1
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Hou L, Feng X, Zhu Z, Mi Y, He Q, Yin K, Zhao G. IGFBPL1 inhibits macrophage lipid accumulation by enhancing the activation of IGR1R/LXRα/ABCG1 pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:14791-14802. [PMID: 38157252 PMCID: PMC10781499 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lipid accumulation in macrophages plays an important role in atherosclerosis and is the major cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Reducing lipid accumulation in macrophages is an effective therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) exerts the anti-atherosclerotic effects by inhibiting lipid accumulation in macrophages. Furthermore, almost all circulating IGF-1 combines with IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) to activate or inhibit the IGF signaling. However, the mechanism of IGFBPs in macrophage lipid accumulation is still unknown. GEO database analysis showed that among IGFBPS family members, IGFBPL1 has the largest expression change in unstable plaque. We found that IGFBPL1 was decreased in lipid-laden THP-1 macrophages. Through oil red O staining, NBD-cholesterol efflux, liver X receptor α (LXRα) transcription factor and IGR-1 receptor blocking experiments, our results showed that IGFBPL1 inhibits lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophages through promoting ABCG1-meditated cholesterol efflux, and IGFBPL1 regulates ABCG1 expression and macrophage lipid metabolism through IGF-1R/LXRα pathway. Our results provide a theoretical basis of IGFBPL1 in the alternative or adjunct treatment options for atherosclerosis by reducing lipid accumulation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjie Hou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Huali Science and Technology Vocational College, Guangzhou 511325, Guangdong, China
| | - Xixi Feng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China
| | - Yali Mi
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin He
- Dali University, Dali 671003, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Guojun Zhao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China
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2
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Zhu L, Li Q, Qi D, Niu F, Li Q, Yang H, Gao C. Atherosclerosis-associated endothelial cell apoptosis by miRNA let7-b-mediated downregulation of HAS-2. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3961-3972. [PMID: 31736114 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in the regulation and pathophysiology of various types of human diseases including atherosclerosis. Increasing numbers of miRNAs have been identified to be important regulators in the progression of atherosclerosis by regulating gene expression. However, functional miRNAs and the underlying mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis need fully elucidation. In the present study, the function of miRNA let-7b was investigated in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). The results showed that downregulation of let-7b in the high-fat diet mice and HAECs was inversely correlated with the expression level of HAS-2. upregulation of let-7b significantly reduced apoptosis of HAECs. The results also revealed that HAS-2 was a target gene of let-7b and HAS-2 reduction reversed the antiapoptotic effect of let-7b through regulation of the P13K/Akt pathway. These results together suggest the potential of regulating the let-7b expression and endothelial apoptosis against development and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Qingman Li
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Datun Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Fangqing Niu
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Qingmin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Honghui Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Chuanyu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
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3
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Microparticles and autophagy: a new frontier in the understanding of atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Res 2019; 66:655-662. [PMID: 30574665 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small membrane vesicles released by many cell types under physiological and pathological conditions. In the last years, these particles were considered as inert cell debris, but recently many studies have demonstrated they could have a role in intercellular communication. Increased levels of MPs have been reported in various pathological conditions including infections, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is an autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease characterized by chronic synovial inflammation, resulting in cartilage and bone damage with accelerated atherosclerosis increasing mortality. According to the literature data, also MPs could have a role in endothelial dysfunction, contributing to atherosclerosis in RA patients. Moreover many researchers have shown that a dysregulated autophagy seems to be involved in endothelial dysfunction. Autophagy is a reparative process by which cytoplasmic components are sequestered in double-membrane vesicles and degraded on fusion with lysosomal compartments. It has been shown in many works that basal autophagy is essential to proper vascular function. Taking into account these considerations, we hypothesized that in RA patients MPs could contribute to atherosclerosis process by dysregulation of endothelial autophagy process.
