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Joardar A, Pattnaik GP, Chakraborty H. Mechanism of Membrane Fusion: Interplay of Lipid and Peptide. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:211-224. [PMID: 35435451 PMCID: PMC9014786 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is an essential process for the survival of eukaryotes and the entry of enveloped viruses into host cells. A proper understanding of the mechanism of membrane fusion would provide us a handle to manipulate several biological pathways, and design efficient vaccines against emerging and re-emerging viral infections. Although fusion proteins take the central stage in catalyzing the process, role of lipid composition is also of paramount importance. Lipid composition modulates membrane organization and dynamics and impacts the lipid–protein (peptide) interaction. Moreover, the intrinsic curvature of lipids has strong impact on the formation of stalk and hemifusion diaphragm. Detection of transiently stable intermediates remains the bottleneck in the understanding of fusion mechanism. In order to circumvent this challenge, analytical methods can be employed to determine the kinetic parameters from ensemble average measurements of observables, such as lipid mixing, content mixing, and content leakage. The current review aims to present an analytical method that would aid our understanding of the fusion mechanism, provides a better insight into the role of lipid shape, and discusses the interplay of lipid and peptide in membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Joardar
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, 768019, India
| | | | - Hirak Chakraborty
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, 768019, India.
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Zhang Z, He H, Yan M, Zhao C, Lei C, Li J, Yan F. Widely targeted analysis of metabolomic changes of Cucumis sativus induced by cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:158. [PMID: 35361125 PMCID: PMC8969345 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant metabolites play vital roles in regulating the behavior of herbivore insects. Virus infection can universally alter plant metabolites to manipulate the orientation and feeding behaviors of insect vector, to favor the transmission of virus. Thus, determining the differentially accumulated metabolites of plant upon virus infection could provide insights into understanding how the triple interactions among plant, virus and insect vector happens. Our previous studies have found that vector whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) showed different orientation behavior and performance on CCYV-infected and healthy cucumber plants. Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) is exclusively transmitted by B. tabaci in a semi-persistent mode. In this study, we take the CCYV, B. tabaci and cucumber as a research system to explore the functions of phyto-metabolites in the triple interactions. RESULTS A total of 612 metabolites changed upon CCYV infection were monitored. Metabolites mainly enriched in flavonoids, lipids, nucleotides and their derivatives. At 7 days post CCYV inoculation (dpi), the contents of lipids, terpenoids and flavonoids remarkably decreased, while amino acids, nucleotides and their derivatives notably up-accumulated. At 15 dpi, the accumulation of flavonoids were still significantly reduced upon CCYV infection, while lipids, amino acids, nucleotides and derivatives were remarkably enhanced. Most of significantly increased metabolites were lipids (lysophosphatidylethanolamine, LPE; lysophosphatidylcholine, LPC and their isomers). Also, the number of significantly changed metabolites increased with the infection period. However, only a few organic acids and phenolic acids showed difference between CCYV-infected and healthy cucumber plants. CONCLUSIONS CCYV infection repressed the defensive flavonoids, terpeneoids metabolism but triggered the lipids, amino acids and nucleotides metabolism with the inoculation period. This result suggests that CCYV-infection makes cucumber plants more susceptible for whiteflies attack and CCYV infection. The reduction of defensive comounds and the increase of amino acids may be partially responsible for enhancing feeding preference of whiteflies to CCYV-infected hosts. CCYV may hijacked lipid metabolism for virus replication and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Haifang He
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Minghui Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Caiyan Lei
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Fengming Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
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Siniavin AE, Streltsova MA, Nikiforova MA, Kudryavtsev DS, Grinkina SD, Gushchin VA, Mozhaeva VA, Starkov VG, Osipov AV, Lummis SCR, Tsetlin VI, Utkin YN. Snake venom phospholipase A 2s exhibit strong virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit the viral spike glycoprotein interaction with ACE2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7777-7794. [PMID: 34714362 PMCID: PMC8554752 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 requires new treatments both to alleviate the symptoms and to prevent the spread of this disease. Previous studies demonstrated good antiviral and virucidal activity of phospholipase A2s (PLA2s) from snake venoms against viruses from different families but there was no data for coronaviruses. Here we show that PLA2s from snake venoms protect Vero E6 cells against SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effects. PLA2s showed low cytotoxicity to Vero E6 cells with some activity at micromolar concentrations, but strong antiviral activity at nanomolar concentrations. Dimeric PLA2 from the viper Vipera nikolskii and its subunits manifested especially potent virucidal effects, which were related to their phospholipolytic activity, and inhibited cell-cell fusion mediated by the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Moreover, PLA2s interfered with binding both of an antibody against ACE2 and of the receptor-binding domain of the glycoprotein S to 293T/ACE2 cells. This is the first demonstration of a detrimental effect of PLA2s on β-coronaviruses. Thus, snake PLA2s are promising for the development of antiviral drugs that target the viral envelope, and could also prove to be useful tools to study the interaction of viruses with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E. Siniavin
- grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signalling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ,N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A. Streltsova
- grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A. Nikiforova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis S. Kudryavtsev
- grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signalling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana D. Grinkina
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Gushchin
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera A. Mozhaeva
- grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signalling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ,grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav G. Starkov
- grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signalling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Osipov
- grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signalling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sarah C. R. Lummis
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Victor I. Tsetlin
- grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signalling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N. Utkin
- grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signalling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Sanna G, Madeddu S, Murgia G, Serreli G, Begala M, Caboni P, Incani A, Franci G, Galdiero M, Giliberti G. Potent and Selective Activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) of Thymelaea hirsuta Extracts. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060664. [PMID: 32575585 PMCID: PMC7354558 DOI: 10.3390/v12060664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, natural products have been the most successful source of inspiration for the development of new drugs. Members of the Thymelaeaceae family have been of interest owing to their excellent medicinal value. Given the successful history of natural product-based drug discovery, extracts from the aerial parts of Thymelaea hirsuta were evaluated for their potential anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity. Ethyl acetate extracts from leaves (71B) and branches (72B) of Thymelaea hirsuta showed potent and selective activity against HIV-1 wt (EC50 = 0.8 µg/mL) at non-cytotoxic concentrations (CC50 > 100 µg/mL). They proved to be active against HIV-1 variants carrying clinically relevant NNRTI and NRTI mutations at low concentration (0.3–4 µg/mL range) and against the M-tropic strain HIV-1 BaL. The 72B extract, chosen as a lead, was not able to inhibit the RT and protease enzymatic functions. Furthermore, it was not virucidal, since exposure of HIV to high concentration did not affect virus infectivity. The pre-clinical safety profile of this extract showed no adverse effect on the growth of Lactobacilli, and non-toxic concentration of the extract did not influence the Caco-2 epithelial cells monolayer integrity. Additionally, extract 72B prevented syncytia formation at low concentration (0.4 µg/mL). The potent inhibitory effect on the syncytia formation in co-cultures showed that 72B inhibits an early event in the replication cycle of HIV. All of these findings prompt us to carry on new studies on Thymelaea hirsuta extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (S.M.); (G.S.); (A.I.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Madeddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (S.M.); (G.S.); (A.I.); (G.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Murgia
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Serreli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (S.M.); (G.S.); (A.I.); (G.G.)
| | - Michela Begala
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences-Unit of Drug Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences-Unit of Drug Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Alessandra Incani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (S.M.); (G.S.); (A.I.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy;
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Study of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Giliberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (S.M.); (G.S.); (A.I.); (G.G.)
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Mello CP, Quirico-Santos T, Amorim LF, Silva VG, Fragel LM, Bloom DC, Paixão IP. Perillyl alcohol and perillic acid exert efficient action upon HSV-1 maturation and release of infective virus. Antivir Ther 2019; 25:1-11. [PMID: 31099756 DOI: 10.3851/imp3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection by herpes simplex type-1 virus (HSV-1) causes several pathological processes, including cutaneous, oral and genital infections, fatal encephalitis and cognitive dysfunction due to grey matter loss. Acyclovir is the reference compound used as HSV-1 antiviral therapy. However, with the emergence of HSV-resistant strains to current antiviral drugs, development of new antiviral agents with distinct modes of action is urgently needed. METHODS In this study, we examined the mechanism of action of monoterpenes perillyl alcohol (POH) and perillic acid (PA) upon in vitro replication of HSV-1 KOS wild-type and the syn-mutant 17+ strain on Vero cells by plaque assay. RESULTS The cytotoxicity of POH and PA was measured by MTT assay and indicated that both compounds had high anti-HSV-1 activities in a concentration range that was not toxic for Vero cells. In addition, PCR analysis showed that POH and PA did not inhibit viral genome replication, but rather the release of infective virion particles from Vero cells. CONCLUSIONS Such findings suggest that POH and PA exert action upon late stages of HSV-1 maturation, therefore, indicating a promising perspective to its application in clinical investigation as effective anti-HSV-1 therapy preventing intermittent reactivation and progressive grey matter loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilly Pires Mello
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Present address: NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Thereza Quirico-Santos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lídia Fonte Amorim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Viveca Giongo Silva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Madeira Fragel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - David C Bloom
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Izabel Palmer Paixão
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Batista WR, Fernandes FC, Neves MHCB, Nascimento TS, Lopes RSC, Lopes CC, Ziegler GP, Soler-Figueroa BM, Sparks D, Fontaine DN, Carney KJ, Quiñones-Oquendo LE, Ruiz GM. Synthetic lipids as a biocide candidate for disinfection of ballast water. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 137:702-710. [PMID: 30503487 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to propose the use of specific synthetic lipid as an active substance (biocide) in the control of harmful aquatic microorganisms, such as pathogens and non-indigenous species, transported in ships' ballast water. The biocide candidate, without metal or halogen components, was produced from a sub-product of the edible oil industry, the lecithin. Laboratory assays were conducted with phytoplankton, zooplankton, and marine bacteria to evaluate the efficiency of the biocide. The study also considers specific biocide's characteristics related to environmental risks, such as chemical composition, persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Results showed that, in the first 24 h of treatment, the biocide effectively reduced the concentration of the planktonic micro-organisms to very low levels. Additionally, a preliminary risk evaluation pointed that biocide candidate has a low residual toxicity, also a low potential for persistence and bioaccumulation in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Batista
- Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Marinha do Brasil, Rua Kioto 253, Praia dos Anjos, Arraial do Cabo, RJ 28930-000, Brazil.
