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Cai J, Zhang B, Li Y, Zhu W, Akihisa T, Li W, Kikuchi T, Liu W, Feng F, Zhang J. Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111290. [PMID: 34835222 PMCID: PMC8623587 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 95% of adults worldwide and is associated with various malignant tumors and immune diseases, imparting a huge disease burden on the human population. Available EBV vaccines are imminent. Prophylactic vaccines can effectively prevent the spread of infection, whereas therapeutic vaccines mainly stimulate cell-mediated immunity and kill infected cells, thus curbing the development of malignant tumors. Nevertheless, there are still no approved EBV vaccines after decades of effort. The complexity of the EBV life cycle, the lack of appropriate animal models, and the limited reports on adjuvant selection and immune responses are gravely impeding progress in EBV vaccines. The soluble gp350 vaccine could reduce the incidence of infectious mononucleosis (IM), which seemed to offer hope, but could not prevent EBV infection. Continuous research and vaccine trials provide deep insights into the structural biology of viruses, the designs for immunogenicity, and the evolving vaccine platforms. Moreover, the new vaccine candidates are expected to achieve further success via combined immunization to elicit both a dual protection of B cells and epithelial cells, and sustainable immunization against infected cells at several phases of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Bodou Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Yuqi Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Wanfang Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Toshihiro Akihisa
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (W.L.); (T.K.)
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (W.L.); (T.K.)
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Feng Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
- Correspondence:
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2
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Rowntree LC, Nguyen THO, Farenc C, Halim H, Hensen L, Rossjohn J, Kotsimbos TC, Purcell AW, Kedzierska K, Gras S, Mifsud NA. A Shared TCR Bias toward an Immunogenic EBV Epitope Dominates in HLA-B*07:02–Expressing Individuals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1524-1534. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Burns DM, Ryan GB, Harvey CM, Nagy E, Hughes S, Murray PG, Russell NH, Fox CP, Long HM. Non-uniform in vivo Expansion of Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific T-Cells Following Donor Lymphocyte Infusion for Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2489. [PMID: 31736946 PMCID: PMC6828838 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is a life-threatening complication of T-lymphocyte deplete allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). For patients with PTLD refractory to Rituximab, donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) is established as a successful option for salvage therapy. However, although in vivo lymphocyte expansion has been correlated with good clinical outcome following DLI, the specificity and functional characteristics of EBV-specific T-cell responses remain poorly characterized. Here we describe two patients with Rituximab-refractory PTLD complicating T-cell deplete allo-HSCT, both of whom were successfully rescued with 1 × 106/Kg unselected stem cell donor-derived DLI. Prospective analyses revealed that complete clinical and radiological responses were associated with in vivo expansion of T and NK cells. Furthermore, EBV MHC tetramer, and interferon gamma analyses revealed a marked increase in EBV-specific T-cell frequency from 4 weeks after DLI. Reactivity was demonstrated against a range of EBV latent and lytic antigens, including those detected in tumor biopsy material. The immunodominant EBV-specific T cell response expanding in vivo following infusion matched the dominant response present in the DLI preparations prior to administration. Furthermore, differences in the repertoire of subdominant antigen-specific T-cells were also detected, suggesting that antigen-encounter in vivo can shape the immune response. These results demonstrate the value of prospectively studying in vivo T-cell responses, by facilitating the identification of important specificities required for clinical efficacy. Applying this approach on a larger scale promises to yield data which may be essential for the optimization of future adoptive immunotherapeutic strategies for PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Burns
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon B Ryan
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline M Harvey
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eszter Nagy
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hughes
- Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Murray
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel H Russell
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P Fox
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M Long
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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4