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4
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Harsh S, Heryanto C, Eleftherianos I. Intestinal lipid droplets as novel mediators of host-pathogen interaction in Drosophila. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.039040. [PMID: 31278163 PMCID: PMC6679391 DOI: 10.1242/bio.039040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are lipid-carrying multifunctional organelles, which might also interact with pathogens and influence the host immune response. However, the exact nature of these interactions remains currently unexplored. Here we show that systemic infection of Drosophila adult flies with non-pathogenic Escherichia coli, the extracellular bacterial pathogen Photorhabdus luminescens or the facultative intracellular pathogen Photorhabdus asymbiotica results in intestinal steatosis marked by lipid accumulation in the midgut. Accumulation of LDs in the midgut also correlates with increased whole-body lipid levels characterized by increased expression of genes regulating lipogenesis. The lipid-enriched midgut further displays reduced expression of the enteroendocrine-secreted hormone, Tachykinin. The observed lipid accumulation requires the Gram-negative cell wall pattern recognition molecule, PGRP-LC, but not PGRP-LE, for the humoral immune response. Altogether, our findings indicate that Drosophila LDs are inducible organelles, which can serve as markers for inflammation and, depending on the nature of the challenge, they can dictate the outcome of the infection. Summary: Lipid droplets are inducible organelles, act as inflammatory markers and, depending on the nature of challenge, can dictate the outcome of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Harsh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Christa Heryanto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
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5
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Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Exosomes of pasteurized milk: potential pathogens of Western diseases. J Transl Med 2019; 17:3. [PMID: 30602375 PMCID: PMC6317263 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1760-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk consumption is a hallmark of western diet. According to common believes, milk consumption has beneficial effects for human health. Pasteurization of cow's milk protects thermolabile vitamins and other organic compounds including bioactive and bioavailable exosomes and extracellular vesicles in the range of 40-120 nm, which are pivotal mediators of cell communication via systemic transfer of specific micro-ribonucleic acids, mRNAs and regulatory proteins such as transforming growth factor-β. There is compelling evidence that human and bovine milk exosomes play a crucial role for adequate metabolic and immunological programming of the newborn infant at the beginning of extrauterine life. Milk exosomes assist in executing an anabolic, growth-promoting and immunological program confined to the postnatal period in all mammals. However, epidemiological and translational evidence presented in this review indicates that continuous exposure of humans to exosomes of pasteurized milk may confer a substantial risk for the development of chronic diseases of civilization including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, common cancers (prostate, breast, liver, B-cells) as well as Parkinson's disease. Exosomes of pasteurized milk may represent new pathogens that should not reach the human food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7A, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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6
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Du XJ, Lu JM. MiR-135a represses oxidative stress and vascular inflammatory events via targeting toll-like receptor 4 in atherogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6154-6161. [PMID: 29663503 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plenty of microRNAs have been identified as critical mediators in atherosclerosis progression, which is still a great threat to human health. Oxidative stress and inflammation have been implicated to contribute a lot to atherosclerosis development. MiR-135a is abnormally expressed in various cancer types, however its function in atherosclerosis is largely unexplored. Ox-LDL is commonly recognized as a crucial atherosclerosis regulator. In our current study, we observed ox-LDL was able to induce RAW264.7 cell apoptosis and meanwhile miR-135a was restrained by ox-LDL both dose-dependently and time- dependently. CD36 has been reported to participate in atherosclerosis process and miR-135a mimics can inhibit its expression while miR-135a inhibitors exhibited a reverse phenomenon. Meanwhile, miR-135a overexpression can suppress foam cell formation, TC, TG levels, and cell apoptosis induced by 20 µg/mL ox-LDL. Subsequently, it was found that miR-135a overexpression can inhibit oxidative stress by decreasing ROS, MDA levels, and increasing SOD levels. Reversely, miR-135a inhibition demonstrated an inhibitory effect in vitro. Apart from these, miR-135a can also modulate inflammation molecules including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. TLR4 was predicted as a target of miR-135a and the negative correlation between them was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay in our study. This work improves our understanding of atherosclerosis events mediated by miR-135a/TLR4 and helps to develop new approaches for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Jin Du
- Department of Emergency, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Min Lu
- Department of Neurology, Huai'an Second People's Hospital, and The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
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7
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Trigueros-Motos L, van Capelleveen JC, Torta F, Castaño D, Zhang LH, Chai EC, Kang M, Dimova LG, Schimmel AW, Tietjen I, Radomski C, Tan LJ, Thiam CH, Narayanaswamy P, Wu DH, Dorninger F, Yakala GK, Barhdadi A, Angeli V, Dubé MP, Berger J, Dallinga-Thie GM, Tietge UJ, Wenk MR, Hayden MR, Hovingh GK, Singaraja RR. ABCA8 Regulates Cholesterol Efflux and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2147-2155. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are considered to protect against atherosclerosis in part by facilitating the removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues. However, factors regulating lipid efflux are incompletely understood. We previously identified a variant in adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette transporter A8 (
ABCA8
) in an individual with low HDL cholesterol (HDLc). Here, we investigate the role of ABCA8 in cholesterol efflux and in regulating HDLc levels.