| | - Flavio C Fernandes
- Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Marinha do Brasil, Rua Kioto 253, Praia dos Anjos, Arraial do Cabo, RJ 28930-000, Brazil
| | - Maria H C B Neves
- Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Marinha do Brasil, Rua Kioto 253, Praia dos Anjos, Arraial do Cabo, RJ 28930-000, Brazil
| | - Thiana S Nascimento
- Laboratório de Síntese e Análise de Produtos Estratégicos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Bloco A, s.508, Cidade Universitária, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Rosangela S C Lopes
- Laboratório de Síntese e Análise de Produtos Estratégicos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Bloco A, s.508, Cidade Universitária, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Claudio C Lopes
- Laboratório de Síntese e Análise de Produtos Estratégicos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Bloco A, s.508, Cidade Universitária, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Gregory P Ziegler
- Wye Research and Education Center, University of Maryland, 124 Wye Narrows Drive, Queenstown, MD 21658-0169, USA
| | - Brenda M Soler-Figueroa
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037-0028, USA
| | - Darrick Sparks
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037-0028, USA
| | - Diana N Fontaine
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037-0028, USA
| | - Katharine J Carney
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037-0028, USA
| | - Luz E Quiñones-Oquendo
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037-0028, USA
| | - Gregory M Ruiz
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037-0028, USA
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Yuan L, Zhang S, Wang Y, Li Y, Wang X, Yang Q. Surfactin Inhibits Membrane Fusion during Invasion of Epithelial Cells by Enveloped Viruses. J Virol 2018; 92:e00809-18. [PMID: 30068648 PMCID: PMC6189506 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00809-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Because membrane fusion is a crucial step in the process by which enveloped viruses invade host cells, membrane fusion inhibitors can be effective drugs against enveloped viruses. We found that surfactin from Bacillus subtilis can suppress the proliferation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in epithelial cells at a relatively low concentration range (15 to 50 μg/ml), without cytotoxicity or viral membrane disruption. Membrane fusion inhibition experiments demonstrate that surfactin treatment significantly reduces the rate at which the virus fuses to the cell membrane. Thermodynamic experiments show that the incorporation of small amounts of surfactin hinders the formation of negative curvature by lamellar-phase lipids, suggesting that surfactin acts a membrane fusion inhibitor. A fluorescent lipopeptide similar to surfactin was synthesized, and its ability to insert into the viral membrane was confirmed by spectroscopy. In vivo experiments have shown that oral administration of surfactin to piglets protects against PEDV infection. In conclusion, our study indicates that surfactin is a membrane fusion inhibitor with activity against enveloped viruses. As the first reported naturally occurring wedge lipid membrane fusion inhibitor, surfactin is likely to be a prototype for the development of a broad range of novel antiviral drugs.IMPORTANCE Membrane fusion inhibitors are a rapidly emerging class of antiviral drugs that inhibit the infection process of enveloped viruses. They can be classified, on the basis of the viral components targeted, as fusion protein targeting or membrane lipid targeting. Lipid-targeting membrane fusion inhibitors have a broader antiviral spectrum and are less likely to select for drug-resistant mutations. Here we show that surfactin is a membrane fusion inhibitor and has a strong antiviral effect. The insertion of surfactin into the viral envelope lipids reduces the probability of viral fusion. We also demonstrate that oral administration of surfactin protects piglets from PEDV infection. Surfactin is the first naturally occurring wedge lipid membrane fusion inhibitor that has been identified and may be effective against many viruses beyond the scope of this study. Understanding its mechanism of action provides a foundation for the development of novel antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvfeng Yuan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongheng Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Molecular characterization of Lys49 and Asp49 phospholipases A₂from snake venom and their antiviral activities against Dengue virus. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1780-98. [PMID: 24131891 PMCID: PMC3813911 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5101780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the detailed molecular characterization of two PLA2s, Lys49 and Asp49 isolated from Bothrops leucurus venom, and examined their effects against Dengue virus (DENV). The Bl-PLA2s, named BlK-PLA2 and BlD-PLA2, are composed of 121 and 122 amino acids determined by automated sequencing of the native proteins and peptides produced by digestion with trypsin. They contain fourteen cysteines with pIs of 9.05 and 8.18 for BlK- and BlD-PLA2s, and show a high degree of sequence similarity to homologous snake venom PLA2s, but may display different biological effects. Molecular masses of 13,689.220 (Lys49) and 13,978.386 (Asp49) were determined by mass spectrometry. DENV causes a prevalent arboviral disease in humans, and no clinically approved antiviral therapy is currently available to treat DENV infections. The maximum non-toxic concentration of the proteins to LLC-MK2 cells determined by MTT assay was 40 µg/mL for Bl-PLA2s (pool) and 20 µg/mL for each isoform. Antiviral effects of Bl-PLA2s were assessed by quantitative Real-Time PCR. Bl-PLA2s were able to reduce DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-3 serotypes in LLC-MK2 cells infection. Our data provide further insight into the structural properties and their antiviral activity against DENV, opening up possibilities for biotechnological applications of these Bl-PLA2s as tools of research.
