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He MJ, Zuo DP, Zhang ZY, Wang Y, Han CG. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses of Myzus persicae Carrying Brassica Yellows Virus. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:908. [PMID: 37508340 PMCID: PMC10376434 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Viruses in the genus Polerovirus infect a wide range of crop plants and cause severe economic crop losses. BrYV belongs to the genus Polerovirus and is transmitted by Myzus persicae. However, the changes in transcriptome and proteome profiles of M. persicae during viral infection are unclear. Here, RNA-Seq and TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis were performed to compare the differences between viruliferous and nonviruliferous aphids. In total, 1266 DEGs were identified at the level of transcription with 980 DEGs being upregulated and 286 downregulated in viruliferous aphids. At the protein level, among the 18 DEPs identified, the number of upregulated proteins in viruliferous aphids was twice that of the downregulated DEPs. Enrichment analysis indicated that these DEGs and DEPs were mainly involved in epidermal protein synthesis, phosphorylation, and various metabolic processes. Interestingly, the expressions of a number of cuticle proteins and tubulins were upregulated in viruliferous aphids. Taken together, our study revealed the complex regulatory network between BrYV and its vector M. persicae from the perspective of omics. These findings should be of great benefit to screening key factors involved in the process of virus circulation in aphids and provide new insights for BrYV prevention via vector control in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jun He
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deng-Pan Zuo
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zong-Ying Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cheng-Gui Han
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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2
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Jayasinghe WH, Akhter MS, Nakahara K, Maruthi MN. Effect of aphid biology and morphology on plant virus transmission. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:416-427. [PMID: 34478603 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aphids severely affect crop production by transmitting many plant viruses. Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that mostly depend on vectors for their transmission and survival. A majority of economically important plant viruses are transmitted by aphids. They transmit viruses either persistently (circulative or non-circulative) or non-persistently. Plant virus transmission by insects is a process that has evolved over time and is strongly influenced by insect morphological features and biology. Over the past century, a large body of research has provided detailed knowledge of the molecular processes underlying virus-vector interactions. In this review, we discuss how aphid biology and morphology can affect plant virus transmission. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wikum H Jayasinghe
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Md Shamim Akhter
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Bangladesh
| | - Kenji Nakahara
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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3
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Potato leafroll virus reduces Buchnera aphidocola titer and alters vector transcriptome responses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23931. [PMID: 34907187 PMCID: PMC8671517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses in the Luteoviridae family, such as Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), are transmitted by aphids in a circulative and nonpropagative mode. This means the virions enter the aphid body through the gut when they feed from infected plants and then the virions circulate through the hemolymph to enter the salivary glands before being released into the saliva. Although these viruses do not replicate in their insect vectors, previous studies have demonstrated viruliferous aphid behavior is altered and the obligate symbiont of aphids, Buchnera aphidocola, may be involved in transmission. Here we provide the transcriptome of green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) carrying PLRV and virus-free control aphids using Illumina sequencing. Over 150 million paired-end reads were obtained through Illumina sequencing, with an average of 19 million reads per library. The comparative analysis identified 134 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the M. persicae transcriptomes, including 64 and 70 genes that were up- and down-regulated in aphids carrying PLRV, respectively. Using functional classification in the GO databases, 80 of the DEGs were assigned to 391 functional subcategories at category level 2. The most highly up-regulated genes in aphids carrying PLRV were cytochrome p450s, genes related to cuticle production, and genes related to development, while genes related to heat shock proteins, histones, and histone modification were the most down-regulated. PLRV aphids had reduced Buchnera titer and lower abundance of several Buchnera transcripts related to stress responses and metabolism. These results suggest carrying PLRV may reduce both aphid and Buchnera genes in response to stress. This work provides valuable basis for further investigation into the complicated mechanisms of circulative and nonpropagative transmission.
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4
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DeBlasio SL, Wilson JR, Tamborindeguy C, Johnson RS, Pinheiro PV, MacCoss MJ, Gray SM, Heck M. Affinity Purification-Mass Spectrometry Identifies a Novel Interaction between a Polerovirus and a Conserved Innate Immunity Aphid Protein that Regulates Transmission Efficiency. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3365-3387. [PMID: 34019426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors, with many crucial aspects of the transmission process being mediated by key protein-protein interactions. Still, very few vector proteins interacting with viruses have been identified and functionally characterized. Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) is transmitted most efficiently by Myzus persicae, the green peach aphid, in a circulative, non-propagative manner. Using affinity purification coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (AP-MS), we identified 11 proteins from M. persicaedisplaying a high probability of interaction with PLRV and an additional 23 vector proteins with medium confidence interaction scores. Three of these aphid proteins were confirmed to directly interact with the structural proteins of PLRV and other luteovirid species via yeast two-hybrid. Immunolocalization of one of these direct PLRV-interacting proteins, an orthologue of the human innate immunity protein complement component 1 Q subcomponent-binding protein (C1QBP), shows that MpC1QBP partially co-localizes with PLRV in cytoplasmic puncta and along the periphery of aphid gut epithelial cells. Artificial diet delivery to aphids of a chemical inhibitor of C1QBP leads to increased PLRV acquisition by aphids and subsequently increased titer in inoculated plants, supporting a role for C1QBP in the acquisition and transmission efficiency of PLRV by M. persicae. This study presents the first use of AP-MS for the in vivo isolation of a functionally relevant insect vector-virus protein complex. MS data are available from ProteomeXchange.org using the project identifier PXD022167.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L DeBlasio
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jennifer R Wilson
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Cecilia Tamborindeguy
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Richard S Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Patricia V Pinheiro
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Stewart M Gray
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michelle Heck
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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5
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Agranovsky A. Enhancing Capsid Proteins Capacity in Plant Virus-Vector Interactions and Virus Transmission. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010090. [PMID: 33430410 PMCID: PMC7827187 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector transmission of plant viruses is basically of two types that depend on the virus helper component proteins or the capsid proteins. A number of plant viruses belonging to disparate groups have developed unusual capsid proteins providing for interactions with the vector. Thus, cauliflower mosaic virus, a plant pararetrovirus, employs a virion associated p3 protein, the major capsid protein, and a helper component for the semi-persistent transmission by aphids. Benyviruses encode a capsid protein readthrough domain (CP-RTD) located at one end of the rod-like helical particle, which serves for the virus transmission by soil fungal zoospores. Likewise, the CP-RTD, being a minor component of the luteovirus icosahedral virions, provides for persistent, circulative aphid transmission. Closteroviruses encode several CPs and virion-associated proteins that form the filamentous helical particles and mediate transmission by aphid, whitefly, or mealybug vectors. The variable strategies of transmission and evolutionary ‘inventions’ of the unusual capsid proteins of plant RNA viruses are discussed.
