacement, as a thin-plate spline deformation grid, or through a principal components analysis of landmark coordinates or warp scores. The amount of difference in shape between two configurations can be quantified as the partial Procrustes distance; and shape variation within a sample can be quantified as the average partial Procrustes distance from the sample mean. Statistical testing of difference in mean shape between samples using warp scores as variables can be achieved through a standard Hotelling's T2 test, MANOVA, or canonical variates analysis (CVA). A nonparametric equivalent to MANOVA or Goodall's F-test can be used in analysis of Procrustes coordinates or Procrustes distance, respectively. CVA can also be used to determine the confidence with which a priori specimen classification is supported by shape data, and to assign unclassified specimens to pre-defined groups (assuming that the specimen actually belongs in one of the pre-defined groups).Examples involving Cambrian olenelloid trilobites are used to illustrate how the various techniques work and their practical application to data. Mathematical details of the techniques are provided as supplemental online material. A guide to conducting the analyses in the free Integrated Morphometrics Package software is provided in the appendix.
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Nguyen VT, Chong S, Tieng QM, Mardon K, Galloway GJ, Kurniawan ND. Radiological studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in humans and animal models: An updated comprehensive review. Magn Reson Imaging 2017. [PMID: 28645698 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders encompass a wide range of birth defects in children born to mothers who consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Typical mental impairments in FASD include difficulties in life adaptation and learning and memory, deficits in attention, visuospatial skills, language and speech disabilities, mood disorders and motor disabilities. Multimodal imaging methods have enabled in vivo studies of the teratogenic effects of alcohol on the central nervous system, giving more insight into the FASD phenotype. This paper offers an up-to-date comprehensive review of radiological findings in the central nervous system in studies of prenatal alcohol exposure in both humans and translational animal models, including Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computed Tomography, Positron Emission Tomography, Single Photon Emission Tomography and Ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van T Nguyen
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Suyinn Chong
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Quang M Tieng
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karine Mardon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham J Galloway
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nyoman D Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Topiwala A, Allan CL, Valkanova V, Zsoldos E, Filippini N, Sexton C, Mahmood A, Fooks P, Singh-Manoux A, Mackay CE, Kivimäki M, Ebmeier KP. Moderate alcohol consumption as risk factor for adverse brain outcomes and cognitive decline: longitudinal cohort study. BMJ 2017; 357:j2353. [PMID: 28588063 PMCID: PMC5460586 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate whether moderate alcohol consumption has a favourable or adverse association or no association with brain structure and function.Design Observational cohort study with weekly alcohol intake and cognitive performance measured repeatedly over 30 years (1985-2015). Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at study endpoint (2012-15).Setting Community dwelling adults enrolled in the Whitehall II cohort based in the UK (the Whitehall II imaging substudy).Participants 550 men and women with mean age 43.0 (SD 5.4) at study baseline, none were "alcohol dependent" according to the CAGE screening questionnaire, and all safe to undergo MRI of the brain at follow-up. Twenty three were excluded because of incomplete or poor quality imaging data or gross structural abnormality (such as a brain cyst) or incomplete alcohol use, sociodemographic, health, or cognitive data.Main outcome measures Structural brain measures included hippocampal atrophy, grey matter density, and white matter microstructure. Functional measures included cognitive decline over the study and cross sectional cognitive performance at the time of scanning.Results Higher alcohol consumption over the 30 year follow-up was associated with increased odds of hippocampal atrophy in a dose dependent fashion. While those consuming over 30 units a week were at the highest risk compared with abstainers (odds ratio 5.8, 95% confidence interval 1.8 to 18.6; P≤0.001), even those drinking moderately (14-21 units/week) had three times the odds of right sided hippocampal atrophy (3.4, 1.4 to 8.1; P=0.007). There was no protective effect of light drinking (1-<7 units/week) over abstinence. Higher alcohol use was also associated with differences in corpus callosum microstructure and faster decline in lexical fluency. No association was found with cross sectional cognitive performance or longitudinal changes in semantic fluency or word recall.Conclusions Alcohol consumption, even at moderate levels, is associated with adverse brain outcomes including hippocampal atrophy. These results support the recent reduction in alcohol guidance in the UK and question the current limits recommended in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Topiwala
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Charlotte L Allan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Vyara Valkanova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Enikő Zsoldos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Nicola Filippini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Claire Sexton
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Abda Mahmood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Peggy Fooks
- University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Archana Singh-Manoux