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Chan RB, Tanner L, Wenk MR. Implications for lipids during replication of enveloped viruses. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:449-59. [PMID: 20230810 PMCID: PMC7124286 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses, which include many medically important viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus and hepatitis C virus, are intracellular parasites that acquire lipid envelopes from their host cells. Success of replication is intimately linked to their ability to hijack host cell mechanisms, particularly those related to membrane dynamics and lipid metabolism. Despite recent progress, our knowledge of lipid mediated virus-host interactions remains highly incomplete. In addition, diverse experimental systems are used to study different stages of virus replication thus complicating comparisons. This review aims to present a unifying view of the widely diverse strategies used by enveloped viruses at distinct stages of their replication cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin B Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Clancy EK, Barry C, Ciechonska M, Duncan R. Different activities of the reovirus FAST proteins and influenza hemagglutinin in cell–cell fusion assays and in response to membrane curvature agents. Virology 2010; 397:119-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Exploration of associations between phospholipase A2 gene family polymorphisms and AIDS progression using the SNPlex™ method. Biomed Pharmacother 2008; 62:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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12
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Human group III phospholipase A2 suppresses adenovirus infection into host cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:1389-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Go EP, Wikoff WR, Shen Z, O’Maille G, Morita H, Conrads TP, Nordstrom A, Trauger SA, Uritboonthai W, Lucas DA, Chan KC, Veenstra TD, Lewicki H, Oldstone MB, Schneemann A, Siuzdak G. Mass spectrometry reveals specific and global molecular transformations during viral infection. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:2405-16. [PMID: 16944953 PMCID: PMC2566936 DOI: 10.1021/pr060215t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry analysis was used to target three different aspects of the viral infection process: the expression kinetics of viral proteins, changes in the expression levels of cellular proteins, and the changes in cellular metabolites in response to viral infection. The combination of these methods represents a new, more comprehensive approach to the study of viral infection revealing the complexity of these events within the infected cell. The proteins associated with measles virus (MV) infection of human HeLa cells were measured using a label-free approach. On the other hand, the regulation of cellular and Flock House Virus (FHV) proteins in response to FHV infection of Drosophila cells was monitored using stable isotope labeling. Three complementary techniques were used to monitor changes in viral protein expression in the cell and host protein expression. A total of 1500 host proteins was identified and quantified, of which over 200 proteins were either up- or down-regulated in response to viral infection, such as the up-regulation of the Drosophila apoptotic croquemort protein, and the down-regulation of proteins that inhibited cell death. These analyses also demonstrated the up-regulation of viral proteins functioning in replication, inhibition of RNA interference, viral assembly, and RNA encapsidation. Over 1000 unique metabolites were also observed with significant changes in over 30, such as the down-regulated cellular phospholipids possibly reflecting the initial events in cell death and viral release. Overall, the cellular transformation that occurs upon viral infection is a process involving hundreds of proteins and metabolites, many of which are structurally and functionally uncharacterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden P. Go
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - William R. Wikoff
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
- Mass Consortium Corporation, San Diego, CA 92109
| | - Grace O’Maille
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Hirotoshi Morita
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Thomas P. Conrads
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Anders Nordstrom
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sunia A. Trauger
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Wilasinee Uritboonthai
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - David A. Lucas
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - King C. Chan
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Timothy D. Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Hanna Lewicki
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience and Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Michael B. Oldstone
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience and Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Anette Schneemann
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
- Corresponding authors to whom all correspondence should be addressed, email addresses: , and
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
- Corresponding authors to whom all correspondence should be addressed, email addresses: , and
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14
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Mitsuishi M, Masuda S, Kudo I, Murakami M. Group V and X secretory phospholipase A2 prevents adenoviral infection in mammalian cells. Biochem J 2006; 393:97-106. [PMID: 16146426 PMCID: PMC1383668 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