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6
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Mittapelly P, Rajarapu SP. Applications of Proteomic Tools to Study Insect Vector-Plant Virus Interactions. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E143. [PMID: 32784674 PMCID: PMC7459587 DOI: 10.3390/life10080143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are crucial players of biological interactions within and between the organisms and thus it is important to understand the role of proteins in successful partnerships, such as insect vectors and their plant viruses. Proteomic approaches have identified several proteins at the interface of virus acquisition and transmission by their insect vectors which could be potential molecular targets for sustainable pest and viral disease management strategies. Here we review the proteomic techniques used to study the interactions of insect vector and plant virus. Our review will focus on the techniques available to identify the infection, global changes at the proteome level in insect vectors, and protein-protein interactions of insect vectors and plant viruses. Furthermore, we also review the integration of other techniques with proteomics and the available bioinformatic tools to analyze the proteomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mittapelly
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
- USDA APHIS PPQ, 5936 Ford Ct, Ste. 200, Brighton, MI 48116, USA
| | - Swapna Priya Rajarapu
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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7
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Zhang SZ, Zhu LB, Yu D, You LL, Wang J, Cao HH, Liu YX, Wang YL, Kong X, Toufeeq S, Xu JP. Identification and Functional Analysis of BmNPV-Interacting Proteins From Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera) Larval Midgut Based on Subcellular Protein Levels. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1481. [PMID: 32695093 PMCID: PMC7338592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a major pathogen causing severe economic loss. However, the molecular mechanism of silkworm resistance to BmNPV and the interactions of this virus with the host during infection remain largely unclear. To explore the virus-binding proteins of silkworms, the midgut subcellular component proteins that may interact with BmNPV were analyzed in vitro based on one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis and far-western blotting combined with mass spectrometry (MS). A total of 24 proteins were determined to be specifically bound to budded viruses (BVs) in two subcellular fractions (mitochondria and microsomes). These proteins were involved in viral transportation, energy metabolism, apoptosis and viral propagation, and they responded to BmNPV infection with different expression profiles in different resistant strains. In particular, almost all the identified proteins were downregulated in the A35 strain following BmNPV infection. Interestingly, there were no virus-binding proteins identified in the cytosolic fraction of the silkworm midgut. Two candidate proteins, RACK1 and VDAC2, interacted with BVs, as determined with far-western blotting and reverse far-western blotting. We speculated that the proteins interacting with the virus could either enhance or inhibit the infection of the virus. The data provide comprehensive useful information for further research on the interaction of the host with BmNPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Zhi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Lin-Bao Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Dong Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Ling-Ling You
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Hui-Hua Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Ying-Xue Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Ling Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Xue Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Shahzad Toufeeq
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Jia-Ping Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
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8
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Gaafar YZA, Ziebell H. Aphid transmission of nanoviruses. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21668. [PMID: 32212397 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The genus Nanovirus consists of plant viruses that predominantly infect legumes leading to devastating crop losses. Nanoviruses are transmitted by various aphid species. The transmission occurs in a circulative nonpropagative manner. It was long suspected that a virus-encoded helper factor would be needed for successful transmission by aphids. Recently, a helper factor was identified as the nanovirus-encoded nuclear shuttle protein (NSP). The mode of action of NSP is currently unknown in contrast to helper factors from other plant viruses that, for example, facilitate binding of virus particles to receptors within the aphids' stylets. In this review, we are summarizing the current knowledge about nanovirus-aphid vector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Z A Gaafar
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kuehn Institute, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Heiko Ziebell
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kuehn Institute, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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9
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Rydzak P, Ochoa Corona FM, Whitfield AE, Wayadande AC. Combining multiplex PCR and high-resolution melting for the detection and discrimination of arthropod transmitted viruses of cereals. J Virol Methods 2020; 278:113823. [PMID: 31981568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Great Plains of the United States is a region comprised of approximately 45 million hectares of grasslands where several economically important cereal crops are grown. Arthropod-transmitted, cereal-infecting viruses vary in incidence from year-to-year and are often difficult to detect in large acreages. To facilitate the detection of economically important viruses of cereals that often exist in co-infections, a multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) platform assay was developed. This method can be used in combination with high resolution melting (HRM) to detect and allow for discrimination between three arthropod-transmitted plant viruses; Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Maize mosaic virus (MMV) and Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Multiplex PCR in combination with HRM allowed for successful detection of WSMV, MMV, and BYDV, as well as discrimination between three BYDV species, BYDV-PAS, BYDV-PAV and BYDV-MAV. All primer pairs amplified products of the predicted size. The BYDV-RT-PCR primers amplified products of identical length for all three species of BYDV. HRM was then used to discriminate between these products by determining significant differences between the melting rates for each (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates the flexibility of combining multiplex PCR with HRM to increase the specificity of plant virus diagnostics based on the needs of the diagnostician performing the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rydzak
- National Institute for Microbial Forensics & Food and Agricultural Biosecurity (NIMFFAB), Oklahoma State University, 127 NCR Stillwater, OK 74074-3033, United State of America.
| | - Francisco M Ochoa Corona
- National Institute for Microbial Forensics & Food and Agricultural Biosecurity (NIMFFAB), Oklahoma State University, 127 NCR Stillwater, OK 74074-3033, United State of America.
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America.
| | - Astri C Wayadande
- National Institute for Microbial Forensics & Food and Agricultural Biosecurity (NIMFFAB), Oklahoma State University, 127 NCR Stillwater, OK 74074-3033, United State of America.
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10
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Islam W, Noman A, Naveed H, Alamri SA, Hashem M, Huang Z, Chen HYH. Plant-insect vector-virus interactions under environmental change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 701:135044. [PMID: 31726403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insects play an important role in the spread of viruses from infected plants to healthy hosts through a variety of transmission strategies. Environmental factors continuously influence virus transmission and result in the establishment of infection or disease. Plant virus diseases become epidemic when viruses successfully dominate the surrounding ecosystem. Plant-insect vector-virus interactions influence each other; pushing each other for their benefit and survival. These interactions are modulated through environmental factors, though environmental influences are not readily predictable. This review focuses on exploiting the diverse relationships, embedded in the plant-insect vector-virus triangle by highlighting recent research findings. We examined the interactions between viruses, insect vectors, and host plants, and explored how these interactions affect their behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China; Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Naveed
- College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, Sichuan 614004, China
| | - Saad A Alamri
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biological Science Department, P.O. Box 10255, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; Prince Sultan Ben Abdulaziz Center for Environmental and Tourism Research and Studies, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biological Science Department, P.O. Box 10255, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Zhiqun Huang
- College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China; Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Han Y H Chen
- College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China; Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada.
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11
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Lefeuvre P, Martin DP, Elena SF, Shepherd DN, Roumagnac P, Varsani A. Evolution and ecology of plant viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:632-644. [PMID: 31312033 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the first non-cellular infectious agent, later determined to be tobacco mosaic virus, paved the way for the field of virology. In the ensuing decades, research focused on discovering and eliminating viral threats to plant and animal health. However, recent conceptual and methodological revolutions have made it clear that viruses are not merely agents of destruction but essential components of global ecosystems. As plants make up over 80% of the biomass on Earth, plant viruses likely have a larger impact on ecosystem stability and function than viruses of other kingdoms. Besides preventing overgrowth of genetically homogeneous plant populations such as crop plants, some plant viruses might also promote the adaptation of their hosts to changing environments. However, estimates of the extent and frequencies of such mutualistic interactions remain controversial. In this Review, we focus on the origins of plant viruses and the evolution of interactions between these viruses and both their hosts and transmission vectors. We also identify currently unknown aspects of plant virus ecology and evolution that are of practical importance and that should be resolvable in the near future through viral metagenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darren P Martin
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Santiago F Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC-UV, Paterna, València, Spain.,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | | | - Philippe Roumagnac
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier, France.,BGPI, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. .,Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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12
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Webster CG, Pichon E, van Munster M, Monsion B, Deshoux M, Gargani D, Calevro F, Jimenez J, Moreno A, Krenz B, Thompson JR, Perry KL, Fereres A, Blanc S, Uzest M. Identification of Plant Virus Receptor Candidates in the Stylets of Their Aphid Vectors. J Virol 2018; 92:e00432-18. [PMID: 29769332 PMCID: PMC6026765 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00432-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses transmitted by insects cause tremendous losses in most important crops around the world. The identification of receptors of plant viruses within their insect vectors is a key challenge to understanding the mechanisms of transmission and offers an avenue for future alternative control strategies to limit viral spread. We here report the identification of two cuticular proteins within aphid mouthparts, and we provide experimental support for the role of one of them in the transmission of a noncirculative virus. These two proteins, named Stylin-01 and Stylin-02, belong to the RR-1 cuticular protein subfamily and are highly conserved among aphid species. Using an immunolabeling approach, they were localized in the maxillary stylets of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and the green peach aphid Myzus persicae, in the acrostyle, an organ earlier shown to harbor receptors of a noncirculative virus. A peptide motif present at the C termini of both Stylin-01 and Stylin-02 is readily accessible all over the surface of the acrostyle. Competition for in vitro binding to the acrostyle was observed between an antibody targeting this peptide and the helper component protein P2 of Cauliflower mosaic virus Furthermore, silencing the stylin-01 but not stylin-02 gene through RNA interference decreased the efficiency of Cauliflower mosaic virus transmission by Myzus persicae These results identify the first cuticular proteins ever reported within arthropod mouthparts and distinguish Stylin-01 as the best candidate receptor for the aphid transmission of noncirculative plant viruses.IMPORTANCE Most noncirculative plant viruses transmitted by insect vectors bind to their mouthparts. They are acquired and inoculated within seconds when insects hop from plant to plant. The receptors involved remain totally elusive due to a long-standing technical bottleneck in working with insect cuticle. Here we characterize the role of the two first cuticular proteins ever identified in arthropod mouthparts. A domain of these proteins is directly accessible at the surface of the cuticle of the acrostyle, an organ at the tip of aphid stylets. The acrostyle has been shown to bind a plant virus, and we consistently demonstrated that one of the identified proteins is involved in viral transmission. Our findings provide an approach to identify proteins in insect mouthparts and point at an unprecedented gene candidate for a plant virus receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig G Webster
