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Guo Y, Liu Y, Guan M, Tang H, Wang Z, Lin L, Pang H. Production of butanol from lignocellulosic biomass: recent advances, challenges, and prospects. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18848-18863. [PMID: 35873330 PMCID: PMC9240921 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09396g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to energy and environmental concerns, biobutanol is gaining increasing attention as an alternative renewable fuel owing to its desirable fuel properties. Biobutanol production from lignocellulosic biomass through acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation has gained much interest globally due to its sustainable supply and non-competitiveness with food, but large-scale fermentative production suffers from low product titres and poor selectivity. This review presents recent developments in lignocellulosic butanol production, including pretreatment and hydrolysis of hemicellulose and cellulose during ABE fermentation. Challenges are discussed, including low concentrations of fermentation sugars, inhibitors, detoxification, and carbon catabolite repression. Some key process improvements are also summarised to guide further research and development towards more profitable and commercially viable butanol fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China +86-771-2503940 +86-771-2503973
| | - Yi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China +86-771-2503940 +86-771-2503973
| | - Mingdong Guan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Hongchi Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China +86-771-2503940 +86-771-2503973
| | - Zilong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China +86-771-2503940 +86-771-2503973
| | - Lihua Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China +86-771-2503940 +86-771-2503973
| | - Hao Pang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China +86-771-2503940 +86-771-2503973
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Nitro-Oxidation Process for Fabrication of Efficient Bioadsorbent from Lignocellulosic Biomass by Combined Liquid-Gas Phase Treatment. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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3
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An Overview of Extrusion as a Pretreatment Method of Lignocellulosic Biomass. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is both low cost and abundant, and unlike energy crops, can escape associated ethical dilemmas such as arable land use and food security issues. However, their usage as raw material in a biorefinery implies an inherent upstream pretreatment step to access compounds of interest derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Importantly, the efficiency of this step is determinant for the downstream processes, and while many pretreatment methods have been explored, extrusion is both a very flexible and promising technology. Extrusion is well-known in both the polymer and pharmaceutical industries and has been used since the 18th century. However, as a pretreatment method for lignocellulosic biomass, extrusion is relatively new. The first use for this purpose dates back to the 1990s. Extrusion enjoys a high degree of flexibility due to the many available parameters, but an understanding of extrusion requires a knowledge of these parameters and the different relationships between them. In this paper, we present a concise overview of lignocellulosic biomass extrusion by reviewing key extrusion parameters and their associated extruder design components and operating conditions.
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Divate NR, Huang PJ, Chen GH, Chung YC. Construction of Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Ethanol and Aldehydes Tolerance via Overexpression of Aldehyde Reductase. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050850. [PMID: 35630298 PMCID: PMC9143087 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Furfural and hydroxy-methyl-furfural (HMF) are produced by lignocellulosic biomass during heat or acid pretreatment and are toxic to yeast. Aldehyde reductase is the main enzyme to reduce furfural and HMF. To improve the conversion efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol, we constructed Saccharomyces cerevisiae with overexpression of aldehyde reductase (encoded by ari1). The gene of aldehyde reductase (encoded by ari1) was cloned via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ligated with the expression vector pGAPZαC. Western blot coupled with anti-His tag confirmed overexpression of the ari1 gene. The growth curves of the wild and ari1-overexpressed strain in the YPD medium were found to be almost identical. Compare to the ari1-overexpressed strain, the wild strain showed a longer doubling time and lag phase in the presence of 20 mM furfural and 60 mM HMF, respectively. The real-time PCR results showed that furfural was much more potent than HMF in stimulating ari1 expression, but the cell growth patterns showed that 60 mM HMF was more toxic to yeast than 20 mM furfural. S. cerevisiae with ari1 overexpression appeared to confer higher tolerance to aldehyde inhibitors, thereby increasing the growth rate and ethanol production capacity of S. cerevisiae in an aldehyde-containing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nileema R. Divate
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan; (N.R.D.); (P.-J.H.)
| | - Pei-Ju Huang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan; (N.R.D.); (P.-J.H.)
| | - Gen-Hung Chen
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan;
| | - Yun-Chin Chung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan; (N.R.D.); (P.-J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2632-8001
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Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Endo-β-1,4-glucanase from Dictyoglomus thermophilum, a Hyperthermostable and Halotolerant Cellulase. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic conversion of polysaccharides in the lignocellulosic biomass is currently the subject of intensive research and will be a key technology in future biorefineries. Using a bioinformatics approach, we previously identified a putative endo-β-1,4-glucanase (DtCel5A) from Dictyoglomus thermophilum, a chemoorganotrophic and thermophilic bacterium. Here, we structurally and functionally characterize DtCel5A and show that it is endowed with remarkable thermal and chemical stability. The structural features of DtCel5A and of its complex with cellobiose have been investigated by combining X-ray crystallography and other biophysical studies. Importantly, biochemical assays show that DtCel5A retains its activity on cellulose at high temperatures and at elevated salt concentrations. These features make DtCel5A an enzyme with interesting biotechnological applications for biomass degradation.
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Pineapple Waste Cell Wall Sugar Fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Second Generation Bioethanol Production. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural food waste is rich in cellulosic and non-cellulosic fermentable substance. In this study, we investigated the bioconversion of pineapple waste cell wall sugars into bioethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126. Soluble and insoluble cell wall sugars were investigated during the fermentation process. Moreover, the fermentation medium was investigated for protein, moisture, ash, lignin and glycerol determinations with a particular focus on the increase in single cell protein due to yeast growth, allowing a total valorization of the resulting fermentation medium, with no further waste production, with respect to environmental sustainability. Soluble and insoluble sugars in the starting material were 32.12% and 26.33% respectively. The main insoluble sugars resulting from the cell wall hydrolysis detected at the beginning of the fermentation, were glucose, xylose and uronic acid. Glucose and mannose were the most prevalent sugars in the soluble sugars fraction. The ethanol theoretical yield, calculated according to dry matter lost, reached up to 85% (3.9% EtOH). The final fermentation substrate was mainly represented by pentose sugars. The protein content increased from 4.45% up to 20.1% during the process.
