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Plug-and-Display Photo-Switchable Systems on Plant Virus Nanoparticles. BIOTECH (BASEL (SWITZERLAND)) 2022; 11:biotech11040049. [PMID: 36278561 PMCID: PMC9589989 DOI: 10.3390/biotech11040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Light can be used to regulate protein interactions with a high degree of spatial and temporal precision. Photo-switchable systems therefore allow the development of controllable protein complexes that can influence various cellular and molecular processes. Here, we describe a plant virus-based nanoparticle shuttle for the distribution of proteins that can be released when exposed to light. Potato virus X (PVX) is often used as a presentation system for heterologous proteins and epitopes, and has ideal properties for biomedical applications such as good tissue penetration and the ability to form hydrogels that present signaling molecules and promote cell adhesion. In this study, we describe three different systems attached to the surface of PVX particles: LOVTRAP, BphP1/QPAS1 and Dronpa145N. We demonstrated the functionality of all three photo-switchable protein complexes in vitro and the successful loading and unloading of PVX particles. The new systems provide the basis for promising applications in the biomedical and biomaterial sciences.
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2
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Shoja Z, Jalilvand S, Latifi T, Roohvand F. Rotavirus VP6: involvement in immunogenicity, adjuvant activity, and use as a vector for heterologous peptides, drug delivery, and production of nano-biomaterials. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1013-1023. [PMID: 35292854 PMCID: PMC8923333 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The first-generation, live attenuated rotavirus (RV) vaccines, such as RotaTeq and Rotarix, were successful in reducing the number of RV-induced acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and child deaths globally. However, the low efficacy of these first-generation oral vaccines, coupled with safety concerns, required development of improved RV vaccines. The highly conserved structural protein VP6 is highly immunogenic, and it can generate self-assembled nano-sized structures, including tubes and spheres (virus-like particles; VLPs). Amongst the RV proteins, only VP6 shows these features. Interestingly, VP6-assembled structures, in addition to being highly immunogenic, have several other useful characteristics that could allow them to be used as adjuvants, immunological carriers, and drug-delivery vehicles as well as acting a scaffold for production of valuable nano-biomaterials. This review provides an overview of the self-assembled nano-sized structures of VP6-tubes/VLPs and their various functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Castillo-Esparza JF, Gómez-Lim MA. Transient Expression in Cytoplasm and Apoplast of Rotavirus VP6 Protein Fused to Anti-DEC205 Antibody in Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana sylvestris. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:973-982. [PMID: 34146324 PMCID: PMC8214057 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children worldwide and is responsible for about 215,000 deaths annually. Over 85% of these deaths originate in low-income/developing countries in Asia and Africa. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the development of vaccines that avoid the use of "living" viruses and furthermore, vaccines that have viral antigens capable of generating powerful heterotypic responses. Our strategy is based on the expression of the fusion of the anti-DEC205 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) coupled by an OLLAS tag to a viral protein (VP6) of Rotavirus in Nicotiana plants. It was possible to express transiently in N. benthamiana and N. sylvestris a recombinant protein consisting of the single chain variable fragment linked by an OLLAS tag to the VP6 protein. The presence of the recombinant protein, which had a molecular weight of approximately 75 kDa, was confirmed by immunodetection, in both plant species and in both cellular compartments (cytoplasm and apoplast) where it was expressed. In addition, the recombinant protein was modeled, and it was observed that some epitopes of interest are exposed on the surface, which could favor their immunogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Francisco Castillo-Esparza
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Miguel A Gómez-Lim
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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4
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Lin Y, Schuphan J, Dickmeis C, Buhl EM, Commandeur U, Fischer H. Attachment of Ultralow Amount of Engineered Plant Viral Nanoparticles to Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhances Osteogenesis and Mineralization. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2001245. [PMID: 32940006 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based materials are widely used to mimic the extracellular matrix in bone tissue engineering, although they often lack biofunctional cues. In the authors' previous work, Potato virus X (PVX), a flexible rod-shaped biocompatible plant virus nanoparticle (VNP) with 1270 coat protein subunits, is genetically modified to present functional peptides for generating a bone substitute. Here, PVX is engineered to present mineralization- and osteogenesis-associated peptides and laden in hydrogels at a concentration lower by two orders of magnitude. Its competence in mineralization is demonstrated both on 2D surfaces and in hydrogels and the superiority of enriched peptides on VNPs is verified and compared with free peptides and VNPs presenting fewer functional peptides. Alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin red staining of human mesenchymal stem cells increase 1.2-1.7 times when stimulate by VNPs. Engineered PVX adheres to cells, exhibiting a stimulation of biomimetic peptides in close proximity to the cells. The retention of VNPs in hydrogels is monitored and more than 80% of VNPs remain inside after several washing steps. The mechanical properties of VNP-laden hydrogels are investigated, including viscosity, gelling temperature, and compressive tangent modulus. This study demonstrates that recombinant PVX nanoparticles are excellent candidates for hydrogel nanocomposites in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Ying Lin
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research RWTH Aachen University Hospital Pauwelsstrasse 30 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Juliane Schuphan
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Eva Miriam Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility Institute of Pathology RWTH Aachen University Hospital Pauwelsstrasse 30 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research RWTH Aachen University Hospital Pauwelsstrasse 30 52074 Aachen Germany
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5
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Abrahamian P, Hammond RW, Hammond J. Plant Virus-Derived Vectors: Applications in Agricultural and Medical Biotechnology. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:513-535. [PMID: 32520661 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-010720-054958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Major advances in our understanding of plant viral genome expression strategies and the interaction of a virus with its host for replication and movement, induction of disease, and resistance responses have been made through the generation of infectious molecules from cloned viral sequences. Autonomously replicating viral vectors derived from infectious clones have been exploited to express foreign genes in plants. Applications of virus-based vectors include the production of human/animal therapeutic proteins in plant cells and the specific study of plant biochemical processes, including those that confer resistance to pathogens. Additionally, virus-induced gene silencing, which is RNA mediated and triggered through homology-dependent RNA degradation mechanisms, has been exploited as an efficient method to study the functions of host genes in plants and to deliver small RNAs to insects. New and exciting strategies for vector engineering, delivery, and applications of plant virus-based vectors are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Abrahamian
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Rosemarie W Hammond
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - John Hammond
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, United States National Arboretum, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA;
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6
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Syomin BV, Ilyin YV. Virus-Like Particles as an Instrument of Vaccine Production. Mol Biol 2019; 53:323-334. [PMID: 32214478 PMCID: PMC7088979 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The paper discusses the techniques which are currently implemented for vaccine production based on virus-like particles (VLPs). The factors which determine the characteristics of VLP monomers assembly are provided in detail. Analysis of the literature demonstrates that the development of the techniques of VLP production and immobilization of target antigens on their surface have led to the development of universal platforms which make it possible for virtually any known antigen to be exposed on the particle surface in a highly concentrated form. As a result, the focus of attention has shifted from the approaches to VLP production to the development of a precise interface between the organism's immune system and the peptides inducing a strong immune response to pathogens or the organism's own pathological cells. Immunome-specified methods for vaccine design and the prospects of immunoprophylaxis are discussed. Certain examples of vaccines against viral diseases and cancers are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. V. Syomin
- Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge (ISSEK),
National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y. V. Ilyin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Dubey KK, Luke GA, Knox C, Kumar P, Pletschke BI, Singh PK, Shukla P. Vaccine and antibody production in plants: developments and computational tools. Brief Funct Genomics 2019; 17:295-307. [PMID: 29982427 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/ely020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants as bioreactors have been widely used to express efficient vaccine antigens against viral, bacterial and protozoan infections. To date, many different plant-based expression systems have been analyzed, with a growing preference for transient expression systems. Antibody expression in diverse plant species for therapeutic applications is well known, and this review provides an overview of various aspects of plant-based biopharmaceutical production. Here, we highlight conventional and gene expression technologies in plants along with some illustrative examples. In addition, the portfolio of products that are being produced and how they relate to the success of this field are discussed. Stable and transient gene expression in plants, agrofiltration and virus infection vectors are also reviewed. Further, the present report draws attention to antibody epitope prediction using computational tools, one of the crucial steps of vaccine design. Finally, regulatory issues, biosafety and public perception of this technology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali Mahendergarh, Haryana, India.,Microbial Process Development Laboratory, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, Scotland
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Punit Kumar
- Microbial Process Development Laboratory, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Brett I Pletschke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Puneet Kumar Singh
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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8
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Balke I, Zeltins A. Use of plant viruses and virus-like particles for the creation of novel vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 145:119-129. [PMID: 30172923 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the development of plant virology and genetic engineering techniques has resulted in the construction of plant virus-based vaccines for protection against different infectious agents, cancers and autoimmune diseases in both humans and animals. Interaction studies between plant viruses and mammalian organisms have suggested that plant viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) are safe and noninfectious to humans and animals. Plant viruses with introduced antigens are powerful vaccine components due to their strongly organized, repetitive spatial structure; they can elicit strong immune responses similar to those observed with infectious mammalian viruses. The analysis of published data demonstrated that at least 73 experimental vaccines, including 61 prophylactic and 12 therapeutic vaccines, have been constructed using plant viruses as a carrier structure for presentation of different antigens. This information clearly demonstrates that noninfectious viruses are also applicable as vaccine carriers. Moreover, several plant viruses have been used for platform development, and corresponding vaccines are currently being tested in human and veterinary clinical trials. This review therefore discusses the main principles of plant VLP vaccine construction, emphasizing the physical, chemical, genetic and immunological aspects. Results of the latest studies suggest that several plant virus-based vaccines will join the list of approved human and animal vaccines in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Balke
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV1067, Latvia
| | - Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV1067, Latvia.
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9
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Röder J, Dickmeis C, Commandeur U. Small, Smaller, Nano: New Applications for Potato Virus X in Nanotechnology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:158. [PMID: 30838013 PMCID: PMC6390637 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an expanding interdisciplinary field concerning the development and application of nanostructured materials derived from inorganic compounds or organic polymers and peptides. Among these latter materials, proteinaceous plant virus nanoparticles have emerged as a key platform for the introduction of tailored functionalities by genetic engineering and conjugation chemistry. Tobacco mosaic virus and Cowpea mosaic virus have already been developed for bioimaging, vaccination and electronics applications, but the flexible and filamentous Potato virus X (PVX) has received comparatively little attention. The filamentous structure of PVX particles allows them to carry large payloads, which are advantageous for applications such as biomedical imaging in which multi-functional scaffolds with a high aspect ratio are required. In this context, PVX achieves superior tumor homing and retention properties compared to spherical nanoparticles. Because PVX is a protein-based nanoparticle, its unique functional properties are combined with enhanced biocompatibility, making it much more suitable for biomedical applications than synthetic nanomaterials. Moreover, PVX nanoparticles have very low toxicity in vivo, and superior pharmacokinetic profiles. This review focuses on the production of PVX nanoparticles engineered using chemical and/or biological techniques, and describes current and future opportunities and challenges for the application of PVX nanoparticles in medicine, diagnostics, materials science, and biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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10
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Afchangi A, Jalilvand S, Mohajel N, Marashi SM, Shoja Z. Rotavirus VP6 as a potential vaccine candidate. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2027. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afchangi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Virology Department, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Nasir Mohajel
- Virology Department; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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11
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Luke GA, Ryan MD. "Therapeutic applications of the 'NPGP' family of viral 2As". Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e2001. [PMID: 30094875 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptide "2A" and "2A-like" sequences ("2As"; 18-25aa) are found in a range of RNA virus genomes controlling protein biogenesis through "recoding" of the host-cell translational apparatus. Insertion of multiple 2As within a single open reading frame (ORF) produces multiple proteins; hence, 2As have been used in a very wide range of biotechnological and biomedical applications. During translation, these 2A peptide sequences mediate a eukaryote-specific, self-"cleaving" event, termed "ribosome skipping" with very high efficiency. A particular advantage of using 2As is the ability to simultaneously translate a number of proteins at an equal level in all eukaryotic systems although, naturally, final steady-state levels depend upon other factors-notably protein stability. By contrast, the use of internal ribosome entry site elements for co-expression results in an unbalanced expression due to the relative inefficiency of internal initiation. For example, a 1:1 ratio is of particular importance for the biosynthesis of the heavy-chain and light-chain components of antibodies: highly valuable as therapeutic proteins. Furthermore, each component of these "artificial polyprotein" systems can be independently targeted to different sub-cellular sites. The potential of this system was vividly demonstrated by concatenating multiple gene sequences, linked via 2A sequences, into a single, long, ORF-a polycistronic construct. Here, ORFs comprising the biosynthetic pathways for violacein (five gene sequences) and β-carotene (four gene sequences) were concatenated into a single cistron such that all components were co-expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. In this review, we provide useful information on 2As to serve as a guide for future utilities of this co-expression technology in basic research, biotechnology, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Martin D Ryan
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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12
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Röder J, Dickmeis C, Fischer R, Commandeur U. Systemic Infection of Nicotiana benthamiana with Potato virus X Nanoparticles Presenting a Fluorescent iLOV Polypeptide Fused Directly to the Coat Protein. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9328671. [PMID: 29662905 PMCID: PMC5831704 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9328671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus-based nanoparticles can be produced in plants on a large scale and are easily modified to introduce new functions, making them suitable for applications such as vaccination and drug delivery, tissue engineering, and in vivo imaging. The latter is often achieved using green fluorescent protein and its derivatives, but the monovalent fluorescent protein iLOV is smaller and more robust. Here, we fused the iLOV polypeptide to the N-terminus of the Potato virus X (PVX) coat protein, directly or via the Foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A sequence, for expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Direct fusion of the iLOV polypeptide did not prevent the assembly or systemic spread of the virus and we verified the presence of fusion proteins and iLOV hybrid virus particles in leaf extracts. Compared to wild-type PVX virions, the PVX particles displaying the iLOV peptide showed an atypical, intertwined morphology. Our results confirm that a direct fusion of the iLOV fluorescent protein to filamentous PVX nanoparticles offers a promising tool for imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Röder
