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Bischoff H, Kovach C, Kumar S, Bruss J, Tranel D, Khalsa SS. Sensing, feeling and regulating: investigating the association of focal brain damage with voluntary respiratory and motor control. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230251. [PMID: 39005040 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Breathing is a complex, vital function that can be modulated to influence physical and mental well-being. However, the role of cortical and subcortical brain regions in voluntary control of human respiration is underexplored. Here we investigated the influence of damage to human frontal, temporal or limbic regions on the sensation and regulation of breathing patterns. Participants performed a respiratory regulation task across regular and irregular frequencies ranging from 6 to 60 breaths per minute (bpm), with a counterbalanced hand motor control task. Interoceptive and affective states induced by each condition were assessed via questionnaire, and autonomic signals were indexed via skin conductance. Participants with focal lesions to the bilateral frontal lobe, right insula/basal ganglia and left medial temporal lobe showed reduced performance relative to individually matched healthy comparisons during the breathing and motor tasks. They also reported significantly higher anxiety during the 60 bpm regular and irregular breathing trials, with anxiety correlating with difficulty in rapid breathing specifically within this group. This study demonstrates that damage to frontal, temporal or limbic regions is associated with abnormal voluntary respiratory and motor regulation and tachypnoea-related anxiety, highlighting the role of the forebrain in affective and motor responses during breathing. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sensing and feeling: an integrative approach to sensory processing and emotional experience'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Bischoff
- Department of Psychology, University of Stockholm, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Kovach
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sukbhinder Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Joel Bruss
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Departments of Neurology and Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74119, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Liddell BJ, Das P, Malhi GS, Felmingham KL, Askovic M, Nickerson A, Aroche J, Coello M, Outhred T, Bryant RA. Torture Exposure Modulates Cognitive Control and Attention Neural Network Connectivity During a Go/Nogo Task. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024:S2451-9022(24)00214-3. [PMID: 39127424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Torture trauma is characterised by intentional uncontrollable acts, but the long-term effects of torture exposure on cognitive control brain mechanisms are unknown. METHODS A final sample of 33 torture survivors (TS) and 44 non-torture survivors (NTS), all with a refugee background, completed a Go/NoGo response inhibition task during fMRI scanning. Data-driven independent components analysis identified active networks across the task, and within Go, NoGo and error of commission trials. Groups were compared on within/between network connectivity, controlling for demographic and psychological symptom covariates. Secondary analyses investigated whether network connectivity moderated the associations between torture exposure and severity on fear (e.g. re-experiencing) and dysphoria (e.g. anhedonia) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. RESULTS The TS group exhibited decreased connectivity (compared to NTS controls) within the posterior default mode network (specifically the left precuneus) and auditory-motor network (specifically right superior temporal gyrus STG), and reduced connectivity between the dorsomedial frontal network (dmFN) and dorsal attention network (dAN) across the Go/NoGo task. The TS group also showed comparatively more negative ventral attention network connectivity during NoGo (i.e. inhibition) trials. No behavioral effects were observed. Secondary analyses revealed that association between torture exposure and elevated PTSD dysphoria (not fear) symptoms was moderated by reduced connectivity in the right STG and between the dmFN-dAN. CONCLUSIONS Response inhibition, attention and motor networks appear less connected in torture survivors, which may be specifically linked to PTSD dysphoria symptom profiles. Findings suggest that targeting cognitive control processes may hold promise for alleviating post-traumatic symptoms amongst survivors of torture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Liddell
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Australia; School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Australia.
| | - Pritha Das
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Australia; Academic Department of Psychiatry and CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065 Australia; University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gin S Malhi
- Academic Department of Psychiatry and CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065 Australia; University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kim L Felmingham
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mirjana Askovic
- NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (STARTTS), Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jorge Aroche
- NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (STARTTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Mariano Coello
- NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (STARTTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Tim Outhred
- Academic Department of Psychiatry and CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065 Australia; University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Di Fuccio R, Lardone A, De Luca M, Ali L, Limone P, Marangolo P. Neurobiological Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Inferior Frontal Gyrus: A Systematic Review on Cognitive Enhancement in Healthy and Neurological Adults. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1146. [PMID: 38927353 PMCID: PMC11200721 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The neurobiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have still not been unequivocally clarified. Some studies have suggested that the application of tDCS over the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) enhances different aspects of cognition in healthy and neurological individuals, exerting neural changes over the target area and its neural surroundings. In this systematic review, randomized sham-controlled trials in healthy and neurological adults were selected through a database search to explore whether tDCS over the IFG combined with cognitive training modulates functional connectivity or neural changes. Twenty studies were finally included, among which twelve measured tDCS effects through functional magnetic resonance (fMRI), two through functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and six through electroencephalography (EEG). Due to the high heterogeneity observed across studies, data were qualitatively described and compared to assess reliability. Overall, studies that combined fMRI and tDCS showed widespread changes in functional connectivity at both local and distant brain regions. The findings also suggested that tDCS may also modulate electrophysiological changes underlying the targeted area. However, these outcomes were not always accompanied by corresponding significant behavioral results. This work raises the question concerning the general efficacy of tDCS, the implications of which extend to the steadily increasing tDCS literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Di Fuccio
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Telematic University of Pegaso, Piazza dei Santi Apostoli 49, 00187 Rome, Italy; (R.D.F.); (L.A.); (P.L.)
| | - Anna Lardone
- Department of Humanities Studies, University Federico II, Via Porta di Massa 1, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.L.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Mariagiovanna De Luca
- Department of Humanities Studies, University Federico II, Via Porta di Massa 1, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.L.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Leila Ali
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Telematic University of Pegaso, Piazza dei Santi Apostoli 49, 00187 Rome, Italy; (R.D.F.); (L.A.); (P.L.)
| | - Pierpaolo Limone
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Telematic University of Pegaso, Piazza dei Santi Apostoli 49, 00187 Rome, Italy; (R.D.F.); (L.A.); (P.L.)
| | - Paola Marangolo
- Department of Humanities Studies, University Federico II, Via Porta di Massa 1, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.L.); (M.D.L.)
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Bischoff H, Kovach C, Kumar S, Bruss J, Tranel D, Khalsa SS. Sensing, Feeling, and Regulating: Investigating the Association of Focal Brain Damage with Voluntary Respiratory and Motor Control. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.16.562254. [PMID: 37905134 PMCID: PMC10614780 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Breathing is a complex, vital function that can be modulated to influence physical and mental well-being. However, the role of cortical and subcortical brain regions in voluntary control of human respiration is underexplored. Here we investigated the influence of damage to human frontal, temporal, or limbic regions on the sensation and regulation of breathing patterns. Participants performed a respiratory regulation task across regular and irregular frequencies ranging from 6 to 60 breaths per minute (bpm), with a counterbalanced hand motor control task. Interoceptive and affective states induced by each condition were assessed via questionnaire and autonomic signals were indexed via skin conductance. Participants with focal lesions to the bilateral frontal lobe, right insula/basal ganglia, and left medial temporal lobe showed reduced performance than individually matched healthy comparisons during the breathing and motor tasks. They also reported significantly higher anxiety during the 60-bpm regular and irregular breathing trials, with anxiety correlating with difficulty in rapid breathing specifically within this group. This study demonstrates that damage to frontal, temporal, or limbic regions is associated with abnormal voluntary respiratory and motor regulation and tachypnea-related anxiety, highlighting the role of the forebrain in affective and motor responses during breathing. Highlights Impaired human respiratory regulation is associated with cortical/subcortical brain lesionsFrontolimbic/temporal regions contribute to rhythmic breathing and hand motor controlFrontolimbic/temporal damage is associated with anxiety during tachypnea/irregular breathingThe human forebrain is vital for affective and interoceptive experiences during breathing.