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van der Zwan A, van der Meer-Prins EMW, van Miert PPMC, van den Heuvel H, Anholts JDH, Roelen DL, Claas FHJ, Heidt S. Cross-Reactivity of Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells Against Allogeneic HLA-C: Possible Implications for Pregnancy Outcome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2880. [PMID: 30574149 PMCID: PMC6291497 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterologous immunity of virus-specific T cells poses a potential barrier to transplantation tolerance. Cross-reactivity to HLA-A and -B molecules has broadly been described, whereas responses to allo-HLA-C have remained ill defined. In contrast to the transplant setting, HLA-C is the only polymorphic HLA molecule expressed by extravillous trophoblasts at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy. Uncontrolled placental viral infections, accompanied by a pro-inflammatory milieu, can alter the activation status and stability of effector T cells. Potential cross-reactivity of maternal decidual virus-specific T cells to fetal allo-HLA-C may thereby have detrimental consequences for the success of pregnancy. To explore the presence of cross-reactivity to HLA-C and the other non-classical HLA antigens expressed by trophoblasts, HLA-A and -B-restricted CD8+ T cells specific for Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus, Varicella-Zoster virus, and Influenza virus were tested against target cells expressing HLA-C, -E, and -G molecules. An HLA-B*08:01-restricted EBV-specific T cell clone displayed cross-reactivity against HLA-C*01:02. Furthermore, cross-reactivity of HLA-C-restricted virus-specific CD8+ T cells was observed for HCMV HLA-C*06:02/TRA CD8+ T cell lines and clones against HLA-C*03:02. Collectively, these results demonstrate that cross-reactivity against HLA-C can occur and thereby may affect pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita van der Zwan
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Paula P M C van Miert
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Heleen van den Heuvel
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline D H Anholts
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dave L Roelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frans H J Claas
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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5
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Dasari V, Bhatt KH, Smith C, Khanna R. Designing an effective vaccine to prevent Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: challenges and opportunities. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:377-390. [PMID: 28276306 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1293529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus associated with a number of clinical manifestations. Primary EBV infection in young adolescents often manifests as acute infectious mononucleosis and latent infection is associated with multiple lymphoid and epithelial cancers and autoimmune disorders, particularly multiple sclerosis. Areas covered: Over the last decade, our understanding of pathogenesis and immune regulation of EBV-associated diseases has provided an important platform for the development of novel vaccine formulations. In this review, we discuss developmental strategies for prophylactic and therapeutic EBV vaccines which have been assessed in preclinical and clinical settings. Expert commentary: Major roadblocks in EBV vaccine development include no precise understanding of the clinical correlates of protection, uncertainty about adjuvant selection and the unavailability of appropriate animal models. Recent development of new EBV vaccine formulations provides exciting opportunities for the formal clinical assessment of novel formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra Dasari
- a QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Kunal H Bhatt
- a QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Corey Smith
- a QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- a QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
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6
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Harada N, Fukaya S, Wada H, Goto R, Osada T, Gomori A, Ikizawa K, Sakuragi M, Oda N. Generation of a Novel HLA Class I Transgenic Mouse Model Carrying a Knock-in Mutation at the β2-Microglobulin Locus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:516-527. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Li Pira G, Di Cecca S, Montanari M, Moretta L, Manca F. Specific removal of alloreactive T-cells to prevent GvHD in hemopoietic stem cell transplantation: rationale, strategies and perspectives. Blood Rev 2016; 30:297-307. [PMID: 27066851 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a standard procedure for treatment of malignant and non-malignant hematological diseases. HSCT donors include HLA-identical siblings, matched or mismatched unrelated donors and haploidentical related donors. Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), mediated by donor alloreactive T-cells in the graft, can be triggered by minor histocompatibility antigens in HLA-identical pairs, by alleles at loci not considered for MUD-matching or by the mismatched haplotype in haplo-HSCT. Therefore, removal of donor T-cells, that contain the alloreactive precursors, is required, but T-cell depletion associates with opportunistic infections and with reduced graft-versus-leukemia effect. Selective T-cell depletion strategies have been introduced, like removal of αβ T-lymphocytes and of naive T-cells, two subsets including the alloreactive precursors, but the ultimate goal is specific removal of alloreactive T-cells. Here we review the different approaches to deplete alloreactive T-cells only and discuss pros and cons, specificity, efficiency and efficacy. Combinations of different methods and innovative approaches are also proposed for depleting specific alloreactive T-cells with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Li Pira
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; Unit of Immuno-hematology and Transfusion Medicine, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza S. Onoforio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Di Cecca
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Montanari
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; Unit of Immuno-hematology and Transfusion Medicine, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza S. Onoforio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Immunology Area, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza S. Onoforio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Manca
- Immunology Area, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza S. Onoforio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