Approach and Results—
We sequenced
ABCA8
in individuals with low and high HDLc and identified, exclusively in low HDLc probands, 3 predicted deleterious heterozygous
ABCA8
mutations (p.Pro609Arg [P609R], IVS17-2 A>G and p.Thr741Stop [T741X]). HDLc levels were lower in heterozygous mutation carriers compared with first-degree family controls (0.86±0.34 versus 1.17±0.26 mmol/L;
P
=0.005). HDLc levels were significantly decreased by 29% (
P
=0.01) in
Abca8b
−/−
mice on a high-cholesterol diet compared with wild-type mice, whereas hepatic overexpression of human
ABCA8
in mice resulted in significant increases in plasma HDLc and the first steps of macrophage-to-feces reverse cholesterol transport. Overexpression of wild-type but not mutant ABCA8 resulted in a significant increase (1.8-fold;
P
=0.01) of cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein AI in vitro. ABCA8 colocalizes and interacts with adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette transporter A1 and further potentiates adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette transporter A1–mediated cholesterol efflux.
Conclusions—
ABCA8 facilitates cholesterol efflux and modulates HDLc levels in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Trigueros-Motos
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Julian C. van Capelleveen
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Federico Torta
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - David Castaño
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Lin-Hua Zhang
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Ee Chu Chai
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Martin Kang
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Lidiya G. Dimova
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Alinda W.M. Schimmel
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Ian Tietjen
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Chris Radomski
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Liang Juin Tan
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Chung Hwee Thiam
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Pradeep Narayanaswamy
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Daniel Heqing Wu
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Fabian Dorninger
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Gopala Krishna Yakala
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Amina Barhdadi
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Veronique Angeli
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Johannes Berger
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Geesje M. Dallinga-Thie
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Uwe J.F. Tietge
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Michael R. Hayden
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - G. Kees Hovingh
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
| | - Roshni R. Singaraja
- From the Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (L.T.-M., D.C., E.C.C., L.J.T., D.H.W., G.K.Y., M.R.H., R.R.S.); Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., A.W.M.S., G.M.D.-T., G.K.H.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada (I.T.); Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of
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8
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Abstract
Our perception of milk has changed from a "simple food" to a highly sophisticated maternal-neonatal nutrient and communication system orchestrating early programming of the infant. Milk miRNAs delivered by exosomes and milk fat globules derived from mammary gland epithelial cells play a key role in this process. Exosomes resist the harsh intestinal environment, are taken up by intestinal cells via endocytosis, and reach the systemic circulation of the milk recipient. The most abundant miRNA found in exosomes and milk fat globules of human and cow's milk, miRNA-148a, attenuates the expression of DNA methyltransferase 1, which is critically involved in epigenetic regulation. Another important miRNA of milk, miRNA-125b, targets p53, the guardian of the genome, and its diverse transcriptional network. The deficiency of exosomal miRNAs in infant formula and the persistent uptake of milk miRNAs after the nursing period via consumption of cow's milk are two epigenetic aberrations that may induce adverse long-term effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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9
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Thymic stromal lymphopoietin-induced HOTAIR activation promotes endothelial cell proliferation and migration in atherosclerosis. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170351. [PMID: 28615347 PMCID: PMC5518535 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells’ (EC) injury is a major step for the pathological progression of atherosclerosis. Recent study demonstrated that thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) exerts a protective role in atherosclerosis. However, the effect of TSLP and the exact molecular mechanism involved in EC remains unknown. In the present study, we found that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) HOTAIR was much lower in EC from atherosclerotic plaque. Functional assays showed that HOTAIR facilitated cell proliferation and migration, and suppressed apoptosis in EC. Moreover, we demonstrated that TSLP functions upstream of HOTAIR. We found that serum level of TSLP was decreased in atherosclerosis patients and serum TSLP level positively correlated with HOTAIR expression in EC. Further investigation demonstrated that TSLP activated HOTAIR transcription through PI3K/AKT-IRF1 pathway and then regulates the EC proliferation and migration. TSLP-HOTAIR axis also plays a protective role in low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced EC injury. Taken together, TSLP-HOTAIR may be a potential therapy for EC dysfunction in atherosclerosis.