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Effect and optimization of NaOH combined with Fenton pretreatment conditions on enzymatic hydrolysis of poplar sawdust. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dos Santos ACF, Overton JC, Szeto R, Patel MH, Gutierrez DMR, Eby C, Martínez Moreno AM, Erk KA, Aston JE, Thompson DN, Dooley JH, Sharma P, Mosier NS, Ximenes E, Ladisch MR. New strategy for liquefying corn stover pellets. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125773. [PMID: 34419879 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The movement of solid material into and between unit operations within a biorefinery is a bottleneck in reaching design capacity, with formation of biomass slurries needed to introduce feedstock. Corn stover slurries have been achieved from dilute acid, pretreated materials resulting in slurry concentrations of up to about 150 g/L, above which flowability is compromised. We report a new strategy to liquefy corn stover at higher solids concentration (300 g/L) by initially cooking it with the enzyme mimetic maleic acid at 40 mM and 150 °C. This is followed by 6 h of enzymatic modification at 1 FPU (2.2 mg protein)/g solids, resulting in a yield stress of 171 Pa after 6 h and 58 Pa in 48 h compared to 6806 Pa for untreated stover. Mimetic treatment of corn stover pellets minimizes the inhibitory effect of xylo-oligomers on hydrolytic enzymes. This strategy allows for the delivery of solid lignocellulosic slurry into a pretreatment reactor by pumping, improving operability of a biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Freitas Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States
| | - Jonathan C Overton
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States
| | - Ryan Szeto
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States
| | - Maulik H Patel
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States
| | - Diana M R Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States
| | - Clark Eby
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States
| | - Ana M Martínez Moreno
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States; Departmento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Kendra A Erk
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States
| | - John E Aston
- Chemical Systems, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415 United States
| | - David N Thompson
- Biomass Characterization, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415 United States
| | - James H Dooley
- Forest Concepts LLC., Auburn, Washington 98001 United States
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States
| | - Nathan S Mosier
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States
| | - Eduardo Ximenes
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States
| | - Michael R Ladisch
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States.
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Cagnin L, Gronchi N, Basaglia M, Favaro L, Casella S. Selection of Superior Yeast Strains for the Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Steam-Exploded Residues. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:756032. [PMID: 34803979 PMCID: PMC8601721 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.756032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of lignocellulosic ethanol calls for a robust fermentative yeast able to tolerate a wide range of toxic molecules that occur in the pre-treated lignocellulose. The concentration of inhibitors varies according to the composition of the lignocellulosic material and the harshness of the pre-treatment used. It follows that the versatility of the yeast should be considered when selecting a robust strain. This work aimed at the validation of seven natural Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, previously selected for their industrial fitness, for their application in the production of lignocellulosic bioethanol. Their inhibitor resistance and fermentative performances were compared to those of the benchmark industrial yeast S. cerevisiae Ethanol Red, currently utilized in the second-generation ethanol plants. The yeast strains were characterized for their tolerance using a synthetic inhibitor mixture formulated with increasing concentrations of weak acids and furans, as well as steam-exploded lignocellulosic pre-hydrolysates, generally containing the same inhibitors. The eight non-diluted liquors have been adopted to assess yeast ability to withstand bioethanol industrial conditions. The most tolerant S. cerevisiae Fm17 strain, together with the reference Ethanol Red, was evaluated for fermentative performances in two pre-hydrolysates obtained from cardoon and common reed, chosen for their large inhibitor concentrations. S. cerevisiae Fm17 outperformed the industrial strain Ethanol Red, producing up to 18 and 39 g/L ethanol from cardoon and common reed, respectively, with ethanol yields always higher than those of the benchmark strain. This natural strain exhibits great potential to be used as superior yeast in the lignocellulosic ethanol plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cagnin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Gronchi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marina Basaglia
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Favaro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Sergio Casella
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Makowski K, Leszczewicz M, Broncel N, Lipińska-Zubrycka L, Głębski A, Komorowski P, Walkowiak B. Isolation, Biochemical Characterisation and Identification of Thermotolerant and Cellulolytic Paenibacillus lactis and Bacillus licheniformis. Food Technol Biotechnol 2021; 59:325-336. [PMID: 34759764 PMCID: PMC8542176 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.59.03.21.7096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research background Cellulose is an ingredient of waste materials that can be converted to other valuable substances. This is possible provided that the polymer molecule is degraded to smaller particles and used as a carbon source by microorganisms. Because of the frequently applied methods of pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials, the cellulases derived from thermophilic microorganisms are particularly desirable. Experimental approach We were looking for cellulolytic microorganisms able to grow at 50 °C and we described their morphological features and biochemical characteristics based on carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) activity and the API® ZYM system. The growth curves during incubation at 50 °C were examined using the BioLector® microbioreactor. Results and conclusions Forty bacterial strains were isolated from fermenting hay, geothermal karst spring, hot spring and geothermal pond at 50 °C. The vast majority of the bacteria were Gram-positive and rod-shaped with the maximum growth temperature of at least 50 °C. We also demonstrated a large diversity of biochemical characteristics among the microorganisms. The CMCase activity was confirmed in 27 strains. Hydrolysis capacities were significant in bacterial strains: BBLN1, BSO6, BSO10, BSO13 and BSO14, and reached 2.74, 1.62, 1.30, 1.38 and 8.02 respectively. Rapid and stable growth was observed, among others, for BBLN1, BSO10, BSO13 and BSO14. The strains fulfilled the selection conditions and were identified based on the 16S rDNA sequences. BBLN1, BSO10, BSO13 were classified as Bacillus licheniformis, whereas BSO14 as Paenibacillus lactis. Novelty and scientific contribution We described cellulolytic activity and biochemical characteristics of many bacteria isolated from hot environments. We are also the first to report the cellulolytic activity of thermotolerant P. lactis. Described strains can be a source of new thermostable cellulases, which are extremely desirable in various branches of circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Makowski
- Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Lodz, Poland.,Biotechnika, Tymienieckiego 25, 90-350 Lodz, Poland
| | - Martyna Leszczewicz
- Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Lodz, Poland
| | - Natalia Broncel
- Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Lodz, Poland
| | - Lidia Lipińska-Zubrycka
- Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Lodz, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Głębski
- Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Komorowski
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Lodz, Poland.,Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bogdan Walkowiak
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Lodz, Poland.,Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
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Recent Advances in the Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Lignocellulosic Feedstocks. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080807. [PMID: 34440551 PMCID: PMC8398495 DOI: 10.3390/life11080807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are biodegradable polymers that are considered able to replace synthetic plastic because their biochemical characteristics are in some cases the same as other biodegradable polymers. However, due to the disadvantages of costly and non-renewable carbon sources, the production of PHA has been lower in the industrial sector against conventional plastics. At the same time, first-generation sugar-based cultivated feedstocks as substrates for PHA production threatens food security and considerably require other resources such as land and energy. Therefore, attempts have been made in pursuit of suitable sustainable and affordable sources of carbon to reduce production costs. Thus, in this review, we highlight utilising waste lignocellulosic feedstocks (LF) as a renewable and inexpensive carbon source to produce PHA. These waste feedstocks, second-generation plant lignocellulosic biomass, such as maize stoves, dedicated energy crops, rice straws, wood chips, are commonly available renewable biomass sources with a steady supply of about 150 billion tonnes per year of global yield. The generation of PHA from lignocellulose is still in its infancy, hence more screening of lignocellulosic materials and improvements in downstream processing and substrate pre-treatment are needed in the future to further advance the biopolymer sector.