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52072 Aachen, Germany
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13
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Röder J, Fischer R, Commandeur U. Engineering Potato Virus X Particles for a Covalent Protein Based Attachment of Enzymes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1702151. [PMID: 29125698 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus nanoparticles are often used to display functional amino acids or small peptides, thus serving as building blocks in application areas as diverse as nanoelectronics, bioimaging, vaccination, drug delivery, and bone differentiation. This is most easily achieved by expressing coat protein fusions, but the assembly of the corresponding virus particles can be hampered by factors such as the fusion protein size, amino acid composition, and post-translational modifications. Size constraints can be overcome by using the Foot and mouth disease virus 2A sequence, but the compositional limitations cannot be avoided without the introduction of time-consuming chemical modifications. SpyTag/SpyCatcher technology is used in the present study to covalently attach the Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase Cel12A to Potato virus X (PVX) nanoparticles. The formation of PVX particles is confirmed by western blot, and the ability of the particles to display Cel12A is demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and transmission electron microscopy. Enzymatic assays show optimal reaction conditions of 50 °C and pH 6.5, and an increased substrate conversion rate compared to free enzymes. It is concluded that PVX displaying the SpyTag can serve as new scaffold for protein display, most notably for proteins with post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Röder
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Röder J, Fischer R, Commandeur U. Adoption of the 2A Ribosomal Skip Principle to Tobacco Mosaic Virus for Peptide Display. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1125. [PMID: 28702043 PMCID: PMC5487473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are suitable as building blocks for nanomaterials and nanoparticles because they are easy to modify and can be expressed and purified using plants or heterologous expression systems. Plant virus nanoparticles have been utilized for epitope presentation in vaccines, for drug delivery, as nanospheres and nanowires, and for biomedical imaging applications. Fluorescent protein fusions have been instrumental for the tagging of plant virus particles. The monomeric non-oxygen-dependent fluorescent protein iLOV can be used as an alternative to green fluorescent protein. In this study, the iLOV sequence was genetically fused either directly or via a glycine-serine linker to the C-terminus of the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) and also carried an N-terminal Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A sequence. Nicotiana benthamiana plants were inoculated with recombinant viral vectors and a systemic infection was achieved. The presence of iLOV fusion proteins and hybrid particles was confirmed by western blot analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Our data suggest that TMV-based vectors are suitable for the production of proteins at least as large as iLOV when combined with the FMDV 2A sequence. This approach allowed the simultaneous production of foreign proteins fused to the CP as well as free CP subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
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15
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Chen TH, Hu CC, Liao JT, Lee YL, Huang YW, Lin NS, Lin YL, Hsu YH. Production of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Antigens in Plants Using Bamboo Mosaic Virus-Based Vector. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:788. [PMID: 28515719 PMCID: PMC5413549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is among the major threats to public health in Asia. For disease control and prevention, the efficient production of safe and effective vaccines against JEV is in urgent need. In this study, we produced a plant-made JEV vaccine candidate using a chimeric virus particle (CVP) strategy based on bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) for epitope presentation. The chimeric virus, designated BJ2A, was constructed by fusing JEV envelope protein domain III (EDIII) at the N-terminus of BaMV coat protein, with an insertion of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A peptide to facilitate the production of both unfused and epitope-presenting for efficient assembly of the CVP vaccine candidate. The strategy allowed stable maintenance of the fusion construct over long-term serial passages in plants. Immuno-electron microscopy examination and immunization assays revealed that BJ2A is able to present the EDIII epitope on the surface of the CVPs, which stimulated effective neutralizing antibodies against JEV infection in mice. This study demonstrates the efficient production of an effective CVP vaccine candidate against JEV in plants by the BaMV-based epitope presentation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Teh Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
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Gasanova TV, Petukhova NV, Ivanov PA. Chimeric particles of tobacco mosaic virus as a platform for the development of next-generation nanovaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078016020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Bredell H, Smith JJ, Prins WA, Görgens JF, van Zyl WH. Expression of rotavirus VP6 protein: a comparison amongst Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris and Hansenula polymorpha. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow001. [PMID: 26772798 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During this study. we successfully expressed a codon-optimized gene for rotavirus VP6 protein intracellularly in two methylotrophic yeasts, Pichia pastoris and Hansenula polymorpha, during methanol induction. Expressions were performed in shake flasks and subsequently scaled-up to 1.3 L bioreactors. The yields obtained in the yeasts were compared with that observed in Escherichia coli. Despite producing the lowest biomass levels of all the expression systems in shake flasks, the highest VP6 concentration was obtained with E. coli. In shake flasks, P. pastoris yielded higher volumetric levels of VP6 than H. polymorpha, but specific production of VP6 was approximately similar in both yeasts. In the controlled environment of bioreactors, yeast strains attained typical high cell densities, but also increased VP6 production compared to all shake flask cultures. Unlike in shake flask expressions, H. polymorpha outperformed both P. pastoris as well as E. coli during bioreactor cultivation. VP6 production was in all three expression systems growth-associated. In contrast to yeast expressions, bacterial expressed VP6 protein was found to be insoluble upon analysis. This is the first report of VP6 expressed in methylotrophic yeast and holds the promise for the inexpensive production of VP6 as a possible vaccine candidate or drug delivery mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helba Bredell
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jacques J Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Willem A Prins
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Johann F Görgens
- Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Willem H van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Pêra FFPG, Mutepfa DLR, Khan AM, Els JH, Mbewana S, van Dijk AAA, Rybicki EP, Hitzeroth II. Engineering and expression of a human rotavirus candidate vaccine in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virol J 2015; 12:205. [PMID: 26626122 PMCID: PMC4667453 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rotaviruses are the main cause of severe gastroenteritis in children and are responsible for over 500 000 deaths annually. There are two live rotavirus vaccines currently available, one based on human rotavirus serotype G1P[8], and the other a G1-G4 P[8] pentavalent vaccine. However, the recent emergence of the G9 and other novel rotavirus serotypes in Africa and Asia has prompted fears that current vaccines might not be fully effective against these new varieties. RESULTS We report an effort to develop an affordable candidate rotavirus vaccine against the new emerging G9P[6] (RVA/Human-wt/ZAF/GR10924/1999/G9P[6]) strain. The vaccine is based on virus-like particles which are both highly immunogenic and safe. The vaccine candidate was produced in Nicotiana benthamiana by transient expression, as plants allow rapid production of antigens at lower costs, without the risk of contamination by animal pathogens. Western blot analysis of plant extracts confirmed the successful expression of two rotavirus capsid proteins, VP2 and VP6. These proteins assembled into VLPs resembling native rotavirus particles when analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Expression of the rotavirus glycoprotein VP7 and the spike protein VP4 was also tried. However, VP7 expression caused plant wilting during the course of the time trial and expression could never be detected for either protein. We therefore created three fusion proteins adding the antigenic part of VP4 (VP8*) to VP6 in an attempt to produce more appropriately immunogenic particles. Fusion protein expression in tobacco plants was detected by western blot using anti-VP6 and anti-VP4 antibodies, but no regular particles were observed by TEM, even when co-expressed with VP2. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the rotavirus proteins produced in N. benthamiana are candidates for a subunit vaccine specifically for the G9P[6] rotavirus strain. This could be more effective in developing countries, thereby possibly providing a higher overall efficacy for the existing vaccines. The production of rotavirus proteins in plants would probably result in lower manufacturing costs, making it more affordable for developing countries. Further investigation is required to evaluate the immunogenic potential of the VLPs and fusion proteins created in this study.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Gastroenteritis/prevention & control
