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Peat G, Boaler PJ, Dickson CL, Lloyd-Jones GC, Uhrín D. SHARPER-DOSY: Sensitivity enhanced diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4410. [PMID: 37479704 PMCID: PMC10361965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in mid-20th century, the sensitivity of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has increased steadily, in part due to the design of new, sophisticated NMR experiments. Here we report on a liquid-state NMR methodology that significantly increases the sensitivity of diffusion coefficient measurements of pure compounds, allowing to estimate their sizes using a much reduced amount of material. In this method, the diffusion coefficients are being measured by analysing narrow and intense singlets, which are invariant to magnetic field inhomogeneities. The singlets are obtained through signal acquisition embedded in short (<0.5 ms) spin-echo intervals separated by non-selective 180° or 90° pulses, suppressing the chemical shift evolution of resonances and their splitting due to J couplings. The achieved 10-100 sensitivity enhancement results in a 100-10000-fold time saving. Using high field cryoprobe NMR spectrometers, this makes it possible to measure a diffusion coefficient of a medium-size organic molecule in a matter of minutes with as little as a few hundred nanograms of material.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Peat
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Patrick J Boaler
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Claire L Dickson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
- Oxford Instruments, Halifax Road, High Wycombe, HP12 3SE2, UK
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Dušan Uhrín
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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2
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Eckert A, Abbasi M, Mang T, Saalwächter K, Walther A. Structure, Mechanical Properties, and Dynamics of Polyethylenoxide/Nanoclay Nacre-Mimetic Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Eckert
- DWI—Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- IAP—Institute for Applied Polymer Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Aachen, Heinrich-Mussmann-Str.1, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mozhdeh Abbasi
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas Mang
- IAP—Institute for Applied Polymer Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Aachen, Heinrich-Mussmann-Str.1, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Farounbi AI, Mensah PK, Olawode EO, Ngqwala NP. 1H-NMR Determination of Organic Compounds in Municipal Wastewaters and the Receiving Surface Waters in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030713. [PMID: 32046009 PMCID: PMC7036998 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface water is the recipient of pollutants from various sources, including improperly treated wastewater. Comprehensive knowledge of the composition of water is necessary to make it reusable in water-scarce environments. In this work, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) was combined with multivariate analysis to study the metabolites in four rivers and four wastewater treatment plants releasing treated effluents into the rivers. 1H-NMR chemical shifts of the extracts in CDCl were acquired with Bruker 400. Chemical shifts of 1H-NMR in chlorinated alkanes, amino compounds and fluorinated hydrocarbons were common to samples of wastewater and lower reaches or the rivers. 1H-NMR chemical shifts of carbonyl compounds and alkyl phosphates were restricted to wastewater samples. Chemical shifts of phenolic compounds were associated with treated effluent samples. This study showed that the sources of these metabolites in the rivers were not only from improperly treated effluents but also from runoffs. Multivariate analyses showed that some of the freshwater samples were not of better quality than wastewater and treated effluents. Observations show the need for constant monitoring of rivers and effluent for the safety of the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo I. Farounbi
- Environmental Health and Biotechnology Research Group, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 94, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (A.I.F.); (E.O.O.)
| | - Paul K. Mensah
- Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;
| | - Emmanuel O. Olawode
- Environmental Health and Biotechnology Research Group, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 94, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (A.I.F.); (E.O.O.)