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Bioreactor and Bioprocess Design Issues in Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11060680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass is a fundamental step in the biorefinery of second generation feedstock. The physicochemical and enzymatic processes for the depolymerization of biomass into simple sugars has been achieved through numerous studies in several disciplines. The present review discusses the development of technologies for enzymatic saccharification in industrial processes. The kinetics of cellulolytic enzymes involved in polysaccharide hydrolysis has been discussed as the starting point for the design of the most promising bioreactor configurations. The main process configurations—proposed so far—for biomass saccharification have been analyzed. Attention was paid to bioreactor configurations, operating modes and possible integrations of this operation within the biorefinery. The focus is on minimizing the effects of product inhibition on enzymes, maximizing yields and concentration of sugars in the hydrolysate, and reducing the impact of enzyme cost on the whole process. The last part of the review is focused on an emerging process based on the catalytic action of laccase applied to lignin depolymerization as an alternative to the consolidated physicochemical pretreatments. The laccases-based oxidative process has been discussed in terms of characteristics that can affect the development of a bioreactor unit where laccases or a laccase-mediator system can be used for biomass delignification.
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Advanced Bioethanol Production: From Novel Raw Materials to Integrated Biorefineries. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of so-called advanced bioethanol offers several advantages compared to traditional bioethanol production processes in terms of sustainability criteria. This includes, for instance, the use of nonfood crops or residual biomass as raw material and a higher potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The present review focuses on the recent progress related to the production of advanced bioethanol, (i) highlighting current results from using novel biomass sources such as the organic fraction of municipal solid waste and certain industrial residues (e.g., residues from the paper, food, and beverage industries); (ii) describing new developments in pretreatment technologies for the fractionation and conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, such as the bioextrusion process or the use of novel ionic liquids; (iii) listing the use of new enzyme catalysts and microbial strains during saccharification and fermentation processes. Furthermore, the most promising biorefinery approaches that will contribute to the cost-competitiveness of advanced bioethanol production processes are also discussed, focusing on innovative technologies and applications that can contribute to achieve a more sustainable and effective utilization of all biomass fractions. Special attention is given to integrated strategies such as lignocellulose-based biorefineries for the simultaneous production of bioethanol and other high added value bioproducts.
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Cho EJ, Lee YG, Chang J, Bae HJ. A High-Yield Process for Production of Biosugars and Hesperidin from Mandarin Peel Wastes. Molecules 2020; 25:E4286. [PMID: 32962056 PMCID: PMC7571014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, novel biorefinery processes for obtaining value-added chemicals such as biosugar and hesperidin from mandarin peel waste (MPW) are described. Herein, three different treatment methods were comparatively evaluated to obtain high yields of biosugar and hesperidin from MPW. Each method was determined by changes in the order of three processing steps, i.e., oil removal, hesperidin extraction, and enzymatic hydrolysis. The order of the three steps was found to have a significant influence on the production yields. Biosugar and hesperidin production yields were highest with method II, where the processing steps were performed in the following order: oil removal, enzymatic hydrolysis, and hesperidin extraction. The maximum yields obtained with method II were 34.46 g of biosugar and 6.48 g of hesperidin per initial 100 g of dry MPW. Therefore, the methods shown herein are useful for the production of hesperidin and biosugar from MPW. Furthermore, the utilization of MPWs as sources of valuable materials may be of considerable economic benefits and has become increasingly attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Cho
- Bio-energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Yoon Gyo Lee
- Department of Bioenergy science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.G.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Jihye Chang
- Department of Bioenergy science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.G.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Hyeun-Jong Bae
- Bio-energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Bioenergy science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.G.L.); (J.C.)
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Microorganisms and Enzymes Used in the Biological Pretreatment of the Substrate to Enhance Biogas Production: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12177205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass (LC biomass) prior to the anaerobic digestion (AD) process is a mandatory step to improve feedstock biodegradability and biogas production. An important potential is provided by lignocellulosic materials since lignocellulose represents a major source for biogas production, thus contributing to the environmental sustainability. The main limitation of LC biomass for use is its resistant structure. Lately, biological pretreatment (BP) gained popularity because they are eco-friendly methods that do not require chemical or energy input. A large number of bacteria and fungi possess great ability to convert high molecular weight compounds from the substrate into lower mass compounds due to the synthesis of microbial extracellular enzymes. Microbial strains isolated from various sources are used singly or in combination to break down the recalcitrant polymeric structures and thus increase biogasgeneration. Enzymatic treatment of LC biomass depends mainly on enzymes like hemicellulases and cellulases generated by microorganisms. The articles main purpose is to provide an overview regarding the enzymatic/biological pretreatment as one of the most potent techniques for enhancing biogas production.
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Steam Explosion Pretreatment of Beechwood. Part 1: Comparison of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Washed Solids and Whole Pretreatment Slurry at Different Solid Loadings. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13143653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Steam explosion is a well-known process to pretreat lignocellulosic biomass in order to enhance sugar yields in enzymatic hydrolysis, but pretreatment conditions have to be optimized individually for each material. In this study, we investigated how the results of a pretreatment optimization procedure are influenced by the chosen reaction conditions in the enzymatic hydrolysis. Beechwood was pretreated by steam explosion and the resulting biomass was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis at glucan loadings of 1% and 5% employing either washed solids or the whole pretreatment slurry. For enzymatic hydrolysis in both reaction modes at a glucan loading of 1%, the glucose yields markedly increased with increasing severity and with increasing pretreatment temperature at identical severities and maximal values were reached at a pretreatment temperature of 230 °C. However, the optimal severity was 5.0 for washed solids enzymatic hydrolysis, but only 4.75 for whole slurry enzymatic hydrolysis. When the glucan loading was increased to 5%, glucose yields hardly increased for pretreatment temperatures between 210 and 230 °C at a given severity, and a pretreatment temperature of 220 °C was sufficient under these conditions. Consequently, it is important to precisely choose the desired conditions of the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction, when aiming to optimize the pretreatment conditions for a certain biomass.