- Gastroenteritis/virology
- Genotype
- Humans
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Rotavirus/classification
- Rotavirus/genetics
- Rotavirus/immunology
- Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Rotavirus Infections/virology
- Rotavirus Vaccines/genetics
- Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology
- Rotavirus Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco F P G Pêra
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - David L R Mutepfa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Ayesha M Khan
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Johann H Els
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sandiswa Mbewana
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | | | - Edward P Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Inga I Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Lico C, Benvenuto E, Baschieri S. The Two-Faced Potato Virus X: From Plant Pathogen to Smart Nanoparticle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1009. [PMID: 26635836 PMCID: PMC4646960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus X (PVX) is a single-stranded RNA plant virus, historically investigated in light of the detrimental effects on potato, the world's fourth most important food commodity. The study of the interactions with cells, and more generally with the plant, both locally and systemically, significantly contributed to unveil the mechanisms underlying gene silencing, fundamental not only in plant virology but also in the study of gene expression regulation. Unraveling the molecular events of PVX infection paved the way for the development of different viral expression vectors and consequential applications in functional genomics and in the biosynthesis of heterologous proteins in plants. Apart from that, the ease of manipulation and the knowledge of the virus structure (particle dimensions, shape and physicochemical features) are inspiring novel applications, mainly focused on nanobiotechnology. This review will lead the reader in this area, spanning from fundamental to applied research, embracing fields from plant pathology to vaccine and drug-targeted delivery, imaging and material sciences. Due to the versatile moods, PVX holds promise to become an interesting nanomaterial, in view to create the widest possible arsenal of new "bio-inspired" devices to face evolving issues in biomedicine and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lico
- Laboratory of Biotechnology , ENEA, Rome, Italy
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20
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Peyret H, Lomonossoff GP. When plant virology met Agrobacterium: the rise of the deconstructed clones. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1121-35. [PMID: 26073158 PMCID: PMC4744784 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the early days of molecular farming, Agrobacterium-mediated stable genetic transformation and the use of plant virus-based vectors were considered separate and competing technologies with complementary strengths and weaknesses. The demonstration that 'agroinfection' was the most efficient way of delivering virus-based vectors to their target plants blurred the distinction between the two technologies and permitted the development of 'deconstructed' vectors based on a number of plant viruses. The tobamoviruses, potexviruses, tobraviruses, geminiviruses and comoviruses have all been shown to be particularly well suited to the development of such vectors in dicotyledonous plants, while the development of equivalent vectors for use in monocotyledonous plants has lagged behind. Deconstructed viral vectors have proved extremely effective at the rapid, high-level production of a number of pharmaceutical proteins, some of which are currently undergoing clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Peyret
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - George P Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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21
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Liew PS, Hair-Bejo M. Farming of Plant-Based Veterinary Vaccines and Their Applications for Disease Prevention in Animals. Adv Virol 2015; 2015:936940. [PMID: 26351454 PMCID: PMC4550766 DOI: 10.1155/2015/936940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have been studied for the production of pharmaceutical compounds for more than two decades now. Ever since the plant-made poultry vaccine against Newcastle disease virus made a breakthrough and went all the way to obtain regulatory approval, research to use plants for expression and delivery of vaccine proteins for animals was intensified. Indeed, in view of the high production costs of veterinary vaccines, plants represent attractive biofactories and offer many promising advantages in the production of recombinant vaccine proteins. Furthermore, the possibility of conducting immunogenicity and challenge studies in target animals has greatly exaggerated the progress. Although there are no edible plant-produced animal vaccines in the market, plant-based vaccine technology has great potentials. In this review, development, uses, and advantages of plant-based recombinant protein production in various expression platforms are discussed. In addition, examples of plant-based veterinary vaccines showing strong indication in terms of efficacy in animal disease prevention are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pit Sze Liew
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hair-Bejo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
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22
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Permyakova NV, Uvarova EA, Deineko EV. State of research in the field of the creation of plant vaccines for veterinary use. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY: A COMPREHENSIVE RUSSIAN JOURNAL ON MODERN PHYTOPHYSIOLOGY 2015; 62:23-38. [PMID: 32214753 PMCID: PMC7089518 DOI: 10.1134/s1021443715010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants as an alternative of costly systems of recombinant immunogenic protein expression are the source for the production of cheap and highly efficient biotherapeuticals of new generation, including plant vaccines. In the present review, possibilities of plant system application for the production of recombinant proteins for veterinary use are considered, the history of the "edible vaccine" concept is briefly summarized, advantages and disadvantages of various plant systems for the expression of recombinant immunogenic proteins are discussed. The list of recombinant plant vaccines for veterinary use, which are at different stages of clinical trials, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Permyakova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Rusian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, pr. Lavrent’eva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - E. A. Uvarova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Rusian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, pr. Lavrent’eva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - E. V. Deineko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Rusian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, pr. Lavrent’eva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
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23
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Li C, Yamagishi N, Kaido M, Yoshikawa N. Presentation of epitope sequences from foreign viruses on the surface of apple latent spherical virus particles. Virus Res 2014; 190:118-26. [PMID: 25058477 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) has small isometric particles that are comprised of two single-stranded RNA species (RNA1 and RNA2) and three capsid proteins (Vp25, Vp20, and Vp24). We constructed ALSV vectors for presenting foreign peptides on the surface of virus particles. In these vectors, peptides can be fused to either of two C-terminal regions of Vp20 (amino acid positions between G171 and P172 or between P172 and L173) or the C-terminus (T192) of Vp24. An ALSV vector presenting the epitope sequences of the coat protein (CP) of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) could systemically infect host plants and was specifically recognized by antiserum against ZYMV by ELISA, immunoelectron microscopy, and immunoblotting. RT-PCR showed that the epitope sequences up to 20 amino acids were stably maintained in the chimeric ALSV for more than 10 serial passages and at least six months. Purified chimeric ALSV particles induced an immune response and the production of antibodies against ZYMV-CP in rabbits. The ALSV vector was also used for expression of an epitope from VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - N Yamagishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - M Kaido
- Department of Bioresource, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - N Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan.