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10
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Afzali M, Hashemi M, Tabatabaei SP, Fakheri KT, Nakhaee A. Association between the rs1805081 polymorphism of Niemann-Pick type C1 gene and cardiovascular disease in a sample of an Iranian population. Biomed Rep 2017; 6:83-88. [PMID: 28123713 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between a genetic variation, A+644G, in the Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) gene and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a Southeast Iranian population. A total of 320 individuals, including 200 patients with CVD and 120 healthy individuals, were involved in the present study. The polymorphism was determined using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The results indicated that the frequency of the GG genotype was markedly lower in patients with CVD compared with the control group (7 vs. 16.7%), and that the NPC1 rs1805081 polymorphism was associated with reduced risk of CVD [odds ratio (OR)=0.110; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.017-0.715; P=0.021]. In addition, the prevalence of the minor allele (G) in patients with CVD differed from that of the control group with the frequency of 25.5 and 33.4% for the former and latter, respectively, and this difference reached statistical significance (OR=0.658; 95% CI=0.482-0.971; P=0.037). Furthermore, analysis of clinical characteristics of the individuals according to the NPC1 genotypes revealed an association between the lipid profile and NPC1 gene polymorphism. These findings demonstrated that the NPC1 A+644G variant was associated with reduced risk of CVD and serves a protective role against susceptibility to CVD in the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Afzali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743175, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743175, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743175, Iran
| | - Seyed Payman Tabatabaei
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743175, Iran
| | - Kourosh Tirgar Fakheri
- Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743175, Iran
| | - Alireza Nakhaee
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743175, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743175, Iran
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11
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Fares S, Sethom MM, Feki M, Cheour M, Sanhaji H, Kacem S, Kaabachi N. Fatty acids profile in preterm Colostrum of Tunisian women. Association with selected maternal characteristics. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 112:32-6. [PMID: 27637338 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA), especially arachidonic (AA, 20:4ω6) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6ω3) acids are critical for the health and development of infants. Colostrum FA composition has been examined in 101 lactating Tunisian women delivering prematurely using gas chromatography. Among polyunsaturated FA, linoleic acid predominated whereas each of the other polyunsaturated FA accounted for 1% or less of total FA. Colostrum AA and DHA contents were lower in women aged above 34 years compared to those less than 34 years. Preeclampsia was associated with lower DHA (0.40±0.22 vs. 0.53±0.27; p=0.018), but higher AA (1.14±0.44 vs. 0.93±0.30; p<0.006) and AA:DHA ratio (4.31±4.04 vs. 2.29±2.79; p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, colostrum DHA correlated with plasma DHA (β, 0.417; p=0.002), maternal age (β, -0.290; p=0.028) and preeclampsia (β, -0.270; p=0.042). Preterm colostrum FA profile in Tunisian women is comparable to those of other populations. Colostrum AA and DHA levels are altered in aged and pre-eclamptic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fares
- UR05/08-08, LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007 Jebbari, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M M Sethom
- UR05/08-08, LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007 Jebbari, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M Feki
- UR05/08-08, LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007 Jebbari, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - M Cheour
- Service of Neonatology, Centre of Maternity and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007 Jebbari, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - H Sanhaji
- UR05/08-08, LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007 Jebbari, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S Kacem
- Service of Neonatology, Centre of Maternity and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007 Jebbari, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - N Kaabachi
- UR05/08-08, LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007 Jebbari, Tunis, Tunisia
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12
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Grijalva A, Xu X, Ferrante AW. Autophagy Is Dispensable for Macrophage-Mediated Lipid Homeostasis in Adipose Tissue. Diabetes 2016; 65:967-80. [PMID: 26868294 PMCID: PMC4806658 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) macrophages (ATMs) contribute to obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic dysfunction, but also play critical roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis. ATMs catabolize lipid in a lysosomal-dependent manner required for the maintenance of AT; deficiency in lysosomal acid lipase (Lipa), the enzyme required for lysosome lipid catabolism, leads to AT atrophy and severe hepatic steatosis, phenotypes rescued by macrophage-specific expression of Lipa Autophagy delivers cellular products, including lipid droplets, to lysosomes. Given that obesity increases autophagy in AT and contributes to lipid catabolism in other cells, it was proposed that autophagy delivers lipid to lysosomes in ATMs and is required for AT homeostasis. We found that obesity does increase autophagy in ATMs. However, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of autophagy does not alter the lipid balance of ATMs in vitro or in vivo. In contrast to the deficiency of lysosomal lipid hydrolysis, the ablation of autophagy in macrophages does not lead to AT atrophy or alter metabolic phenotypes in lean or obese animals. Although the lysosomal catabolism of lipid is necessary for normal ATM function and AT homeostasis, delivery of lipid to lysosomes is not autophagy dependent and strongly suggests the existence of another lipid delivery pathway critical to lysosome triglyceride hydrolysis in ATMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambar Grijalva