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Elodie Pichon
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Manuella van Munster
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Maëlle Deshoux
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Gargani
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Federica Calevro
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jaime Jimenez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Björn Krenz
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jeremy R Thompson
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Keith L Perry
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Marilyne Uzest
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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13
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Mulot M, Monsion B, Boissinot S, Rastegar M, Meyer S, Bochet N, Brault V. Transmission of Turnip yellows virus by Myzus persicae Is Reduced by Feeding Aphids on Double-Stranded RNA Targeting the Ephrin Receptor Protein. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:457. [PMID: 29593696 PMCID: PMC5859162 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphid-transmitted plant viruses are a threat for major crops causing massive economic loss worldwide. Members in the Luteoviridae family are transmitted by aphids in a circulative and non-replicative mode. Virions are acquired by aphids when ingesting sap from infected plants and are transported through the gut and the accessory salivary gland (ASG) cells by a transcytosis mechanism relying on virus-specific receptors largely unknown. Once released into the salivary canal, virions are inoculated to plants, together with saliva, during a subsequent feeding. In this paper, we bring in vivo evidence that the membrane-bound Ephrin receptor (Eph) is a novel aphid protein involved in the transmission of the Turnip yellows virus (TuYV, Polerovirus genus, Luteoviridae family) by Myzus persicae. The minor capsid protein of TuYV, essential for aphid transmission, was able to bind the external domain of Eph in yeast. Feeding M. persicae on in planta- or in vitro-synthesized dsRNA targeting Eph-mRNA (dsRNAEph) did not affect aphid feeding behavior but reduced accumulation of TuYV genomes in the aphid's body. Consequently, TuYV transmission efficiency by the dsRNAEph-treated aphids was reproducibly inhibited and we brought evidence that Eph is likely involved in intestinal uptake of the virion. The inhibition of virus uptake after dsRNAEph acquisition was also observed for two other poleroviruses transmitted by M. persicae, suggesting a broader role of Eph in polerovirus transmission. Finally, dsRNAEph acquisition by aphids did not affect nymph production. These results pave the way toward an ecologically safe alternative of insecticide treatments that are used to lower aphid populations and reduce polerovirus damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Mulot
- SVQV, Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Colmar, France
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- SVQV, Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Colmar, France
| | - Sylvaine Boissinot
- SVQV, Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Colmar, France
| | - Maryam Rastegar
- SVQV, Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Colmar, France.,Department of Plant Protection, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sophie Meyer
- SVQV, Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Colmar, France
| | - Nicole Bochet
- SVQV, Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Colmar, France
| | - Véronique Brault
- SVQV, Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Colmar, France
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14
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Pinheiro PV, Ghanim M, Alexander M, Rebelo AR, Santos RS, Orsburn BC, Gray S, Cilia M. Host Plants Indirectly Influence Plant Virus Transmission by Altering Gut Cysteine Protease Activity of Aphid Vectors. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 16:S230-S243. [PMID: 27932519 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.063495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is a vector of the Potato leafroll virus (PLRV, Luteoviridae), transmitted exclusively by aphids in a circulative manner. PLRV transmission efficiency was significantly reduced when a clonal lineage of M. persicae was reared on turnip as compared with the weed physalis, and this was a transient effect caused by a host-switch response. A trend of higher PLRV titer in physalis-reared aphids as compared with turnip-reared aphids was observed at 24 h and 72 h after virus acquisition. The major difference in the proteomes of these aphids was the up-regulation of predicted lysosomal enzymes, in particular the cysteine protease cathepsin B (cathB), in aphids reared on turnip. The aphid midgut is the site of PLRV acquisition, and cathB and PLRV localization were starkly different in midguts of the aphids reared on the two host plants. In viruliferous aphids that were reared on turnip, there was near complete colocalization of cathB and PLRV at the cell membranes, which was not observed in physalis-reared aphids. Chemical inhibition of cathB restored the ability of aphids reared on turnip to transmit PLRV in a dose-dependent manner, showing that the increased activity of cathB and other cysteine proteases at the cell membrane indirectly decreased virus transmission by aphids. Understanding how the host plant influences virus transmission by aphids is critical for growers to manage the spread of virus among field crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Pinheiro
- From the ‡Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.,§Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853.,¶Embrapa Rice and Beans, Santo Antônio de Goiás 171, Brazil
| | - Murad Ghanim
- ‖Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 5025001, Israel
| | - Mariko Alexander
- **Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Ana Rita Rebelo
- §Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Rogerio S Santos
- §Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | - Stewart Gray
- **Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,§§USDA Agricultural Research Service, Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York
| | - Michelle Cilia
- From the ‡Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; .,**Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,§§USDA Agricultural Research Service, Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York
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15
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Mulot M, Boissinot S, Monsion B, Rastegar M, Clavijo G, Halter D, Bochet N, Erdinger M, Brault V. Comparative Analysis of RNAi-Based Methods to Down-Regulate Expression of Two Genes Expressed at Different Levels in Myzus persicae. Viruses 2016; 8:E316. [PMID: 27869783 PMCID: PMC5127030 DOI: 10.3390/v8110316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing availability of aphid genomic data, it is necessary to develop robust functional validation methods to evaluate the role of specific aphid genes. This work represents the first study in which five different techniques, all based on RNA interference and on oral acquisition of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), were developed to silence two genes, ALY and Eph, potentially involved in polerovirus transmission by aphids. Efficient silencing of only Eph transcripts, which are less abundant than those of ALY, could be achieved by feeding aphids on transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing an RNA hairpin targeting Eph, on Nicotiana benthamiana infected with a Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-Eph recombinant virus, or on in vitro-synthesized Eph-targeting dsRNA. These experiments showed that the silencing efficiency may differ greatly between genes and that aphid gut cells seem to be preferentially affected by the silencing mechanism after oral acquisition of dsRNA. In addition, the use of plants infected with recombinant TRV proved to be a promising technique to silence aphid genes as it does not require plant transformation. This work highlights the need to pursue development of innovative strategies to reproducibly achieve reduction of expression of aphid genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Mulot
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Sylvaine Boissinot
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
- INRA, UMR BGPI INRA-CIRAD-SupAgro, CIRAD TA-A54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Maryam Rastegar
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
- Plant Protection Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Gabriel Clavijo
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
| | - David Halter
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nicole Bochet
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Monique Erdinger
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Véronique Brault
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
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16
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Linz LB, Liu S, Chougule NP, Bonning BC. In Vitro Evidence Supports Membrane Alanyl Aminopeptidase N as a Receptor for a Plant Virus in the Pea Aphid Vector. J Virol 2015; 89:11203-12. [PMID: 26311872 PMCID: PMC4645670 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01479-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Insect-borne plant viruses cause significant agricultural losses and jeopardize sustainable global food production. Although blocking plant virus transmission would allow for crop protection, virus receptors in insect vectors are unknown. Here we identify membrane alanyl aminopeptidase N (APN) as a receptor for pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) coat protein (CP) in the gut of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, using a far-Western blot method. Pulldown and immunofluorescence binding assays and surface plasmon resonance were used to confirm and characterize CP-APN interaction. PEMV virions and a peptide comprised of PEMV CP fused to a proline-rich hinge (-P-) and green fluorescent protein (CP-P-GFP) specifically bound to APN. Recombinant APN expressed in Sf9 cells resulted in internalization of CP-P-GFP, which was visualized by confocal microscopy; such internalization is an expected hallmark of a functional gut receptor. Finally, in assays with aphid gut-derived brush border membrane vesicles, binding of CP-P-GFP competed with binding of GBP3.1, a peptide previously demonstrated to bind to APN in the aphid gut and to impede PEMV uptake into the hemocoel; this finding supports the hypothesis that GBP3.1 and PEMV bind to and compete for the same APN receptor. These in vitro data combined with previously published in vivo experiments (S. Liu, S. Sivakumar, W. O. Sparks, W. A. Miller, and B. C. Bonning, Virology 401:107-116, 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.009) support the identification of APN as the first receptor in a plant virus vector. Knowledge of this receptor will provide for technologies based on PEMV-APN interaction designed to block plant virus transmission and to suppress aphid populations. IMPORTANCE A significant proportion of global food production is lost to insect pests. Aphids, in addition to weakening plants by feeding on their sap, are responsible for transmitting about half of the plant viruses vectored by insects. Growers rely heavily on the application of chemical insecticides to manage both aphids and aphid-vectored plant viral disease. To increase our understanding of plant virus-aphid vector interaction, we provide in vitro evidence supporting earlier in vivo work for identification of a receptor protein in the aphid gut called aminopeptidase N, which is responsible for entry of the plant virus pea enation mosaic virus into the pea aphid vector. Enrichment of proteins found on the surface of the aphid gut epithelium resulted in identification of this first aphid gut receptor for a plant virus. This discovery is particularly important since the disruption of plant virus binding to such a receptor may enable the development of a nonchemical strategy for controlling aphid-vectored plant viruses to maximize food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B Linz
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Sijun Liu
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Bryony C Bonning
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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17
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Integrative proteomics to understand the transmission mechanism of Barley yellow dwarf virus-GPV by its insect vector Rhopalosiphum padi. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10971. [PMID: 26161807 PMCID: PMC4498328 DOI: 10.1038/srep10971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Barley yellow dwarf virus-GPV (BYDV-GPV) is transmitted by Rhopalosiphum padi and Schizaphis graminum in a persistent nonpropagative manner. To improve our understanding of its transmission mechanism by aphid vectors, we used two approaches, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and yeast two-hybrid (YTH) system, to identify proteins in R. padi that may interact with or direct the spread of BYDV-GPV along the circulative transmission pathway. Thirty-three differential aphid proteins in viruliferous and nonviruliferous insects were identified using iTRAQ coupled to 2DLC-MS/MS. With the yeast two-hybrid system, 25 prey proteins were identified as interacting with the readthrough protein (RTP) and eight with the coat protein (CP), which are encoded by BYDV-GPV. Among the aphid proteins identified, most were involved in primary energy metabolism, synaptic vesicle cycle, the proteasome pathway and the cell cytoskeleton organization pathway. In a systematic comparison of the two methods, we found that the information generated by the two methods was complementary. Taken together, our findings provide useful information on the interactions between BYDV-GPV and its vector R. padi to further our understanding of the mechanisms regulating circulative transmission in aphid vectors.