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24
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Shukla S, Dickmeis C, Nagarajan AS, Fischer R, Commandeur U, Steinmetz NF. Molecular farming of fluorescent virus-based nanoparticles for optical imaging in plants, human cells and mouse models. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:784-797. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60277j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Guan ZJ, Guo B, Huo YL, Guan ZP, Dai JK, Wei YH. Recent advances and safety issues of transgenic plant-derived vaccines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:2817-40. [PMID: 23447052 PMCID: PMC7080054 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plant-derived vaccines comprise a new type of bioreactor that combines plant genetic engineering technology with an organism's immunological response. This combination can be considered as a bioreactor that is produced by introducing foreign genes into plants that elicit special immunogenicity when introduced into animals or human beings. In comparison with traditional vaccines, plant vaccines have some significant advantages, such as low cost, greater safety, and greater effectiveness. In a number of recent studies, antigen-specific proteins have been successfully expressed in various plant tissues and have even been tested in animals and human beings. Therefore, edible vaccines of transgenic plants have a bright future. This review begins with a discussion of the immune mechanism and expression systems for transgenic plant vaccines. Then, current advances in different transgenic plant vaccines will be analyzed, including vaccines against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic parasites. In view of the low expression levels for antigens in plants, high-level expression strategies of foreign protein in transgenic plants are recommended. Finally, the existing safety problems in transgenic plant vaccines were put forward will be discussed along with a number of appropriate solutions that will hopefully lead to future clinical application of edible plant vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-jun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Life Sciences, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, Shanxi 044000 China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-lin Huo
- Centre of Biological and Chemical Exiperiment, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, Shanxi 044000 China
| | - Zheng-ping Guan
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangshu 210095 China
| | - Jia-kun Dai
- Enzyme Engineering Institute of Shaanxi, Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710600 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-hui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
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26
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Chacko AR, Zwart PH, Read RJ, Dodson EJ, Rao CD, Suguna K. Severe diffraction anisotropy, rotational pseudosymmetry and twinning complicate the refinement of a pentameric coiled-coil structure of NSP4 of rotavirus. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2012; 68:1541-8. [DOI: 10.1107/s090744491203836x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the region spanning residues 95–146 of the rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP4 from the asymptomatic human strain ST3 was determined at a resolution of 2.5 Å. Severe diffraction anisotropy, rotational pseudosymmetry and twinning complicated the refinement of this structure. A systematic explanation confirming the crystal pathologies and describing how the structure was successfully refined is given in this report.
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27
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Inka Borchers AM, Gonzalez-Rabade N, Gray JC. Increased accumulation and stability of rotavirus VP6 protein in tobacco chloroplasts following changes to the 5' untranslated region and the 5' end of the coding region. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:422-34. [PMID: 22257338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus is the main cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide, and the World Health Organisation has recommended that a rotavirus vaccine should be included in all infant immunization programmes. VP6 is the most immunogenic rotavirus subunit and is a potential target for an oral subunit vaccine. VP6 accumulated at up to 3% of total soluble protein in the young leaves of transplastomic tobacco plants, but the protein was unstable and was lost as the leaves aged. The aim of this study was to alter the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) and the 5' end of the coding region of VP6 cDNA in an attempt to increase the expression and stability of VP6 protein in tobacco chloroplasts. The inclusion of the 5'-UTR from gene 10 of bacteriophage T7 (T7g10) and the addition of 15 nucleotides, encoding five additional amino acid residues, at the 5' end of the coding region increased the expression to >15% of total leaf protein and stabilized the protein in ageing leaves. Plants containing VP6 expression constructs with the rbcL 5'-UTR and with the native VP6 5' end of the coding region produced VP6 protein at only 1.9% of total leaf protein. Both the T7g10 5'-UTR and the additional 15 nucleotides increased transcript accumulation and translational efficiency compared with VP6 constructs containing the rbcL 5'-UTR. The VP6 protein produced from all gene constructs appeared to be susceptible to proteolytic processing at its N-terminal region. However, in all transplastomic lines, VP6 proteins assembled into the trimeric form found in the rotavirus capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Inka Borchers
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Chacko AR, Jeyakanthan J, Ueno G, Sekar K, Rao CD, Dodson EJ, Suguna K, Read RJ. A new pentameric structure of rotavirus NSP4 revealed by molecular replacement. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2011; 68:57-61. [DOI: 10.1107/s0907444911049705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Loza-Rubio E, Rojas-Anaya E. Vaccine production in plant systems--an aid to the control of viral diseases in domestic animals: a review. Acta Vet Hung 2010; 58:511-22. [PMID: 21087920 DOI: 10.1556/avet.58.2010.4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plants have been identified as promising expression systems for the commercial production of vaccines because of the possibility of introducing exogenous genes into them, which permits the development of a new generation of biological products called edible vaccines. The advantages of oral vaccines of this new type are that they induce mucosal, humoral, cellular and protective immunity, they are cheaper, easier to store, distribute and administer, they do not require cold chain management, and some species can be stored for long periods of time without any spoilage and may be administered as purified proteins. Owing to these benefits, plant-produced vaccines represent a valuable option for animal health. The aim of this paper is to present a review of plant-produced vaccines against viruses affecting domestic animals. Some aspects of the feasibility of their use and the immune response elicited by such vaccines are also discussed, as the balance between tolerance and immunogenicity is a major concern for the use of plant-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Loza-Rubio
- 1 INIFAP Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Microbiología Animal Carretera México Toluca Km 15.5 Colonia Palo Alto CP 05110 Mexico
| | - Edith Rojas-Anaya
- 1 INIFAP Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Microbiología Animal Carretera México Toluca Km 15.5 Colonia Palo Alto CP 05110 Mexico
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30
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Cardi T, Lenzi P, Maliga P. Chloroplasts as expression platforms for plant-produced vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:893-911. [PMID: 20673012 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Production of recombinant subunit vaccines from genes incorporated in the plastid genome is advantageous because of the attainable expression level due to high transgene copy number and the absence of gene silencing; biocontainment as a consequence of maternal inheritance of plastids and no transgene presence in the pollen; and expression of multiple transgenes in prokaryotic-like operons. We discuss the core technology of plastid transformation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular alga, and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), a flowering plant species, and demonstrate the utility of the technology for the production of recombinant vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Cardi
- CNR-IGV, Institute of Plant Genetics, Portici, Italy.