sPLA2 (secretory phospholipase A2) enzymes have been implicated in various biological events, yet their precise physiological functions remain largely unresolved. In the present study we show that group V and X sPLA2s, which are two potent plasma membrane-acting sPLA2s, are capable of preventing host cells from being infected with an adenovirus. Bronchial epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts pre-expressing group V and X sPLA2s showed marked resistance to adenovirus-mediated gene delivery in a manner dependent on their catalytic activity. Although adenovirus particles were insensitive to recombinant group V and X sPLA2s, direct addition of these enzymes to 293A cells suppressed both number and size of adenovirus plaque formation. Group V and X sPLA2s retarded the entry of adenovirus into endosomes. Moreover, adenoviral infection was suppressed by LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine), a membrane-hydrolytic product of these sPLA2s. Thus hydrolysis of the plasma membrane by these sPLA2s may eventually lead to the protection of host cells from adenovirus entry. Given that group V and X sPLA2s are expressed in human airway epithelium and macrophages and that the expression of endogenous group V sPLA2 is upregulated by virus-related stimuli in these cells, our present results raise the possibility that group V and X sPLA2s may play a role in innate immunity against adenoviral infection in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Mitsuishi
- *Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Seiko Masuda
- *Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kudo
- *Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- *Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
- †Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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15
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Villarrubia VG, Costa LA, Díez RA. [Secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2): friends or foes? Are they actors in antibacterial and anti-HIV resistance?]. Med Clin (Barc) 2005; 123:749-57. [PMID: 15574291 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(04)74656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the authors update on the deletereous or beneficial roles of human and animal secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2). Although human sPLA2-IIA (inflammatory) was initially thought as a foe because its pathogenic implication in sepsis, multiorganic failure or other related syndromes, recent data indicates its role in in the antiinfectious host resistance. Thus, sPLA2-IIA exhibits potent bactericidal activities against gram-negative and gram-positive (in this case, together with other endogenous inflammatory factors) bacteria. Surprisingly, human sPLA-IIA does not show in vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity, whilst several sPLA2-IA isolated from bee and serpent venons do it: this is the case for crotoxin, a sPLA2-IA isolated from the venon of Crotalus durissus terrificus (sPLA2-Cdt). The mechanism for the in vitro anti-HIV activity of sPLA2-Cdt (inhibition of Gag p24) appears to be related to the ability of the drug to desestabilize ancorage (heparans) and fusion (cholesterol) receptors on HIV target cells.
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16
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Stiasny K, Heinz FX. Effect of membrane curvature-modifying lipids on membrane fusion by tick-borne encephalitis virus. J Virol 2004; 78:8536-42. [PMID: 15280462 PMCID: PMC479076 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.16.8536-8542.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Accepted: 04/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses enter cells by fusion of their own membrane with a cellular membrane. Incorporation of inverted-cone-shaped lipids such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into the outer leaflet of target membranes has been shown previously to impair fusion mediated by class I viral fusion proteins, e.g., the influenza virus hemagglutinin. It has been suggested that these results provide evidence for the stalk-pore model of fusion, which involves a hemifusion intermediate (stalk) with highly bent outer membrane leaflets. Here, we investigated the effect of inverted-cone-shaped LPCs and the cone-shaped oleic acid (OA) on the membrane fusion activity of a virus with a class II fusion protein, the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). This study included an analysis of lipid mixing, as well as of the steps preceding or accompanying fusion, i.e., binding to the target membrane and lipid-induced conformational changes in the fusion protein E. We show that the presence of LPC in the outer leaflet of target liposomes strongly inhibited TBEV-mediated fusion, whereas OA caused a very slight enhancement, consistent with a fusion mechanism involving a lipid stalk. However, LPC also impaired the low-pH-induced binding of a soluble form of the E protein to liposomes and its conversion into a trimeric postfusion structure that requires membrane binding at low pH. Because inhibition is already observed before the lipid-mixing step, it cannot be determined whether impairment of stalk formation is a contributing factor in the inhibition of fusion by LPC. These data emphasize, however, the importance of the composition of the target membrane in its interactions with the fusion peptide that are crucial for the initiation of fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Stiasny
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Roche
- Laboratoire de Genetiquie des Virus du CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France
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18
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Gallo SA, Finnegan CM, Viard M, Raviv Y, Dimitrov A, Rawat SS, Puri A, Durell S, Blumenthal R. The HIV Env-mediated fusion reaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1614:36-50. [PMID: 12873764 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(03)00161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The current general model of HIV viral entry involves the binding of the trimeric viral envelope glycoprotein gp120/gp41 to cell surface receptor CD4 and chemokine co-receptor CXCR4 or CCR5, which triggers conformational changes in the envelope proteins. Gp120 then dissociates from gp41, allowing for the fusion peptide to be inserted into the target membrane and the pre-hairpin configuration of the ectodomain to form. The C-terminal heptad repeat region and the leucine/isoleucine zipper region then form the thermostable six-helix coiled-coil, which drives the membrane merger and eventual fusion. This model needs updating, as there has been a wealth of data produced in the last few years concerning HIV entry, including target cell dependencies, fusion kinetic data, and conformational intermediates. A more complete model must include the involvement of membrane microdomains, actin polymerization, glycosphingolipids, and possibly CD4 and chemokine signaling in entry. In addition, kinetic experiments involving the addition of fusion inhibitors have revealed some of the rate-limiting steps in this process, adding a temporal component to the model. A review of these data that may require an updated version of the original model is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Gallo