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18
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Liu W, Gray S, Huo Y, Li L, Wei T, Wang X. Proteomic Analysis of Interaction between a Plant Virus and Its Vector Insect Reveals New Functions of Hemipteran Cuticular Protein. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2229-42. [PMID: 26091699 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.046763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous viruses can be transmitted by their corresponding vector insects; however, the molecular mechanisms enabling virus transmission by vector insects have been poorly understood, especially the identity of vector components interacting with the virus. Here, we used the yeast two-hybrid system to study proteomic interactions of a plant virus (Rice stripe virus, RSV, genus Tenuivirus) with its vector insect, small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus). Sixty-six proteins of L. striatellus that interacted with the nucleocapsid protein (pc3) of RSV were identified. A virus-insect interaction network, constructed for pc3 and 29 protein homologs of Drosophila melanogaster, suggested that nine proteins might directly interact with pc3. Of the 66 proteins, five (atlasin, a novel cuticular protein, jagunal, NAC domain protein, and vitellogenin) were most likely to be involved in viral movement, replication, and transovarial transmission. This work also provides evidence that the novel cuticular protein, CPR1, from L. striatellus is essential for RSV transmission by its vector insect. CPR1 binds the nucleocapsid protein (pc3) of RSV both in vivo and in vitro and colocalizes with RSV in the hemocytes of L. striatellus. Knockdown of CPR1 transcription using RNA interference resulted in a decrease in the concentration of RSV in the hemolymph, salivary glands and in viral transmission efficiency. These data suggest that CPR1 binds RSV in the insect and stabilizes the viral concentration in the hemolymph, perhaps to protect the virus or to help move the virus to the salivary tissues. Our studies provide direct experimental evidence that viruses can use existing vector proteins to aid their survival in the hemolymph. Identifying these putative vector molecules should lead to a better understanding of the interactions between viruses and vector insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Stewart Gray
- §USDA, ARS, Plant Protection Research Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Yan Huo
- ¶State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li Li
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; §USDA, ARS, Plant Protection Research Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; ¶State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
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19
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Gray S, Cilia M, Ghanim M. Circulative, "nonpropagative" virus transmission: an orchestra of virus-, insect-, and plant-derived instruments. Adv Virus Res 2014; 89:141-99. [PMID: 24751196 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800172-1.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Species of plant viruses within the Luteoviridae, Geminiviridae, and Nanoviridae are transmitted by phloem-feeding insects in a circulative, nonpropagative manner. The precise route of virus movement through the vector can differ across and within virus families, but these viruses all share many biological, biochemical, and ecological features. All share temporal and spatial constraints with respect to transmission efficiency. The viruses also induce physiological changes in their plant hosts resulting in behavioral changes in the insects that optimize the transmission of virus to new hosts. Virus proteins interact with insect, endosymbiont, and plant proteins to orchestrate, directly and indirectly, virus movement in insects and plants to facilitate transmission. Knowledge of these complex interactions allows for the development of new tools to reduce or prevent transmission, to quickly identify important vector populations, and to improve the management of these economically important viruses affecting agricultural and natural plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Gray
- Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Michelle Cilia
- Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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20
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Hu ZQ, Zhao HY, Thieme T. Comparison of the potential rate of population increase of brown and green color morphs of Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on barley infected and uninfected with Barley yellow dwarf virus. INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 21:326-333. [PMID: 24382739 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Life tables of brown and green color morphs of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) reared on barley under laboratory conditions at 20 ± 1°C, 65% ± 5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16 : 8 h (L : D) were compared. The plants were either: (i) infected with the Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV); (ii) not infected with virus but previously infested with aphids; or (iii) healthy barley plants, which were not previously infested with aphids. Generally, both color morphs of S. avenae performed significantly better when fed on BYDV-infected plants than on plants that were virus free but had either not been or had been previously infested with aphids. Furthermore, when fed on BYDV-infected plants, green S. avenae developed significantly faster and had a significantly shorter reproductive period than the brown color morph. There were no significant differences in this respect between the two color morphs of S. avenae when they were reared on virus-free plants that either had been or not been previously infested with aphids. These results indicate that barley infected with BYDV is a more favorable host plant than uninfected barley for both the color morphs of S. avenae tested, particularly the green color morph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Qing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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21
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Abstract
The mechanisms and impacts of the transmission of plant viruses by insect vectors have been studied for more than a century. The virus route within the insect vector is amply documented in many cases, but the identity, the biochemical properties, and the structure of the actual molecules (or molecule domains) ensuring compatibility between them remain obscure. Increased efforts are required both to identify receptors of plant viruses at various sites in the vector body and to design competing compounds capable of hindering transmission. Recent trends in the field are opening questions on the diversity and sophistication of viral adaptations that optimize transmission, from the manipulation of plants and vectors ultimately increasing the chances of acquisition and inoculation, to specific "sensing" of the vector by the virus while still in the host plant and the subsequent transition to a transmission-enhanced state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Blanc
- INRA, UMR BGPI, CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro, CIRAD TA-A54K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 05, France; , ,
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22
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Tamborindeguy C, Bereman MS, DeBlasio S, Igwe D, Smith DM, White F, MacCoss MJ, Gray SM, Cilia M. Genomic and proteomic analysis of Schizaphis graminum reveals cyclophilin proteins are involved in the transmission of cereal yellow dwarf virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71620. [PMID: 23951206 PMCID: PMC3739738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow dwarf viruses cause the most economically important virus diseases of cereal crops worldwide and are transmitted by aphid vectors. The identification of aphid genes and proteins mediating virus transmission is critical to develop agriculturally sustainable virus management practices and to understand viral strategies for circulative movement in all insect vectors. Two cyclophilin B proteins, S28 and S29, were identified previously in populations of Schizaphisgraminum that differed in their ability to transmit the RPV strain of Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV-RPV). The presence of S29 was correlated with F2 genotypes that were efficient virus transmitters. The present study revealed the two proteins were isoforms, and a single amino acid change distinguished S28 and S29. The distribution of the two alleles was determined in 12 F2 genotypes segregating for CYDV-RPV transmission capacity and in 11 genetically independent, field-collected S. graminum biotypes. Transmission efficiency for CYDV-RPV was determined in all genotypes and biotypes. The S29 isoform was present in all genotypes or biotypes that efficiently transmit CYDV-RPV and more specifically in genotypes that efficiently transport virus across the hindgut. We confirmed a direct interaction between CYDV-RPV and both S28 and S29 using purified virus and bacterially expressed, his-tagged S28 and S29 proteins. Importantly, S29 failed to interact with a closely related virus that is transported across the aphid midgut. We tested for in vivo interactions using an aphid-virus co-immunoprecipitation strategy coupled with a bottom-up LC-MS/MS analysis using a Q Exactive mass spectrometer. This analysis enabled us to identify a third cyclophilin protein, cyclophilin A, interacting directly or in complex with purified CYDV-RPV. Taken together, these data provide evidence that both cyclophilin A and B interact with CYDV-RPV, and these interactions may be important but not sufficient to mediate virus transport from the hindgut lumen into the hemocoel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Tamborindeguy
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MC); (CT)
| | - Michael S. Bereman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stacy DeBlasio
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - David Igwe
- Virology and Molecular Diagnostics Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Dawn M. Smith
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Frank White
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stewart M. Gray
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Michelle Cilia
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MC); (CT)
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23
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Kliot A, Ghanim M. The role of bacterial chaperones in the circulative transmission of plant viruses by insect vectors. Viruses 2013; 5:1516-35. [PMID: 23783810 PMCID: PMC3717719 DOI: 10.3390/v5061516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent circulative transmission of plant viruses involves complex interactions between the transmitted virus and its insect vector. Several studies have shown that insect vector proteins are involved in the passage and the transmission of the virus. Interestingly, proteins expressed by bacterial endosymbionts that reside in the insect vector, were also shown to influence the transmission of these viruses. Thus far, the transmission of two plant viruses that belong to different virus genera was shown to be facilitated by a bacterial chaperone protein called GroEL. This protein was shown to be implicated in the transmission of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) by the green peach aphid Myzus persicae, and the transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) by the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci. These tri-trophic levels of interactions and their possible evolutionary implications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Kliot
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; E-Mail:
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; E-Mail:
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Bragard C, Caciagli P, Lemaire O, Lopez-Moya JJ, MacFarlane S, Peters D, Susi P, Torrance L. Status and prospects of plant virus control through interference with vector transmission. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:177-201. [PMID: 23663003 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Most plant viruses rely on vector organisms for their plant-to-plant spread. Although there are many different natural vectors, few plant virus-vector systems have been well studied. This review describes our current understanding of virus transmission by aphids, thrips, whiteflies, leafhoppers, planthoppers, treehoppers, mites, nematodes, and zoosporic endoparasites. Strategies for control of vectors by host resistance, chemicals, and integrated pest management are reviewed. Many gaps in the knowledge of the transmission mechanisms and a lack of available host resistance to vectors are evident. Advances in genome sequencing and molecular technologies will help to address these problems and will allow innovative control methods through interference with vector transmission. Improved knowledge of factors affecting pest and disease spread in different ecosystems for predictive modeling is also needed. Innovative control measures are urgently required because of the increased risks from vector-borne infections that arise from environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bragard
- Earth & Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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25
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Cilia M, Peter KA, Bereman MS, Howe K, Fish T, Smith D, Gildow F, MacCoss MJ, Thannhauser TW, Gray SM. Discovery and targeted LC-MS/MS of purified polerovirus reveals differences in the virus-host interactome associated with altered aphid transmission. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48177. [PMID: 23118947 PMCID: PMC3484124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulative transmission of viruses in the Luteoviridae, such as cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV), requires a series of precisely orchestrated interactions between virus, plant, and aphid proteins. Natural selection has favored these viruses to be retained in the phloem to facilitate acquisition and transmission by aphids. We show that treatment of infected oat tissue homogenate with sodium sulfite reduces transmission of the purified virus by aphids. Transmission electron microscopy data indicated no gross change in virion morphology due to treatments. However, treated virions were not acquired by aphids through the hindgut epithelial cells and were not transmitted when injected directly into the hemocoel. Analysis of virus preparations using nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry revealed a number of host plant proteins co-purifying with viruses, some of which were lost following sodium sulfite treatment. Using targeted mass spectrometry, we show data suggesting that several of the virus-associated host plant proteins accumulated to higher levels in aphids that were fed on CYDV-infected plants compared to healthy plants. We propose two hypotheses to explain these observations, and these are not mutually exclusive: (a) that sodium sulfite treatment disrupts critical virion-host protein interactions required for aphid transmission, or (b) that host infection with CYDV modulates phloem protein expression in a way that is favorable for virus uptake by aphids. Importantly, the genes coding for the plant proteins associated with virus may be examined as targets in breeding cereal crops for new modes of virus resistance that disrupt phloem-virus or aphid-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cilia
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MC); (SMG)
| | - Kari A. Peter
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Bereman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kevin Howe
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Tara Fish
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Dawn Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Fredrick Gildow
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Theodore W. Thannhauser
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Stewart M. Gray
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MC); (SMG)
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Abstract
Middle Eastern countries are major consumers of small grain cereals. Egypt is the biggest bread wheat producer with 7.4 million tons (MT) in 2007, but at the same time, it had to import 5.9 MT. Jordan and Israel import almost all the grains they consume. Viruses are the major pathogens that impair grain production in the Middle East, infecting in some years more than 80% of the crop. They are transmitted in nonpersistent, semipersistent, and persistent manners by insects (aphids, leafhoppers, and mites), and through soil and seeds. Hence, cereal viruses have to be controlled, not only in the field but also through the collaborative efforts of the plant quarantine services inland and at the borders, involving all the Middle Eastern countries. Diagnosis of cereal viruses may include symptom observation, immunological technologies such as ELISA using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against virus coat protein expressed in bacteria, and molecular techniques such as PCR, microarrays, and deep sequencing. In this chapter, we explore the different diagnoses, typing, and detection techniques of cereal viruses available to the Middle Eastern countries. We highlight the plant quarantine service and the prevention methods. Finally, we review the breeding efforts for virus resistance, based on conventional selection and genetic engineering.
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Five proteins of Laodelphax striatellus are potentially involved in the interactions between rice stripe virus and vector. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26585. [PMID: 22028913 PMCID: PMC3197656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) is the type member of the genus Tenuivirus, which relies on the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén) for its transmission in a persistent, circulative-propagative manner. To be transmitted, virus must cross the midgut and salivary glands epithelial barriers in a transcytosis mechanism where vector receptors interact with virions, and as propagative virus, RSV need utilize host components to complete viral propagation in vector cells. At present, these mechanisms remain unknown. In this paper, we screened L. striatellus proteins, separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), as potential RSV binding molecules using a virus overlay assay of protein blots. The results, five L. striatellus proteins that bound to purified RSV particles in vitro were resolved and identified using mass spectrometry. The virus-binding capacities of five proteins were further elucidated in yeast two-hybrid screen (YTHS) and virus-binding experiments of expressed proteins. Among five proteins, the receptor for activated protein kinase C (RACK) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH3) did not interact with RSV nucleocapsid protein (NCP) in YTHS and in far-Western blot, and three ribosomal proteins (RPL5, RPL7a and RPL8) had specific interactions with RSV. In dot immunobinding assay (DIBA), all five proteins were able to bind to RSV particles. The five proteins' potential contributions to the interactions between RSV and L. striatellus were discussed. We proposed that RACK and GAPDH3 might be involved in the epithelial transcytosis of virus particles, and three ribosomal proteins probably played potential crucial roles in the infection and propagation of RSV in vector cells.
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Cilia M, Howe K, Fish T, Smith D, Mahoney J, Tamborindeguy C, Burd J, Thannhauser TW, Gray S. Biomarker discovery from the top down: Protein biomarkers for efficient virus transmission by insects (Homoptera: Aphididae) discovered by coupling genetics and 2-D DIGE. Proteomics 2011; 11:2440-58. [PMID: 21648087 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Yellow dwarf viruses cause the most economically important virus diseases of cereal crops worldwide and are vectored by aphids. The identification of vector proteins mediating virus transmission is critical to develop sustainable virus management practices and to understand viral strategies for circulative movement in all insect vectors. Previously, we applied 2-D DIGE to an aphid filial generation 2 population to identify proteins correlated with the transmission phenotype that were stably inherited and expressed in the absence of the virus. In the present study, we examined the expression of the DIGE candidates in previously unstudied, field-collected aphid populations. We hypothesized that the expression of proteins involved in virus transmission could be clinically validated in unrelated, virus transmission-competent, field-collected aphid populations. All putative biomarkers were expressed in the field-collected biotypes, and the expression of nine of these aligned with the virus transmission-competent phenotype. The strong conservation of the expression of the biomarkers in multiple field-collected populations facilitates new and testable hypotheses concerning the genetics and biochemistry of virus transmission. Integration of these biomarkers into current aphid-scouting methodologies will enable rational strategies for vector control aimed at judicious use and development of precision pest control methods that reduce plant virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cilia
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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29
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Fernández-Calvino L, Goytia E, López-Abella D, Giner A, Urizarna M, Vilaplana L, López-Moya JJ. The helper-component protease transmission factor of tobacco etch potyvirus binds specifically to an aphid ribosomal protein homologous to the laminin receptor precursor. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2862-73. [PMID: 20631085 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.022335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Potyviruses are plant pathogens transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner. During transmission, the virus-encoded factor helper-component protease (HCPro) is presumed to act as a molecular bridge, mediating the reversible retention of virions to uncharacterized binding sites in the vector mouthparts. Whilst the predicted interaction between HCPro and the coat protein (CP) of virions has been confirmed experimentally, the characterization of putative HCPro-specific receptors in aphids has remained elusive, with the exception of a report that described binding of HCPro of zucchini yellow mosaic virus to several cuticle proteins. To identify other aphid components that could play a role during transmission, this study used purified HCPro of tobacco etch virus (TEV) in far-Western blotting assays as bait to select interactors among proteins extracted from aphid heads. With this approach, new HCPro-interacting proteins were found, and several were identified after mass spectrometry analysis and searches in databases dedicated to aphid sequences. Among these interactors, a ribosomal protein S2 (RPS2) was chosen for further investigation due to its homology with the laminin receptor precursor, known to act as the receptor of several viruses. The specific interaction between RPS2 and TEV HCPro was confirmed after cloning and heterologous expression of the corresponding Myzus persicae gene. The possible involvement of RPS2 in the transmission process was further suggested by testing a variant of HCPro that was non-functional for transmission due to a mutation in the conserved KITC motif (EITC variant). This variant retained its ability to bind CP but failed to interact with RPS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Fernández-Calvino
- Departamento de Biología de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB, CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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30
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Abstract
Plant viruses have evolved a wide array of strategies to ensure efficient transfer from one host to the next. Any organism feeding on infected plants and traveling between plants can potentially act as a virus transport device. Such organisms, designated vectors, are found among parasitic fungi, root nematodes and plant-feeding arthropods, particularly insects. Due to their extremely specialized feeding behavior - exploring and sampling all plant tissues, from the epidermis to the phloem and xylem - aphids are by far the most important vectors, transmitting nearly 30% of all plant virus species described to date. Several different interaction patterns have evolved between viruses and aphid vectors and, over the past century, a tremendous number of studies have provided details of the underlying mechanisms. This article presents an overview of the different types of virus-aphid relationships, state-of-the-art knowledge of the molecular processes underlying these interactions, and the remaining black boxes waiting to be opened in the near future.