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31
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Uhde-Holzem K, Schlösser V, Viazov S, Fischer R, Commandeur U. Immunogenic properties of chimeric potato virus X particles displaying the hepatitis C virus hypervariable region I peptide R9. J Virol Methods 2010; 166:12-20. [PMID: 20138085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenic properties of chimeric potato virus X (PVX) particles engineered to display the synthetic R9 peptide have been evaluated. The R9 peptide is a consensus sequence derived from diverse variants of the hypervariable region 1 from the hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope protein E2. Two different constructs were designed, with the R9 peptide expressed either as an indirect fusion via the ribosomal skip 2A (PVX(R9-2A)CP) sequence or as a direct PVX coat protein fusion (PVX(R9)CP). Systemic infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants was only achieved with PVX(R9-2A)CP constructs, and the presence of the R9 peptide was detected in extracts from these plants by ELISA, Western blot and electron microscopy using specific anti-R9 antibodies. The virus particles were recovered at yields of up to 125mg/kg from leaf material. BALB/c mice immunized with purified PVX(R9-2A)CP particles developed specific anti-R9 IgG titers of up to 1:50,000. Monoclonal anti-R9 antibodies were obtained from the spleen of a mouse immunized with PVX(R9-2A)CP particles and characterized by Western blot and electron microscopy. Sera from patients infected chronically with HCV were found to react specifically with PVX(R9-2A)CP particles in 35% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Uhde-Holzem
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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32
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Abstract
Plant-derived biologicals for use in animal health are becoming an increasingly important target for research into alternative, improved methods for disease control. Although there are no commercial products on the market yet, the development and testing of oral, plant-based vaccines is now beyond the proof-of-principle stage. Vaccines, such as those developed for porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus, have the potential to stimulate both mucosal and systemic, as well as, lactogenic immunity as has already been seen in target animal trials. Plants are a promising production system, but they must compete with existing vaccines and protein production platforms. In addition, regulatory hurdles will need to be overcome, and industry and public acceptance of the technology are important in establishing successful products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Hammond
- USDA-ARS, BARC-West, Rm.252, Bldg. 011, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Tiwari S, Verma PC, Singh PK, Tuli R. Plants as bioreactors for the production of vaccine antigens. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:449-67. [PMID: 19356740 PMCID: PMC7126855 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants have been identified as promising expression systems for commercial production of vaccine antigens. In phase I clinical trials several plant-derived vaccine antigens have been found to be safe and induce sufficiently high immune response. Thus, transgenic plants, including edible plant parts are suggested as excellent alternatives for the production of vaccines and economic scale-up through cultivation. Improved understanding of plant molecular biology and consequent refinement in the genetic engineering techniques have led to designing approaches for high level expression of vaccine antigens in plants. During the last decade, several efficient plant-based expression systems have been examined and more than 100 recombinant proteins including plant-derived vaccine antigens have been expressed in different plant tissues. Estimates suggest that it may become possible to obtain antigen sufficient for vaccinating millions of individuals from one acre crop by expressing the antigen in seeds of an edible legume, like peanut or soybean. In the near future, a plethora of protein products, developed through ‘naturalized bioreactors’ may reach market. Efforts for further improvements in these technologies need to be directed mainly towards validation and applicability of plant-based standardized mucosal and edible vaccines, regulatory pharmacology, formulations and the development of commercially viable GLP protocols. This article reviews the current status of developments in the area of use of plants for the development of vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rakesh Tuli
- Corresponding author. National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001 (U.P.) India. Tel.: +91 522 2205848; fax: +91 522 2205839.
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Abstract
Global demand for recombinant proteins has steadily accelerated for the last 20 years. These recombinant proteins have a wide range of important applications, including vaccines and therapeutics for human and animal health, industrial enzymes, new materials and components of novel nano-particles for various applications. The majority of recombinant proteins are produced by traditional biological "factories," that is, predominantly mammalian and microbial cell cultures along with yeast and insect cells. However, these traditional technologies cannot satisfy the increasing market demand due to prohibitive capital investment requirements. During the last two decades, plants have been under intensive investigation to provide an alternative system for cost-effective, highly scalable, and safe production of recombinant proteins. Although the genetic engineering of plant viral vectors for heterologous gene expression can be dated back to the early 1980s, recent understanding of plant virology and technical progress in molecular biology have allowed for significant improvements and fine tuning of these vectors. These breakthroughs enable the flourishing of a variety of new viral-based expression systems and their wide application by academic and industry groups. In this review, we describe the principal plant viral-based production strategies and the latest plant viral expression systems, with a particular focus on the variety of proteins produced and their applications. We will summarize the recent progress in the downstream processing of plant materials for efficient extraction and purification of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lico
- UTS BIOTEC, Section of Genetics and Plant Genomics, ENEA CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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Avesani L, Marconi G, Morandini F, Albertini E, Bruschetta M, Bortesi L, Pezzotti M, Porceddu A. Stability of Potato virus X expression vectors is related to insert size: implications for replication models and risk assessment. Transgenic Res 2007; 16:587-97. [PMID: 17216546 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-9051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the stability of expression constructs based on Potato virus X (PVX) as a function of insert length. Five different inserts ranging in length from 261 to 1,758 bp (human proinsulin, murine interleukin-10, HIV-1 nef, petunia expansin-1 and human gad65) were expressed using a PVX vector in Nicotiana benthamiana plants for three sequential passages. Using a competitive RT-PCR approach we demonstrated that insert-deletion could occur in the first infection cycle for all inserts, but that this was much more likely to be the case for longer ones. This suggested a negative correlation between insert length and vector stability. Sequence analysis of the deleted constructs suggested that recombination usually occurred at sites close to the duplicated sub-genomic promoter, but in a smaller number of cases the foreign gene itself was probably involved, resulting in partially deleted constructs containing transgene fragments. The implications of these results in the context of recombinant protein expression and its risks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Avesani
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Saldaña S, Esquivel Guadarrama F, Olivera Flores TDJ, Arias N, López S, Arias C, Ruiz-Medrano R, Mason H, Mor T, Richter L, Arntzen CJ, Gómez Lim MA. Production of rotavirus-like particles in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) fruit by expression of capsid proteins VP2 and VP6 and immunological studies. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:42-53. [PMID: 16553549 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of different antigens have been successfully expressed in transgenic plants, and some are currently being evaluated as orally delivered vaccines. Here we report the successful expression of rotavirus capsid proteins VP2 and VP6 in fruits of transgenic tomato plants. By western blot analysis, using specific antibodies, we determined that the VP2 and VP6 produced in plants have molecular weights similar to those found in native rotavirus. The plant-synthesized VP6 protein retained the capacity to form trimers. We were able to recover rotavirus virus-like particles from tomato fruit (i.e., tomatoes) by centrifugation on a sucrose cushion and to visualize them by electron microscopy. This result indicated that VP2/VP6 can self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) in plant cells, even though only a small proportion of VP2/VP6 assembled into VLPs. To investigate immunogenicity, adult mice were immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) three times with a protein extract from a transgenic tomatoes in adjuvant. We found that the transgenic tomato extract induced detectable levels of anti-rotavirus antibodies in serum; however, we did not determine the contribution of either the free rotavirus proteins or the VLPs to the induction of the antibody response. These results suggest the potential of plant-based rotavirus VLPs for the development of a vaccine against rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Saldaña
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, México