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8
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Brooks SE, Bonney SA, Lee C, Publicover A, Khan G, Smits EL, Sigurdardottir D, Arno M, Li D, Mills KI, Pulford K, Banham AH, van Tendeloo V, Mufti GJ, Rammensee HG, Elliott TJ, Orchard KH, Guinn BA. Application of the pMHC Array to Characterise Tumour Antigen Specific T Cell Populations in Leukaemia Patients at Disease Diagnosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140483. [PMID: 26492414 PMCID: PMC4619595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy treatments for cancer are becoming increasingly successful, however to further improve our understanding of the T-cell recognition involved in effective responses and to encourage moves towards the development of personalised treatments for leukaemia immunotherapy, precise antigenic targets in individual patients have been identified. Cellular arrays using peptide-MHC (pMHC) tetramers allow the simultaneous detection of different antigen specific T-cell populations naturally circulating in patients and normal donors. We have developed the pMHC array to detect CD8+ T-cell populations in leukaemia patients that recognise epitopes within viral antigens (cytomegalovirus (CMV) and influenza (Flu)) and leukaemia antigens (including Per Arnt Sim domain 1 (PASD1), MelanA, Wilms' Tumour (WT1) and tyrosinase). We show that the pMHC array is at least as sensitive as flow cytometry and has the potential to rapidly identify more than 40 specific T-cell populations in a small sample of T-cells (0.8-1.4 x 10(6)). Fourteen of the twenty-six acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients analysed had T cells that recognised tumour antigen epitopes, and eight of these recognised PASD1 epitopes. Other tumour epitopes recognised were MelanA (n = 3), tyrosinase (n = 3) and WT1(126-134) (n = 1). One of the seven acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) patients analysed had T cells that recognised the MUC1(950-958) epitope. In the future the pMHC array may be used provide point of care T-cell analyses, predict patient response to conventional therapy and direct personalised immunotherapy for patients.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antigens, Nuclear/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Separation
- Epitopes/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology
- Peptides/immunology
- Reproducibility of Results
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E. Brooks
- Cancer Sciences Unit (MP824), Somers Cancer Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie A. Bonney
- Cancer Sciences Unit (MP824), Somers Cancer Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Cindy Lee
- Cancer Sciences Unit (MP824), Somers Cancer Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Southampton University Hospitals Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Publicover
- Department of Haematology, Southampton University Hospitals Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ghazala Khan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, United Kingdom
| | - Evelien L. Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dagmar Sigurdardottir
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthew Arno
- King’s Genomics Centre, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Demin Li
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ken I. Mills
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Pulford
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison H. Banham
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Viggo van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ghulam J. Mufti
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim J. Elliott
- Cancer Sciences Unit (MP824), Somers Cancer Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kim H. Orchard
- Department of Haematology, Southampton University Hospitals Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara-ann Guinn
- Cancer Sciences Unit (MP824), Somers Cancer Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Cárdenas Sierra D, Vélez Colmenares G, Orfao de Matos A, Fiorentino Gómez S, Quijano Gómez SM. Age-associated Epstein-Barr virus-specific T cell responses in seropositive healthy adults. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:320-32. [PMID: 24666437 PMCID: PMC4089182 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in 95% of the world's adult population. The immune response participates in immune vigilance and persistent infection control, and this condition is maintained by both a good quality (functionality) and quantity of specific T cells throughout life. In the present study, we evaluated EBV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte responses in seropositive healthy individuals younger and older than 50 years of age. The assessment comprised the frequency, phenotype, functionality and clonotypic distribution of T lymphocytes. We found that in both age groups a similar EBV-specific T cell response was found, with overlapping numbers of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α(+) T lymphocytes (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) within the memory and effector cell compartments, in addition to monofunctional and multi-functional T cells producing interleukin (IL)-2 and/or interferon (IFN)-γ. However, individuals aged more than 50 years showed significantly higher frequencies of IL-2-producing CD4(+) T lymphocytes in association with greater production of soluble IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 than subjects younger than 50 years. A polyclonal T cell receptor (TCR)-variable beta region (Vβ) repertoire exists in both age groups under basal conditions and in response to EBV; the major TCR families found in TNF-α(+) /CD4(+) T lymphocytes were Vβ1, Vβ2, Vβ17 and Vβ22 in both age groups, and the major TCR family in TNF-α(+) /CD8(+) T cells was Vβ13·1 for individuals younger than 50 years and Vβ9 for individuals aged more than 50 years. Our findings suggest that the EBV-specific T cell response (using a polyclonal stimulation model) is distributed throughout several T cell differentiation compartments in an age-independent manner and includes both monofunctional and multi-functional T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cárdenas Sierra