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High-throughput screening of environmental polysaccharide-degrading bacteria using biomass containment and complex insoluble substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3379-3389. [PMID: 32114675 PMCID: PMC7089899 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate degradation by microbes plays an important role in global nutrient cycling, human nutrition, and biotechnological applications. Studies that focus on the degradation of complex recalcitrant polysaccharides are challenging because of the insolubility of these substrates as found in their natural contexts. Specifically, current methods to examine carbohydrate-based biomass degradation using bacterial strains or purified enzymes are not compatible with high-throughput screening using complex insoluble materials. In this report, we developed a small 3D printed filter device that fits inside a microplate well that allows for the free movement of bacterial cells, media, and enzymes while containing insoluble biomass. These devices do not interfere with standard microplate readers and can be used for both short- (24–48 h) and long-duration (> 100 h) experiments using complex insoluble substrates. These devices were used to quantitatively screen in a high-throughput manner environmental isolates for their ability to grow using lignocellulose or rice grains as a sole nutrient source. Additionally, we determined that the microplate-based containment devices are compatible with existing enzymatic assays to measure activity against insoluble biomass. Overall, these microplate containment devices provide a platform to study the degradation of complex insoluble materials in a high-throughput manner and have the potential to help uncover ecologically important aspects of bacterial metabolism as well as to accelerate biotechnological innovation.
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Galbe M, Wallberg O. Pretreatment for biorefineries: a review of common methods for efficient utilisation of lignocellulosic materials. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:294. [PMID: 31890022 PMCID: PMC6927169 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of biorefineries based on lignocellulosic materials as an alternative to fossil-based refineries calls for efficient methods for fractionation and recovery of the products. The focus for the biorefinery concept for utilisation of biomass has shifted, from design of more or less energy-driven biorefineries, to much more versatile facilities where chemicals and energy carriers can be produced. The sugar-based biorefinery platform requires pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials, which can be very recalcitrant, to improve further processing through enzymatic hydrolysis, and for other downstream unit operations. This review summarises the development in the field of pretreatment (and to some extent, of fractionation) of various lignocellulosic materials. The number of publications indicates that biomass pretreatment plays a very important role for the biorefinery concept to be realised in full scale. The traditional pretreatment methods, for example, steam pretreatment (explosion), organosolv and hydrothermal treatment are covered in the review. In addition, the rapidly increasing interest for chemical treatment employing ionic liquids and deep-eutectic solvents are discussed and reviewed. It can be concluded that the huge variation of lignocellulosic materials makes it difficult to find a general process design for a biorefinery. Therefore, it is difficult to define "the best pretreatment" method. In the end, this depends on the proposed application, and any recommendation of a suitable pretreatment method must be based on a thorough techno-economic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Galbe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ola Wallberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Antonopoulou G, Kampranis A, Ntaikou I, Lyberatos G. Enhancement of Liquid and Gaseous Biofuels Production From Agro-Industrial Residues After Thermochemical and Enzymatic Pretreatment. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Sekan AS, Myronycheva OS, Karlsson O, Gryganskyi AP, Blume Y. Green potential of Pleurotus spp. in biotechnology. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6664. [PMID: 30967974 PMCID: PMC6446892 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Pleurotus is most exploitable xylotrophic fungi, with valuable biotechnological, medical, and nutritional properties. The relevant features of the representatives of this genus to provide attractive low-cost industrial tools have been reported in numerous studies to resolve the pressure of ecological issues. Additionally, a number of Pleurotus species are highly adaptive, do not require any special conditions for growth, and possess specific resistance to contaminating diseases and pests. The unique properties of Pleurotus species widely used in many environmental technologies, such as organic solid waste recycling, chemical pollutant degradation, and bioethanol production. METHODOLOGY The literature study encompasses peer-reviewed journals identified by systematic searches of electronic databases such as Google Scholar, NCBI, Springer, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, and ISI Web of Knowledge. The search scheme was divided into several steps, as described below. RESULTS In this review, we describe studies examining the biotechnological feasibility of Pleurotus spp. to elucidate the importance of this genus for use in green technology. Here, we review areas of application of the genus Pleurotus as a prospective biotechnological tool. CONCLUSION The incomplete description of some fungal biochemical pathways emphasises the future research goals for this fungal culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona S. Sekan
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena S. Myronycheva
- Division of Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Lulea University of Technology, Skelleftea, Sweden
| | - Olov Karlsson
- Division of Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Lulea University of Technology, Skelleftea, Sweden
| | | | - Yaroslav Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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21
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Abo BO, Gao M, Wang Y, Wu C, Ma H, Wang Q. Lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol: an overview on pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation processes. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2019; 34:57-68. [PMID: 30685745 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2018-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioethanol is currently the only alternative to gasoline that can be used immediately without having to make any significant changes in the way fuel is distributed. In addition, the carbon dioxide (CO2) released during the combustion of bioethanol is the same as that used by the plant in the atmosphere for its growth, so it does not participate in the increase of the greenhouse effect. Bioethanol can be obtained by fermentation of plants containing sucrose (beet, sugar cane…) or starch (wheat, corn…). However, large-scale use of bioethanol implies the use of very large agricultural surfaces for maize or sugarcane production. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) such as agricultural residues for the production of bioethanol seems to be a solution to this problem due to its high availability and low cost even if its growth still faces technological difficulties. In this review, we present an overview of lignocellulosic biomass, the different methods of pre-treatment of LCB and the various fermentation processes that can be used to produce bioethanol from LCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodjui Olivier Abo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Disposal and Resource Recovery of Industry Typical Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chuanfu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Disposal and Resource Recovery of Industry Typical Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhi Ma
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Disposal and Resource Recovery of Industry Typical Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Qunhui Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Disposal and Resource Recovery of Industry Typical Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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Figueiredo R, Araújo P, Llerena JPP, Mazzafera P. Suberin and hemicellulose in sugarcane cell wall architecture and crop digestibility: A biotechnological perspective. Food Energy Secur 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Figueiredo
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Pedro Araújo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Juan Pablo P. Llerena
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
- Department of Crop Science College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz University of São Paulo Piracicaba Brazil
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Bychkov A, Podgorbunskikh E, Bychkova E, Lomovsky O. Current achievements in the mechanically pretreated conversion of plant biomass. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1231-1244. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Bychkov
- Laboratory of Solid State ChemistryInstitute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Technology of Food Production, Novosibirsk State Technical UniversityNovosibirsk Russia
| | - Ekaterina Podgorbunskikh
- Laboratory of Solid State ChemistryInstitute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Elena Bychkova
- Department of Technology of Food Production, Novosibirsk State Technical UniversityNovosibirsk Russia
| | - Oleg Lomovsky
- Laboratory of Solid State ChemistryInstitute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk Russia
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24
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Zhou Z, Lei F, Li P, Jiang J. Lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels and biochemicals: A comprehensive review with a focus on ethanol organosolv pretreatment technology. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2683-2702. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringMOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing China
| | - Fuhou Lei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest ProductsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for NationalitiesNanning China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest ProductsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for NationalitiesNanning China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringMOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing China
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25
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Perendeci NA, Gökgöl S, Orhon D. Impact of Alkaline H₂O₂ Pretreatment on Methane Generation Potential of Greenhouse Crop Waste under Anaerobic Conditions. Molecules 2018; 23:E1794. [PMID: 30037006 PMCID: PMC6099686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper intended to explore the effect of alkaline H₂O₂ pretreatment on the biodegradability and the methane generation potential of greenhouse crop waste. A multi-variable experimental design was implemented. In this approach, initial solid content (3⁻7%), reaction time (6⁻24 h), H₂O₂ concentration (1⁻3%), and reaction temperature (50⁻100 °C) were varied in different combinations to determine the impact of alkaline H₂O₂ pretreatment. The results indicated that the alkaline H₂O₂ pretreatment induced a significant increase in the range of 200⁻800% in chemical oxygen demand (COD) leakage into the soluble phase, and boosted the methane generation potential from 174 mLCH₄/g of volatile solid (VS) to a much higher bracket of 250⁻350 mLCH₄/gVS. Similarly, the lignocellulosic structure of the material was broken down and hydrolyzed by H₂O₂ dosing, which increased the rate of volatile matter utilization from 31% to 50⁻70% depending on selected conditions. Alkaline H₂O₂ pretreatment was optimized to determine optimal conditions for the enhancement of methane generation assuming a cost-driven approach. Optimal alkaline H₂O₂ pretreatment conditions were found as a reaction temperature of 50 °C, 7% initial solid content, 1% H₂O₂ concentration, and a reaction time of six h. Under these conditions, the biochemical methane potential (BMP) test yielded as 309 mLCH₄/gVS. The enhancement of methane production was calculated as 77.6% compared to raw greenhouse crop wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Altınay Perendeci
- Environmental Engineering Department, Akdeniz University, 07058 Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Sezen Gökgöl
- Environmental Engineering Department, Akdeniz University, 07058 Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Derin Orhon
- ENVIS Energy and Environmental Systems Research and Development Ltd., ITU ARI Technocity, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
- Environmental Engineering Department, Near East University, Near East Boulevard, 99138 Nicosia/TRNC Mersin 10, Turkey.