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Clare E Mackay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Klaus P Ebmeier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
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Newville J, Valenzuela CF, Li L, Jantzie LL, Cunningham LA. Acute oligodendrocyte loss with persistent white matter injury in a third trimester equivalent mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Glia 2017; 65:1317-1332. [PMID: 28518477 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol exposure during central nervous system (CNS) development can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Human imaging studies have revealed significant white matter (WM) abnormalities linked to cognitive impairment in children with FASD; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we evaluated both the acute and long-term impacts of alcohol exposure on oligodendrocyte number and WM integrity in a third trimester-equivalent mouse model of FASD, in which mouse pups were exposed to alcohol during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development. Our results demonstrate a 58% decrease in the number of mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) and a 75% decrease in the number of proliferating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) within the corpus callosum of alcohol-exposed mice at postnatal day 16 (P16). Interestingly, neither mature OLs nor OPCs derived from the postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ) were numerically affected by alcohol exposure, indicating heterogeneity in susceptibility based on OL ontogenetic origin. Although mature OL and proliferating OPC numbers recovered by postnatal day 50 (P50), abnormalities in myelin protein expression and microstructure within the corpus callosum of alcohol-exposed subjects persisted, as assessed by western immunoblotting of myelin basic protein (MBP; decreased expression) and MRI diffusion tensor imaging (DTI; decreased fractional anisotropy). These results indicate that third trimester-equivalent alcohol exposure leads to an acute, albeit recoverable, decrease in OL lineage cell numbers, accompanied by enduring WM injury. Additionally, our finding of heterogeneity in alcohol susceptibility based on the developmental origin of OLs may have therapeutic implications in FASD and other disorders of WM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Newville
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Lu Li
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Lee Anna Cunningham
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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40
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Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL, Molteno CD, Warton CMR, Wintermark P, Hoyme HE, De Jong G, Taylor P, Warton F, Lindinger NM, Carter RC, Dodge NC, Grant E, Warfield SK, Zöllei L, van der Kouwe AJW, Meintjes EM. Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure is Related to Smaller Corpus Callosum in Newborn MRI Scans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:965-975. [PMID: 28247416 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have consistently demonstrated disproportionately smaller corpus callosa in individuals with a history of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) but have not previously examined the feasibility of detecting this effect in infants. Tissue segmentation of the newborn brain is challenging because analysis techniques developed for the adult brain are not directly transferable, and segmentation for cerebral morphometry is difficult in neonates, due to the latter's incomplete myelination. This study is the first to use volumetric structural MRI to investigate PAE effects in newborns using manual tracing and to examine the cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum (CC). METHODS Forty-three nonsedated infants born to 32 Cape Coloured heavy drinkers and 11 controls recruited prospectively during pregnancy were scanned using a custom-designed birdcage coil for infants, which increases signal-to-noise ratio almost 2-fold compared to the standard head coil. Alcohol use was ascertained prospectively during pregnancy, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders diagnosis was conducted by expert dysmorphologists. Data were acquired using a multi-echo FLASH protocol adapted for newborns, and a knowledge-based procedure was used to hand-segment the neonatal brains. RESULTS CC was disproportionately smaller in alcohol-exposed neonates than controls after controlling for intracranial volume. By contrast, CC area was unrelated to infant sex, gestational age, age at scan, or maternal smoking, marijuana, or methamphetamine use during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Given that midline craniofacial anomalies have been recognized as a hallmark of fetal alcohol syndrome in humans and animal models since this syndrome was first identified, the CC deficit identified here in newborns may support early identification of a range of midline structural impairments. Smaller CC during the newborn period may provide an early indicator of fetal alcohol-related cognitive deficits that have been linked to this critically important brain structure in childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra W Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences , Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Human Biology , Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health , Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joseph L Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences , Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Human Biology , Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health , Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christopher D Molteno
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health , Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christopher M R Warton
- Department of Human Biology , Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - H Eugene Hoyme