- Department of Medicine, The Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Xiaoyuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, The Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Anthony W Ferrante
- Department of Medicine, The Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Orsó E, Matysik S, Grandl M, Liebisch G, Schmitz G. Human native, enzymatically modified and oxidized low density lipoproteins show different lipidomic pattern. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:299-306. [PMID: 25583048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper we have performed comparative lipidomic analysis of two prototypic atherogenic LDL modifications, oxidized LDL and enzymatically modified LDL. Oxidization of LDL was carried out with different chemical modifications starting from the same native LDL preparations: (i) by copper oxidation leading to terminally oxidized LDL (oxLDL), (ii) by moderate oxidization with HOCl (HOCl LDL), (iii) by long term storage of LDL at 4°C to produce minimally modified LDL (mmLDL), or (iv) by 15-lipoxygenase, produced by a transfected fibroblast cell line (LipoxLDL). The enzymatic modification of LDL was performed by treatment of native LDL with trypsin and cholesteryl esterase (eLDL). Free cholesterol (FC) and cholesteryl esters (CE) represent the predominant lipid classes in all LDL preparations. In contrast to native LDL, which contains about two-thirds of total cholesterol as CE, enzymatic modification of LDL decreased the proportion of CE to about one-third. Free cholesterol and CE in oxLDL are reduced by their conversion to oxysterols. Oxidization of LDL preferentially influences the content of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) and polyunsaturated plasmalogen species, by reducing the total PC fraction in oxLDL. Concomitantly, a strong rise of the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) fraction can be found in oxLDL as compared to native LDL. This effect is less pronounced in eLDL. The mild oxidation of LDL with hypochlorite and/or lipoxygenase does not alter the content of the analyzed lipid classes and species in a significant manner. The lipidomic characterization of modified LDLs contributes to the better understanding their diverse cellular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Orsó
- University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Silke Matysik
- University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Margot Grandl
- University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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14
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Varela LM, López S, Ortega-Gómez A, Bermúdez B, Buers I, Robenek H, Muriana FJG, Abia R. Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins regulate perilipin-2 and perilipin-3 lipid-droplet-associated proteins in macrophages. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 26:327-36. [PMID: 25595097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid accumulation in macrophages contributes to atherosclerosis. Within macrophages, lipids are stored in lipid droplets (LDs); perilipin-2 and perilipin-3 are the main LD-associated proteins. Postprandial triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins induce LD accumulation in macrophages. The role of postprandial lipoproteins in perilipin-2 and perilipin-3 regulation was studied. TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) induced the levels of intracellular TGs, LDs and perilipin-2 protein expression in THP-1 macrophages and in Apoe(-/-) mice bone-marrow-derived macrophages with low and high basal levels of TGs. Perilipin-3 was only synthesized in mice macrophages with low basal levels of TGs. The regulation was dependent on the fatty acid composition of the lipoproteins; monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) more strongly attenuated these effects compared with saturated fatty acids. In THP-1 macrophages, immunofluorescence microscopy and freeze-fracture immunogold labeling indicated that the lipoproteins translocated perilipin-3 from the cytoplasm to the LD surface; only the lipoproteins that were rich in PUFAs suppressed this effect. Chemical inhibition showed that lipoproteins induced perilipin-2 protein expression through the peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor (PPAR) PPARα and PPARγ pathways. Overall, our data indicate that postprandial TRLs may be involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation through the regulation of perilipin-2 and perilipin-3 proteins in macrophages. Because the fatty acid composition of the lipoproteins is dependent on the type of fat consumed, the ingestion of olive oil, which is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, and fish oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, can be considered a good nutritional strategy to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis by LD-associated proteins decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes M Varela
- Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Sergio López
- Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Almudena Ortega-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Beatriz Bermúdez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Insa Buers
- Leibniz Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, Münster, Germany
| | - Horst Robenek
- Institute for Experimental Musculosceletal Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Domagkstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Francisco J G Muriana
- Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío Abia
- Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain.