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, National Institute of Health, Miller Drive, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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19
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Lin X, Derdeyn CA, Blumenthal R, West J, Hunter E. Progressive truncations C terminal to the membrane-spanning domain of simian immunodeficiency virus Env reduce fusogenicity and increase concentration dependence of Env for fusion. J Virol 2003; 77:7067-77. [PMID: 12768026 PMCID: PMC156184 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.12.7067-7077.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transmembrane (TM) protein, gp41, has multiple functions, which include anchoring the glycoprotein complex in the lipid envelope of the virus and mediating fusion of the virus and host cell membranes. Recently, a series of mutants of the SIVmac239 TM protein that have truncations at the carboxyl terminus of the membrane-spanning domain (MSD) have been characterized (J. T. West, P. Johnston, S. R. Dubay, and E. Hunter, J. Virol. 75:9601-9612, 2001). These mutants retained membrane anchorage but demonstrated reduced fusogenicity and infectivity as the MSD length was shortened. We have established a novel three-color fluorescence assay, which allows qualitative confocal and quantitative flow cytometric analyses, to further characterize the nature of the fusion defect in five of the MSD mutants: TM185, TM186, TM187, TM188, and TM189. Our analysis showed that each mutant could mediate complete lipid and aqueous dye transfer at early time points after effector and target cell mixing. No hemifusion with only lipid dye flux was detected. However, another intermediate fusion stage, which appears to involve small-fusion-pore formation that allowed small aqueous dye transfer but prevented the exchange of large cytoplasmic components, was identified infrequently in mutant-Env-expressing cell and target cell mixtures. Quantitative flow cytometric analysis of these mutants demonstrated that the TM187, TM188, and TM189 mutants were significantly more fusogenic than TM185 and TM186 but remained significantly impaired compared to the wild type. Moreover, fusion efficiency showed an increased dependence on the expression level of glycoproteins, suggesting that, for these mutants, formation of an active fusion complex was an increasingly stochastic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Lin
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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20
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Baljinnyam B, Schroth-Diez B, Korte T, Herrmann A. Lysolipids do not inhibit influenza virus fusion by interaction with hemagglutinin. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:20461-7. [PMID: 11923295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112217200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of a spin-labeled lysophosphatidylcholine analog with intact and bromelain-treated influenza viruses as well as with the bromelain-solubilized hemagglutinin ectodomain has been studied. The inhibition of fusion of influenza viruses with erythrocytes by the lysophosphatidylcholine analog was similar to that observed for non-labeled lysophosphatidylcholine. Only a weak interaction of the lysophosphatidylcholine analog with the hemagglutinin ectodomain was observed even upon triggering the conformational change of the ectodomain at a low pH. A significant interaction of spin-labeled lysophosphatidylcholine with the hemagglutinin ectodomain of intact viruses was observed neither at neutral nor at low pH, whereas a strong interaction of the lipid analog with the viral lipid bilayer was evident. We suggest that the high number of lipid binding sites of the virus bilayer and their affinity compete efficiently with binding sites of the hemagglutinin ectodomain. We conclude that the inhibition of influenza virus fusion by lysolipids is not mediated by binding to the hemagglutinin ectodomain, preventing its interaction with the target membrane. The results unambiguously argue for an inhibition mechanism based on the action of lysolipid inserted into the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolormaa Baljinnyam
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Biophysik, Invalidenstrasse 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Bestman-Smith J, Piret J, Désormeaux A, Tremblay MJ, Omar RF, Bergeron MG. Sodium lauryl sulfate abrogates human immunodeficiency virus infectivity by affecting viral attachment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2229-37. [PMID: 11451679 PMCID: PMC90636 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.8.2229-2237.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2000] [Accepted: 05/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbicidal activity of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was studied in cultured cells. Pretreatment of HIV-1(NL4-3) with SLS decreased, in a concentration-dependent manner, its infectivity when using 1G5 as target cells. In the absence of a viral pretreatment period or when 1G5 cells were pretreated with SLS, the surfactant-induced inactivation of viral infectivity was less pronounced, especially at concentrations between 375 and 550 microM. SLS had no effect on HIV-1 when the virus was adsorbed to 1G5 cells by a 2-h incubation period. SLS almost completely inhibited the fusion process by decreasing the attachment of HIV-1 to target cells. SLS also inhibited the infectivity of HIV-1-based luciferase reporter viruses pseudotyped with the amphotropic murine leukemia virus envelope (which enters cells in a CD4-, CCR5-, and CXCR4-independent manner), indicating that SLS may inactivate other envelope viruses. In contrast, no effect was seen with vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein G (which enters cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis) pretreated with up to 700 microM SLS. SLS also decreased, in a dose-dependent manner, the HIV-1-dependent syncytium formation between 1G5 and J1.1 cells after a 24-h incubation. The reduction of luciferase activity was more pronounced when J1.1 cells (which express HIV-1 proteins on their surface) were pretreated with SLS rather than 1G5 cells. Taken together, our results suggest that SLS could represent a candidate of choice for use in vaginal microbicides to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV and possibly other pathogens causing sexually transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bestman-Smith