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Hanley CJ, Burns N, Thomas HR, Marstaller L, Burianová H. The effects of age bias on neural correlates of successful and unsuccessful response inhibition in younger and older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 131:1-10. [PMID: 37535985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Facilitating communication between generations has become increasingly important. However, individuals often demonstrate a preference for their own age group, which can impact social interactions, and such bias in young adults even extends to inhibitory control. To assess whether older adults also experience this phenomenon, a group of younger and older adults completed a Go/NoGo task incorporating young and old faces, while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Within the networks subserving successful and unsuccessful response inhibition, patterns of activity demonstrated distinct neural age bias effects in each age group. During successful inhibition, the older adult group demonstrated significantly increased activity to other-age faces, whereas unsuccessful inhibition in the younger group produced significantly enhanced activity to other-age faces. Consequently, the findings of the study confirm that neural responses to successful and unsuccessful inhibition can be contingent on the stimulus-specific attribute of age in both younger and older adults. These findings have important implications in regard to minimizing the emergence of negative consequences, such as ageism, as a result of related implicit biases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha Burns
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK; Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Hannah R Thomas
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK; Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lars Marstaller
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Hana Burianová
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK; Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK; Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Pan X, Wang Z. Cortical and subcortical contributions to non-motor inhibitory control: an fMRI study. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10909-10917. [PMID: 37724423 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition is a core executive cognitive function. However, the neural correlates of non-motor inhibitory control are not well understood. We investigated this question using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and a simple Count Go/NoGo task (n = 23), and further explored the causal relationships between activated brain regions. We found that the Count NoGo task activated a distinct pattern in the subcortical basal ganglia, including bilateral ventral anterior/lateral nucleus of thalamus (VA/VL), globus pallidus/putamen (GP/putamen), and subthalamic nucleus (STN). Stepwise regressions and mediation analyses revealed that activations in these region(s) were modulated differently by only 3 cortical regions i.e. the right inferior frontal gyrus/insula (rIFG/insula), along with left IFG/insula, and anterior cingulate cortex/supplementary motor area (ACC/SMA). The activations of bilateral VA/VL were modulated by both rSTN and rIFG/insula (with rGP/putamen as a mediator) independently, and the activation of rGP/putamen was modulated by ACC/SMA, with rIFG/insula as a mediator. Our findings provide the neural correlates of inhibitory control of counting and causal relationships between them, and strongly suggest that both indirect and hyperdirect pathways of the basal ganglia are involved in the Count NoGo condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Psychological Counseling Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
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7
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Pavan A, Malloni WM, Frank SM, Wein S, Donato R, Greenlee MW. Lack of orientation specific adaptation to vertically oriented Glass patterns in human visual cortex: an fMRI adaptation investigation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12362. [PMID: 37524748 PMCID: PMC10390522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The perception of coherent form configurations in natural scenes relies on the activity of early visual areas that respond to local orientation cues. Subsequently, high-level visual areas pool these local signals to construct a global representation of the initial visual input. However, it is still debated whether neurons in the early visual cortex respond also to global form features. Glass patterns (GPs) are visual stimuli employed to investigate local and global form processing and consist of randomly distributed dots pairs called dipoles arranged to form specific global configurations. In the current study, we used GPs and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) adaptation to reveal the visual areas that subserve the processing of oriented GPs. Specifically, we adapted participants to vertically oriented GP, then we presented test GPs having either the same or different orientations with respect to the adapting GP. We hypothesized that if local form features are processed exclusively by early visual areas and global form by higher-order visual areas, then the effect of visual adaptation should be more pronounced in higher tier visual areas as it requires global processing of the pattern. Contrary to this expectation, our results revealed that adaptation to GPs is robust in early visual areas (V1, V2, and V3), but not in higher tier visual areas (V3AB and V4v), suggesting that form cues in oriented GPs are primarily derived from local-processing mechanisms that originate in V1. Finally, adaptation to vertically oriented GPs causes a modification in the BOLD response within early visual areas, regardless of the relative orientations of the adapting and test stimuli, indicating a lack of orientation selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pavan
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat, 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Wilhelm M Malloni
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Frank
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Wein
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rita Donato
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Proaction Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Colégio de Jesus, Rua Inácio Duarte 65, 3000-481, Coimbra, Portugal
- CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua Colégio Novo, 3000-115, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mark W Greenlee
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Gavazzi G, Noferini C, Benedetti V, Cotugno M, Giovannelli F, Caldara R, Mascalchi M, Viggiano MP. Cultural Differences in Inhibitory Control: An ALE Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2023; 13:907. [PMID: 37371385 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture greatly influences our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, affecting how we communicate and make decisions. There is an ongoing debate regarding the belief that people from Eastern cultures possess greater self-control abilities when compared to people from Western cultures. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis using the Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) algorithm to compare 30 studies (719 subjects, 373 foci) that used fMRI to investigate the performance in Go-Nogo and Stop Signal Tasks of participants from Western and/or Eastern countries. Our meta-analysis found differences between the networks activated in Eastern and Western culture participants. The right prefrontal cortex showed distinct patterns, with the Inferior Frontal gyrus more active in the Eastern group and the middle and superior frontal gyri more active in the Western group. Our findings suggest that Eastern culture subjects have a higher tendency to activate brain regions involved in proactive inhibitory control, while Western culture subjects rely more on reactive inhibitory brain regions during cognitive control tasks. This implies that proactive inhibition may play a crucial role in promoting the collective and interdependent behavior typical of Eastern cultures, while reactive inhibition may be more important for efficient cognitive control in subjects of Western cultures that prioritize individualism and independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele Gavazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Noferini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Viola Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Cotugno
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Giovannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Caldara
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mario Mascalchi
- "Mario Serio" Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Viggiano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
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Akatsuka K, Mitsuzono R, Yamashiro K. Effects of acute aerobic exercise on the motor inhibitory process in the go/no-go task in humans: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neuroreport 2023; 34:209-213. [PMID: 36789842 PMCID: PMC10516170 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES While many studies have reported the relationship between human cognitive functions and exercise, only a few have investigated the effect of mild-intensity exercise on the human motor inhibitory process. We employed the go/no-go task as a useful paradigm for studying the neural mechanisms involved in response execution and inhibition. METHOD Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, we observed 17 subjects performing go/no-go tasks under a control condition and an exercise condition. Under the control condition, the subjects performed a go/no-go session before and after a 15 min rest. Under the exercise condition, the subjects performed a go/no-go session before and after a 10 min ergometer cycling session followed by a 5 min rest. We set the exercise intensity individually for each subject at 30% of their maximum heart rate as calculated by Karvonen's formula. RESULTS We recorded an increase oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) in the go/no-go blocks compared to those in the go blocks and found that mild exercise significantly enhanced the peak amplitude of oxy-Hb. On the other hand, we observed no significant changes under the control condition. CONCLUSION This result suggests that mild exercise could trigger enhanced activation in the right frontal area, and cause a stronger inhibitory effect related to go/no-go tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Akatsuka
- Department of Liberal Arts, National Institute of Technology
| | | | - Koya Yamashiro
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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Van Malderen S, Hehl M, Verstraelen S, Swinnen SP, Cuypers K. Dual-site TMS as a tool to probe effective interactions within the motor network: a review. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:129-221. [PMID: 36065080 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation (ds-TMS) is well suited to investigate the causal effect of distant brain regions on the primary motor cortex, both at rest and during motor performance and learning. However, given the broad set of stimulation parameters, clarity about which parameters are most effective for identifying particular interactions is lacking. Here, evidence describing inter- and intra-hemispheric interactions during rest and in the context of motor tasks is reviewed. Our aims are threefold: (1) provide a detailed overview of ds-TMS literature regarding inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity; (2) describe the applicability and contributions of these interactions to motor control, and; (3) discuss the practical implications and future directions. Of the 3659 studies screened, 109 were included and discussed. Overall, there is remarkable variability in the experimental context for assessing ds-TMS interactions, as well as in the use and reporting of stimulation parameters, hindering a quantitative comparison of results across studies. Further studies examining ds-TMS interactions in a systematic manner, and in which all critical parameters are carefully reported, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Van Malderen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Melina Hehl