| | - Nosiphiwe P. Ngqwala
- Environmental Health and Biotechnology Research Group, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 94, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (A.I.F.); (E.O.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-46-6037427
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Protsak I, Paientko V, Oranska O, Gornikov YI, Prokhnenko P, Alekseev S, Babenko L, Liedienov N, Pashchenko A, Levchenko G, Gun’ko V. Interfacial phenomena in natural nanostructured materials based on kaolinite and calcite in blends with nanosilica and neem leaf powder. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Fritzsching KJ, Duan P, Alberts EM, Tibabuzo Perdomo AM, Kenny P, Wilker JJ, Schmidt-Rohr K. Silk-Like Protein with Persistent Radicals Identified in Oyster Adhesive by Solid-State NMR. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:2840-2852. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith J. Fritzsching
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Pu Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | | | | | - Paul Kenny
- Baruch Marine Field Laboratory, University of South Carolina, P.O. Box 1630, Georgetown, South Carolina 29442, United States
| | | | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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Cao X, Lattao C, Pignatello JJ, Mao J, Schmidt-Rohr K. Sorption selectivity in natural organic matter probed with fully deuterium-exchanged and carbonyl-13C-labeled benzophenone and 1H-13C NMR spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8645-8652. [PMID: 24983322 DOI: 10.1021/es501129f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Specific functional-group or domain interactions of fully deuterium-exchanged, carbonyl-(13)C-labeled benzophenone and different types of natural organic matter (NOM) were investigated through two-dimensional (1)H-(13)C heteronuclear correlation NMR spectroscopy. The sorbents included Beulah-Zap lignite, type II kerogen (IL-6), Pahokee peat, Amherst humic acid, and a polystyrene-poly(vinylmethyl ether) (PS-PVME) blend. PS-PVME consists of PS and PVME chains that are mixed on a scale of <5 nm. The NOM sorbents all consist predominantly of a mixed aromatic-alkyl or aromatic-O-alkyl matrix that is homogeneous on the 3 nm scale, as evidenced by fast equilibration of aromatic and alkyl (1)H magnetization. In addition, Beulah lignite and IL-6 kerogen exhibit small fractions of distinct polymethylene (CH2)n domains, and Pahokee peat contains significant fractions of polar and nonpolar alkyl domains. Benzophenone-((13)C═O)-d10 shows proximity to both aromatic rings and alkyl segments in all samples but preferentially interacts with aromatic rings in PS-PVME and Beulah lignite, possibly due to π-π electron donor-acceptor interactions. The data for IL-6 kerogen are also compatible with preferential location of benzophenone near the alkyl-substituted edges of aromatic rings, while in Pahokee peat, clear signatures of benzophenone affinity to both aromatic-rich and nonpolar alkyl domains have been detected. Amherst humic acid shows evidence of some affinity to polar alkyl segments but which is weaker than that to aromatic rings. Our results indicate that specific interactions of the sorbate and the presence of domains in the sorbent influence the magnitude and selectivity of sorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
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Bonhomme C, Gervais C, Laurencin D. Recent NMR developments applied to organic-inorganic materials. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 77:1-48. [PMID: 24411829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, the latest developments in solid state NMR are presented in the field of organic-inorganic (O/I) materials (or hybrid materials). Such materials involve mineral and organic (including polymeric and biological) components, and can exhibit complex O/I interfaces. Hybrids are currently a major topic of research in nanoscience, and solid state NMR is obviously a pertinent spectroscopic tool of investigation. Its versatility allows the detailed description of the structure and texture of such complex materials. The article is divided in two main parts: in the first one, recent NMR methodological/instrumental developments are presented in connection with hybrid materials. In the second part, an exhaustive overview of the major classes of O/I materials and their NMR characterization is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bonhomme
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR CNRS 7574, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Christel Gervais
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR CNRS 7574, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Danielle Laurencin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, UMR5253, CNRS UM2 UM1 ENSCM, CC1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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8
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Mayer BP, Chinn SC, Maxwell RS, Reimer JA. Solid state NMR investigation of γ-irradiated composite siloxanes: Probing the silica/polysiloxane interface. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Celinski VR, Weber J, Schmedt Auf der Günne J. C-REDOR curves of extended spin systems. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2013; 49-50:12-22. [PMID: 23141477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The convergence of simulated C-REDOR curves of (infinitely) large spin systems is investigated with respect to the number of spins considered in the calculations. Taking a sufficiently large number of spins (>20,000 spins) into account enables the simulation of converged C-REDOR curves over the entire time period and not only the initial regime. The calculations are based on an existing approximation within first order average Hamiltonian theory (AHT), which assumes the absence of homonuclear dipole-dipole interactions. The C-REDOR experiment generates an average Hamiltonian close to the idealized AHT behavior even for multiple spin systems including multiple homonuclear dipole-dipole interactions which is shown from numerically exact calculations of the spin dynamics. Experimentally it is shown that calculations accurately predict the full, experimental C-REDOR curves of the multi-spin systems (31)P-(19)F in apatite, (31)P-(1)H in potassium trimetaphosphimate and (1)H-(31)P in potassium dihydrogen phosphate. We also present (13)C-(1)H and (15)N-(1)H data for the organic compounds glycine, l-alanine and l-histidine hydrochloride monohydrate which require consideration of molecular motion. Furthermore, we investigated the current limits of the method from systematic errors and we suggest a simple way to calculate errors for homogeneous and heterogeneous samples from experimental data.