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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10
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Nguyen THO, Rowntree LC, Pellicci DG, Bird NL, Handel A, Kjer-Nielsen L, Kedzierska K, Kotsimbos TC, Mifsud NA. Recognition of distinct cross-reactive virus-specific CD8+ T cells reveals a unique TCR signature in a clinical setting. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5039-49. [PMID: 24778446 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human CMV still remains problematic in immunocompromised patients, particularly after solid organ transplantation. CMV primary disease and reactivation greatly increase the risks associated with incidences of chronic allograft rejection and decreased survival in transplant recipients. But whether this is due to direct viral effects, indirect viral effects including cross-reactive antiviral T cell immunopathology, or a combination of both remains undetermined. In this article, we report the novel TCR signature of cross-reactive HLA-A*02:01 (A2) CMV (NLVPMVATV [NLV])-specific CD8(+) T cells recognizing a specific array of HLA-B27 alleles using technical advancements that combine both IFN-γ secretion and multiplex nested RT-PCR for determining paired CDR3α/β sequences from a single cell. This study represents the first evidence, to our knowledge, of the same A2-restricted cross-reactive NLV-specific TCR-α/β signature (TRAV3TRAJ31_TRBV12-4TRBJ1-1) in two genetically distinct individuals. Longitudinal posttransplant monitoring of a lung transplant recipient (A2, CMV seropositive) who received a HLA-B27 bilateral lung allograft showed a dynamic expansion of the cross-reactive NLV-specific TCR repertoire before CMV reactivation. After resolution of the active viral infection, the frequency of cross-reactive NLV-specific CD8(+) T cells reduced to previremia levels, thereby demonstrating immune modulation of the T cell repertoire due to antigenic pressure. The dynamic changes in TCR repertoire, at a time when CMV reactivation was subclinical, illustrates that prospective monitoring in susceptible patients can reveal nuances in immune profiles that may be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Louise C Rowntree
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Nicola L Bird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Andreas Handel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Tom C Kotsimbos
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Nicole A Mifsud
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia;
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11
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D'Orsogna LJ, Nguyen THO, Claas FHJ, Witt C, Mifsud NA. Endogenous-peptide-dependent alloreactivity: new scientific insights and clinical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 81:399-407. [PMID: 23646948 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
T-cell alloreactivity is generated via immune responsiveness directed against allogeneic (allo) human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. Whilst the alloresponse is of extraordinary potency and frequency, it has often been assumed to be less peptide-specific than conventional T-cell reactivity. Recently, several human studies have shown that both alloreactive CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells exhibit exquisite allo-HLA and endogenous peptide specificity that has also underpinned tissue-specific allorecognition. In this review, we summarize former and recent scientific evidence in support of endogenous peptide (self-peptide)-dependence of T-cell alloreactivity. The clinical implications of these findings will be discussed in the context of both solid organ transplantation and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Insights into the understanding of the molecular basis of T-cell allorecognition will probably translate into improved allograft survival outcomes, lower frequencies of graft vs host disease and could potentially be exploited for selective graft vs leukaemia effect to improve clinical outcomes following HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J D'Orsogna
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Long HM, Chagoury OL, Leese AM, Ryan GB, James E, Morton LT, Abbott RJM, Sabbah S, Kwok W, Rickinson AB. MHC II tetramers visualize human CD4+ T cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus infection and demonstrate atypical kinetics of the nuclear antigen EBNA1 response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:933-49. [PMID: 23569328 PMCID: PMC3646497 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the human EBV-specific CD4+ T cell response using MHC II tetramers reveals the latent EBV antigen response is more frequent than the lytic response with a delayed EBNA1 response that coincides with diminished cross-presentation. Virus-specific CD4+ T cells are key orchestrators of host responses to viral infection yet, compared with their CD8+ T cell counterparts, remain poorly characterized at the single cell level. Here we use nine MHC II–epitope peptide tetramers to visualize human CD4+ T cell responses to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis (IM), a disease associated with large virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses. We find that, while not approaching virus-specific CD8+ T cell expansions in magnitude, activated CD4+ T cells specific for epitopes in the latent antigen EBNA2 and four lytic cycle antigens are detected at high frequencies in acute IM blood. They then fall rapidly to values typical of life-long virus carriage where most tetramer-positive cells display conventional memory markers but some, unexpectedly, revert to a naive-like phenotype. In contrast CD4+ T cell responses to EBNA1 epitopes are greatly delayed in IM patients, in line with the well-known but hitherto unexplained delay in EBNA1 IgG antibody responses. We present evidence from an in vitro system that may explain these unusual kinetics. Unlike other EBNAs and lytic cycle proteins, EBNA1 is not naturally released from EBV-infected cells as a source of antigen for CD4+ T cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Long