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Verstraelen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
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11
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Fogarty JS, Barry RJ, Steiner-Lim GZ. Auditory equiprobable NoGo P3: A single-trial latency-adjusted ERP analysis. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 182:90-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Rahman S, Siddique U, Choudhury S, Islam N, Roy A, Basu P, Anand SS, Islam MA, Shahi MS, Nayeem A, Chowdhury MTI, Chowdhury MSJH, Taylor JP, Baker MR, Baker SN, Kumar H. Comparing Stop Signal Reaction Times in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Can J Neurol Sci 2022; 49:662-671. [PMID: 34321129 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2021.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the relative contributions of cerebral cortex and basal ganglia to movement stopping, we tested the optimum combination Stop Signal Reaction Time (ocSSRT) and median visual reaction time (RT) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) and compared values with data from healthy controls. METHODS Thirty-five PD patients, 22 AD patients, and 29 healthy controls were recruited to this study. RT and ocSSRT were measured using a hand-held battery-operated electronic box through a stop signal paradigm. RESULT The mean ocSSRT was found to be 309 ms, 368 ms, and 265 ms in AD, PD, and healthy controls, respectively, and significantly prolonged in PD compared to healthy controls (p = 0.001). The ocSSRT but not RT could separate AD from PD patients (p = 0.022). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that subcortical networks encompassing dopaminergic pathways in the basal ganglia play a more important role than cortical networks in movement-stopping. Combining ocSSRT with other putative indices or biomarkers of AD (and other dementias) could increase the accuracy of early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Rahman
- Department of Neurology, RGCM Research Centre, Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Ummatul Siddique
- Department of Neurology, RGCM Research Centre, Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Supriyo Choudhury
- Department of Neurology, RGCM Research Centre, Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Nazrul Islam
- National Institute of Neurosciences & Hospital, Agargoan, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Akash Roy
- Department of Neurology, RGCM Research Centre, Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Purba Basu
- Department of Neurology, RGCM Research Centre, Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Sidharth Shankar Anand
- Department of Neurology, RGCM Research Centre, Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Abu Nayeem
- National Institute of Neurosciences & Hospital, Agargoan, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Mark R Baker
- Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stuart N Baker
- Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hrishikesh Kumar
- Department of Neurology, RGCM Research Centre, Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
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Ash H, Chang A, Ortiz RJ, Kulkarni P, Rauch B, Colman R, Ferris CF, Ziegler TE. Structural and functional variations in the prefrontal cortex are associated with learning in pre-adolescent common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113920. [PMID: 35595058 PMCID: PMC9362994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence linking the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to a variety of cognitive abilities, with adolescence being a critical period in its development. In the current study, we investigated the neural basis of differences in learning in pre-adolescent common marmosets. At 8 months old, marmosets were given anatomical and resting state MRI scans (n = 24). At 9 months old, association learning and inhibitory control was tested using a 'go/no go' visual discrimination (VD) task. Marmosets were grouped into 'learners' (n = 12) and "non-learners" (n = 12), and associations between cognitive performance and sub-regional PFC volumes, as well as PFC connectivity patterns, were investigated. "Learners" had significantly (p < 0.05) larger volumes of areas 11, 25, 47 and 32 than 'non-learners', although 'non-learners' had significantly larger volumes of areas 24a and 8 v than "learners". There was also a significant correlation between average % correct responses to the 'punished' stimulus and volume of area 47. Further, 'non-learners' had significantly greater global PFC connections, as well as significantly greater numbers of connections between the PFC and basal ganglia, cerebellum and hippocampus, compared to 'learners'. These results suggest that larger sub-regions of the orbitofrontal cortex and ventromedial PFC, as well more refined PFC connectivity patterns to other brain regions associated with learning, may be important in successful response inhibition. This study therefore offers new information on the neurodevelopment of individual differences in cognition during pre-adolescence in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Ash
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Arnold Chang
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard J Ortiz
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beth Rauch
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ricki Colman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toni E Ziegler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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14
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Pandey AK, Ardekani BA, Byrne KNH, Kamarajan C, Zhang J, Pandey G, Meyers JL, Kinreich S, Chorlian DB, Kuang W, Stimus AT, Porjesz B. Statistical Nonparametric fMRI Maps in the Analysis of Response Inhibition in Abstinent Individuals with History of Alcohol Use Disorder. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12050121. [PMID: 35621418 PMCID: PMC9137506 DOI: 10.3390/bs12050121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory impairments may persist after abstinence in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Using traditional statistical parametric mapping (SPM) fMRI analysis, which requires data to satisfy parametric assumptions often difficult to satisfy in biophysical system as brain, studies have reported equivocal findings on brain areas responsible for response inhibition, and activation abnormalities during inhibition found in AUD persist after abstinence. Research is warranted using newer analysis approaches. fMRI scans were acquired during a Go/NoGo task from 30 abstinent male AUD and 30 healthy control participants with the objectives being (1) to characterize neuronal substrates associated with response inhibition using a rigorous nonparametric permutation-based fMRI analysis and (2) to determine whether these regions were differentially activated between abstinent AUD and control participants. A blood oxygen level dependent contrast analysis showed significant activation in several right cortical regions and deactivation in some left cortical regions during successful inhibition. The largest source of variance in activation level was due to group differences. The findings provide evidence of cortical substrates employed during response inhibition. The largest variance was explained by lower activation in inhibition as well as ventral attentional cortical networks in abstinent individuals with AUD, which were not found to be associated with length of abstinence, age, or impulsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kumar Pandey
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC #1203, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (C.K.); (J.Z.); (G.P.); (J.L.M.); (S.K.); (D.B.C.); (W.K.); (A.T.S.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Babak Assai Ardekani
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; (B.A.A.); (K.N.-H.B.)
| | - Kelly Nicole-Helen Byrne
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; (B.A.A.); (K.N.-H.B.)
| | - Chella Kamarajan
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC #1203, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (C.K.); (J.Z.); (G.P.); (J.L.M.); (S.K.); (D.B.C.); (W.K.); (A.T.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC #1203, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (C.K.); (J.Z.); (G.P.); (J.L.M.); (S.K.); (D.B.C.); (W.K.); (A.T.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Gayathri Pandey
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC #1203, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (C.K.); (J.Z.); (G.P.); (J.L.M.); (S.K.); (D.B.C.); (W.K.); (A.T.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Jacquelyn Leigh Meyers
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC #1203, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (C.K.); (J.Z.); (G.P.); (J.L.M.); (S.K.); (D.B.C.); (W.K.); (A.T.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Sivan Kinreich
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC #1203, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (C.K.); (J.Z.); (G.P.); (J.L.M.); (S.K.); (D.B.C.); (W.K.); (A.T.S.); (B.P.)
| | - David Balin Chorlian
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC #1203, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (C.K.); (J.Z.); (G.P.); (J.L.M.); (S.K.); (D.B.C.); (W.K.); (A.T.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Weipeng Kuang
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC #1203, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (C.K.); (J.Z.); (G.P.); (J.L.M.); (S.K.); (D.B.C.); (W.K.); (A.T.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Arthur T. Stimus
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC #1203, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (C.K.); (J.Z.); (G.P.); (J.L.M.); (S.K.); (D.B.C.); (W.K.); (A.T.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC #1203, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (C.K.); (J.Z.); (G.P.); (J.L.M.); (S.K.); (D.B.C.); (W.K.); (A.T.S.); (B.P.)
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15
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Piani MC, Maggioni E, Delvecchio G, Brambilla P. Sustained attention alterations in major depressive disorder: A review of fMRI studies employing Go/No-Go and CPT tasks. J Affect Disord 2022; 303:98-113. [PMID: 35139418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe psychiatric condition characterized by selective cognitive dysfunctions. In this regard, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies showed, both at resting state and during tasks, alterations in the brain functional networks involved in cognitive processes in MDD patients compared to controls. Among those, it seems that the attention network may have a role in the disease pathophysiology. Therefore, in this review we aim at summarizing the current fMRI evidence investigating sustained attention in MDD patients. METHODS We conducted a search on PubMed on case-control studies on MDD employing fMRI acquisitions during Go/No-Go and continuous performance tasks. A total of 12 studies have been included in the review. RESULTS Overall, the majority of fMRI studies reported quantitative alterations in the response to attentive tasks in selective brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, the cingulate cortex, the temporal and parietal lobes, the insula and the precuneus, which are key nodes of the attention, the executive, and the default mode networks. LIMITATIONS The heterogeneity in the study designs, fMRI acquisition techniques and processing methods have limited the generalizability of the results. CONCLUSIONS The results from the included studies showed the presence of alterations in the activation patterns of regions involved in sustained attention in MDD, which are in line with current evidence and seemed to explain some of the key symptoms of depression. However, given the paucity and heterogeneity of studies available, it may be worthwhile to continue investigating the attentional domain in MDD with ad-hoc study designs to retrieve more robust evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Piani
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Eleonora Maggioni
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano 20122, Italy.