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Discovery and characterization of a thermostable two-domain GH6 endoglucanase from a compost metagenome. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197862. [PMID: 29795644 PMCID: PMC5968413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic depolymerization of recalcitrant polysaccharides plays a key role in accessing the renewable energy stored within lignocellulosic biomass, and natural biodiversities may be explored to discover microbial enzymes that have evolved to conquer this task in various environments. Here, a metagenome from a thermophilic microbial community was mined to yield a novel, thermostable cellulase, named mgCel6A, with activity on an industrial cellulosic substrate (sulfite-pulped Norway spruce) and a glucomannanase side activity. The enzyme consists of a glycoside hydrolase family 6 catalytic domain (GH6) and a family 2 carbohydrate binding module (CBM2) that are connected by a linker rich in prolines and threonines. MgCel6A exhibited maximum activity at 85°C and pH 5.0 on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), but in prolonged incubations with the industrial substrate, the highest yields were obtained at 60°C, pH 6.0. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated a Tm(app) of 76°C. Both functional data and the crystal structure, solved at 1.88 Å resolution, indicate that mgCel6A is an endoglucanase. Comparative studies with a truncated variant of the enzyme showed that the CBM increases substrate binding, while not affecting thermal stability. Importantly, at higher substrate concentrations the full-length enzyme was outperformed by the catalytic domain alone, underpinning previous suggestions that CBMs may be less useful in high-consistency bioprocessing.
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27
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Biogas production from different lignocellulosic biomass sources: advances and perspectives. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:233. [PMID: 29725572 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work summarizes different sources of biomass used as raw material for the production of biogas, focusing mainly on the use of plants that do not compete with the food supply. Biogas obtained from edible plants entails a developed technology and good yield of methane production; however, its use may not be sustainable. Biomass from agricultural waste is a cheap option, but in general, with lower methane yields than those obtained from edible plants. On the other hand, the use of algae or aquatic plants promises to be an efficient and sustainable option with high yields of methane produced, but it necessary to overcome the existing technological barriers. Moreover, these last raw materials have the additional advantage that they can be obtained from wastewater treatment and, therefore, they could be applied to the concept of biorefinery. An estimation of methane yield per hectare per year of the some types of biomass and operational conditions employed is presented as well. In addition, different strategies to improve the yield of biogas, such as physical, chemical, and biological pretreatments, are presented. Other alternatives for enhanced the biogas production such as bioaugmentation and biohythane are showed and finally perspectives are mentioned.
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28
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Meier KK, Jones SM, Kaper T, Hansson H, Koetsier MJ, Karkehabadi S, Solomon EI, Sandgren M, Kelemen B. Oxygen Activation by Cu LPMOs in Recalcitrant Carbohydrate Polysaccharide Conversion to Monomer Sugars. Chem Rev 2018; 118:2593-2635. [PMID: 29155571 PMCID: PMC5982588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural carbohydrate polymers such as starch, cellulose, and chitin provide renewable alternatives to fossil fuels as a source for fuels and materials. As such, there is considerable interest in their conversion for industrial purposes, which is evidenced by the established and emerging markets for products derived from these natural polymers. In many cases, this is achieved via industrial processes that use enzymes to break down carbohydrates to monomer sugars. One of the major challenges facing large-scale industrial applications utilizing natural carbohydrate polymers is rooted in the fact that naturally occurring forms of starch, cellulose, and chitin can have tightly packed organizations of polymer chains with low hydration levels, giving rise to crystalline structures that are highly recalcitrant to enzymatic degradation. The topic of this review is oxidative cleavage of carbohydrate polymers by lytic polysaccharide mono-oxygenases (LPMOs). LPMOs are copper-dependent enzymes (EC 1.14.99.53-56) that, with glycoside hydrolases, participate in the degradation of recalcitrant carbohydrate polymers. Their activity and structural underpinnings provide insights into biological mechanisms of polysaccharide degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn K. Meier
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stephen M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Thijs Kaper
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Henrik Hansson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martijn J. Koetsier
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Netherlands, Nieuwe Kanaal 7-S, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saeid Karkehabadi
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Edward I. Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mats Sandgren
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bradley Kelemen
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
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Dey P, Roy A. Molecular structure and catalytic mechanism of fungal family G acidophilic xylanases. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:78. [PMID: 29430342 PMCID: PMC5799109 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial applications of xylanases have made this enzyme an important subject of applied research work. Function of this particular enzyme is to degrade or hydrolyze the plentiful polysaccharide xylan, an important component of hemicellulose. It mainly cleaves the backbone of xylan that is made up of a number of xylose residues connected with β-1,4-glycosidic linkages. Fungi with mycelia are regarded as the best producer of xylanases. These varied xylanases not only differ in their sizes and shapes but also differ in their physicochemical properties. Depending on the optimum pH in which they work best, they have been classified into (1) acidophilic xylanases active at low pH or acidic pH range, (2) alkaliphilic xylanases that are active at high or alkaline pH range and (3) neutral xylanases having pH optima in the neutral range between pH 5 and 7. Other researchers have classified the xylanases also on the basis of their structural properties, kinetic parameters, etc. This review discusses the molecular structures of some acidophilic xylanases and the molecular basis of low pH optima observed for their activities. It also discusses their unique catalytic mechanism and actual role of the catalytic residues found in them. Apart from these, the review also discusses different applications of these acidophilic xylanases in different industries. The article concludes with brief suggestions about how these acidophilic xylanases can be created employing the techniques of genetic engineering and concepts of synthetic evolution, using the traits of the known acidophilic xylanases discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Protyusha Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731235 West Bengal India
| | - Amit Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731235 West Bengal India
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30