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15
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Jaipersad AS, Shantsila A, Lip GYH, Shantsila E. Expression of monocyte subsets and angiogenic markers in relation to carotid plaque neovascularization in patients with pre-existing coronary artery disease and carotid stenosis. Ann Med 2014; 46:530-8. [PMID: 25012963 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2014.931101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize blood monocyte subsets in patients with different degrees of carotid atherosclerosis and pathological carotid plaque neovascularization. METHODS Assessment of carotid plaque neovascularization using contrast ultrasonography and flow cytometric quantification of monocyte subsets and their receptors involved in inflammation, angiogenesis, and tissue repair was done in 40 patients with carotid stenosis ≥ 50% and CAD (CS > 50), 40 patients with carotid stenosis < 50% and documented CAD (CS < 50), 40 hypercholesterolaemic controls (HC group), and 40 normocholesterolaemic controls (NC). RESULTS CS > 50 and CS < 50 groups had increased counts of Mon1 ('classical' CD14++ CD16-CCR2 + cells) compared to HCs (P = 0.03, and P = 0.009). Mon3 ('non-classical' CD14 + CD16++ CCR2- cells) were only increased in CS < 50 compared with HCs (P < 0.01). Both CS>50 and CS < 50 groups showed increased expression of proinflammatory interleukin-6 receptor on Mon1 and Mon2 ('intermediate' CD14++ CD16 + CCR2+ cells); TLR4, proangiogenic Tie2 on all subsets (P < 0.01 for all). In multivariate regression analysis only high Mon1 count was a significant predictor of carotid stenosis (P = 0.04) and intima-media thickness (P = 0.02). In multivariate regression analysis only the Mon1 subset was significantly associated with severe, grade 2 neovascularization (P = 0.034). CONCLUSION In this pilot study classical monocytes (Mon1) represent the only monocyte subset predictive of the severity of carotid and systemic atherosclerosis, such as carotid intima-media thickness, degree of carotid stenosis, and presence of carotid intraplaque neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Jaipersad
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital , Birmingham, B18 7QH, England , United Kingdom
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16
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Zarrouk A, Vejux A, Mackrill J, O’Callaghan Y, Hammami M, O’Brien N, Lizard G. Involvement of oxysterols in age-related diseases and ageing processes. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:148-62. [PMID: 25305550 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is accompanied by increasing vulnerability to major pathologies (atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and osteoporosis) which can have similar underlying pathoetiologies. All of these diseases involve oxidative stress, inflammation and/or cell death processes, which are triggered by cholesterol oxide derivatives, also named oxysterols. These oxidized lipids result either from spontaneous and/or enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol on the steroid nucleus or on the side chain. The ability of oxysterols to induce severe dysfunctions in organelles (especially mitochondria) plays key roles in RedOx homeostasis, inflammatory status, lipid metabolism, and in the control of cell death induction, which may at least in part contribute to explain the potential participation of these molecules in ageing processes and in age related diseases. As no efficient treatments are currently available for most of these diseases, which are predicted to become more prevalent due to the increasing life expectancy and average age, a better knowledge of the biological activities of the different oxysterols is of interest, and constitutes an important step toward identification of pharmacological targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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17
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Lefterova MI, Haakonsson AK, Lazar MA, Mandrup S. PPARγ and the global map of adipogenesis and beyond. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:293-302. [PMID: 24793638 PMCID: PMC4104504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors (TFs) and function as a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation and metabolism. We review recent breakthroughs in the understanding of PPARγ gene regulation and function in the chromatin context. It is now clear that multiple TFs team up to induce PPARγ during adipogenesis, and that other TFs cooperate with PPARγ to ensure adipocyte-specific genomic binding and function. We discuss how this differs in other PPARγ-expressing cells such as macrophages and how these genome-wide mechanisms are preserved across species despite modest conservation of specific binding sites. These emerging considerations inform our understanding of PPARγ function as well as of adipocyte development and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina I Lefterova
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anders K Haakonsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
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18
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Dias FF, Zarantonello VC, Parreira GG, Chiarini-Garcia H, Melo RCN. The intriguing ultrastructure of lipid body organelles within activated macrophages. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:869-878. [PMID: 24786359 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761400066x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are widely distributed immune system cells with essential functions in tissue homeostasis, apoptotic cell clearance, and first defense in infections. A distinguishing feature of activated macrophages participating in different situations such as inflammatory and metabolic diseases is the presence of increased numbers of lipid-rich organelles, termed lipid bodies (LBs) or lipid droplets, in their cytoplasm. LBs are considered structural markers of activated macrophages and are involved in different functions such as lipid metabolism, intracellular trafficking, and synthesis of inflammatory mediators. In this review, we revisit the distinct morphology of LB organelles actively formed within macrophages in response to infections and cell clearance, taking into account new insights provided by ultrastructural studies. We also discuss the LB interactions within macrophages, revealed by transmission electron microscopy, with a focus on the remarkable LB-phagosome association and discuss potential links between structural aspects and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe F Dias