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano 20122, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
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16
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Hanley CJ, Burns N, Thomas HR, Marstaller L, Burianová H. The effects of age-bias on neural correlates of successful and unsuccessful response inhibition. Behav Brain Res 2022; 428:113877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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17
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Nguyen T, Condy EE, Park S, Friedman BH, Gandjbakhche A. Comparison of Functional Connectivity in the Prefrontal Cortex during a Simple and an Emotional Go/No-Go Task in Female versus Male Groups: An fNIRS Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070909. [PMID: 34356143 PMCID: PMC8304823 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control is a cognitive process to suppress prepotent behavioral responses to stimuli. This study aimed to investigate prefrontal functional connectivity during a behavioral inhibition task and its correlation with the subject’s performance. Additionally, we identified connections that are specific to the Go/No-Go task. The experiment was performed on 42 normal, healthy adults who underwent a vanilla baseline and a simple and emotional Go/No-Go task. Cerebral hemodynamic responses were measured in the prefrontal cortex using a 16-channel near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device. Functional connectivity was calculated from NIRS signals and correlated to the Go/No-Go performance. Strong connectivity was found in both the tasks in the right hemisphere, inter-hemispherically, and the left medial prefrontal cortex. Better performance (fewer errors, faster response) is associated with stronger prefrontal connectivity during the simple Go/No-Go in both sexes and the emotional Go/No-Go connectivity in males. However, females express a lower emotional Go/No-Go connectivity while performing better on the task. This study reports a complete prefrontal network during a simple and emotional Go/No-Go and its correlation with the subject’s performance in females and males. The results can be applied to examine behavioral inhibitory control deficits in population with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien Nguyen
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (T.N.); (E.E.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Emma E. Condy
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (T.N.); (E.E.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Soongho Park
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (T.N.); (E.E.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Bruce H. Friedman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Amir Gandjbakhche
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (T.N.); (E.E.C.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Condy EE, Friedman BH, Gandjbakhche A. Probing Neurovisceral Integration via Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Heart Rate Variability. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:575589. [PMID: 33324146 PMCID: PMC7723853 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.575589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovisceral integration model (NVM) proposes that an organism’s ability to flexibly adapt to its environment is related to biological flexibility within the central autonomic network (CAN). One important aspect of this flexibility is behavioral inhibition (Thayer and Friedman, 2002). During a behavioral inhibition task, the CAN, which comprises a series of feedback loops, must be able to integrate information and react to these inputs flexibly to facilitate optimal performance. The functioning of the CAN is shown to be associated with respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), as the vagus nerve is part of this feedback system. Although the NVM has been examined through neural imaging and RSA, only a few studies have examined these measures simultaneously during the neuroimaging procedure. Furthermore, these studies were done at rest or used tasks that were not targeted at processes associated with the NVM, such as behavioral inhibition and cognitive flexibility. For this reason, the present study assessed RSA and neural activation in the pre-frontal cortex simultaneously while participants completed a behavior inhibition task. RSA and functional near-infrared spectroscopy were collected in 38 adults, and resting levels of pre-frontal activation were negatively related to RSA, but pre-frontal activation during the behavior inhibition task was not. The negative relationship between RSA and oxygenated hemoglobin is consistent with previous functional magnetic resonance imaging work examining the NVM at baseline and should be further studied. Additional research investigating how this relationship may change based on task demands or environmental contexts would help clarify the applicability of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Condy
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bruce H Friedman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Amir Gandjbakhche
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
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19
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Prefronto-Striatal Structural Connectivity Mediates Adult Age Differences in Action Selection. J Neurosci 2020; 41:331-341. [PMID: 33214318 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1709-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In complex everyday environments, action selection is critical for optimal goal-directed behavior. This refers to the process of choosing a proper action from the range of possible alternatives. The neural mechanisms underlying action selection and how these are affected by normal aging remain to be elucidated. In the present cross-sectional study, we studied processes of effector selection during a multilimb reaction time task in a lifespan sample of healthy human adults (N = 89; 20-75 years; 48 males, 41 females). Participants were instructed to react as quickly and accurately as possible to visually cued stimuli representing single-limb or combined upper and/or lower limb motions. Diffusion MRI was used to study structural connectivity between prefrontal and striatal regions as critical nodes for action selection. Behavioral findings revealed that increasing age was associated with slowing of action selection performance. At the neural level, aging had a negative impact on prefronto-striatal connectivity. Importantly, mediation analyses revealed that the negative association between action selection performance and age was mediated by prefronto-striatal connectivity, specifically the connections between left rostral medial frontal gyrus and left nucleus accumbens as well as right frontal pole and left caudate. These results highlight the potential role of prefronto-striatal white matter decline in poorer action selection performance of older adults.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT As a result of enhanced life expectancy, researchers have devoted increasing attention to the study of age-related alterations in cognitive and motor functions. Here we study associations between brain structure and behavior to reveal the impact of central neural white matter changes as a function of normal aging on action selection performance. We demonstrate the critical role of a reduction in prefronto-striatal structural connectivity in accounting for action selection performance deficits in healthy older adults. Preserving this cortico-subcortical pathway may be critical for behavioral flexibility and functional independence in older age.
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20
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Uchida K, Baker SE, Wiggins CC, Senefeld JW, Shepherd JRA, Trenerry MR, Buchholtz ZA, Clifton HR, Holmes DR, Joyner MJ, Curry TB. A Novel Method to Measure Transient Impairments in Cognitive Function During Acute Bouts of Hypoxia. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2020; 91:839-844. [PMID: 33334403 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.5665.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Exposure to low oxygen environments (hypoxia) can impair cognitive function; however, the time-course of the transient changes in cognitive function is unknown. In this study, we assessed cognitive function with a cognitive test before, during, and after exposure to hypoxia.METHODS: Nine participants (28 4 yr, 7 women) completed Conners Continuous Performance Test (CCPT-II) during three sequential conditions: 1) baseline breathing room air (fraction of inspired oxygen, FIo₂ 0.21); 2) acute hypoxia (FIo₂ 0.118); and 3) recovery after exposure to hypoxia. End-tidal gas concentrations (waveform capnography), heart rate (electrocardiography), frontal lobe tissue oxygenation (near infrared spectroscopy), and mean arterial pressure (finger photoplethysmography) were continuously assessed.RESULTS: Relative to baseline, during the hypoxia trial end-tidal (-30%) and cerebral (-9%) oxygen saturations were reduced. Additionally, the number of commission errors during the CCPT-II was greater during hypoxia trials than baseline trials (2.6 0.4 vs. 1.9 0.4 errors per block of CCPT-II). However, the reaction time and omission errors did not differ during the hypoxia CCPT-II trials compared to baseline CCPT-II trials. During the recovery CCPT-II trials, physiological indices of tissue hypoxia all returned to baseline values and number of commission errors during the recovery CCPT-II trials was not different from baseline CCPT-II trials.DISCUSSION: Oxygen concentrations were reduced (systemically and within the frontal lobe) and commission errors were increased during hypoxia compared to baseline. These data suggest that frontal lobe hypoxia may contribute to transient impairments in cognitive function during short exposures to hypoxia.Uchida K, Baker SE, Wiggins CC, Senefeld JW, Shepherd JRA, Trenerry MR, Buchholtz ZA, Clifton HR, Holmes DR, Joyner MJ, Curry TB. A novel method to measure transient impairments in cognitive function during acute bouts of hypoxia. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(11):839844.
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21
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Bunno Y. Motor Imagery for Neurorehabilitation: The F-Wave Study. Somatosens Mot Res 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Yoo PE, Oxley TJ, Hagan MA, John S, Ronayne SM, Rind GS, Brinded AM, Opie NL, Moffat BA, Wong YT. Distinct Neural Correlates Underlie Inhibitory Mechanisms of Motor Inhibition and Motor Imagery Restraint. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:77. [PMID: 32581737 PMCID: PMC7289151 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence to suggest that motor execution and motor imagery both involve planning and execution of the same motor plan, however, in the latter the output is inhibited. Currently, little is known about the underlying neural mechanisms of motor output inhibition during motor imagery. Uncovering the distinctive characteristics of motor imagery may help us better understand how we abstract complex thoughts and acquire new motor skills. The current study aimed to dissociate the cognitive processes involved in two distinct inhibitory mechanisms of motor inhibition and motor imagery restraint. Eleven healthy participants engaged in an imagined GO/NO-GO task during a 7 Tesla fMRI experiment. Participants planned a specific type of motor imagery, then, imagined the movements during the GO condition and restrained from making a response during the NO-GO condition. The results revealed that specific sub-regions of the supplementary motor cortex (SMC) and the primary motor cortex (M1) were recruited during the imagination of specific movements and information flowed from the SMC to the M1. Such condition-specific recruitment was not observed when motor imagery was restrained. Instead, general recruitment of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) was observed, while the BOLD activity in the SMC and the M1 decreased below the baseline at the same time. Information flowed from the PPC to the SMC, and recurrently between the M1 and the SMC, and the M1 and the PPC. These results suggest that motor imagery involves task-specific motor output inhibition partly imposed by the SMC to the M1, while the PPC globally inhibits motor plans before they are passed on for execution during the restraint of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Yoo
- Vascular Bionics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas J Oxley
- Vascular Bionics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maureen A Hagan
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sam John
- Vascular Bionics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen M Ronayne
- Vascular Bionics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gil S Rind
- Vascular Bionics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas L Opie
- Vascular Bionics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bradford A Moffat
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yan T Wong
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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23
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Le TM, Chao H, Levy I, Li CSR. Age-Related Changes in the Neural Processes of Reward-Directed Action and Inhibition of Action. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1121. [PMID: 32587547 PMCID: PMC7298110 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with structural and functional brain changes which may impact the regulation of motivated behaviors, including both action and inhibition of action. As behavioral regulation is often exercised in response to reward, it remains unclear how aging may influence reward-directed action and inhibition of action differently. Here we addressed this issue with the functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 72 participants (aged 21-74) performing a reward go/no-go (GNG) task with approximately 2/3 go and 1/3 no-go trials. The go and no-go success trials were rewarded with a dollar or a nickel, and the incorrect responses were penalized. An additional block of the GNG task without reward/punishment served as the control to account for age-related slowing in processing speed. The results showed a prolonged response time (RT) in rewarded (vs. control) go trials with increasing age. Whole-brain multiple regressions of rewarded (vs. control) go trials against age and RT both revealed an age-related reduced activity of the anterior insula, middle frontal gyrus, and rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, activity from these regions mediated the relationship between age and go performance. During rewarded (vs. control) no-go trials, age was associated with increased accuracy rate but decreased activation in the medial superior frontal and postcentral gyri. As these regions also exhibited age-related activity reduction during rewarded go, the finding suggests aging effects on common brain substrates that regulate both action and action inhibition. Taken together, age shows a broad negative modulation on neural activations but differential effects on performance during rewarded action and inhibition of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang M. Le