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Marconi G, Albertini E, Barone P, De Marchis F, Lico C, Marusic C, Rutili D, Veronesi F, Porceddu A. In planta production of two peptides of the Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) E2 glycoprotein fused to the coat protein of potato virus X. BMC Biotechnol 2006; 6:29. [PMID: 16792815 PMCID: PMC1534020 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-6-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical Swine Fever (CSFV) is one of the most important viral infectious diseases affecting wild boars and domestic pigs. The etiological agent of the disease is the CSF virus, a single stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae. All preventive measures in domestic pigs have been focused in interrupting the chain of infection and in avoiding the spread of CSFV within wild boars as well as interrupting transmission from wild boars to domestic pigs. The use of plant based vaccine against CSFV would be advantageous as plant organs can be distributed without the need of particular treatments such as refrigeration and therefore large areas, populated by wild animals, could be easily covered. RESULTS We report the in planta production of peptides of the classical swine fever (CSF) E2 glycoprotein fused to the coat protein of potato virus X. RT-PCR studies demonstrated that the peptide encoding sequences are correctly retained in the PVX construct after three sequential passage in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Sequence analysis of RT-PCR products confirmed that the epitope coding sequences are replicated with high fidelity during PVX infection. Partially purified virions were able to induce an immune response in rabbits. CONCLUSION Previous reports have demonstrated that E2 synthetic peptides can efficiently induce an immunoprotective response in immunogenized animals. In this work we have showed that E2 peptides can be expressed in planta by using a modified PVX vector. These results are particularly promising for designing strategies for disease containment in areas inhabited by wild boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Marconi
- Dipartimento di Biologia vegetale e Biotecnologie Agroambientali e Zootecniche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Emidio Albertini
- Dipartimento di Biologia vegetale e Biotecnologie Agroambientali e Zootecniche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Barone
- Dipartimento di Biologia vegetale e Biotecnologie Agroambientali e Zootecniche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop Sciences, 289 Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, 1201 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Francesca De Marchis
- Dipartimento di Biologia vegetale e Biotecnologie Agroambientali e Zootecniche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, Sezione di Perugia, Via Madonna Alta 130, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Domenico Rutili
- Istituto Sperimentale Zooprofilattico dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabio Veronesi
- Dipartimento di Biologia vegetale e Biotecnologie Agroambientali e Zootecniche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Porceddu
- Dipartimento di Biologia vegetale e Biotecnologie Agroambientali e Zootecniche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, Sezione di Perugia, Via Madonna Alta 130, 06100 Perugia, Italy
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Twyman RM, Schillberg S, Fischer R. Transgenic plants in the biopharmaceutical market. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2006; 10:185-218. [PMID: 15757412 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.10.1.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many of our 'small-molecule-drugs' are natural products from plants, or are synthetic compounds based on molecules found naturally in plants. However, the vast majority of the protein therapeutics (or biopharmaceuticals) we use are from animal or human sources, and are produced commercially in microbial or mammalian bioreactor systems. Over the last few years, it has become clear that plants have great potential for the production of human proteins and other protein-based therapeutic entities. Plants offer the prospect of inexpensive biopharmaceutical production without sacrificing product quality or safety, and following the success of several plant-derived technical proteins, the first therapeutic products are now approaching the market. In this review, the different plant-based production systems are discussed and the merits of transgenic plants are evaluated compared with other platforms. A detailed discussion is provided of the development issues that remain to be addressed before plants become an acceptable mainstream production technology. The many different proteins that have already been produced using plants are described, and a sketch of the current market and the activities of the key players is provided. Despite the currently unclear regulatory framework and general industry inertia, the benefits of plant-derived pharmaceuticals are now bringing the prospect of inexpensive veterinary and human medicines closer than ever before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Twyman
- University of York, Department of Biology, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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39
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de Felipe P, Luke GA, Hughes LE, Gani D, Halpin C, Ryan MD. E unum pluribus: multiple proteins from a self-processing polyprotein. Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24:68-75. [PMID: 16380176 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many applications of genetic engineering require transformation with multiple (trans)genes, although to achieve these using conventional techniques can be challenging. The 2A oligopeptide is emerging as a highly effective new tool for the facile co-expression of multiple proteins in a single transformation step, whereby a gene encoding multiple proteins, linked by 2A sequences, is transcribed from a single promoter. The polyprotein self-processes co-translationally such that each constituent protein is generated as a discrete translation product. 2A functions in all the eukaryotic systems tested to date and has already been applied, with great success, to a broad range of biotechnological applications: from plant metabolome engineering to the expression of T-cell receptor complexes, monoclonal antibodies or heterodimeric cytokines in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo de Felipe
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland KY16 9ST, UK
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40
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Yusibov V, Rabindran S, Commandeur U, Twyman RM, Fischer R. The Potential of Plant Virus Vectors for Vaccine Production. Drugs R D 2006; 7:203-17. [PMID: 16784246 DOI: 10.2165/00126839-200607040-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants viruses are versatile vectors that allow the rapid and convenient production of recombinant proteins in plants. Compared with production systems based on transgenic plants, viral vectors are easier to manipulate and recombinant proteins can be produced more quickly and in greater yields. Over the last few years, there has been much interest in the development of plant viruses as vectors for the production of vaccines, either as whole polypeptides or epitopes displayed on the surface of chimeric viral particles. Several viruses have been extensively developed for vaccine production, including tobacco mosaic virus, potato virus X and cowpea mosaic virus. Vaccine candidates have been produced against a range of human and animal diseases, and in many cases have shown immunogenic activity and protection in the face of disease challenge. In this review, we discuss the advantages of plant virus vectors, the development of different viruses as vector systems, and the immunological experiments that have demonstrated the principle of plant virus-derived vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA.
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41
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Abstract
The small size of plant viral genomes, the ease with which they can be manipulated, and the simplicity of the infection process is making the viral vectors an attractive alternative to the transgenic systems for the expression of foreign proteins in plants. One use of these virus expression systems is for vaccine production. There are two basic types of viral system that have been developed for the production of immunogenic peptides and proteins in plants: epitope presentation and polypeptide expression systems. In this review, we discuss advances made in this field.
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42
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Dong JL, Liang BG, Jin YS, Zhang WJ, Wang T. Oral immunization with pBsVP6-transgenic alfalfa protects mice against rotavirus infection. Virology 2005; 339:153-63. [PMID: 15992851 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A critical factor in edible plant-derived vaccine development is adequate expression of the exogenous antigens in transgenic plants. We synthesized a codon-optimized gene (sVP6) encoding the VP6 protein of human group A rotavirus and inserted it into the alfalfa genome using agrobacterium-mediated transformation. As much as 0.28% of the total soluble protein of the pBsVP6-transgenic alfalfa was sVP6. Female BALB/c mice were gavaged weekly with 10 mg of transgenic alfalfa extract containing 24 microg of sVP6 protein and 10 microg of CpG-rich oligodeoxynucleotides as mucosal adjuvant. Immunized mice developed high titers of anti-VP6 serum IgG and mucosal IgA. Offspring of immunized dams developed less severe diarrhea after challenge with simian rotavirus SA-11, indicating that antibodies generated in the dams provided passive heterotypic protection to the pups. These results suggest that oral immunization with pBsVP6-transgenic alfalfa provides a potential means of protecting children and young animals from severe acute rotavirus-induced diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Li Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China.