- School of Cancer Sciences and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, England, UK
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13
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Epstein-Barr Virus Gene Expression, Human Leukocyte Antigen Alleles and Chronic High Viral Loads in Pediatric Renal Transplant Patients. Transplantation 2011; 92:328-33. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182247bf2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Quantitative and Functional Diversity of Cross-Reactive EBV-Specific CD8+ T Cells in a Longitudinal Study Cohort of Lung Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2010; 90:1439-49. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181ff4ff3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease and graft rejection are major complications of allogeneic HLA-mismatched stem cell transplantation or organ transplantation that are caused by alloreactive T cells. Because a range of acute viral infections have been linked to initiating these complications, we hypothesized that the cross-reactive potential of virus-specific memory T cells to allogeneic (allo) HLA molecules may be able to mediate these complications. To analyze the allo-HLA reactivity, T cells specific for Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, and influenza virus were tested against a panel of HLA-typed target cells, and target cells transduced with single HLA molecules. Eighty percent of T-cell lines and 45% of virus-specific T-cell clones were shown to cross-react against allo-HLA molecules. The cross-reactivity of the CD8 and CD4 T-cell clones was directed primarily against HLA class I and II, respectively. However, a restricted number of CD8 T cells exhibited cross-reactivity to HLA class II. T-cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer confirmed that allo-HLA reactivity and virus specificity were mediated via the same TCR. These results demonstrate that a substantial proportion of virus-specific T cells exert allo-HLA reactivity, which may have important clinical implications in transplantation settings as well as adoptive transfer of third-party virus-specific T cells.
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Wang PZ, Huang CX, Zhang Y, Li ZD, Yo HT, Zhang Y, Jia ZS, Wang JP, Lian JQ, Sun YT, Bai XF. Analysis of the immune response to Hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein C-terminal-specific CD8(+) T cells in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Viral Immunol 2009; 22:253-60. [PMID: 19594396 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2008.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaan virus (HTNV), the prototype member of the Hantavirus genus in the family Bunyaviridae, causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), which is characterized by capillary leakage, hemorrhage, and renal injury, and is an important public health problem in China. Some kinds of immune cells, particularly CD8(+) T cells, are involved in the pathogenesis of Hantavirus infection. The nucleocapsid protein (NP) of the Hantavirus is the most conserved structural protein and the most abundant viral protein produced during infection. It is one of the important target antigens that induce the CD8(+) T-cell response. In this study, we examined the CD8(+) T-cell response to HTNV NP C-terminal polypeptides. We synthesized 23 overlapping C-terminal polypeptides and detected the antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell response in 15 patients with HFRS. The results demonstrated that there were NP-specific T-cell responses in bulk cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 9 of 15 patients. The peptide 51 (aa 301-315: SPSSIWVFAGAPDRC), peptide 60 (aa 355-369: LRKKSSFYQSYLRRT), and peptide 70 (aa 415-429: DVKVKEISNQEPLKL) induced strong CD8(+) T-cell responses. Among them, peptide 70 induced CTL responses in donors 7, 9, and 11, and the strongest responses were seen in donor 11. Depletion of CD8(+) T cells from PBMCs completely abrogated the peptide-specific T-cell response, while depletion of CD4(+) T cells did not diminish the number of IFN-gamma spot-forming cells. These data suggest that infection with HTNV results in CTL responses to immunodominant regions on the NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Zhong Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Shaanxi Province, China
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17
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18
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CD8+ T cell immunity to Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:416-22. [PMID: 19007888 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are agents which have evolved to persist within the lymphoid system and many have oncogenic potential; studying gammaherpesvirus infections therefore has the potential to reveal much about the workings of the immune system and the control over viral oncogenesis. The lymphocryptovirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the rhadinovirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus 8) are the two human gammaherpesviruses. Analysis of the T cell response to EBV has guided understanding of immunity to infection and disease caused by this virus, as well as directed the development of vaccination and therapeutic interventions in EBV-associated disease. Less is known about the T cell response to KSHV and its exact role in controlling virus infection and disease. Here we discuss the CD8+ T cell response to these two gammaherpesviruses.