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Herta Chao
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ifat Levy
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Chiang-Shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Angelelli P, Macchitella L, Toraldo DM, Abbate E, Marinelli CV, Arigliani M, De Benedetto M. The Neuropsychological Profile of Attention Deficits of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An Update on the Daytime Attentional Impairment. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060325. [PMID: 32471112 PMCID: PMC7349097 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) suffer from several neurocognitive disturbances. One of the neuropsychological processes most investigated in OSA patients is attention, but the results have been controversial. Here, we update the attention profile of OSA patients with the final aim to improve attention assessment, with a possible impact on clinical and medical-legal practices, in terms of which attention subdomains and parameters need consideration and which one is a high-risk OSA phenotype for attention dysfunctions. Method: For this purpose, we assessed 32 previously untreated OSA patients (26 men and 6 women) under 65 years of age (mean age 53.2 ± 7.3; mean education level 10.4 ± 3.4 years) suffering from moderate to severe sleep apnea and hypopnea (mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 45.3 ± 22.9, range 16.1–69.6). A control group of 34 healthy participants matched with OSA patients for age, education level, and general cognitive functioning were also enrolled. The OSA patients and healthy participants were tested through an extensive computerized battery (Test of Attentional Performance, TAP) that evaluated intensive (i.e., alertness and vigilance) and selective (i.e., divided and selective) dimensions of attention and returned different outcome parameters (i.e., reaction time, stability of performance, and various types of errors). Data analysis: The data were analyzed by ANCOVA which compared the speed and accuracy performance of the OSA and control participants (cognitive reserve was treated as a covariate). The possible mechanisms underlying attention deficits in OSA patients were examined through correlation analysis among AHI, oxygenation parameters, sleepiness scores, and TAP outcomes and by comparing the following three phenotypes of patients: severe OSA and severe nocturnal desaturators (AHI++D+), severe OSA nondesaturators (AHI++D−), and moderate OSA nondesaturators (AHI+D−). Results: The results suggest that the OSA patients manifest deficits in both intensive and selective attention processes and that reaction time (RT) alone is ineffective for detecting and characterizing their problems, for which error analysis and stability of performance also have to be considered. Patients with severe OSA and severe hypoxemia underperformed on alertness and vigilance attention subtests. Conclusions: The data suggest the importance of evaluating attention deficits among OSA patients through several parameters (including performance instability). Moreover, the data suggest a multifaceted mechanism underlying attention dysfunction in OSA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Angelelli
- Lab of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of History, Society and Human Studies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.M.); (E.A.); (C.V.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Luigi Macchitella
- Lab of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of History, Society and Human Studies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.M.); (E.A.); (C.V.M.)
| | | | - Elena Abbate
- Lab of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of History, Society and Human Studies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.M.); (E.A.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Chiara Valeria Marinelli
- Lab of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of History, Society and Human Studies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.M.); (E.A.); (C.V.M.)
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25
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Van Hove O, Van Muylem A, Andrianopoulos V, Leduc D, Feipel V, Deboeck G, Bonnechère B. The use of cognitive mobile games to assess the interaction of cognitive function and breath-hold. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 274:103359. [PMID: 31812789 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between cognitive function and breath-holding time is in need of further investigation. We aim to determine whether cognitive mobile games (CMG) are sensitive enough to assess the link between cognition and breath-holding time in non-trained subjects. Thirty-one healthy subjects participated in this study. A set of 3 short CMG: Must Sort (response control), Rush Back (attention, working memory) and True Color (mental flexibility, inhibition) was used. Apneic time was recorded in three different conditions: Total Lung Capacity (TLC): 88 ± 35 s, Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): 49 ± 17 s, and Residual Volume (RV): 32 ± 14 s. In males, breath-holding time at RV was correlated with True Color (r = 0.48) and Rush Back (r = 0.65) and at TLC with True Color (r = 0.45). In women, breath-holding time at TLC and FRC was inversely correlated with Must Sort (r = -0.59 and r = -0.49 respectively). Males and females appeared to differ in their use of cognitive resources during different breath-holding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Van Hove
- Chest and Thoracic Surgery Service, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Vasileios Andrianopoulos
- Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Research, Schoen Klinik Berchtesgadener Land, Schoenau am Koenigssee, Germany
| | - Dimitri Leduc
- Department of Pneumology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Feipel
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaël Deboeck
- Research Unit in Cardio-respiratory Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Bonnechère
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie, Biostatistiques et Recherche Clinique, Ecole de Santé Publique, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Electronics and Informatics - ETRO, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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26
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Akagi R, Tonotsuka M, Horie R, Hirata K, Ando S. Effect of acute eye fatigue on cognition for young females: a pilot study. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7978. [PMID: 31681520 PMCID: PMC6824331 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of people suffering from eye fatigue induced by visual display terminal (VDT) viewing is expected to increase in the modern world. Eye dysfunction is suggested to induce a decrease in cognitive function, at least in the long term. Furthermore, considering other previous findings, it may be reasonable to think that acute or relatively short-term eye dysfunction attenuates cognitive function for not only older but also young individuals. Hence, clarification of the effect of eye fatigue induced by VDT viewing on cognitive performance is essential in order to maintain and/or improve our quality of life in the modern world regardless of age. The present study investigated the effect of eye fatigue induced by 1-h VDT viewing on cognitive performance, to test the hypothesis that such eye fatigue impairs cognitive performance in young individuals. A total of 19 healthy female university students voluntarily participated in this study. Before and after the 1-h VDT viewing or resting, the degree of eye fatigue and cognitive performance were evaluated. Refractive error measurement was performed to assess the degree of eye fatigue using a binocular auto refractometer, and a memory recognition task and Go/NoGo task were used to estimate cognitive performance. Response accuracy and reaction time were evaluated in the two tasks. Due to difficulty in interpreting the data of refractive error for one participant from the perspective of eye fatigue, the data for 18 participants were used for further analysis. The refractive error was significantly lower after than before the VDT viewing, but a corresponding change was not found before and after resting. Regarding cognitive performance, only the reaction time in the memory recognition task varied with the VDT viewing or resting. The reaction time was significantly longer after than before resting, without a corresponding difference before and after the VDT viewing. Thus, the 1-h VDT viewing induced eye fatigue, but relatively improved rather than attenuated reaction time in the memory recognition task. These results suggest that the effect of the increase in arousal level induced by the present VDT viewing on memory recognition compensated for the negative effect of 1-h resting of the eyes. We conclude that the acute eye fatigue induced by the 1-h VDT viewing does not have detrimental effects on cognition in young females at least under the present conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Akagi
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan.,QOL Improvement and Life Science Consortium, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miki Tonotsuka
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Horie
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan.,QOL Improvement and Life Science Consortium, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan.,College of Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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van Meer F, van der Laan LN, Eiben G, Lissner L, Wolters M, Rach S, Herrmann M, Erhard P, Molnar D, Orsi G, Viergever MA, Adan RA, Smeets PA. Development and body mass inversely affect children’s brain activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during food choice. Neuroimage 2019; 201:116016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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28
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Le TM, Zhang S, Zhornitsky S, Wang W, Li CSR. Neural correlates of reward-directed action and inhibition of action. Cortex 2019; 123:42-56. [PMID: 31747630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human and non-human primate studies have examined neural responses to action and inhibition of action. However, it remains unclear whether the cerebral processes supporting these two distinct responses are differentially modulated by reward. In a sample of 35 healthy human adults, we examined brain activations to action and inhibition of action in a reward go/no-go task, with approximately ⅔ go and ⅓ no-go trials. Correct go and no-go trials were rewarded with $1 or ¢5 in reward sessions. Behaviorally, reward facilitated go and impeded no-go. A conjunction analysis showed shared activation to rewarded go and no-go responses in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) and inferior parietal cortex. A whole-brain two-way ANOVA of response (go vs no-go) and reward (dollar vs nickel) revealed a significant main effect of response, with greater activity for no-go vs go success in the middle frontal cortex and the reversed pattern in the dorsal ACC, insula, thalamus, and caudate. The thalamus and caudate also responded preferentially to dollar relative to nickel reward during go trials. The main effect of reward (dollar > nickel) involved not only regions associated with reward valuation (e.g., medial orbitofrontal cortex - mOFC) but also those implicated in motor control, saliency, and visual attention including the rACC, ventral striatum, insula, and occipital cortex. Finally, the mOFC distinguished go and no-go responses in the dollar but not nickel trials, suggesting a functional bias toward response execution that leads to larger rewards. Together, these findings identified both shared and non-overlapping neural processes underlying goal-directed action and inhibition of action as well as delineated the effects of reward magnitude on such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang M Le
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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29
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Wehrman J, Sowman P. Associative learning of response inhibition affects perceived duration in a subsequent temporal bisection task. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 201:102952. [PMID: 31733436 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interval timing, the ability to discern the duration of an event, is integral to appropriately navigating the world, from crossing the road to catching a ball. Several features of an event can affect its perceived duration, for example it has previously been shown that a large stimulus is perceived to last longer than a small stimulus. In the current article, participants performed either a Go/No-Go or variable foreperiod task prior to performing a temporal bisection task. In both the Go/No-Go and variable foreperiod tasks, participants learned an association between a particular response and a particular stimulus. Subsequently, the perceived duration of these stimuli was tested in a temporal bisection task. Our findings indicated that associating a stimulus with response inhibition (i.e. a No-Go stimulus) decreased perceived duration compared to a stimulus associated with a response (a Go stimulus). Associating a stimulus with either a short or long foreperiod, on the other hand, did not affect perceived duration. We relate this finding back to the coding efficiency theory and the processing principle. A No-Go stimulus requires more cognitive processing than a Go stimulus and would thus be predicted to increase, rather than decrease, perceived duration in both these time perception theories. Finally, we suggest how our findings might be used in future investigations of interval timing.