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Molecular Dynamics of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Intercalated in Clay, Studied Using 13C Solid-State NMR. MATERIALS 2012; 6:47-64. [PMID: 28809293 PMCID: PMC5452125 DOI: 10.3390/ma6010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Cross-Polarization Magic-angle Spinning CP/MAS, 2D Exchange, Centerband-Only Detection of Exchange (CODEX), and Separated-Local-Field (SLF) NMR experiments were used to study the molecular dynamics of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) inside Hectorite/PEG intercalation compounds in both single- and double-layer configurations. The results revealed that the overall amplitude of the motions of the PEG chain in the single-layer configuration is considerably smaller than that observed for the double-layer intercalation compound. This result indicates that the effect of having the polymer chain interacting with both clay platelets is to produce a substantial decrease in the motional amplitudes of those chains. The presence of these dynamically restricted segments might be explained by the presence of anchoring points between the clay platelets and the PEG oxygen atoms, which was induced by the Na+ cations. By comparing the PEG motional amplitudes of the double-layered nanocomposites composed of polymers with different molecular weights, a decrease in the motional amplitude for the smaller PEG chain was observed, which might also be understood using the presence of anchoring points.
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12
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Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ, Soong R. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its key role in environmental research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11488-11496. [PMID: 22909253 DOI: 10.1021/es302154w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is arguably the most powerful and versatile tool in modern science. It has the capability to solve complex structures and interactions in situ even in complex heterogeneous multiphase samples such as soil, plants, and tissues. NMR has vast potential in environmental research and can provide insight into a diverse range of environmental processes at the molecular level be it identifying the binding site in human blood for a specific contaminant or the compositional dynamics of soil with climate change. Modern NMR-based metabonomics is elucidating contaminant toxicity and toxic mode of action rapidly and at sub lethal concentrations. Combined modern NMR approaches provide a powerful framework to better understand carbon cycling and sustainable agriculture, as well as contaminant fate, bioavailability, toxicity, sequestration, and remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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13
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Castillo MR, Fraile JM, Mayoral JA. Structure and dynamics of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate phases on silica and laponite clay: from liquid to solid behavior. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:11364-75. [PMID: 22775393 DOI: 10.1021/la300976p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR experiments show that the behavior of supported 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquid phases depends on the type of support and the phase thickness. A mobile nearly liquid phase is obtained on silica, on the basis of the line widths of the bands in (1)H, (31)P, and (13)C spectra. However, the mobility is somehow restricted, as shown by the possibility of using the cross-polarization technique, although with slow dynamics. On laponite clay, a layered material with a negatively charged surface, a truly solid phase is obtained at low coverage, whereas the increase in ionic liquid loading leads to a second liquid phase, as shown by the presence of two contributions with very different line widths. These two phases seem to coexist without exchange in the NMR time frame. Heteronuclear correlation experiments evidence different relative dispositions of the imidazolium-surface-PF(6) system, with only aromatic protons involved in all the interactions on silica but participation of the benzylic groups (N-CH(3) and/or N-CH(2)) in the case of laponite clay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosa Castillo
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Lorthioir C, Khalil M, Wintgens V, Amiel C. Segmental motions of poly(ethylene glycol) chains adsorbed on Laponite platelets in clay-based hydrogels: a NMR investigation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:7859-7871. [PMID: 22512344 DOI: 10.1021/la3010757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The segmental dynamics of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains adsorbed on the clay platelets within nanocomposite PEG/Laponite hydrogels was investigated over the tens of microseconds time scale, using combined solution and solid-state NMR approaches. In a first step, the time evolution of the molecular mobility displayed by the PEG chains following the addition to a Laponite aqueous dispersion was monitored during the aggregation of the clay disks and the hydrogel formation, by means of (1)H solution-state NMR. Part of the PEG repeat units were found to get strongly constrained during the gelation process. Comparisons between this time evolution of the PEG local dynamics in the PEG/Laponite/water systems and the increase of the macroscopic storage shear modulus, mainly governed by the assembling of the Laponite disks, indicate that the slowing down of the segmental motions arises from adsorbed PEG repeat units or chain portions strongly constrained between aggregated clay layers. In a second step, after completion of the gelation process, the molecular motions of the adsorbed PEG chains were probed by (1)H solid-state NMR spectroscopy. (1)H double-quantum experiments indicate that the adsorbed PEG repeat units, though reported to be frozen over a few tens of nanoseconds, still display significant reorientational motions over the tens of microseconds time scale. Using a comparison with a model system of amorphized PEG chains, the characteristic frequency of these segmental motions was found to range between 78.0 kHz and 100.7 MHz at 300 K. Interestingly, at this temperature, the level of reorientational motions detected for these adsorbed PEG chain portions was found to be as restricted as the one of bulk amorphous PEG chains, cooled at a slightly lower temperature (about 290 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Lorthioir
- Equipe Systèmes Polymères Complexes, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est ( UMR 7182 CNRS/Université Paris-Est Créteil ), 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France.