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Lara-Flores AA, Araújo RG, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Aguedo M, Aguilar CN, Trajano HL, Ruiz HA. Bioeconomy and Biorefinery: Valorization of Hemicellulose from Lignocellulosic Biomass and Potential Use of Avocado Residues as a Promising Resource of Bioproducts. ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, AND SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7431-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Calabrò PS, Catalán E, Folino A, Sánchez A, Komilis D. Effect of three pretreatment techniques on the chemical composition and on the methane yields of Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) biomass. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2018; 36:17-29. [PMID: 29132258 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x17741193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) is an emerging biomass that has the potential to be used as substrate in anaerobic digestion. The goal of this work was to investigate the effect of three pretreatment techniques (thermal, alkaline, acidic) on the chemical composition and the methane yield of OFI biomass. A composite experimental design with three factors and two to three levels was implemented, and regression modelling was employed using a total of 10 biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests. The measured methane yields ranged from 289 to 604 NmL/gVSadded; according to the results, only the acidic pretreatment (HCl) was found to significantly increase methane generation. However, as the experimental values were quite high with regards to the theoretical methane yield of the substrate, this effect still needs to be confirmed via further research. The alkaline pretreatment (NaOH) did not noticeably affect methane yields (an average reduction of 8% was recorded), despite the fact that it did significantly reduce the lignin content. Thermal pretreatment had no effect on the methane yields or the chemical composition. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed changes in the chemical structure after the addition of NaOH and HCl. Modelling of the cumulated methane production by the Gompertz modified equation was successful and aided in understanding kinetic advantages linked to some of the pretreatments. For example, the alkaline treatment (at the 20% dosage) at room temperature resulted to a μmax (maximum specific methane production rate [NmLCH4/(gVSadded·d)]) equal to 36.3 against 18.6 for the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Calabrò
- 1 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, dell'Energia, dell'Ambiente e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - E Catalán
- 2 Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Folino
- 1 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, dell'Energia, dell'Ambiente e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - A Sánchez
- 2 Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Komilis
- 2 Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
- 3 Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
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32
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Malnik VV, Suturin AN. The diversity of microorganisms inhabiting the sludge tanks of Baikalsk pulp and paper plant (BPPP). ACTA BIOLOGICA SIBIRICA 2017. [DOI: 10.14258/abs.v3i3.3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Paudel SR, Banjara SP, Choi OK, Park KY, Kim YM, Lee JW. Pretreatment of agricultural biomass for anaerobic digestion: Current state and challenges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1194-1205. [PMID: 28899674 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic digestion (AD) of agricultural biomass is an attractive second generation biofuel with potential environmental and economic benefits. Most agricultural biomass contains lignocellulose which requires pretreatment prior to AD. For optimization, the pretreatment methods need to be specific to the characteristics of the biomass feedstock. In this review, cereal residue, fruit and vegetable wastes, grasses and animal manure were selected as the agricultural biomass candidates, and the fundamentals and current state of various pretreatment methods used for AD of these feedstocks were investigated. Several nonconventional methods (electrical, ionic liquid-based chemicals, ruminant biological pretreatment) offer potential as targeted pretreatments of lignocellulosic biomass, but each comes with its own challenges. Pursuing an energy-intensive route, a combined bioethanol-biogas production could be a promising a second biofuel refinery option, further emphasizing the importance of pretreatment when lignocellulosic feedstock is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukra Raj Paudel
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sushant Prasad Banjara
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Oh Kyung Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mo Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Wang R, Yang J, Zhang G, Chao Y, Li Z, Ye Q, Qian S. Co-expression of Beta-Glucosidase and Laccase in Trichoderma reesei by Random Insertion with Enhanced Filter Paper Activity. Mol Biotechnol 2017; 59:353-364. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Evolution of a Biomass-Fermenting Bacterium To Resist Lignin Phenolics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00289-17. [PMID: 28363966 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00289-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing the resistance of plant-fermenting bacteria to lignocellulosic inhibitors is useful to understand microbial adaptation and to develop candidate strains for consolidated bioprocessing. Here, we study and improve inhibitor resistance in Clostridium phytofermentans (also called Lachnoclostridium phytofermentans), a model anaerobe that ferments lignocellulosic biomass. We survey the resistance of this bacterium to a panel of biomass inhibitors and then evolve strains that grow in increasing concentrations of the lignin phenolic, ferulic acid, by automated, long-term growth selection in an anaerobic GM3 automat. Ultimately, strains resist multiple inhibitors and grow robustly at the solubility limit of ferulate while retaining the ability to ferment cellulose. We analyze genome-wide transcription patterns during ferulate stress and genomic variants that arose along the ferulate growth selection, revealing how cells adapt to inhibitors through changes in gene dosage and regulation, membrane fatty acid structure, and the surface layer. Collectively, this study demonstrates an automated framework for in vivo directed evolution of anaerobes and gives insight into the genetic mechanisms by which bacteria survive exposure to chemical inhibitors.IMPORTANCE Fermentation of plant biomass is a key part of carbon cycling in diverse ecosystems. Further, industrial biomass fermentation may provide a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Plants are primarily composed of lignocellulose, a matrix of polysaccharides and polyphenolic lignin. Thus, when microorganisms degrade lignocellulose to access sugars, they also release phenolic and acidic inhibitors. Here, we study how the plant-fermenting bacterium Clostridium phytofermentans resists plant inhibitors using the lignin phenolic, ferulic acid. We examine how the cell responds to abrupt ferulate stress by measuring changes in gene expression. We evolve increasingly resistant strains by automated, long-term cultivation at progressively higher ferulate concentrations and sequence their genomes to identify mutations associated with acquired ferulate resistance. Our study develops an inhibitor-resistant bacterium that ferments cellulose and provides insights into genomic evolution to resist chemical inhibitors.