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30
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Brookman‐Byrne A, Mareschal D, Tolmie AK, Dumontheil I. The Unique Contributions of Verbal Analogical Reasoning and Nonverbal Matrix Reasoning to Science and Maths Problem-Solving in Adolescence. MIND, BRAIN AND EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL MIND, BRAIN, AND EDUCATION SOCIETY 2019; 13:211-223. [PMID: 32362934 PMCID: PMC7189624 DOI: 10.1111/mbe.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Relational reasoning, the ability to detect meaningful patterns, matures through adolescence. The unique contributions of verbal analogical and nonverbal matrix relational reasoning to science and maths are not well understood. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected during science and maths problem-solving, and participants (N = 36, 11-15 years) also completed relational reasoning and executive function tasks. Higher verbal analogical reasoning associated with higher accuracy and faster reaction times in science and maths, and higher activation in the left anterior temporal cortex during maths problem-solving. Higher nonverbal matrix reasoning associated with higher science accuracy, higher science activation in regions across the brain, and lower maths activation in the right middle temporal gyrus. Science associations mostly remained significant when individual differences in executive functions and verbal IQ were taken into account, while maths associations typically did not. The findings indicate the potential importance of supporting relational reasoning in adolescent science and maths learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Brookman‐Byrne
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological SciencesBirkbeck, University of London
- Centre for Educational NeuroscienceUniversity of London
| | - Denis Mareschal
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological SciencesBirkbeck, University of London
- Centre for Educational NeuroscienceUniversity of London
| | - Andrew K. Tolmie
- Centre for Educational NeuroscienceUniversity of London
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of EducationUniversity College London
| | - Iroise Dumontheil
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological SciencesBirkbeck, University of London
- Centre for Educational NeuroscienceUniversity of London
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31
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Mehren A, Diaz Luque C, Brandes M, Lam AP, Thiel CM, Philipsen A, Özyurt J. Intensity-Dependent Effects of Acute Exercise on Executive Function. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:8608317. [PMID: 31281346 PMCID: PMC6589258 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8608317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest beneficial effects of aerobic exercise at moderate intensity on cognition, while the effects of high-intensity exercise are less clear. This study investigated the acute effects of exercise at moderate and high intensities on executive functions in healthy adults, including functional MRI to examine the underlying neural mechanisms. Furthermore, the association between exercise effects and cardiorespiratory fitness was examined. 64 participants performed in two executive function tasks (flanker and Go/No-go tasks), while functional MR images were collected, following two conditions: in the exercise condition, they cycled on an ergometer at either moderate or high intensity (each n = 32); in the control condition, they watched a movie. Differences in behavioral performance and brain activation between the two conditions were compared between groups. Further, correlations between cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise effects on neural and behavioral correlates of executive performance were calculated. Moderate exercise compared to high-intensity exercise was associated with a tendency towards improved behavioral performance (sensitivity index d') in the Go/No-go task and increased brain activation during hit trials in areas related to executive function, attention, and motor processes (insula, superior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and supplementary motor area). Exercise at high intensity was associated with decreased brain activation in those areas and no changes in behavioral performance. Exercise had no effect on brain activation in the flanker task, but an explorative analysis revealed that reaction times improved after high-intensity exercise. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness was correlated with increased brain activation after moderate exercise and decreased brain activation after high-intensity exercise. These data show that exercise at moderate vs. high intensity has different effects on executive task performance and related brain activation changes as measured by fMRI and that cardiorespiratory fitness might be a moderating factor of acute exercise effects. Thus, our results may contribute to further clarify the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Mehren
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Diaz Luque
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Brandes
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS GmbH, Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Unit Applied Health Intervention Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexandra P. Lam
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane M. Thiel
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all”, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jale Özyurt
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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32
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Delfin C, Krona H, Andiné P, Ryding E, Wallinius M, Hofvander B. Prediction of recidivism in a long-term follow-up of forensic psychiatric patients: Incremental effects of neuroimaging data. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217127. [PMID: 31095633 PMCID: PMC6522126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the primary objectives in forensic psychiatry, distinguishing it from other psychiatric disciplines, is risk management. Assessments of the risk of criminal recidivism are performed on a routine basis, as a baseline for risk management for populations involved in the criminal justice system. However, the risk assessment tools available to clinical practice are limited in their ability to predict recidivism. Recently, the prospect of incorporating neuroimaging data to improve the prediction of criminal behavior has received increased attention. In this study we investigated the feasibility of including neuroimaging data in the prediction of recidivism by studying whether the inclusion of resting-state regional cerebral blood flow measurements leads to an incremental increase in predictive performance over traditional risk factors. A subsample (N = 44) from a cohort of forensic psychiatric patients who underwent single-photon emission computed tomography neuroimaging and clinical psychiatric assessment during their court-ordered forensic psychiatric investigation were included in a long-term (ten year average time at risk) follow-up. A Baseline model with eight empirically established risk factors, and an Extended model which also included resting-state regional cerebral blood flow measurements from eight brain regions were estimated using random forest classification and compared using several predictive performance metrics. Including neuroimaging data in the Extended model increased the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) from .69 to .81, increased accuracy from .64 to .82 and increased the scaled Brier score from .08 to .25, supporting the feasibility of including neuroimaging data in the prediction of recidivism in forensic psychiatric patients. Although our results hint at potential benefits in the domain of risk assessment, several limitations and ethical challenges are discussed. Further studies with larger, carefully characterized clinical samples utilizing higher-resolution neuroimaging techniques are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Delfin
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Hedvig Krona
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Andiné
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Ryding
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Märta Wallinius
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Växjö, Sweden
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Hofvander
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Region Skåne, Trelleborg, Sweden
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Wiemers EA, Redick TS. Task manipulation effects on the relationship between working memory and go/no-go task performance. Conscious Cogn 2019; 71:39-58. [PMID: 30928898 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Go/no-go tasks are widely used in psychology as measures of inhibition, mind-wandering, and impulsivity, but relatively little research has explored the impact that task manipulations have on task performance and measurement of the intended psychological constructs. Experiment 1 investigated the differences between perceptual and semantic versions of go/no-go tasks and how task performance relates to individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC), a widely-studied cognitive construct. The type of decision performed on the go/no-go stimuli influenced performance, but not the relationship with WMC. Experiment 2 examined the potential of inter-stimulus interval (ISI), which influenced go/no-go performance, along with the relationships with WMC. However, the type of decision had effects on performance above and beyond that of the ISI. The results are discussed in relation to the psychological literature using go/no-go tasks as behavioral indices of inhibition and mind-wandering, and in the context of previous investigations of individual differences in WMC.