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43
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Antigen Delivery Systems III: Use of Recombinant Plant Viruses. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [PMCID: PMC7149764 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
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44
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Palucha A, Loniewska A, Satheshkumar S, Boguszewska-Chachulska AM, Umashankar M, Milner M, Haenni AL, Savithri HS. Virus-like particles: models for assembly studies and foreign epitope carriers. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 80:135-68. [PMID: 16164974 PMCID: PMC7119358 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(05)80004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Virus‐like particles (VLPs), formed by the structural elements of viruses, have received considerable attention over the past two decades. The number of reports on newly obtained VLPs has grown proportionally with the systems developed for the expression of these particles. The chapter outlines the recent achievements in two important fields of research brought about by the availability of VLPs produced in a foreign host. These are: (1) The requirements for VLP assembly and (2) the use of VLPs as carriers for foreign epitopes. VLP technology is a rapidly advancing domain of molecular and structural biology. Extensive progress in VLP studies was achieved as the insect cell based protein production system was developed. This baculovirus expression system has many advantages for the synthesis of viral structural proteins resulting in the formation of VLPs. It allows production of large amounts of correctly folded proteins while also providing cell membranes that can serve as structural elements for enveloped viruses. These features give us the opportunity to gain insights into the interactions and requirements accompanying VLP formation that are similar to the assembly events occurring in mammalian cells. Other encouraging elements are the ability to easily scale up the system and the simplicity of purification of the assembled VLPs. The growing number of VLPs carrying foreign protein fragments on their surface and studies on the successful assembly of these chimeric molecules is a promising avenue towards the development of a new technology, in which the newly designed VLPs will be directed to particular mammalian cell types by exposing specific binding domains. The progress made in modeling the surface of VLPs makes them to date the best candidates for the design of delivery systems that can efficiently reach their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Palucha
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
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45
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Birch-Machin I, Newell CA, Hibberd JM, Gray JC. Accumulation of rotavirus VP6 protein in chloroplasts of transplastomic tobacco is limited by protein stability. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2004; 2:261-70. [PMID: 17147617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2004.00072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus VP6 is a highly immunogenic major capsid protein that may be useful as a subunit vaccine. The expression of a bovine group A rotavirus VP6 cDNA was examined in tobacco chloroplasts following particle bombardment. Constructs containing the VP6 cDNA under the control of plastid rrn or psbA promoters, or the Escherichia coli trc promoter, were inserted, together with the aadA selectable marker gene, between the rbcL and accD genes of the tobacco plastid genome. The 40-kDa VP6 protein accumulated to about 3% of total soluble protein in seedlings and young leaves of homoplasmic transplastomic plants containing the VP6 cDNA under the control of the rrn promoter. Lower amounts of VP6 (approximately 0.6% total soluble protein) accumulated in plants containing the VP6 cDNA under the control of the psbA promoter, and VP6 was undetectable in plants containing the VP6 cDNA under the control of the trc promoter. The VP6 protein in chloroplasts was shown to form trimers, as found in the rotavirus virion. However, the amount of VP6 protein declined as the leaves matured, although VP6 transcripts were still present, suggesting that the protein was susceptible to proteolytic degradation in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Birch-Machin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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46
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Wagner B, Fuchs H, Adhami F, Ma Y, Scheiner O, Breiteneder H. Plant virus expression systems for transient production of recombinant allergens in Nicotiana benthamiana. Methods 2004; 32:227-34. [PMID: 14962756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have demonstrated the use of autonomously replicating plant viruses as vehicles to express a variety of therapeutic molecules of pharmaceutical interest. Plant virus vectors for expression of heterologous proteins in plants represent an attractive biotechnological tool to complement the conventional production of recombinant proteins in bacterial, fungal, or mammalian cells. Virus vectors are advantageous when high levels of gene expression are desired within a short time, although the instability of the foreign genes in the viral genome may present problems. Similar levels of foreign protein production in transgenic plants often are unattainable, in some cases because of the toxicity of the foreign protein. Now virus-based vectors are for the first time investigated as a means of producing recombinant allergens in plants. Several plant virus vectors have been developed for the expression of foreign proteins. Here, we describe the utilization of tobacco mosaic virus- and potato virus X-based vectors for the transient expression of plant allergens in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. One approach involves the inoculation of tobacco plants with infectious RNA transcribed in vitro from a cDNA copy of the recombinant viral genome. Another approach utilizes the transfection of whole plants from wounds inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing cDNA copies of recombinant plus-sense RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Wagner
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Vienna, General Hospital Vienna, EBO-3Q, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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47
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Warzecha H, Mason HS. Benefits and risks of antibody and vaccine production in transgenic plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 160:755-764. [PMID: 12940544 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phytopharming, the production of protein biologicals in recombinant plant systems, has shown great promise in studies performed over the past 13 years. A secretory antibody purified from transgenic tobacco was tested successfully in humans, and prevented bacterial re-colonization after topical application in the mouth. Rapid production of patient-tailored anti-lymphoma antibodies in recombinant Tobamovirus-infected tobacco may provide effective cancer therapy. Many different candidate vaccines from bacterial and viral sources have been expressed in transgenic plants, and three human clinical trials with oral delivery of transgenic plant tissues have shown exciting results. The use of crop plants with agricultural practice could allow cheap production of valuable proteins, while providing enhanced safety by avoidance of animal viruses or other contaminants. However development of this technology must carefully consider the means to ensure the separation of food and medicinal products when crop plants are used for phytopharming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heribert Warzecha
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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48
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Porta C, Lomonossoff GP. Viruses as vectors for the expression of foreign sequences in plants. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2003; 19:245-91. [PMID: 12520880 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2002.10648031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Porta
- Horticulture Research International Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK.
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49
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Abstract
Plant systems are reviewed with regard to their ability to express and produce subunit vaccines. Examples of different types of expression systems producing a variety of vaccine candidates are illustrated. Many of these subunit vaccines have been purified and shown to elicit an immune response when injected into animal models. This review also includes vaccines that have been administered orally in a non-purified form as a food or feed product. Cases are highlighted which demonstrate that orally delivered plant-based vaccines can elicit immune responses and in some case studies, confer protection. Examples are used to illustrate some of the inherent advantages of a plant-based system, such as cost, ease of scale-up and convenience of delivery. Also, some of the key steps are identified that will be necessary to bring these new vaccines to the market.
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50
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Abstract
Many advances continue to be made in the field of plant-derived vaccines. Plants have been shown capable of expressing a multicomponent vaccine that when orally delivered induces a T-helper cell subset 1 response and enables passive immunization. Furthermore, a plant-derived vaccine has been shown to protect against challenge in the target host. Increased antigen expression levels (up to 4.1% total soluble protein) have been obtained through transformation of the chloroplast genome. In view of these findings, plant-derived vaccines have been proved as valuable commodities to the world's health system; however, before their application, studies need to focus on optimization of immunization strategies and to investigate antigen stability.
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Key Words
- ctb, cholera toxin b subunit
- etec, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli
- fda, food and drug administration
- fmdv, foot and mouth disease virus
- hbsag, hepatitis b surface antigen
- ltb, heat-labile toxin of etec b subunit
- mv, measles virus
- tgev, transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus
- tmv, tobacco mosaic virus
- tsp, total soluble protein
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Bacterial Vaccines
- Drug Stability
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genetic Engineering/methods
- Humans
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/virology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Transformation, Genetic
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Viral Vaccines
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