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Hislop AD, Taylor GS, Sauce D, Rickinson AB. Cellular responses to viral infection in humans: lessons from Epstein-Barr virus. Annu Rev Immunol 2007; 25:587-617. [PMID: 17378764 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) provides a useful model to study cellular immunity to a genetically stable, persistent human virus. Different sets of proteins expressed during EBV's lytic and cell transforming infections induce qualitatively different cellular immune responses. The factors governing immunodominance hierarchies and the biological effectiveness of these different responses are now being revealed. Analysis of infectious mononucleosis (IM), a clinical syndrome that can arise during primary EBV infection, has allowed the evolution of the responses to be tracked over time, giving an understanding of the immune response kinetics and of those determinants affecting selection into memory. Furthermore, following IM, expression of the receptor for the homeostatic cytokine IL-15 on NK and T cells is lost within these individuals. This experiment of nature provides a system to advance understanding of immunological homeostasis in humans, illustrating how data obtained from the study of EBV have wider significance to the immunological community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hislop
- CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK B15 2TT
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20
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Oerke S, Höhn H, Zehbe I, Pilch H, Schicketanz KH, Hitzler WE, Neukirch C, Freitag K, Maeurer MJ. Naturally processed and HLA-B8-presented HPV16 E7 epitope recognized by T cells from patients with cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 2005; 114:766-78. [PMID: 15609316 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles have been reported to present peptides derived from the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein to T cells. We describe an overrepresentation of the HLA-B8 allele (28.44%) in cervical cancer patients as compared to the MHC class I allele frequency in a local healthy control population (18.80%) and the identification of an HLA-B8-binding peptide TLHEYMLDL (HPV16 E7(7-15)), which is able to drive HPV16 E7-specific and MHC class I-restricted T-cell responses in peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals. TLHEYMLDL-specific T cells recognize the naturally processed and presented peptide on HPV16+ cervical cancer cells transfected with the HLA-B8 gene defined by IFN-gamma production. This peptide epitope is also recognized by freshly harvested tumor-infiltrating T cells or T cells from tumor-draining lymph nodes from patients with cervical cancer determined by flow cytometry as well as by tetramer in situ staining. HLA-B8-restricted HPV E7(7-15)-specific T cells reside predominantly in the CD8+ CD45RA+ CCR7+ precursor or in the differentiated CD8+ CD45RA+ CCR7- T-cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Oerke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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21
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Meij P, van Esser JWJ, Niesters HGM, van Baarle D, Miedema F, Blake N, Rickinson AB, Leiner I, Pamer E, Lowenberg B, Cornelissen JJ, Gratama JW. Impaired recovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)--specific CD8+ T lymphocytes after partially T-depleted allogeneic stem cell transplantation may identify patients at very high risk for progressive EBV reactivation and lymphoproliferative disease. Blood 2003; 101:4290-7. [PMID: 12576337 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-10-3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes are considered pivotal to prevent lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) recipients. We evaluated the recovery of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells after partially T-cell-depleted SCT and studied the interaction between EBV-specific CD8+ T cells, EBV reactivation, and EBV-LPD. EBV-specific CD8+ T cells were enumerated using 12 class I HLA tetramers presenting peptides derived from 7 EBV proteins. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals after SCT in 61 patients, and EBV DNA levels were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Forty-five patients showed EBV reactivation, including 25 with high-level reactivation (ie, more than 1000 genome equivalents [geq] per milliliter). Nine of these 25 patients progressed to EBV-LPD. CD8+ T cells specific for latent or lytic EBV epitopes repopulated the peripheral blood at largely similar rates. In most patients, EBV-specific CD8+ T-cell counts had returned to normal levels within 6 months after SCT. Concurrently, the incidence of EBV reactivations clearly decreased. Patients with insufficient EBV-specific CD8+ T-cell recovery were at high risk for EBV reactivation in the first 6 months after SCT. Failure to detect EBV-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with high-level reactivation was associated with the subsequent development of EBV-LPD (P =.048). Consequently, the earlier defined positive predictive value of approximately 40%, based on high-level EBV reactivation only, increased to 100% in patients without detectable EBV-specific CD8+ T cells. Thus, impaired recovery of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with high-level EBV reactivation may identify a subgroup at very high risk for EBV-LPD and supports that EBV-specific CD8+ T cells protect SCT recipients from progressive EBV reactivation and EBV-LPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Meij