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34
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Han Z, Chen W, Chen X, Zhang K, Tong C, Zhang X, Li CT, Liang Z. Awake and behaving mouse fMRI during Go/No-Go task. Neuroimage 2019; 188:733-742. [PMID: 30611875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) has been widely used to examine the functional neural networks in both the evoked and resting states. However, most fMRI studies in rodents are performed under anesthesia, which greatly limits the scope of their application, and behavioral relevance. Efforts have been made to image rodents in the awake condition, either in the resting state or in response to sensory or optogenetic stimulation. However, fMRI in awake behaving rodents has not yet been achieved. In the current study, a novel fMRI paradigm for awake and behaving mice was developed, allowing functional imaging of the mouse brain in an olfaction-based go/no-go task. High resolution functional imaging with limited motion and image distortion were achieved at 9.4T with a cryogenic coil in awake and behaving mice. Distributed whole-brain spatiotemporal patterns were revealed, with drastically different activity profiles for go versus no-go trials. Therefore, we have demonstrated the feasibility of functional imaging of an olfactory behavior in awake mice. This fMRI paradigm in awake behaving mice could lead to novel insights into neural mechanisms underlying behaviors at a whole-brain level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Han
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xifan Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiwei Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanjun Tong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyu T Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhifeng Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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35
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Mehren A, Özyurt J, Lam AP, Brandes M, Müller HHO, Thiel CM, Philipsen A. Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Executive Function and Attention in Adult Patients With ADHD. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:132. [PMID: 30971959 PMCID: PMC6443849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise can improve cognitive functions in healthy individuals and in various clinical groups, which might be particularly relevant for patients with ADHD. This study investigated the effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise on attention and executive functions in adult patients with ADHD, including functional MRI to examine the underlying neural mechanisms. On two different days, 23 adult patients with ADHD and 23 matched healthy controls performed in a flanker task, while functional MR images were collected, following 30 min of continuous stationary cycling with moderate intensity as well as after a control condition (watching a movie). Behavioral performance and brain activation were tested for differences between groups and conditions and for interactions to investigate whether exercise improves executive function to a greater extent in patients compared to healthy controls. Exercise significantly improved reaction times in congruent and incongruent trials of the flanker task in patients with ADHD but not in healthy controls. We found no changes in brain activation between the two conditions for either group. However, a subgroup analysis of ADHD patients with a higher degree of cardiorespiratory fitness revealed decreased activation in premotor areas during congruent trials and in premotor and medial frontal cortex during incongruent trials in the exercise compared to the control condition. Our results indicate exercise-induced improvements in attention and processing speed in patients with ADHD, demonstrating that adult patients with ADHD may benefit from an acute bout of exercise. These findings could be of high relevance for developing alternative treatment approaches for ADHD. In addition, results of the current study contribute to elucidate the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on cognition and to better understand the role of cardiorespiratory fitness on these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Mehren
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jale Özyurt
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra P Lam
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mirko Brandes
- Unit Applied Health Intervention Research, Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Helge H O Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane M Thiel
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all," University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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SUN Y, ZHANG H, LI Y, XUE G, HE Q. 一味坚持还是灵活变换:换牌频率的神经结构基础和认知机制. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2018. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2018.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Ardila A, Bernal B, Rosselli M. Executive Functions Brain System: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-analytic Study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 33:379-405. [PMID: 28961762 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective To characterize commonalities and differences between two executive functions: reasoning and inhibitory control. Methods A total of 5,974 participants in 346 fMRI experiments of inhibition or reasoning were selected. First level analysis consisted of Analysis of Likelihood Estimation (ALE) studies performed in two pooled data groups: (a) brain areas involved in reasoning and (b) brain areas involved in inhibition. Second level analysis consisted of two contrasts: (i) brain areas involved in reasoning but not in inhibition and (ii) brain areas involved in inhibition but not in reasoning. Lateralization Indexes were calculated. Results Four brain areas appear as the most critical: the dorsolateral aspect of the frontal lobes, the superior parietal lobules, the mesial aspect of the premotor area (supplementary motor area), and some subcortical areas, particularly the putamen and the thalamus. ALE contrasts showed significant differentiation of the networks, with the reasoning > inhibition-contrast showing a predominantly leftward participation, and the inhibition > reasoning-contrast, a clear right advantage. Conclusion Executive functions are mediated by sizable brain areas including not only cortical, but also involving subcortical areas in both hemispheres. The strength of activation shows dissociation between the hemispheres for inhibition (rightward) and reasoning (leftward) functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ardila
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Byron Bernal
- Department of Radiology/Brain Institute, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Monica Rosselli
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Davie, FL, USA
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Willford JA, Singhabahu D, Herat A, Richardson GA. An examination of the association between prenatal cocaine exposure and brain activation measures of arousal and attention in young adults: An fMRI study using the Attention Network Task. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 69:1-10. [PMID: 29953942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal drug exposure, including cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco, is associated with deficits in behavioral regulation and attention. Using fMRI, the objective of this study was to characterize the association between prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and the underlying neural substrates associated with behavioral outcomes of attention. Forty-seven young adults were recruited for this study from the ongoing Maternal Health Practices and Child Development (MHPCD) Project, a longitudinal study of the effects of PCE on growth, behavior, and cognitive function. Three groups were compared: 1) prenatal exposure to cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco (CAMT, n = 15), 2) prenatal exposure to alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco (AMT, n = 17), and 3) no prenatal exposure to drugs (Controls, n = 15). Subjects were frequency matched on gender, race, handedness, and 15-year IQ. This study used the theoretical model proposed by Posner and Peterson (1990), which posits three dissociable components of attention: alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Subjects completed a functional MRI (fMRI) scan while performing the Attention Network Task, a validated neuroimaging measure of the 3-network model of attention. Behavioral and fMRI data revealed no associations between PCE and task accuracy, speed of processing, or activation in key brain regions associated with each of the attention networks. The results of this study show that any subtle differences in brain function associated with PCE are not detectable using the ANT task and fMRI. These results should be interpreted in the context of other studies that have found associations between PCE and arousal with emotionally arousing stimuli, compared to this study that found no associations using emotionally neutral stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Willford
- Department of Psychology, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Dil Singhabahu
- Department of Mathematics, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Athula Herat
- Department of Physics, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Gale A Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
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Neural correlates of correct and failed response inhibition in heavy versus light social drinkers: an fMRI study during a go/no-go task by healthy participants. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:1796-1811. [PMID: 27832450 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to suppress responses that are inappropriate, as well as the mechanisms monitoring the accuracy of actions in order to compensate for errors, is central to human behavior. Neural alterations that prevent stopping an inaccurate response, combined with a decreased ability of error monitoring, are considered to be prominent features of alcohol abuse. Moreover, (i) alterations of these processes have been reported in heavy social drinkers (i.e. young healthy individuals who do not yet exhibit a state of alcohol dependence); and (ii) through longitudinal studies, these alterations have been shown to underlie subsequent disinhibition that may lead to future alcohol use disorders. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, using a contextual Go/No-Go task, we investigated whether different neural networks subtended correct inhibitions and monitoring mechanisms of failed inhibitory trials in light versus heavy social drinkers. We show that, although successful inhibition did not lead to significant changes, neural networks involved in error monitoring are different in light versus heavy drinkers. Thus, while light drinkers exhibited activations in their right inferior frontal, right middle cingulate and left superior temporal areas; heavy drinkers exhibited activations in their right cerebellum, left caudate nucleus, left superior occipital region, and left amygdala. These data are functionally interpreted as reflecting a "visually-driven emotional strategy" vs. an "executive-based" neural response to errors in heavy and light drinkers, respectively. Such a difference is interpreted as a key-factor that may subtend the transition from a controlled social heavy consumption to a state of clinical alcohol dependence.