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Simpson AJ, McNally DJ, Simpson MJ. NMR spectroscopy in environmental research: from molecular interactions to global processes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 58:97-175. [PMID: 21397118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Zou Q, Zhang L, Li S, Gao X, Deng F. A solid-state NMR study of structure and segmental dynamics of poly(propylmethacryl-heptaisobutyl-pss)-co-styrene nanocomposites. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 355:334-41. [PMID: 21216408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The domain structure and mobility of poly(propylmethacryl-heptaisobutyl-pss)-co-styrene nanocomposites with different polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) contents were investigated by various solid-state NMR techniques in combination with XRD. The NMR relaxation time measurements suggested that increasing POSS content trended to mobilize the chains in PS unit. Although XRD results showed that POSS was well dispersed into the polymer matrix, 2D WISE NMR indicated that the dispersion of POSS into the polymer matrix led to a composite structure composed of rigid and densely packed PS domain and mobile and amorphous POSS domain. This implied that the size of the two domains was very small. 2D HETCOR NMR implied that the distance between PS network and POSS unit gradually decreased when the POSS content successively increased. The dispersed POSS domain size determined by 2D spin-diffusion NMR experiments was increased with the POSS loading, being about 3.0, 3.9, 6.0 nm for the POSS15, POSS25 and POSS45 nanocomposites, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
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17
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Hu YY, Rawal A, Schmidt-Rohr K. Strongly bound citrate stabilizes the apatite nanocrystals in bone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22425-9. [PMID: 21127269 PMCID: PMC3012505 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009219107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocrystals of apatitic calcium phosphate impart the organic-inorganic nanocomposite in bone with favorable mechanical properties. So far, the factors preventing crystal growth beyond the favorable thickness of ca. 3 nm have not been identified. Here we show that the apatite surfaces are studded with strongly bound citrate molecules, whose signals have been identified unambiguously by multinuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. NMR reveals that bound citrate accounts for 5.5 wt% of the organic matter in bone and covers apatite at a density of about 1 molecule per (2 nm)(2), with its three carboxylate groups at distances of 0.3 to 0.45 nm from the apatite surface. Bound citrate is highly conserved, being found in fish, avian, and mammalian bone, which indicates its critical role in interfering with crystal thickening and stabilizing the apatite nanocrystals in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.-Y. Hu
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - A. Rawal
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - K. Schmidt-Rohr
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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18
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Lee D, Balmer JA, Schmid A, Tonnar J, Armes SP, Titman JJ. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies of vinyl polymer/silica colloidal nanocomposite particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:15592-15598. [PMID: 20825200 DOI: 10.1021/la102298x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used to characterize the interface between the organic and inorganic components of "core-shell" colloidal nanocomposite particles synthesized by in situ aqueous (co)polymerization of styrene and/or n-butyl acrylate in the presence of a glycerol-functionalized silica sol. Polymer protons are in close proximity (<5 A) to surface silanol sites in all the nanocomposites studied, indicating that either styrene or n-butyl side groups extend between the glycerol-functional silane molecules toward the surface of the silica particles. For the poly(styrene-co-n-butyl acrylate)/silica nanocomposite n-butyl acrylate residues are located closer to the surface of the silica particle than styrene residues, suggesting a specific interaction between the former and the glycerol-functionalized silica surface. The most likely explanation is a hydrogen bond between the ester carbonyl and the glycerol groups, although this cannot be observed directly. For the Bindzil CC40 glycerol-functionalized silica sol the relative intensities of (29)Si NMR lines corresponding to T and Q(3) environments imply that there are approximately twice as many unreacted silanol groups on the silica surface as attached silane molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Borrego T, Andrade M, Pinto ML, Rosa Silva A, Carvalho AP, Rocha J, Freire C, Pires J. Physicochemical characterization of silylated functionalized materials. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 344:603-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Chen CY, Chen CC, Hou SS. Synthesis and characterization of poly(acrylonitrile)/montmorillonite nanocomposites from surface-initiated redox polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Lorthioir C, Lauprêtre F, Soulestin J, Lefebvre JM. Segmental Dynamics of Poly(ethylene oxide) Chains in a Model Polymer/Clay Intercalated Phase: Solid-State NMR Investigation. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801909s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Lorthioir