- Department of Internal Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Van Epps HL, Terajima M, Mustonen J, Arstila TP, Corey EA, Vaheri A, Ennis FA. Long-lived memory T lymphocyte responses after hantavirus infection. J Exp Med 2002; 196:579-88. [PMID: 12208874 PMCID: PMC2194003 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Puumala virus (PUUV) is a hantavirus that causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), which is an important public health problem in large parts of Europe. We examined the memory cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in 13 Finnish individuals who had HFRS between 1984 and 1995. In seven of these donors, we detected virus-specific CTL responses against the PUUV nucleocapsid (N) protein after in vitro stimulation with PUUV. Six novel CD8(+) CTL epitopes were defined on the N protein and were found to be restricted by various HLA alleles including A2, A28, B7, and B8. This is the first demonstration of PUUV-specific CTL responses in humans, and the first identification of CTL epitopes on PUUV. In addition, this study provides one of the few characterizations of a human antiviral memory T cell response, without the complicating issues of virus persistence or reinfection. Interferon (IFN)-gamma ELISPOT analysis showed that memory CTL specific for these epitopes were present at high frequency in PUUV-immune individuals many years after acute infection in the absence of detectable viral RNA. The frequencies of PUUV-specific CTL were comparable to or exceeded those found in other viral systems including influenza, EBV and HIV, in which CTL responses may be boosted by periodic reinfection or virus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Van Epps
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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23
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Wang QJ, Huang XL, Rappocciolo G, Jenkins FJ, Hildebrand WH, Fan Z, Thomas EK, Rinaldo CR. Identification of an HLA A*0201-restricted CD8(+) T-cell epitope for the glycoprotein B homolog of human herpesvirus 8. Blood 2002; 99:3360-6. [PMID: 11964304 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.9.3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8; Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) responses to proteins produced during the lytic cycle of HHV-8 replication are mediated by HLA class I-restricted, CD8(+) T cells. We have characterized the fine specificity of the CD8(+) T-cell response to 25 peptides derived from 5 HHV-8 lytic cycle proteins based on a prediction model for HLA A*0201 binding motifs. One of the 25 HLA A*0201 peptides derived from the glycoprotein B (gB) homolog of Epstein-Barr virus (gB(492-500); LMWYELSKI; single-letter amino acid codes) bound to HLA A*0201 and stimulated IFN-gamma responses in CD8(+) T cells from HHV-8(+), HLA A*0201 persons, but not HHV-8-seronegative or non-HLA A*0201 persons. The peptide also induced IFN-gamma and CTL reactivity to naturally processed gB protein. The peptide was a major immunogenic epitope of HHV-8 as indicated by induction of IFN-gamma responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 5 of 5 HHV-8 seropositive, HLA A*0201 persons when gB(492-500) was presented by autologous dendritic cells. T-cell reactivity to gB(492-500) was not related to detectable HHV-8 DNA in the blood. These data show that CD8(+) T cells recognize an HLA A*0201-restricted epitope for HHV-8 lytic cycle protein gB, particularly when presented by dendritic cells. This epitope may be important in control of HHV-8 infection by CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong J Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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24
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Hislop AD, Annels NE, Gudgeon NH, Leese AM, Rickinson AB. Epitope-specific evolution of human CD8(+) T cell responses from primary to persistent phases of Epstein-Barr virus infection. J Exp Med 2002; 195:893-905. [PMID: 11927633 PMCID: PMC2193726 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary virus infection often elicits a large CD8(+) T cell response which subsequently contracts to a smaller memory T cell pool; the relationship between these two virus-specific populations is not well understood. Here we follow the human CD8(+) T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) from its primary phase in infectious mononucleosis (IM) through to the persistent carrier state. Using HLA-A2.1 or B8 tetramers specific for four lytic cycle and three latent cycle epitopes, we find marked differences in the epitope-specific composition of the T cell populations between the two phases of infection. The primary response is dominated by lytic epitope specificities which are severely culled (and in one case extinguished) with resolution of the acute infection; in contrast latent epitope specificities are less abundant, if present at all, in acute IM but often then increase their percentage representation in the CD8 pool. Even comparing epitopes of the same type, the relative size of responses seen in primary infection does not necessarily correlate with that seen in the longer term. We also follow the evolution of phenotypic change in these populations and show that, from a uniform CD45RA(-)RO(+)CCR7(-) phenotype in IM, lytic epitope responses show greater reversion to a CD45RA(+)RO(-) phenotype whereas latent epitope responses remain CD45RA(-)RO(+) with a greater tendency to acquire CCR7. Interestingly these phenotypic distinctions reflect the source of the epitope as lytic or latent, and not the extent to which the response has been amplified in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hislop