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40
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Brookman-Byrne A, Mareschal D, Tolmie AK, Dumontheil I. Inhibitory control and counterintuitive science and maths reasoning in adolescence. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198973. [PMID: 29927969 PMCID: PMC6013119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing concepts can be a major barrier to learning new counterintuitive concepts that contradict pre-existing experience-based beliefs or misleading perceptual cues. When reasoning about counterintuitive concepts, inhibitory control is thought to enable the suppression of incorrect concepts. This study investigated the association between inhibitory control and counterintuitive science and maths reasoning in adolescents (N = 90, 11-15 years). Both response and semantic inhibition were associated with counterintuitive science and maths reasoning, when controlling for age, general cognitive ability, and performance in control science and maths trials. Better response inhibition was associated with longer reaction times in counterintuitive trials, while better semantic inhibition was associated with higher accuracy in counterintuitive trials. This novel finding suggests that different aspects of inhibitory control may offer unique contributions to counterintuitive reasoning during adolescence and provides further support for the hypothesis that inhibitory control plays a role in science and maths reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Brookman-Byrne
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Educational Neuroscience, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Mareschal
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Educational Neuroscience, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K. Tolmie
- Centre for Educational Neuroscience, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iroise Dumontheil
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Educational Neuroscience, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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41
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Hung Y, Gaillard SL, Yarmak P, Arsalidou M. Dissociations of cognitive inhibition, response inhibition, and emotional interference: Voxelwise ALE meta-analyses of fMRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:4065-4082. [PMID: 29923271 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control is the stopping of a mental process with or without intention, conceptualized as mental suppression of competing information because of limited cognitive capacity. Inhibitory control dysfunction is a core characteristic of many major psychiatric disorders. Inhibition is generally thought to involve the prefrontal cortex; however, a single inhibitory mechanism is insufficient for interpreting the heterogeneous nature of human cognition. It remains unclear whether different dimensions of inhibitory processes-specifically cognitive inhibition, response inhibition, and emotional interference-rely on dissociated neural systems. We conducted systematic meta-analyses of fMRI studies in the BrainMap database supplemented by PubMed using whole-brain activation likelihood estimation. A total of 66 study experiments including 1,447 participants and 987 foci revealed that while the left anterior insula was concordant in all inhibitory dimensions, cognitive inhibition reliably activated specific dorsal frontal inhibitory system, engaging dorsal anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and parietal areas, whereas emotional interference reliably implicated a ventral inhibitory system, involving the ventral surface of the inferior frontal gyrus and the amygdala. Response inhibition showed concordant clusters in the fronto-striatal system, including the dorsal anterior cingulate region and extended supplementary motor areas, the dorsal and ventral lateral prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, midbrain regions, and parietal regions. We provide an empirically derived dimensional model of inhibition characterizing neural systems underlying different aspects of inhibitory mechanisms. This study offers a fundamental framework to advance current understanding of inhibition and provides new insights for future clinical research into disorders with different types of inhibition-related dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Hung
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Schuyler L Gaillard
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Pavel Yarmak
- Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie Arsalidou
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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42
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Executive dysfunction in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. J Neurol 2018; 265:1563-1572. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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43
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Sweitzer MM, Kollins SH, Kozink RV, Hallyburton M, English J, Addicott MA, Oliver JA, McClernon FJ. ADHD, Smoking Withdrawal, and Inhibitory Control: Results of a Neuroimaging Study with Methylphenidate Challenge. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:851-858. [PMID: 29052617 PMCID: PMC5809794 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Smoking withdrawal negatively impacts inhibitory control, and these effects are greater for smokers with preexisting attention problems, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study preliminarily evaluated changes in inhibitory control-related behavior and brain activation during smoking withdrawal among smokers with ADHD. Moreover, we investigated the role of catecholamine transmission in these changes by examining the effects of 40 mg methylphenidate (MPH) administration. Adult daily smokers with (n=17) and without (n=20) ADHD completed fMRI scanning under each of three conditions: (a) smoking as usual+placebo; (b) 24 h smoking abstinence+placebo and (c) 24 h smoking abstinence+MPH. Scan order was randomized and counterbalanced. Participants completed a modified Go/No-Go task to assess both sustained and transient inhibitory control. Voxelwise analysis of task-related BOLD signal revealed a significant group-by-abstinence interaction in occipital/parietal cortex during sustained inhibition, with greater abstinence-induced decreases in activation observed among ADHD smokers compared with non-ADHD smokers. Changes in behavioral performance during abstinence were associated with changes in activation in regions of occipital and parietal cortex and bilateral insula during sustained inhibition in both groups. MPH administration improved behavioral performance and increased sustained inhibitory control-related activation for both groups. During transient inhibition, MPH increased prefrontal activation for both groups and increased striatal activation only among ADHD smokers. These preliminary findings suggest that abstinence-induced changes in catecholamine transmission in visual attention areas (eg, occipital and superior parietal cortex) may be associated with inhibitory control deficits and contribute to smoking vulnerability among individuals with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M Sweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road., Suite 300, Durham, NC 27710, USA, Tel: +1 919 668 0094, Fax: +1 919 681 0016, E-mail:
| | - Scott H Kollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rachel V Kozink
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matt Hallyburton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph English
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Merideth A Addicott
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason A Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Abstract
Dopaminergic brain circuits participate in emotional processing and impulsivity. The dopamine transporter (DAT) modulates dopamine reuptake. A variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) affects DAT expression. The influence of DAT1 genotype on neural activation during emotional processing and impulse inhibition has not been examined. Forty-two healthy subjects were classified as 9DAT (n = 17) or 10DAT (n = 25) based on DAT1 genotype (9DAT = 9R/9R and 9R/10R; 10DAT = 10R/10R). Subjects underwent fMRI during non-emotional and emotional go/no-go tasks. Subjects were instructed to inhibit responses to letters, happy faces, or sad faces in separate blocks. Accuracy and reaction time did not differ between groups. Within group results showed activation in regions previously implicated in emotional processing and response inhibition. Between groups results showed increased activation in 9DAT individuals during inhibition. During letter inhibition, 9DAT individuals exhibited greater activation in right inferior parietal regions. During sad inhibition, 9DAT Individuals exhibited greater activation in frontal, posterior cingulate, precuneus, right cerebellar, left paracentral, and right occipital brain regions. The interaction between DAT genotype and response type in sad versus letter stimuli showed increased activation in 9DAT individuals during sad no-go responses in the anterior cingulate cortex, extending into frontal-orbital regions. 9DAT individuals have greater activation than 10DAT individuals during neutral and sad inhibition, showing that genotypic variation influencing basal dopamine levels can alter the neural basis of emotional processing and response inhibition. This may indicate that 9R carriers exert more effort to overcome increased basal dopamine activation when inhibiting responses in emotional contexts.
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45
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The neural basis of deficient response inhibition in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: Evidence from a functional MRI study. Cortex 2017; 93:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Gable PA, Neal LB, Threadgill AH. Regulatory behavior and frontal activity: Considering the role of revised-BIS in relative right frontal asymmetry. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Gable
- Department of Psychology; The University of Alabama; Tuscaloosa Alabama
| | - Lauren B. Neal
- Department of Psychology; The University of Alabama; Tuscaloosa Alabama
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Velasquez F, Qin XA, Reilly MA, Neuhaus E, Estes A, Aylward E, Kleinhans NM. Neural correlates of emotional inhibitory control in autism spectrum disorders. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 64:64-77. [PMID: 28359873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atypical inhibitory function is often present in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who may have difficulty suppressing context-inappropriate behaviors. We investigated the neural correlates of inhibition in ASD in response to both emotional and non-emotional stimuli using an fMRI Go/NoGo inhibition task with human faces and letters. We also related neural activation to behavioral dysfunction in ASD. Our sample consisted of 19 individuals with ASD (mean age=25.84) and 22 typically developing (TD) control participants (mean age=29.03). As expected, no group differences in task performance (inhibition accuracy and response time) were found. However, adults with ASD exhibited greater angular gyrus activation in face response inhibition blocks, as well as greater fusiform gyrus activation than controls, in a condition comparing face inhibition to letter inhibition. In contrast, control participants yielded significantly greater anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activation in letter inhibition blocks. A positive relationship between communication and language impairment and angular gyrus activation during face inhibition was also found. Group activation differences during inhibition tasks in the context of comparable task performance and the relationship between activation and dysfunction highlight brain regions that may be related to ASD-specific dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Velasquez
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Integrative Brain Imaging Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Xiaoyan Angela Qin
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Integrative Brain Imaging Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Melissa A Reilly
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Integrative Brain Imaging Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily Neuhaus
- Autism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annette Estes
- Autism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Natalia M Kleinhans
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Integrative Brain Imaging Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Autism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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48
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Hemispheric asymmetries in the transition from action preparation to execution. Neuroimage 2017; 148:390-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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49
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Pornpattananangkul N, Hariri AR, Harada T, Mano Y, Komeda H, Parrish TB, Sadato N, Iidaka T, Chiao JY. Cultural influences on neural basis of inhibitory control. Neuroimage 2016; 139:114-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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50
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Sultson H, van Meer F, Sanders N, van Elburg AA, Danner UN, Hoek HW, Adan RAH, Smeets PAM. Associations between neural correlates of visual stimulus processing and set-shifting in ill and recovered women with anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 255:35-42. [PMID: 27518327 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Women ill with anorexia nervosa (AN) have been shown to exhibit altered cognitive functioning, particularly poor set-shifting (SS). In this study, we investigated whether brain activation in frontal and parietal regions during visual stimulus processing correlates with SS ability. Women currently ill with AN (AN; N=14), recovered women (REC; N=14) and healthy controls (HC; N=15), viewed alternating blocks of food and non-food pictures during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The Berg's Card Sorting Task was completed outside the scanner to measure SS. A priori regions of interest (ROIs) were defined in frontal and parietal regions. The activation during visual stimulus processing in several ROIs correlated positively with poor SS ability in REC, particularly in the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). The correlations with poor SS ability were opposite in AN patients, particularly in the right dACC. These findings underscore that addressing heightened levels of cognitive control associated with higher frontal activation could reduce cognitive inflexibility in recovered women. In AN, greater activation in frontal and parietal regions might be necessary to perform at normal levels during various tasks. Thus, weight restoration could be necessary for AN patients prior to addressing cognitive inflexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedvig Sultson
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Q02.4.45, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Floor van Meer
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Q02.4.45, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Sanders
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie A van Elburg
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands; Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Unna N Danner
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Hoek
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands; Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roger A H Adan
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A M Smeets
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Q02.4.45, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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