- Equipe “Systèmes Polymères Complexes”, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, UMR 7182 CNRS/Université Paris XII, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France, and Laboratoire de Structure et Propriétés de l’Etat Solide (UMR 8008 CNRS/Université Lille I), Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C6, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Lauprêtre
- Equipe “Systèmes Polymères Complexes”, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, UMR 7182 CNRS/Université Paris XII, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France, and Laboratoire de Structure et Propriétés de l’Etat Solide (UMR 8008 CNRS/Université Lille I), Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C6, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Jérémie Soulestin
- Equipe “Systèmes Polymères Complexes”, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, UMR 7182 CNRS/Université Paris XII, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France, and Laboratoire de Structure et Propriétés de l’Etat Solide (UMR 8008 CNRS/Université Lille I), Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C6, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lefebvre
- Equipe “Systèmes Polymères Complexes”, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, UMR 7182 CNRS/Université Paris XII, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France, and Laboratoire de Structure et Propriétés de l’Etat Solide (UMR 8008 CNRS/Université Lille I), Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C6, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France
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22
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Wiench JW, Lin VSY, Pruski M. 29Si NMR in solid state with CPMG acquisition under MAS. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2008; 193:233-42. [PMID: 18538601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A remarkable enhancement of sensitivity can be often achieved in 29Si solid-state NMR by applying the well-known Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) train of rotor-synchronized pi pulses during the detection of silicon magnetization. Here, several one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) techniques are used to demonstrate the capabilities of this approach. Examples include 1D 29Si{X} CPMAS spectra and 2D 29Si{X} HETCOR spectra of mesoporous silicas, zeolites and minerals, where X=1H or 27Al. Data processing methods, experimental strategies and sensitivity limits are discussed and illustrated by experiments. The mechanisms of transverse dephasing of 29Si nuclei in solids are analyzed. Fast magic angle spinning, at rates between 25 and 40 kHz, is instrumental in achieving the highest sensitivity gain in some of these experiments. In the case of 29Si-29Si double-quantum techniques, CPMG detection can be exploited to measure homonuclear J-couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Wiench
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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23
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Powers DS, Vaia RA, Koerner H, Serres J, Mirau PA. NMR Characterization of Low Hard Segment Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Carbon Nanofiber Composites. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8002483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Powers
- Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/RXBP), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA, Universal Technology Corporation, Dayton Ohio 45433, USA, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio 45431, USA
| | - Richard A. Vaia
- Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/RXBP), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA, Universal Technology Corporation, Dayton Ohio 45433, USA, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio 45431, USA
| | - Hilmar Koerner
- Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/RXBP), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA, Universal Technology Corporation, Dayton Ohio 45433, USA, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio 45431, USA
| | - Jennifer Serres
- Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/RXBP), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA, Universal Technology Corporation, Dayton Ohio 45433, USA, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio 45431, USA
| | - Peter A. Mirau
- Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/RXBP), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA, Universal Technology Corporation, Dayton Ohio 45433, USA, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio 45431, USA