- CRC Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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25
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Catalina MD, Sullivan JL, Bak KR, Luzuriaga K. Differential evolution and stability of epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell responses in EBV infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4450-7. [PMID: 11591771 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Murine models of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection suggest that the memory CD8(+) T cell repertoire is reflective of the CD8(+) T cell repertoire generated during acute infection. Less is known regarding the evolution of CD8(+) T cell repertoires during human viral infections. We therefore examined epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell responses in a large cohort of individuals with acute through latent Epstein-Barr virus infection. Using 16 of 20 published EBV epitopes restricted by HLA-A2, HLA-A3 or HLA-B7, we showed that lytic cycle-specific CD8(+) T cell responses predominated during acute EBV infection. However, whereas HLA-A2(+)-restricted BMLF-1-specific CD8(+) T cell responses were maintained through latency, HLA-A2(+)- and HLA-B7(+)-restricted BZLF-1, as well as HLA-A3(+)-restricted BRLF-1 CD8(+) T cell responses, were generated but not readily maintained. Analyses of CD8(+) T cell responses to EBV latent cycle Ags showed delayed detection and lower frequencies of latent epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell responses during acute EBV infection, with maintenance of these responses 1 yr post-EBV infection. Early BMLF-1 and EBNA-3A epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell frequencies did not correlate with their frequencies at 1 yr postinfection. Interestingly, populations of EBV-specific CD8(+) T cells were stable during 20 mo in our long term EBV-seropositive populations, suggesting homeostasis between virus and the host immune system. This study demonstrates that CD8(+) T cell repertoires generated during persistent viral infections are not simply reflective of the initial pool of CD8(+) T cells and provides evidence that the generation of CD8(+) T cell responses to a persistent infection is a dynamic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Catalina
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Bornkamm GW, Hammerschmidt W. Molecular virology of Epstein-Barr virus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001; 356:437-59. [PMID: 11313004 PMCID: PMC1088437 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2000.0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) interacts with its host in three distinct ways in a highly regulated fashion: (i) EBV infects human B lymphocytes and induces proliferation of the infected cells, (ii) it enters into a latent phase in vivo that follows the proliferative phase, and (iii) it can be reactivated giving rise to the production of infectious progeny for reinfection of cells of the same type or transmission of the virus to another individual. In healthy people, these processes take place simultaneously in different anatomical and functional compartments and are linked to each other in a highly dynamic steady-state equilibrium. The development of a genetic system has paved the way for the dissection of those processes at a molecular level that can be studied in vitro, i.e. B-cell immortalization and the lytic cycle leading to production of infectious progeny. Polymerase chain reaction analyses coupled to fluorescent-activated cell sorting has on the other hand allowed a descriptive analysis of the virus-host interaction in peripheral blood cells as well as in tonsillar B cells in vivo. This paper is aimed at compiling our present knowledge on the process of B-cell immortalization in vitro as well as in vivo latency, and attempts to integrate this knowledge into the framework of the viral life cycle in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Bornkamm
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie und Tumorgenetik, Abteilung für Genvektoren, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-83177 München, Germany.
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Khorana AA, Rosenblatt JD, Young FM. Immunopathogenesis of HIV and HTLV-1 infection: mechanisms for lymphomagenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2001; 104:19-74. [PMID: 11191127 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1601-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Khorana
- Cancer Center and Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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