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Suckling ID, Jack MW, Lloyd JA, Murton KD, Newman RH, Stuthridge TR, Torr KM, Vaidya AA. A mild thermomechanical process for the enzymatic conversion of radiata pine into fermentable sugars and lignin. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:61. [PMID: 28293291 PMCID: PMC5345204 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conversion of softwoods into sustainable fuels and chemicals is important for parts of the world where softwoods are the dominant forest species. While they have high theoretical sugar yields, softwoods are amongst the most recalcitrant feedstocks for enzymatic processes, typically requiring both more severe pretreatment conditions and higher enzyme doses than needed for other lignocellulosic feedstocks. Although a number of processes have been proposed for converting softwoods into sugars suitable for fuel and chemical production, there is still a need for a high-yielding, industrially scalable and cost-effective conversion route. RESULTS We summarise work leading to the development of an efficient process for the enzymatic conversion of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) into wood sugars. The process involves initial pressurised steaming of wood chips under relatively mild conditions (173 °C for 3-72 min) without added acid catalyst. The steamed chips then pass through a compression screw to squeeze out a pressate rich in solubilised hemicelluloses. The pressed chips are disc-refined and wet ball-milled to produce a substrate which is rapidly saccharified using commercially available enzyme cocktails. Adding 0.1% polyethylene glycol during saccharification was found to be particularly effective with these substrates, reducing enzyme usage to acceptable levels, e.g. 5 FPU/g OD substrate. The pressate is separately hydrolysed using acid, providing additional hemicellulose-derived sugars, for an overall sugar yield of 535 kg/ODT chips (76% of theoretical). The total pretreatment energy input is comparable to other processes, with the additional energy for attrition being balanced by a lower thermal energy requirement. This pretreatment strategy produces substrates with low levels of fermentation inhibitors, so the glucose-rich mainline and pressate syrups can be fermented to ethanol without detoxification. The lignin from the process remains comparatively unmodified, as evident from the level of retained β-ether interunit linkages, providing an opportunity for conversion into saleable co-products. CONCLUSIONS This process is an efficient route for the enzymatic conversion of radiata pine, and potentially other softwoods, into a sugar syrup suitable for conversion into fuels and chemicals. Furthermore, the process uses standard equipment that is largely proven at commercial scale, de-risking process scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael W. Jack
- Scion, 49 Sala St, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Trevor R. Stuthridge
- Scion, 49 Sala St, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand
- FP Innovations, 2665 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Wright TA, Stewart JM, Page RC, Konkolewicz D. Extraction of Thermodynamic Parameters of Protein Unfolding Using Parallelized Differential Scanning Fluorimetry. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:553-558. [PMID: 28067526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamic properties of protein unfolding have been extensively studied; however, the methods used have typically required significant preparation time and high protein concentrations. Here we present a facile, simple, and parallelized differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) method that enables thermodynamic parameters of protein unfolding to be extracted. This method assumes a two-state, reversible protein unfolding mechanism and provides the capacity to quickly analyze the biophysical mechanisms of changes in protein stability and to more thoroughly characterize the effect of mutations, additives, inhibitors, or pH. We show the utility of the DSF method by analyzing the thermal denaturation of lysozyme, carbonic anhydrase, chymotrypsin, horseradish peroxidase, and cellulase enzymes. Compared with similar biophysical analyses by circular dichroism, DSF allows for determination of thermodynamic parameters of unfolding while providing greater than 24-fold reduction in experimental time. This study opens the door to rapid characterization of protein stability on low concentration protein samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Jamie M Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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Aftab MN, Zafar A, Awan AR. Expression of thermostable β-xylosidase in Escherichia coli for use in saccharification of plant biomass. Bioengineered 2017; 8:665-669. [PMID: 28140759 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1267884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work is aimed to evaluate the saccharification potential of a thermostable β-xylosidase cloned from Bacillus licheniformis into Escherichia coli for production of bioethanol from plant biomass. Recombinant β-xylosidase enzyme possesses the ability of bioconversion of plant biomass like wheat straw, rice straw and sugarcane bagass. By using this approach, plant biomass that mainly constitute cellulose can be converted to reducing sugars that could then be easily converted to bioethanol by simple fermentation process. The production of bioethanol will help to overcome energy requirements due to depleting fossil fuels and will also help to protect environment by reducing greenhouse gas emission. In the end, future directions are briefly mentioned that can be utilized to reduce the cost and increase the yield of biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad N Aftab
- a Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University , Katchery Road, Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Asma Zafar
- a Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University , Katchery Road, Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Ali R Awan
- b Institute of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Lahore , Pakistan
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Zheng Y, Shi J, Tu M, Cheng YS. Principles and Development of Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment for Biofuels. ADVANCES IN BIOENERGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aibe.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Isoprene Production on Enzymatic Hydrolysate of Peanut Hull Using Different Pretreatment Methods. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4342892. [PMID: 27847814 PMCID: PMC5099492 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4342892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study is about the use of peanut hull for isoprene production. In this study, two pretreatment methods, hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAC) and popping, were employed prior to enzymatic hydrolysis, which could destroy the lignocellulosic structure and accordingly improve the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. It is proven that the isoprene production on enzymatic hydrolysate with HPAC pretreatment is about 1.9-fold higher than that of popping pretreatment. Moreover, through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the amount and category of inhibitors such as formic acid, acetic acid, and HMF were assayed and were varied in different enzymatic hydrolysates, which may be the reason leading to a decrease in isoprene production during fermentation. To further increase the isoprene yield, the enzymatic hydrolysate of HPAC was detoxified by activated carbon. As a result, using the detoxified enzymatic hydrolysate as the carbon source, the engineered strain YJM21 could accumulate 297.5 mg/L isoprene, which accounted for about 90% of isoprene production by YJM21 fermented on pure glucose (338.6 mg/L). This work is thought to be the first attempt on isoprene production by E. coli using peanut hull as the feedstock. More importantly, it also shows the prospect of peanut hull to be considered as an alternative feedstock for bio-based chemicals or biofuels production due to its easy access and high polysaccharide content.
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Yu C, Simmons BA, Singer SW, Thelen MP, VanderGheynst JS. Ionic liquid-tolerant microorganisms and microbial communities for lignocellulose conversion to bioproducts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10237-10249. [PMID: 27838839 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and physical pretreatment of biomass is a critical step in the conversion of lignocellulose to biofuels and bioproducts. Ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment has attracted significant attention due to the unique ability of certain ILs to solubilize some or all components of the plant cell wall. However, these ILs inhibit not only the enzyme activities but also the growth and productivity of microorganisms used in downstream hydrolysis and fermentation processes. While pretreated biomass can be washed to remove residual IL and reduce inhibition, extensive washing is costly and not feasible in large-scale processes. IL-tolerant microorganisms and microbial communities have been discovered from environmental samples and studies begun to elucidate mechanisms of IL tolerance. The discovery of IL tolerance in environmental microbial communities and individual microbes has lead to the proposal of molecular mechanisms of resistance. In this article, we review recent progress on discovering IL-tolerant microorganisms, identifying metabolic pathways and mechanisms of tolerance, and engineering microorganisms for IL tolerance. Research in these areas will yield new approaches to overcome inhibition in lignocellulosic biomass bioconversion processes and increase opportunities for the use of ILs in biomass pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Yu
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Steven W Singer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Michael P Thelen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biosciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Jean S VanderGheynst
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.