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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22
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Genois N, Barbeau B, Olivier M, Tremblay MJ. Inhibition of HIV-1-mediated syncytium formation and virus replication by the lipophosphoglycan from Leishmania donovani is due to an effect on early events in the virus life cycle. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 124:32-42. [PMID: 11359440 PMCID: PMC1906040 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous findings have indicated that the major surface molecule of Leishmania, lipophosphoglycan (LPG), could abrogate HIV-1-induced syncytium formation and virus replication. In the present work, we were interested in characterizing this inhibitory process. Data from a new luciferase-based semiquantitative assay for syncytium formation, relying on the coincubation of a T-cell line containing an HIV-1 LTR-driven luciferase construct with a cell line chronically infected with HIV-1, confirmed that LPG was indeed a strong inhibitor of HIV-1-dependent syncytium formation and that this inhibition was dose-dependent. As determined by flow cytometric analyses, this inhibition was not apparently due to downregulation of CD4, CXCR4 or LFA-1, three distinct surface glycoproteins known to be important in HIV-1 mediated syncytium formation. Furthermore, LPG did not seem to affect signal transduction pathways in T cells as judged by measurement of HIV-1 LTR-driven reporter gene activity upon treatment with different stimuli. However, pretreatment of either of the cell lines used in the assay with LPG led to a significant decrease of virus-mediated syncytium formation, which was further accentuated when both cell lines were pretreated. LPG inhibition of HIV-1 replication was next assessed. When measuring either infection with luciferase-encoding recombinant HIV-1 particles or multinucleated giant cell formation following an acute virus infection, we again observed that LPG was efficient at blocking HIV-1 replication. Specific assays probing different steps of viral entry demonstrated that attachment was not hindered by LPG but that viral entry was modulated, suggesting that LPG targets a postbinding step. Hence, incorporation of LPG into a target cell membrane could influence its fluidity and diminish both the virus-cell and cell-to-cell fusion processes initiated by HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Genois
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, Canada
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23
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Melikyan GB, Markosyan RM, Hemmati H, Delmedico MK, Lambert DM, Cohen FS. Evidence that the transition of HIV-1 gp41 into a six-helix bundle, not the bundle configuration, induces membrane fusion. J Cell Biol 2000; 151:413-23. [PMID: 11038187 PMCID: PMC2192659 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.151.2.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viral fusion proteins exhibit a six-helix bundle as a core structure. HIV Env-induced fusion was studied to resolve whether membrane merger was due to the transition into the bundle configuration or occurred after bundle formation. Suboptimal temperature was used to arrest fusion at an intermediate stage. When bundle formation was prevented by adding inhibitory peptides at this stage, membranes did not merge upon raising temperature. Inversely, when membrane merger was prevented by incorporating lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into cell membranes at the intermediate, the bundle did not form upon optimizing temperature. In the absence of LPC, the six-helix bundle did not form when the temperature of the intermediate was raised for times too short to promote fusion. Kinetic measures showed that after the temperature pulse, cells had not advanced further toward fusion. The latter results indicate that bundle formation is the rate-limiting step between the arrested intermediate and fusion. Electrical measures showed that the HIV Env-induced pore is initially large and grows rapidly. It is proposed that bundle formation and fusion are each contingent on the other and that movement of Env during its transition into the six-helix bundle directly induces the lipid rearrangements of membrane fusion. Because peptide inhibition showed that, at the intermediate stage, the heptad repeats of gp41 have become stably exposed, creation of the intermediate could be of importance in drug and/or vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Melikyan
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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24
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Abstract
Fusion of rabies virus with membranes is triggered at low pH and is mediated by the viral glycoprotein (G). The rabies virus-induced fusion pathway was studied by investigating the effects of exogenous lipids having various dynamic molecular shapes on the fusion process. Inverted cone-shaped lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) blocked fusion at a stage subsequent to fusion peptide insertion into the target membrane. Consistent with the stalk-hypothesis, LPC with shorter alkyl chains inhibited fusion at lower membrane concentrations and this inhibition was compensated by the presence of oleic acid. However, under suboptimal fusion conditions, short chain LPCs, which were translocated in the inner leaflet of the membranes, considerably reduced the lag time preceding membrane merging, resulting in faster kinetics of fusion. This indicated that the rate limiting step for fusion is the formation of a fusion pore in a diaphragm of restricted hemifusion. The previously described cold-stabilized prefusion complex was also characterized. This intermediate is at a well-advanced stage of the fusion process when the hemifusion diaphragm is destabilized, but lipid mixing is still restricted, probably by a ring-like complex of glycoproteins. I provide evidence that this state has a dynamic character and that its lipid organization can reverse back to two lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gaudin
- Laboratoire de Génétique des virus du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
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25