- Department of Pediatrics , Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.,College of Medicine , University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Greetje De Jong
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul Taylor
- Department of Human Biology , Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Scientific and Statistical Computing Core , National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fleur Warton
- Department of Human Biology , Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nadine M Lindinger
- Department of Psychology , University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R Colin Carter
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine , Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Neil C Dodge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences , Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ellen Grant
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine , Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Simon K Warfield
- Department of Pediatrics , Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lilla Zöllei
- Department of Radiology , Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ernesta M Meintjes
- Department of Human Biology , Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit , Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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41
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Arambourou H, Sanmartín-Villar I, Stoks R. Wing shape-mediated carry-over effects of a heat wave during the larval stage on post-metamorphic locomotor ability. Oecologia 2017; 184:279-291. [PMID: 28238050 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two key insights to better assess the ecological impact of global warming have been poorly investigated to date: global warming effects on the integrated life cycle and effects of heat waves. We tested the effect of a simulated mild (25 °C) and severe (30 °C) heat wave experienced during the larval stage on the flight ability of the damselfly Ischnura elegans. To get a mechanistic understanding of how heat stress may translate into reduced post-metamorphic flight ability, we evaluated the hypothesized mediatory role of adult size-related traits, and also tested alternative pathways operating through changes in wing shape and two flight-related traits (both relative fat and flight muscle contents). Exposure to a heat wave, and particularly the severe one, shortened the larval stage, reduced adult size-related traits and modified the wing shape but did not significantly affect emergence success, relative fat content and relative flight muscle mass. Notably, the heat wave negatively affected all components of flight ability. Unexpectedly, the heat wave did not reduce flight ability through reducing size. Instead, we identified a novel size-independent mechanism bridging metamorphosis to link larval environment and adult flight ability in males: through affecting wing shape. The present study advances mechanistic insights in the still poorly understood coupling of life stages across metamorphosis. Additionally, our results underscore the need for integrative studies across life stages to understand the impact of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Arambourou
- Irstea, Research Unit MAEP (Freshwater Systems, Ecology and Pollution), 5 Rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626, Villeurbanne Cedex, France. .,Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Debériotstraat 32, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Iago Sanmartín-Villar
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Debériotstraat 32, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.,ECOEVO Lab, Universidade de Vigo, Escola de Enxeñaría Forestal, Campus A Xunqueira, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Debériotstraat 32, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
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42
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Second premolar agenesis is associated with mandibular form: a geometric morphometric analysis of mandibular cross-sections. Int J Oral Sci 2016; 8:254-260. [PMID: 27857074 PMCID: PMC5168418 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare mandibular form (i.e., size and shape) between patients with agenesis of the lower second premolar (P2) and a control group with no agenesis. Three hypotheses were tested: (H1) agenesis causes a change in mandibular morphology because of inadequate alveolar ridge development in the area of the missing tooth (mandibular plasticity); (H2) agenesis is caused by spatial limitations within the mandible (dental plasticity); and (H3) common genetic/epigenetic factors cause agenesis and affect mandibular form (pleiotropy). A geometric morphometric analysis was applied to cross-sectional images of computed tomography (CT) scans of three matched groups (n=50 each): (1) regularly erupted P2; (2) agenesis of P2 and the primary second molar in situ; and (3) agenesis of P2 and the primary second molar missing for >3 months. Cross-sections of the three areas of interest (first premolar, P2, first molar) were digitized with 23 landmarks and superimposed by a generalized Procrustes analysis. On average, the mandibular cross-sections were narrower and shorter in patients with P2 agenesis compared with that in the control group. Both agenesis groups featured a pronounced submandibular fossa. These differences extended at least one tooth beyond the agenesis-affected region. Taken together with the large interindividual variation that resulted in massively overlapping group distributions, these findings support genetic and/or epigenetic pleiotropy (H3) as the most likely origin of the observed covariation between mandibular form and odontogenesis. Clinically, reduced dimensions and greater variability of mandibular form, as well as a pronounced submandibular fossa, should be expected during the treatment planning of patients with P2 agenesis.