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24
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Intercalation of poly(methyl methacrylate) into tyramine-modified layered silicates through hydrogen-bonding interaction. Eur Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Brus J, Urbanová M, Strachota A. Epoxy Networks Reinforced with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes: Structure and Segmental Dynamics as Studied by Solid-State NMR. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma702140g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Brus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Urbanová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Strachota
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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26
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Mao Q, Schleidt S, Zimmermann H, Jeschke G. Molecular Motion in Surfactant Layers Inside Polymer Composites with Synthetical Magadiite. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Schmidt-Rohr K, Rawal A, Fang XW. A new NMR method for determining the particle thickness in nanocomposites, using T2,H-selective X{1H} recoupling. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:054701. [PMID: 17302492 DOI: 10.1063/1.2429069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A new nuclear magnetic resonance approach for characterizing the thickness of phosphate, silicate, carbonate, and other nanoparticles in organic-inorganic nanocomposites is presented. The particle thickness is probed using the strongly distant-dependent dipolar couplings between the abundant protons in the organic phase and X nuclei (31P, 29Si, 13C, 27Al, 23Na, etc.) in the inorganic phase. This approach requires pulse sequences with heteronuclear dephasing only by the polymer or surface protons that experience strong homonuclear interactions, but not by dispersed OH or water protons in the inorganic phase, which have long transverse relaxation times T2,H. This goal is achieved by heteronuclear recoupling with dephasing by strong homonuclear interactions of protons (HARDSHIP). The pulse sequence alternates heteronuclear recoupling for approximately 0.15 ms with periods of homonuclear dipolar dephasing that are flanked by canceling 90 degrees pulses. The heteronuclear evolution of the long-T2,H protons is refocused within two recoupling periods, so that 1H spin diffusion cannot significantly dephase these coherences. For the short-T2,H protons of a relatively immobile organic matrix, the heteronuclear dephasing rate depends simply on the heteronuclear second moment. Homonuclear interactions do not affect the dephasing, even though no homonuclear decoupling is applied, because long-range 1H-X dipolar couplings approximately commute with short-range 1H-1H couplings, and heteronuclear recoupling periods are relatively short. This is shown in a detailed analysis based on interaction representations. The algorithm for simulating the dephasing data is described. The new method is demonstrated on a clay-polymer nanocomposite, diamond nanocrystals with protonated surfaces, and the bioapatite-collagen nanocomposite in bone, as well as pure clay and hydroxyapatite. The diameters of the nanoparticles in these materials range between 1 and 5 nm. Simulations show that spherical particles of up to 10 nm diameter can be characterized quite easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schmidt-Rohr
- Ames Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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28
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Enlow D, Rawal A, Kanapathipillai M, Schmidt-Rohr K, Mallapragada S, Lo CT, Thiyagarajan P, Akinc M. Synthesis and characterization of self-assembled block copolymer templated calcium phosphate nanocomposite gels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b613760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Brus J, Urbanová M, Kelnar I, Kotek J. A Solid-State NMR Study of Structure and Segmental Dynamics of Semicrystalline Elastomer-Toughened Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0604946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Brus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Urbanová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kelnar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kotek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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30
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Sozzani P, Bracco S, Comotti A, Mauri M, Simonutti R, Valsesia P. Nanoporosity of an organo-clay shown by hyperpolarized xenon and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:1921-3. [PMID: 16767236 DOI: 10.1039/b602040b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Interlayer nanoporosity of hectorite pillared by tetraethylammonium ions is explored by hyperpolarized xenon NMR and relevant gases such as carbon dioxide revealing the adsorption capacity of the open galleries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Sozzani
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 53, Milan, Italy.