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31
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A peptide that binds the pea aphid gut impedes entry of Pea enation mosaic virus into the aphid hemocoel. Virology 2010; 401:107-16. [PMID: 20223498 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Development of ways to block virus transmission by aphids could lead to novel and broad-spectrum means of controlling plant viruses. Viruses in the Luteoviridae enhanced are obligately transmitted by aphids in a persistent manner that requires virion accumulation in the aphid hemocoel. To enter the hemocoel, the virion must bind and traverse the aphid gut epithelium. By screening a phage display library, we identified a 12-residue gut binding peptide (GBP3.1) that binds to the midgut and hindgut of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Binding was confirmed by labeling the aphid gut with a GBP3.1-green fluorescent protein fusion. GBP3.1 reduced uptake of Pea enation mosaic virus (Luteoviridae) from the pea aphid gut into the hemocoel. GBP3.1 also bound to the gut epithelia of the green peach aphid and the soybean aphid. These results suggest a novel strategy for inhibiting plant virus transmission by at least three major aphid pest species.
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32
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Tamborindeguy C, Monsion B, Brault V, Hunnicutt L, Ju HJ, Nakabachi A, Van Fleet E. A genomic analysis of transcytosis in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, a mechanism involved in virus transmission. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 19 Suppl 2:259-72. [PMID: 20482656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are the primary vectors of plant viruses. Transmission can occur via attachment to the cuticle lining of the insect (non-circulative transmission) or after internalization in the insect cells with or without replication (circulative transmission). In this paper, we have focused on the circulative and non-propagative mode during which virions enter the cell following receptor-mediated endocytosis, are transported across the cell in vesicles and released by exocytosis without replicating. The correct uptake, transport and delivery of the vesicles cargo relies on the participation of proteins from different families which have been identified in the Acyrthosiphon pisum genome. Assemblage of this annotated dataset provides a useful basis to improve our understanding of the molecules and mechanisms involved in virus transmission by A. pisum and other aphid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tamborindeguy
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, USA.
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Tagu D, Klingler JP, Moya A, Simon JC. Early progress in aphid genomics and consequences for plant-aphid interactions studies. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:701-8. [PMID: 18624634 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-6-0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aphids occupy a niche comprising two conceptual realms: a micron-scale feeding site beneath the plant surface, in which a syringe-like appendage mediates chemical exchange with a specific plant cell type; and the larger realm of a metazoan with sensory organs, a nervous system, and behavior, all responsive to the condition of the host plant and the broader environment. The biology that connects these realms is not well understood, but new details are emerging with the help of genomic tools. The power of these tools is set to increase substantially now that the first genome of an aphid is being sequenced and annotated. This has been possible because a community of aphid researchers focused their efforts to develop and share genomic resources through an international consortium. This complete genome sequence, along with other resources, should permit major advances in understanding the complex and peculiar biological traits responsible for aphids' evolutionary success and their damaging effects on agriculture. This review highlights early progress in the application of aphid genomics and identifies key issues of plant-aphid interactions likely to benefit as molecular tools are further developed. Use of this new knowledge could make significant contributions to crop protection against these and other phloem-feeding insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Tagu
- INRA Rennes, UMR BiO3P, INRA, Agrocampus Rennes, Université Rennes 1, Biologie des Organismes et des Populations Appliquées à la Protection des Plantes, BP 35327, F-35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France.
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34
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Hogenhout SA, Ammar ED, Whitfield AE, Redinbaugh MG. Insect vector interactions with persistently transmitted viruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 46:327-59. [PMID: 18680428 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.022508.092135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The majority of described plant viruses are transmitted by insects of the Hemipteroid assemblage that includes aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers, planthoppers, and thrips. In this review we highlight progress made in research on vector interactions of the more than 200 plant viruses that are transmitted by hemipteroid insects beginning a few hours or days after acquisition and for up to the life of the insect, i.e., in a persistent-circulative or persistent-propagative mode. These plant viruses move through the insect vector, from the gut lumen into the hemolymph or other tissues and finally into the salivary glands, from which these viruses are introduced back into the plant host during insect feeding. The movement and/or replication of the viruses in the insect vectors require specific interactions between virus and vector components. Recent investigations have resulted in a better understanding of the replication sites and tissue tropism of several plant viruses that propagate in insect vectors. Furthermore, virus and insect proteins involved in overcoming transmission barriers in the vector have been identified for some virus-vector combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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35
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Yang X, Thannhauser TW, Burrows M, Cox-Foster D, Gildow FE, Gray SM. Coupling genetics and proteomics to identify aphid proteins associated with vector-specific transmission of polerovirus (luteoviridae). J Virol 2008; 82:291-9. [PMID: 17959668 PMCID: PMC2224398 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01736-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) is transmitted specifically by the aphids Rhopalosiphum padi and Schizaphis graminum in a circulative nonpropagative manner. The high level of vector specificity results from the vector aphids having the functional components of the receptor-mediated endocytotic pathways to allow virus to transverse the gut and salivary tissues. Studies of F(2) progeny from crosses of vector and nonvector genotypes of S. graminum showed that virus transmission efficiency is a heritable trait regulated by multiple genes acting in an additive fashion and that gut- and salivary gland-associated factors are not genetically linked. Utilizing two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis to compare the proteomes of vector and nonvector parental and F(2) genotypes, four aphid proteins (S4, S8, S29, and S405) were specifically associated with the ability of S. graminum to transmit CYDV-RPV. The four proteins were coimmunoprecipitated with purified RPV, indicating that the aphid proteins are capable of binding to virus. Analysis by mass spectrometry identified S4 as a luciferase and S29 as a cyclophilin, both of which have been implicated in macromolecular transport. Proteins S8 and S405 were not identified from available databases. Study of this unique genetic system coupled with proteomic analysis indicated that these four virus-binding aphid proteins were specifically inherited and conserved in different generations of vector genotypes and suggests that they play a major role in regulating polerovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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36
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Brault V, Herrbach E, Reinbold C. Electron microscopy studies on luteovirid transmission by aphids. Micron 2007; 38:302-12. [PMID: 16750376 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 04/01/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations have been extensively applied to follow the route of luteovirids in their vectors. Luteovirids are icosahedral plant viruses which are phloem-limited and strictly transmitted in a circulative manner by aphids. Virus particles, acquired by aphids while feeding on an infected plant, circulate in the aphid's body without replication and are internalized during this process in two different cell types (intestinal and accessory salivary gland cells). The endocytosis mechanism at the gut level seems to rely on a clathrin-mediated entry process and virions are observed in the aphid's gut cells in various vesicular structures. After exocytosis from intestinal cells, virions are released in the aphid's body cavity where they are thought to bind to symbionin, an endosymbiotic protein. Transcytosis of the accessory salivary gland cells occurs similarly as at the gut level but in the reverse direction. Using engineered virus mutants, viral proteins required for transmission and involved in virus retention in the hemocoel have been identified. Virus mutants poorly or non aphid-transmitted have also been localized in the aphid's body by TEM. These observations reveal the crucial role of the minor capsid protein in gut internalization. While not strictly required, this protein seems to play an important role in the efficiency of this process by interacting with putative virus receptors localized on the gut apical membrane. More recently, some aphid proteins have also been shown to exhibit in vitro virus binding capacity and could potentially be components of the endocytotic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Brault
- UMR Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Virologie et Vection, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Louis Pasteur (ULP Strasbourg), 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France.