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43
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Barbeito-Andrés J, Bernal V, Gonzalez PN. Morphological asymmetries of mouse brain assessed by geometric morphometric analysis of MRI data. Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 34:980-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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44
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Cranium asymmetry in a modern Greek population sample of known age and sex. Int J Legal Med 2016; 131:803-812. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Bandeira LN, Alexandrino J, Haddad CFB, Thomé MTC. Geographical variation in head shape of a Neotropical group of toads: the role of physical environment and relatedness. Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas N. Bandeira
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Julio de Mesquita Filho’; Rio Claro São Paulo 13506-900 Brazil
| | - João Alexandrino
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; Diadema São Paulo 09972-270 Brazil
| | - Célio F. B. Haddad
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Julio de Mesquita Filho’; Rio Claro São Paulo 13506-900 Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza C. Thomé
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Julio de Mesquita Filho’; Rio Claro São Paulo 13506-900 Brazil
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Chovalopoulou ME, Valakos ED, Manolis SK. Sex determination by three-dimensional geometric morphometrics of the vault and midsagittal curve of the neurocranium in a modern Greek population sample. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2016; 67:173-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Løhaugen GCC, Flak MM, Gerstner T, Sundberg C, Lerdal B, Skranes J. Establishment of the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority Resource Center for Children with Prenatal Alcohol/Drug Exposure. Subst Abuse 2015; 9:67-75. [PMID: 26692762 PMCID: PMC4671549 DOI: 10.4137/sart.s23542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a new initiative in the South-Eastern Health Region of Norway to establish a regional resource center focusing on services for children and adolescents aged 2–18 years with prenatal exposure to alcohol or other drugs. In Norway, the prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum (FAS) is not known but has been estimated to be between 1 and 2 children per 1000 births, while the prevalence of prenatal exposure to illicit drugs is unknown. The resource center is the first of its kind in Scandinavia and will have three main objectives: (1) provide hospital staff, community health and child welfare personnel, and special educators with information, educational courses, and seminars focused on the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of children with a history of prenatal alcohol/drug exposure; (2) provide specialized health services, such as diagnostic services and intervention planning, for children referred from hospitals in the South-Eastern Health Region of Norway; and (3) initiate multicenter studies focusing on the diagnostic process and evaluation of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro C C Løhaugen
- Department of Child Neurology and Rehabilitation (HABU-A), Sørlandet Hospital HF, HABU, Arendal, Norway. ; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (LBK), Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, MTFS, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marianne Møretrø Flak
- Department of Child Neurology and Rehabilitation (HABU-A), Sørlandet Hospital HF, HABU, Arendal, Norway. ; Addiction Unit (ARA-K), Sørlandet Sykehus HF, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Thorsten Gerstner
- Department of Child Neurology and Rehabilitation (HABU-A), Sørlandet Hospital HF, HABU, Arendal, Norway
| | - Cato Sundberg
- Department of Child Neurology and Rehabilitation (HABU-A), Sørlandet Hospital HF, HABU, Arendal, Norway
| | - Bjørn Lerdal
- Department of Child Neurology and Rehabilitation (HABU-K), Sørlandet Hospital HF, HABU, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Jon Skranes
- Department of Child Neurology and Rehabilitation (HABU-A), Sørlandet Hospital HF, HABU, Arendal, Norway. ; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (LBK), Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, MTFS, Trondheim, Norway
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Nygaard E, Slinning K, Moe V, Walhovd KB. Cognitive function of youths born to mothers with opioid and poly-substance abuse problems during pregnancy. Child Neuropsychol 2015; 23:159-187. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1092509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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49