- 1Laboratory of Cellular Biology,Department of Biology,Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF),Juiz de Fora,MG 36036-900,Brazil
| | - Victor C Zarantonello
- 1Laboratory of Cellular Biology,Department of Biology,Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF),Juiz de Fora,MG 36036-900,Brazil
| | - Gleydes G Parreira
- 2Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction,Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG),Belo Horizonte,MG 31270-901,Brazil
| | - Hélio Chiarini-Garcia
- 2Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction,Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG),Belo Horizonte,MG 31270-901,Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- 1Laboratory of Cellular Biology,Department of Biology,Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF),Juiz de Fora,MG 36036-900,Brazil
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Uda S, Spolitu S, Angius F, Collu M, Accossu S, Banni S, Murru E, Sanna F, Batetta B. Role of HDL in cholesteryl ester metabolism of lipopolysaccharide-activated P388D1 macrophages. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3158-69. [PMID: 23956443 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m042663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections share with atherosclerosis similar lipid alterations, with accumulation of cholesteryl esters (CEs) in activated macrophages and concomitant decrease of cholesterol-HDL (C-HDL). Yet the precise role of HDL during microbial infection has not been fully elucidated. Activation of P388D1 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggered an increase of CEs and neutral lipid contents, along with a remarkable enhancement in 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate-HDL uptake. Similar results were found in human monocyte-derived macrophages and monocytes cocultured with phytohemagglutinin-activated lymphocytes. Inhibition of cholesterol esterification with Sandoz-58035 resulted in 80% suppression of CE biosynthesis in P388D1. However, only a 35% decrease of CE content, together with increased scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SR-B1) protein expression, was found after 72 h and thereafter up to 16 passages of continuous ACAT suppression. Chronic inhibition blunted the effect of LPS treatment on cholesterol metabolism, increased the ratio of free cholesterol/CE content and enhanced interleukin 6 secretion. These results imply that, besides de novo biosynthesis and acquisition by LDL, HDL contributes probably through SR-B1 to the increased CE content in macrophages, partly explaining the low levels of C-HDL during their activation. Our data suggest that in those conditions where more CEs are required, HDL rather than removing, may supply CEs to the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Uda
- Experimental Medicine Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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20
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Melo RCN, Paganoti GF, Dvorak AM, Weller PF. The internal architecture of leukocyte lipid body organelles captured by three-dimensional electron microscopy tomography. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59578. [PMID: 23555714 PMCID: PMC3608657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid bodies (LBs), also known as lipid droplets, are complex organelles of all eukaryotic cells linked to a variety of biological functions as well as to the development of human diseases. In cells from the immune system, such as eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages, LBs are rapidly formed in the cytoplasm in response to inflammatory and infectious diseases and are sites of synthesis of eicosanoid lipid mediators. However, little is known about the structural organization of these organelles. It is unclear whether leukocyte LBs contain a hydrophobic core of neutral lipids as found in lipid droplets from adipocytes and how diverse proteins, including enzymes involved in eicosanoid formation, incorporate into LBs. Here, leukocyte LB ultrastructure was studied in detail by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunogold EM and electron tomography. By careful analysis of the two-dimensional ultrastructure of LBs from human blood eosinophils under different conditions, we identified membranous structures within LBs in both resting and activated cells. Cyclooxygenase, a membrane inserted protein that catalyzes the first step in prostaglandin synthesis, was localized throughout the internum of LBs. We used fully automated dual-axis electron tomography to study the three-dimensional architecture of LBs in high resolution. By tracking 4 nm-thick serial digital sections we found that leukocyte LBs enclose an intricate system of membranes within their “cores”. After computational reconstruction, we showed that these membranes are organized as a network of tubules which resemble the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Our findings explain how membrane-bound proteins interact and are spatially arranged within LB “cores” and support a model for LB formation by incorporating cytoplasmic membranes of the ER, instead of the conventional view that LBs emerge from the ER leaflets. This is important to understand the functional capabilities of leukocyte LBs in health and during diverse diseases in which these organelles are functionally involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana C. N. Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guillherme F. Paganoti
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Ann M. Dvorak
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter F. Weller