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37
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Burrows ME, Caillaud MC, Smith DM, Gray SM. Biometrical genetic analysis of luteovirus transmission in the aphid Schizaphis graminum. Heredity (Edinb) 2006; 98:106-13. [PMID: 17021612 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aphid Schizaphis graminum is an important vector of the viruses that cause barley yellow dwarf disease. We studied the genetic architecture of virus transmission by crossing a vector and a non-vector genotype of S. graminum. F1 and F2 hybrids were generated, and a modified line-cross biometrical analysis was performed on transmission phenotype of two of the viruses that cause barley yellow dwarf: Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV)-RPV and Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)-SGV. Our aims were to (1) determine to what extent differences in transmission ability between vectors and non-vectors is due to net additive or non-additive gene action, (2) estimate the number of loci that determine transmission ability and (3) examine the nature of genetic correlations between transmission of CYDV-RPV and BYDV-SGV. Only additive effects contributed significantly to divergence in transmission of both CYDV-RPV and BYDV-SGV. For each luteovirus, Castle-Wright's estimator for the number of effective factors segregating for transmission phenotype was less than one. Transmission of CYDV-RPV and BYDV-SGV was significantly correlated in the F2 generation, suggesting that there is a partial genetic overlap for transmission of these luteoviruses. Yet, 63% of the F2 genotypes transmitted CYDV-RPV and BYDV-SGV at significantly different rates. Our data suggest that in S. graminum, the transmission efficiency of both CYDV-RPV and BYDV-SGV is regulated by a major gene or set of tightly linked genes, and the transmission efficiency of each virus is influenced by a unique set of minor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Burrows
- USDA-ARS Plant Protection Research Unit, Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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38
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Burrows ME, Caillaud MC, Smith DM, Benson EC, Gildow FE, Gray SM. Genetic Regulation of Polerovirus and Luteovirus Transmission in the Aphid Schizaphis graminum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2006; 96:828-837. [PMID: 18943747 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-96-0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sexual forms of two genotypes of the aphid Schizaphis graminum, one a vector, the other a nonvector of two viruses that cause barley yellow dwarf disease (Barley yellow dwarf virus [BYDV]-SGV, luteovirus and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV, polerovirus), were mated to generate F1 and F2 populations. Segregation of the transmission phenotype for both viruses in the F1 and F2 populations indicated that the transmission phenotype is under genetic control and that the parents are heterozygous for genes involved in transmission. The ability to transmit both viruses was correlated within the F1 and F2 populations, suggesting that a major gene or linked genes regulate the transmission. However, individual hybrid genotypes differed significantly in their ability to transmit each virus, indicating that in addition to a major gene, minor genes can affect the transmission of each virus independently. Gut and salivary gland associated transmission barriers were identified in the nonvector parent and some progeny, while other progeny possessed only a gut barrier or a salivary gland barrier. Hemolymph factors do not appear to be involved in determining the transmission phenotype. These results provide direct evidence that aphid transmission of luteoviruses is genetically regulated in the insect and that the tissue-specific barriers to virus transmission are not genetically linked.
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Brisson JA, Stern DL. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum: an emerging genomic model system for ecological, developmental and evolutionary studies. Bioessays 2006; 28:747-55. [PMID: 16850403 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aphids display an abundance of adaptations that are not easily studied in existing model systems. Here we review the biology of a new genomic model system, the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. We then discuss several phenomena that are particularly accessible to study in the pea aphid: the developmental genetic basis of polyphenisms, aphid-bacterial symbioses, the genetics of adaptation and mechanisms of virus transmission. The pea aphid can be maintained in the laboratory and natural populations can be studied in the field. These properties allow controlled experiments to be performed on problems of direct relevance to natural aphid populations. Combined with new genomic approaches, the pea aphid is poised to become an important model system for understanding the molecular and developmental basis of many ecologically and evolutionarily relevant problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Brisson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Seddas P, Boissinot S. Glycosylation of beet western yellows virus proteins is implicated in the aphid transmission of the virus. Arch Virol 2005; 151:967-84. [PMID: 16320008 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Beet western yellows virus relies on the aphid M. persicae for its transmission in a persistent and circulative mode. To be transmitted, the virus must cross the midgut and the accessory salivary gland epithelial barriers by a transcytosis mechanism where vector receptors interact with virions. The aphid and the peptidic viral determinants implicated in this interaction mechanism have been studied. In this paper, we report that the coat and the readthrough proteins that constitute the capsid of this virus are glycosylated. Modification of the glucidic core of these structural viral proteins by oxidation with sodium metaperiodate or deglycosylation with N-glycosidase F or alpha-D-galactosidase abrogates the aphid transmission of the virus. Aphid transmission could also be inhibited by lectins directed against alpha-D-galactose when aphids were allowed to acquire virus on artificial membranes. These results suggest that the glucidic cores of the capsid proteins of beet western yellows virus contain alpha-D-galactose residues that are implicated in virus-aphid interaction and promote aphid transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Seddas
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Biologie des Interactions Virus/Vecteur, Colmar, France.
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Stevens M, Freeman B, Liu HY, Herrbach E, Lemaire O. Beet poleroviruses: close friends or distant relatives? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2005; 6:1-9. [PMID: 20565633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED SUMMARY Taxonomy: There are three members of the genus Polerovirus (family Luteoviridae) that induce yellowing of sugar beet: Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), Beet chlorosis virus (BChV) and Beet western yellows virus-USA (BWYV-USA, Fig. 1). Non-beet-infecting isolates of BWYV found particularly within Europe have now been re-named Turnip yellows virus (TuYV). Species-specific antibodies are unavailable, but the viruses can be distinguished by RT-PCR using primers specifically designed to the 5' end of their respective genomes. Physical properties: The isometric virus particles are approximately 26 nm in diameter and the genome consists of a single strand of positive sense RNA that utilizes almost all known plant virus gene expression strategies (initiation bypass, translational frameshifting and readthrough, synthesis of subgenomic RNA and proteolytic processing). HOST RANGE Many members of the Chenopodiaceae are susceptible, including commercial crops of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), red beet and spinach. Experimental hosts include Montia perfoliata, Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. SYMPTOMS Sugar beet infected with beet poleroviruses show patches of chlorosis on the older leaves 4-6 weeks post-infection; these areas expand until the whole leaf becomes yellow and older leaves then tend to thicken and become brittle. TRANSMISSION Beet poleroviruses are transmitted in a persistent (circulative, non-propagative) manner by several different aphid species, Myzus persicae being the most important vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stevens
- Broom's Barn Research Station, Higham, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6NP, UK
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Abstract
SUMMARY Aphids are the most common vector of plant viruses. Mechanisms of transmission are best understood by considering the routes of virus movement in the aphid (circulative versus non-circulative) and the sites of retention or target tissues (e.g. stylets, salivary glands). Capsid proteins are a primary, but not necessarily sole, viral determinant of transmission. A summary is presented of the taxonomic affiliations of the aphid transmitted viruses, including 8 families, 18 genera, and taxonomically unassigned viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C K Ng
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Seddas P, Boissinot S, Strub JM, Van Dorsselaer A, Van Regenmortel MHV, Pattus F. Rack-1, GAPDH3, and actin: proteins of Myzus persicae potentially involved in the transcytosis of beet western yellows virus particles in the aphid. Virology 2004; 325:399-412. [PMID: 15246278 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Revised: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) is a Polerovirus that relies on the aphid Myzus persicae for its transmission, in a persistent-circulative mode. To be transmitted, the virus must cross the midgut and the accessory salivary glands (ASG) epithelial barriers in a transcytosis mechanism where vector receptors interact with virions. In this paper, we report in vitro interaction experiments between BWYV and aphid components. Using the M. persicae clone from Colmar, we showed that a set of aphid polypeptides, separated by SDS-PAGE or 2D electrophoresis (2DE), can bind in vitro to purified wild type or mutant particles. Using subcellular fractionation, we showed that the 65-kDa polypeptide identified as symbionin is a soluble protein whereas the other polypeptides seem to be associated more or less strongly to the membrane. We hypothesize that three polypeptides, identified by mass spectrometry as Rack-1, GAPDH3, and actin, may be involved in the epithelial transcytosis of virus particles in the aphid vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Seddas
- Unité de Recherche Biologie des Interactions Virus/vecteurs, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 68021 Colmar cedex, France.