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Neuroimaging effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing human brain: a magnetic resonance imaging review. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2015; 27:251-69. [PMID: 25780875 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper reviews the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) literature on the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing human brain. METHOD A literature search was conducted through the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO and Google Scholar. Combinations of the following search terms and keywords were used to identify relevant studies: 'alcohol', 'fetal alcohol spectrum disorders', 'fetal alcohol syndrome', 'FAS', 'FASD', 'MRI', 'DTI', 'MRS', 'neuroimaging', 'children' and 'infants'. RESULTS A total of 64 relevant articles were identified across all modalities. Overall, studies reported smaller total brain volume as well as smaller volume of both the white and grey matter in specific cortical regions. The most consistently reported structural MRI findings were alterations in the shape and volume of the corpus callosum, as well as smaller volume in the basal ganglia and hippocampi. The most consistent finding from diffusion tensor imaging studies was lower fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies are few to date, but showed altered neurometabolic profiles in the frontal and parietal cortex, thalamus and dentate nuclei. Resting-state functional MRI studies reported reduced functional connectivity between cortical and deep grey matter structures. Discussion There is a critical gap in the literature of MRI studies in alcohol-exposed children under 5 years of age across all MRI modalities. The dynamic nature of brain maturation and appreciation of the effects of alcohol exposure on the developing trajectory of the structural and functional network argue for the prioritisation of studies that include a longitudinal approach to understanding this spectrum of effects and potential therapeutic time points.
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50
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Maiorino L, Farke AA, Kotsakis T, Teresi L, Piras P. Variation in the shape and mechanical performance of the lower jaws in ceratopsid dinosaurs (Ornithischia, Ceratopsia). J Anat 2015; 227:631-46. [PMID: 26467240 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceratopsidae represents a group of quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaurs that inhabited western North America and eastern Asia during the Late Cretaceous. Although horns and frills of the cranium are highly variable across species, the lower jaw historically has been considered to be relatively conservative in morphology. Here, the lower jaws from 58 specimens representing 21 ceratopsoid taxa were sampled, using geometric morphometrics and 2D finite element analysis (FEA) to explore differences in morphology and mechanical performance across Ceratopsoidea (the clade including Ceratopsidae, Turanoceratops and Zuniceratops). Principal component analyses and non-parametric permuted manovas highlight Triceratopsini as a morphologically distinct clade within the sample. A relatively robust and elongate dentary, a larger and more elongated coronoid process, and a small and dorso-ventrally compressed angular characterize this clade, as well as the absolutely larger size. By contrast, non-triceratopsin chasmosaurines, Centrosaurini and Pachyrhinosaurini have similar morphologies to each other. Zuniceratops and Avaceratops are distinct from other taxa. No differences in size between Pachyrhinosaurini and Centrosaurini are recovered using non-parametric permuted anovas. Structural performance, as evaluated using a 2D FEA, is similar across all groups as measured by overall stress, with the exception of Triceratopsini. Shape, size and stress are phylogenetically constrained. A longer dentary as well as a long coronoid process result in a lower jaw that is reconstructed as relatively much more stressed in triceratopsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Maiorino
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.,Center for Evolutionary Ecology, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrew A Farke
- Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Tassos Kotsakis
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.,Center for Evolutionary Ecology, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Teresi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Piras
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.,Center for Evolutionary Ecology, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Respiratorie, Nefrologiche, Anestesiologiche e Geriatriche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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