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Fenard D, Lambeau G, Valentin E, Lefebvre JC, Lazdunski M, Doglio A. Secreted phospholipases A(2), a new class of HIV inhibitors that block virus entry into host cells. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:611-8. [PMID: 10487775 PMCID: PMC408539 DOI: 10.1172/jci6915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian and venom secreted phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s) have been associated with a variety of biological effects. Here we show that several sPLA(2)s protect human primary blood leukocytes from the replication of various macrophage and T cell-tropic HIV-1 strains. Inhibition by sPLA(2)s results neither from a virucidal effect nor from a cytotoxic effect on host cells, but it involves a more specific mechanism. sPLA(2)s have no effect on virus binding to cells nor on syncytia formation, but they prevent the intracellular release of the viral capsid protein, suggesting that sPLA(2)s block viral entry into cells before virion uncoating and independently of the coreceptor usage. Various inhibitors and catalytic products of sPLA(2) have no effect on HIV-1 infection, suggesting that sPLA(2) catalytic activity is not involved in the antiviral effect. Instead, the antiviral activity appears to involve a specific interaction of sPLA(2)s to host cells. Indeed, of 11 sPLA(2)s from venom and mammalian tissues assayed, 4 venom sPLA(2)s were found to be very potent HIV-1 inhibitors (ID(50) < 1 nM) and also to bind specifically to host cells with high affinities (K(0.5) < 1 nM). Although mammalian pancreatic group IB and inflammatory-type group IIA sPLA(2)s were inactive against HIV-1 replication, our results could be of physiological interest, as novel sPLA(2)s are being characterized in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fenard
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Faculté de Médecine, 06107 Nice cédex 2, France Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
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26
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McIntosh TJ, Kulkarni KG, Simon SA. Membrane fusion promoters and inhibitors have contrasting effects on lipid bilayer structure and undulations. Biophys J 1999; 76:2090-8. [PMID: 10096904 PMCID: PMC1300182 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been established that the fusion of both biological membranes and phospholipid bilayers can be modulated by altering their lipid composition (Chernomordik et al., 1995 .J. Membr. Biol. 146:3). In particular, when added exogenously between apposing membranes, monomyristoylphosphatidylcholine (MMPC) inhibits membrane fusion, whereas glycerol monoleate (GMO), oleic acid (OA), and arachidonic acid (AA) promote fusion. This present study uses x-ray diffraction to investigate the effects of MMPC, GMO, OA, and AA on the bending and stability of lipid bilayers when bilayers are forced together with applied osmotic pressure. The addition of 10 and 30 mol% MMPC to egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) bilayers maintains the bilayer structure, even when the interbilayer fluid spacing is reduced to approximately 3 A, and increases the repulsive pressure between bilayers so that the fluid spacing in excess water increases by 5 and 15 A, respectively. Thus MMPC increases the undulation pressure, implying that the addition of MMPC promotes out-of-plane bending and decreases the adhesion energy between bilayers. In contrast, the addition of GMO has minor effects on the undulation pressure; 10 and 50 mol% GMO increase the fluid spacing of EPC in excess water by 0 and 2 A, respectively. However, x-ray diffraction indicates that, at small interbilayer separations, GMO, OA, or AA converts the bilayer to a structure containing hexagonally packed scattering units approximately 50 A in diameter. Thus GMO, OA, or AA destabilizes bilayer structure as apposing bilayers are brought into contact, which could contribute to their role in promoting membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J McIntosh
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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27
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Chernomordik LV, Leikina E, Kozlov MM, Frolov VA, Zimmerberg J. Structural intermediates in influenza haemagglutinin-mediated fusion. Mol Membr Biol 1999; 16:33-42. [PMID: 10332735 DOI: 10.1080/096876899294733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fusion pore formation in the haemagglutinin (HA)-mediated fusion is a culmination of a multistep process, which involves low-pH triggered refolding of HA and rearrangement of membrane lipid bilayers. This rearrangement was arrested or slowed down by either altering lipid composition of the membranes, or lowering the density of HA, and/or temperature. The results suggest that fusion starts with the lateral assembly of activated HA into multimeric complexes surrounding future fusion sites. The next fusion stage involves hemifusion, i.e. merger of only contacting membrane monolayers. Lysophosphatidylcholine reversibly arrests fusion prior to this hemifusion stage. In the normal fusion pathway, hemifusion is transient and is not accompanied by any measurable transfer of lipid probes between the membranes. A temperature of 4 degrees C stabilizes this 'restricted hemifusion' intermediate. The restriction of lipid flow through the restricted hemifusion site is HA-dependent and can be released by partial cleaving of low pH-forms of HA with mild proteinase K treatment. Lipid effects indicate that fusion proceeds through two different lipid-involving intermediates, which are characterized by two opposite curvatures of the lipid monolayer. Hemifusion involves formation of a stalk, a local bent connection between the outer membrane monolayers. Fusion pore formation apparently involves bending of the inner membrane monolayers, which come together in hemifusion. To couple low pH-induced refolding of HA with lipid rearrangements, it is proposed that the extension of the alpha-helical coiled coil of HA pulls fusion peptides inserted into the HA-expressing membrane and locally bends the membrane into a saddle-like shape. Elastic energy drives self-assembly of these HA-containing membrane elements into a ring-like complex and causes the bulging of the host membrane into a dimple growing towards the target membrane. Bending stresses in the lipidic top of the dimple facilitate membrane fusion.
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