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Duret S, Berho N, Danet JL, Garnier M, Renaudin J. Spiralin is not essential for helicity, motility, or pathogenicity but is required for efficient transmission of Spiroplasma citri by its leafhopper vector Circulifer haematoceps. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:6225-34. [PMID: 14532084 PMCID: PMC201218 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.10.6225-6234.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiralin is the most abundant protein at the surface of the plant pathogenic mollicute Spiroplasma citri and hence might play a role in the interactions of the spiroplasma with its host plant and/or its insect vector. To study spiralin function, mutants were produced by inactivating the spiralin gene through homologous recombination. A spiralin-green fluorescent protein (GFP) translational fusion was engineered and introduced into S. citri by using an oriC-based targeting vector. According to the strategy used, integration of the plasmid by a single-crossover recombination at the spiralin gene resulted in the expression of the spiralin-GFP fusion protein. Two distinct mutants were isolated. Western and colony immunoblot analyses showed that one mutant (GII3-9a5) did produce the spiralin-GFP fusion protein, which was found not to fluoresce, whereas the other (GII3-9a2) produced neither the fusion protein nor the wild-type spiralin. Both mutants displayed helical morphology and motility, similarly to the wild-type strain GII-3. Genomic DNA analyses revealed that GII3-9a5 was unstable and that GII3-9a2 was probably derived from GII3-9a5 by a double-crossover recombination between plasmid sequences integrated into the GII3-9a5 chromosome and free plasmid. When injected into the leafhopper vector Circulifer haematoceps, the spiralinless mutant GII3-9a2 multiplied to high titers in the insects (1.1 x 10(6) to 2.8 x 10(6) CFU/insect) but was transmitted to the host plant 100 times less efficiently than the wild-type strain. As a result, not all plants were infected, and symptom production in these plants was delayed for 2 to 4 weeks compared to that in the wild-type strain. In the infected plants however, the mutant multiplied to high titers (1.2 x 10(6) to 1.4 x 10(7) CFU/g of midribs) and produced the typical symptoms of the disease. These results indicate that spiralin is not essential for pathogenicity but is required for efficient transmission of S. citri by its insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Duret
- UMR Génomique Développement et Pouvoir Pathogène, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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Abstract
Rhabdoviruses affect human health, terrestrial and aquatic livestock and crops. Most rhabdoviruses are transmitted by insects to their vertebrate or plant hosts. For insect transmission to occur, rhabdoviruses must negotiate barriers to acquisition, replication, movement, escape and inoculation. A better understanding of the molecular interactions of rhabdoviruses with insects will clarify the complexities of rhabdovirus infection processes and epidemiology. A unique opportunity for studying how insects become hosts and vectors of rhabdoviruses is provided by five maize-infecting rhabdoviruses that are differentially transmitted by one or more related species of two divergent homopteran families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Entomology, 120 Thorne Hall, The Ohio State University-OARDC, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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Abstract
Members of the Luteoviridae are transmitted by aphids in a circulative, nonpropagative manner that requires the virus to be acquired through gut tissue into the aphid hemocoel and then exit through salivary tissues. This process is aphid species-specific and involves specific recognition of the virus by unidentified components on the membranes of gut and salivary tissues. Transport through the tissues is an endocytosis/exocytosis process. Both structural proteins of the virus are involved in the transmission process, with multiple protein domains regulating the movement and survival of the virus in the aphid and plant. Here we review what is known about the genetic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms regulating these complex and specific virus-aphid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Gray
- USDA, ARS, Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Kakani K, Robbins M, Rochon D. Evidence that binding of cucumber necrosis virus to vector zoospores involves recognition of oligosaccharides. J Virol 2003; 77:3922-8. [PMID: 12634352 PMCID: PMC150651 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.7.3922-3928.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of vectors in natural dissemination of plant viruses, relatively little is known about the molecular features of viruses and vectors that permit their interaction in nature. Cucumber necrosis virus (CNV) is a small spherical virus whose transmission in nature is facilitated by zoospores of the fungus Olpidium bornovanus. Previous studies have shown that specific regions of the CNV capsid are involved in transmission and that transmission defects in several CNV transmission mutants are due to inefficient attachment of virions to the zoospore surface. In this study, we have undertaken to determine if zoospores contain specific receptors for CNV. We show that in vitro binding of CNV to zoospores is saturable and that vector zoospores bind CNV more efficiently than nonvector zoospores. Further studies show that treatment of zoospores with periodate and trypsin reduces CNV binding, suggesting the involvement of glycoproteins in zoospore attachment. In virus overlay assays, CNV binds to several proteins, whereas CNV transmission mutants either fail to bind or bind at significantly reduced levels. The possible involvement of specific sugars in attachment was investigated by incubating CNV with zoospores in the presence of various sugars. Two mannose derivatives (methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside and D-mannosamine), as well as three mannose-containing oligosaccharides (mannotriose, alpha3,alpha6-mannopentaose, and yeast mannan) and L-(-)-fucose, all inhibited CNV binding at relatively low concentrations. Taken together, our studies suggest that binding of CNV to zoospores is mediated by specific mannose and/or fucose-containing oligosaccharides. This is the first time sugars have been implicated in transmission of a plant virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Kakani
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Fares MA, Barrio E, Sabater-Muñoz B, Moya A. The evolution of the heat-shock protein GroEL from Buchnera, the primary endosymbiont of aphids, is governed by positive selection. Mol Biol Evol 2002; 19:1162-70. [PMID: 12082135 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat-shock protein GroEL is a double-ring-structured chaperonin that assists the folding of many newly synthesized proteins in Escherichia coli and the refolding in vitro, with the cochaperonin GroES, of conformationally damaged proteins. This protein is constitutively overexpressed in the primary symbiotic bacteria of many insects, constituting approximately 10% of the total protein in Buchnera, the primary endosymbiont of aphids. In the present study, we perform a maximum likelihood (ML) analysis to unveil the selective constraints in GroEL. In addition, we apply a new statistical approach to determine the patterns of evolution in this highly interesting protein. The main conclusion derived from our analysis is that GroEL has suffered an accelerated rate of amino acid substitution upon the symbiotic integration of Buchnera into the aphids. It is most interesting that the ML analysis of codon substitutions in the different branches of the phylogenetic tree strongly supports the action of positive selection in the different lineages of BUCHNERA: Additionally, the new sliding window analysis of the complete groEL sequence reveals different regions of the molecule under the action of positive selection, mainly located in the apical domain, that are important for both peptide and GroES binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ali Fares
- Institut "Cavanilles" de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva and Department de Genètica, Universitat de València, Spain
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Miller WA, Liu S, Beckett R. Barley yellow dwarf virus: Luteoviridae or Tombusviridae? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2002; 3:177-83. [PMID: 20569325 DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Summary Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), the most economically important virus of small grains, features highly specialised relationships with its aphid vectors, a plethora of novel translation mechanisms mediated by long-distance RNA interactions, and an ambiguous taxonomic status. The structural and movement proteins of BYDV that confer aphid transmission and phloem-limitation properties resemble those of the Luteoviridae, the family in which BYDV is classified. In contrast, many genes and cis-acting signals involved in replication and gene expression most closely resemble those of the Tombusviridae. TAXONOMY BYDV is in genus Luteovirus, family Luteoviridae. BYDV includes at least two serotypes or viruses: BYDV-PAV and BYDV-MAV. The former BYDV-RPV is now Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV). CYDV is in genus Polerovirus, family Luteoviridae. Genus Luteovirus shares many features with family Tombusviridae. Physical properties: approximately 25 nm icosahedral (T = 3) virions. One major (22 kDa) and one minor (50-55 kDa) coat protein. 5.6-5.8 kb positive sense RNA genome with no 5'-cap and no poly(A) tail. HOST RANGE Most grasses. Most important in oats, barley and wheat. Also infects maize and rice. SYMPTOMS Yellowing and dwarfing in barley, stunting in wheat; reddening, yellowing and blasting in oats. Some isolates cause leaf notching and curling. Key attractions: Model for the study of circulative transmission of aphid-transmitted viruses. Plethora of unusual translation mechanisms. Evidence of recombination in recent evolutionary history creates taxonomic ambiguity. Economically important virus of wheat, barley and oats, worldwide. Useful websites/meetings: International symposium: 'Barley Yellow Dwarf Disease: Recent Advances and Future Strategies', CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico, 1-5 September 2002, http://www.cimmyt.cgiar.org/Research/wheat/Conf_BYD_02/invitation.htm http://www.cimmyt.org/Research/wheat/BYDVNEWS/htm/BYDVNEWS.htm Aphid transmission animation: http://www.ppws.vt.edu/~sforza/tmv/bydv_aph.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Allen Miller
- 351 Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Helloco-Kervarrec C, Riault G, Jacquot E. Biolistic-mediated inoculation of immature wheat embryos with Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV. J Virol Methods 2002; 102:161-6. [PMID: 11879704 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Successful mechanical inoculation of plant with viruses requires an efficient method to introduce the viral pathogen into the appropriate cells of the plant. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV, Luteovirus), transmitted naturally by aphids, must be inoculated into the phloem tissue to infect systemically inoculated hosts. The particle bombardment method used widely for nucleic acid transfer into plant tissues was adapted to inoculate immature embryos of winter and spring wheat cultivars with either BYDV-PAV particles or viral full-length RNAs. DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR were carried out on extracts of developed leaves at 7 weeks post-bombardment and revealed that up to 14% of bombarded embryos produced BYDV-infected wheat plants. This is the first report of an aphid-free inoculation method for BYDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Helloco-Kervarrec
- INRA/ENSA, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organismes et des Populations appliquée à la Protection des Plantes (BiO3P), BP 35327, F-35653 Cedex, Le Rheu, France
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