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Isolation and identification of termite gut symbiotic bacteria with lignocellulose-degrading potential, and their effects on the nutritive value for ruminants of some by-products. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Matsushika A, Negi K, Suzuki T, Goshima T, Hoshino T. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Issatchenkia orientalis GPI-Anchored Protein, IoGas1, Required for Resistance to Low pH and Salt Stress. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161888. [PMID: 27589271 PMCID: PMC5010203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of yeasts tolerant to acid (low pH) and salt stress is of industrial importance for several bioproduction processes. To identify new candidate genes having potential roles in low-pH tolerance, we screened an expression genomic DNA library of a multiple-stress-tolerant yeast, Issatchenkia orientalis (Pichia kudriavzevii), for clones that allowed Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to grow under highly acidic conditions (pH 2.0). A genomic DNA clone containing two putative open reading frames was obtained, of which the putative protein-coding gene comprising 1629 bp was retransformed into the host. This transformant grew significantly at pH 2.0, and at pH 2.5 in the presence of 7.5% Na2SO4. The predicted amino acid sequence of this new gene, named I. orientalis GAS1 (IoGAS1), was 60% identical to the S. cerevisiae Gas1 protein, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein essential for maintaining cell wall integrity, and 58-59% identical to Candida albicans Phr1 and Phr2, pH-responsive proteins implicated in cell wall assembly and virulence. Northern hybridization analyses indicated that, as for the C. albicans homologs, IoGAS1 expression was pH-dependent, with expression increasing with decreasing pH (from 4.0 to 2.0) of the medium. These results suggest that IoGAS1 represents a novel pH-regulated system required for the adaptation of I. orientalis to environments of diverse pH. Heterologous expression of IoGAS1 complemented the growth and morphological defects of a S. cerevisiae gas1Δ mutant, demonstrating that IoGAS1 and the corresponding S. cerevisiae gene play similar roles in cell wall biosynthesis. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that two conserved glutamate residues (E161 and E262) in the IoGas1 protein play a crucial role in yeast morphogenesis and tolerance to low pH and salt stress. Furthermore, overexpression of IoGAS1 in S. cerevisiae remarkably improved the ethanol fermentation ability at pH 2.5, and at pH 2.0 in the presence of salt (5% Na2SO4), compared to that of a reference strain. Our results strongly suggest that constitutive expression of the IoGAS1 gene in S. cerevisiae could be advantageous for several fermentation processes under these stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Matsushika
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (ISC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kanako Negi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (ISC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Suzuki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (ISC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Goshima
- National Research Institute of Brewing (NRIB), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Hoshino
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (ISC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Pileidis FD, Titirici MM. Levulinic Acid Biorefineries: New Challenges for Efficient Utilization of Biomass. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:562-82. [PMID: 26847212 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Levulinic acid is a sustainable platform molecule that can be upgraded to valuable chemicals and fuel additives. This article focuses on the catalytic upgrading of levulinic acid into various chemicals such as levulinate esters, δ-aminolevulinic acid, succinic acid, diphenolic acid, γ-valerolactone, and γ-valerolactone derivatives such valeric esters, 5-nonanone, α-methylene-γ valerolactone, and other various molecular-weight alkanes (C9 and C18-C27 olefins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Filoklis D Pileidis
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E58 HA, UK
| | - Maria-Magdalena Titirici
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E58 HA, UK.
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45
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Sheikh RA, Al-Bar OA, Soliman YMA. Biochemical studies on the production of biofuel (bioethanol) from potato peels wastes by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: effects of fermentation periods and nitrogen source concentration. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1159527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Sheikh
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A. Al-Bar
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssri M. Ahmed Soliman
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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Tan HT, Corbin KR, Fincher GB. Emerging Technologies for the Production of Renewable Liquid Transport Fuels from Biomass Sources Enriched in Plant Cell Walls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1854. [PMID: 28018390 PMCID: PMC5161040 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are composed predominantly of cellulose, a range of non-cellulosic polysaccharides and lignin. The walls account for a large proportion not only of crop residues such as wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse, but also of residues of the timber industry and specialist grasses and other plants being grown specifically for biofuel production. The polysaccharide components of plant cell walls have long been recognized as an extraordinarily large source of fermentable sugars that might be used for the production of bioethanol and other renewable liquid transport fuels. Estimates place annual plant cellulose production from captured light energy in the order of hundreds of billions of tons. Lignin is synthesized in the same order of magnitude and, as a very large polymer of phenylpropanoid residues, lignin is also an abundant, high energy macromolecule. However, one of the major functions of these cell wall constituents in plants is to provide the extreme tensile and compressive strengths that enable plants to resist the forces of gravity and a broad range of other mechanical forces. Over millions of years these wall constituents have evolved under natural selection to generate extremely tough and resilient biomaterials. The rapid degradation of these tough cell wall composites to fermentable sugars is therefore a difficult task and has significantly slowed the development of a viable lignocellulose-based biofuels industry. However, good progress has been made in overcoming this so-called recalcitrance of lignocellulosic feedstocks for the biofuels industry, through modifications to the lignocellulose itself, innovative pre-treatments of the biomass, improved enzymes and the development of superior yeasts and other microorganisms for the fermentation process. Nevertheless, it has been argued that bioethanol might not be the best or only biofuel that can be generated from lignocellulosic biomass sources and that hydrocarbons with intrinsically higher energy densities might be produced using emerging and continuous flow systems that are capable of converting a broad range of plant and other biomasses to bio-oils through so-called 'agnostic' technologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction. Continued attention to regulatory frameworks and ongoing government support will be required for the next phase of development of internationally viable biofuels industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwei-Ting Tan
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, BrisbaneQLD, Australia
| | - Kendall R. Corbin
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford ParkSA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey B. Fincher,
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Catalytic conversion of sugarcane bagasse to cellulosic ethanol: TiO2 coupled nanocellulose as an effective hydrolysis enhancer. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:700-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Pretreatment Processes for Cellulosic Ethanol Production: Processes Integration and Modeling for the Utilization of Lignocellulosics Such as Sugarcane Straw. GREEN FUELS TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30205-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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