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31
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UV Curable Acrylate Nanocomposites: Properties and Applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-005-4339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Sun P, Dang Q, Li B, Chen T, Wang Y, Lin H, Jin Q, Ding D, Shi AC. Mobility, Miscibility, and Microdomain Structure in Nanostructured Thermoset Blends of Epoxy Resin and Amphiphilic Poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) Triblock Copolymers Characterized by Solid-State NMR. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0505979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pingchuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials for Adsorption and Separation, College of Chemistry and College of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qinqin Dang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials for Adsorption and Separation, College of Chemistry and College of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Baohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials for Adsorption and Separation, College of Chemistry and College of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tiehong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials for Adsorption and Separation, College of Chemistry and College of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yinong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials for Adsorption and Separation, College of Chemistry and College of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials for Adsorption and Separation, College of Chemistry and College of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qinghua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials for Adsorption and Separation, College of Chemistry and College of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Datong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials for Adsorption and Separation, College of Chemistry and College of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - An-Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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33
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Alam TM, Tischendorf BC, Brow RK. High-speed 1H MAS NMR investigations of the weathered surface of a phosphate glass. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2005; 27:99-111. [PMID: 15589731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Accepted: 08/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state high-speed 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the weathered surface of a potassium aluminum phosphate (KAP) glass exposed to a humid environment (30K2O10Al2O360P2O5, mol%). Through the combination of spin-spin relaxation and double quantum (DQ) filtering it was possible to resolve seven or eight different proton environments within the weathered surface of the KAP glass. Two-dimensional (2D) DQ and 2D NOESY NMR correlation experiments were performed to probe the spatial proximity of these different proton species. These 1H-1H correlation experiments helped confirm the spectral assignments. The analysis of these different 1H environments provides additional information about the chemical processes that occur at the weathered glass surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Alam
- Sandia National Laboratories, Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Sensing, Albuquerque, NM 87185-0886, USA.
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34
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Chen Q, Hou SS, Schmidt-Rohr K. A simple scheme for probehead background suppression in one-pulse 1H NMR. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2004; 26:11-5. [PMID: 15157534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2003] [Revised: 08/07/2003] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A very simple method for reducing probehead background signal in one-pulse 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra is presented. Two one-pulse spectra are recorded, the first with pulse length tp1, the second with an L-times longer pulse, e.g. with L = 2. The second spectrum scaled by 1/L is subtracted from the first. Since the weak pulses experienced by spins outside the coil are in the linear regime, the background from outside the coil is effectively subtracted out. The background suppression efficiency is approximately 1.5b2, where b is the ratio of the B1 field inside the coil relative to that outside the coil. Experimentally, background suppression by at least a factor of 10 was achieved. Examples of background suppression in 1H wideline as well as 1H fast magic-angle spinning (MAS) one-pulse spectra of clay and polymer samples are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Chen
- Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Gilman Hall, 50011-3111, USA
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35
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Asano A, Shimizu M, Kurotsu T. Effect of Paramagnetic Fe3+onT1Hin PVA/montmorillonite-clay Nanocomposites. CHEM LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2004.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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36
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Brus J, Milena Špírková,, Hlavatá D, Strachota A. Self-Organization, Structure, Dynamic Properties, and Surface Morphology of Silica/Epoxy Films As Seen by Solid-State NMR, SAXS, and AFM. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035608h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Brus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Špírková,
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Drahomíra Hlavatá
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Strachota
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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37
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Hou SS, Bonagamba TJ, Beyer FL, Madison PH, Schmidt-Rohr K. Clay Intercalation of Poly(styrene−ethylene oxide) Block Copolymers Studied by Two-Dimensional Solid-State NMR. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma025707f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.-S. Hou
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011; Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, CEP: 13560-970, São Carlos-SP, Brazil; and US Army Research Laboratory, Polymers Research Branch, Bldg. 4600, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 21005
| | - T. J. Bonagamba
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011; Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, CEP: 13560-970, São Carlos-SP, Brazil; and US Army Research Laboratory, Polymers Research Branch, Bldg. 4600, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 21005
| | - F. L. Beyer
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011; Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, CEP: 13560-970, São Carlos-SP, Brazil; and US Army Research Laboratory, Polymers Research Branch, Bldg. 4600, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 21005
| | - P. H. Madison
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011; Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, CEP: 13560-970, São Carlos-SP, Brazil; and US Army Research Laboratory, Polymers Research Branch, Bldg. 4600, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 21005
| | - K. Schmidt-Rohr
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011; Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, CEP: 13560-970, São Carlos-SP, Brazil; and US Army Research Laboratory, Polymers Research Branch, Bldg. 4600, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 21005
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