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Podinovskaia M, Lee W, Caldwell S, Russell DG. Infection of macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces global modifications to phagosomal function. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:843-59. [PMID: 23253353 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The phagosome is a central mediator of both the homeostatic and microbicidal functions of a macrophage. Following phagocytosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is able to establish infection through arresting phagosome maturation and avoiding the consequences of delivery to the lysosome. The infection of a macrophage by Mtb leads to marked changes in the behaviour of both the macrophage and the surrounding tissue as the bacterium modulates its environment to promote its survival. In this study, we use functional physiological assays to probe the biology of the phagosomal network in Mtb-infected macrophages. The resulting data demonstrate that Mtb modifies phagosomal function in a TLR2/TLR4-dependent manner, and that most of these modifications are consistent with an increase in the activation status of the cell. Specifically, superoxide burst is enhanced and lipolytic activity is decreased upon infection. There are some species- or cell type-specific differences between human and murine macrophages in the rates of acidification and the degree of proteolysis. However, the most significant modification is the marked reduction in intra-phagosomal lipolysis because this correlates with the marked increase in the retention of host lipids in the infected macrophage, which provides a potential source of nutrients that can be accessed by Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podinovskaia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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22
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A Lys49 phospholipase A2, isolated from Bothrops asper snake venom, induces lipid droplet formation in macrophages which depends on distinct signaling pathways and the C-terminal region. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:807982. [PMID: 23509782 PMCID: PMC3591195 DOI: 10.1155/2013/807982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
MT-II, a Lys49PLA2 homologue devoid of catalytic activity from B. asper venom, stimulates inflammatory events in macrophages. We investigated the ability of MT-II to induce formation of lipid droplets (LDs), key elements of inflammatory responses, in isolated macrophages and participation of protein kinases and intracellular PLA2s in this effect. Influence of MT-II on PLIN2 recruitment and expression was assessed, and the effects of some synthetic peptides on LD formation were further evaluated. At noncytotoxic concentrations, MT-II directly activated macrophages to form LDs. This effect was reproduced by a synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence 115–129 of MT-II, evidencing the critical role of C-terminus for MT-II-induced effect. Moreover, MT-II induced expression and recruitment of PLIN2. Pharmacological interventions with specific inhibitors showed that PKC, PI3K, ERK1/2, and iPLA2, but not P38MAPK or cPLA2, signaling pathways are involved in LD formation induced by MT-II. This sPLA2 homologue also induced synthesis of PGE2 that colocalized to LDs. In conclusion, MT-II is able to induce formation of LDs committed to PGE2 formation in a process dependent on C-terminal loop engagement and regulated by distinct protein kinases and iPLA2. LDs may constitute an important inflammatory mechanism triggered by MT-II in macrophages.
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23
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Increased expression of visfatin in monocytes and macrophages in male acute myocardial infarction patients. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:469852. [PMID: 23304061 PMCID: PMC3530866 DOI: 10.1155/2012/469852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated that visfatin expressed in monocytes and neutrophils and increased their reactivity in male acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients. Furthermore, visfatin was strongly appeared in lipid rich coronary rupture plaques and macrophages. These results suggest another explanation about leukocytes mediated visfatin that may play a pathogenesis role in coronary vulnerable plaques rupture.
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24
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Othy S, Bruneval P, Topçu S, Dugail I, Delers F, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Bayry J, Kaveri SV. Effect of IVIg on human dendritic cell-mediated antigen uptake and presentation: Role of lipid accumulation. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:168-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Martens GW, Vallerskog T, Kornfeld H. Hypercholesterolemic LDL receptor-deficient mice mount a neutrophilic response to tuberculosis despite the timely expression of protective immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 91:849-57. [PMID: 22227965 PMCID: PMC3360472 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0311164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia is rising in industrialized and developing countries. We reported previously that host defense against Mtb was impaired by hypercholesterolemia in ApoE(-/-) mice, raising the possibility that people with HC could be more vulnerable to TB. The present study examined whether TB immunity was similarly impaired in a different hypercholesterolemic model, LDL-R(-/-) mice, which developed comparable elevation of total serum cholesterol as ApoE(-/-)mice when fed HC or LC diets. Like ApoE(-/-) mice, LDL-R(-/-) mice had an exaggerated lung inflammatory response to Mtb with increased tissue necrosis. Inflammation, foamy macrophage formation, and tissue necrosis in LDL-R(-/-) mice increased with the degree of hypercholesterolemia. Unlike ApoE(-/-) mice, LDL-R(-/-) mice fed a HC diet mounted a timely and protective adaptive immune response that restricted mycobacterial replication comparably with WT mice. Thus, ApoE(-/-) and LDL-R(-/-) mice share a cholesterol-dependent hyperinflammatory TB phenotype but do not share the impairment of adaptive immunity found in ApoE(-/-) mice. The impact of hypercholesterolemia on TB immunity is more complex than appreciated by total cholesterol alone, possibly reflecting the different functional effect of specific lipoprotein particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. Martens
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Therese Vallerskog
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hardy Kornfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Liu Y, Tang C. Regulation of ABCA1 functions by signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:522-9. [PMID: 21920460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is an integral cell membrane protein that protects cardiovascular disease by at least two mechanisms: by export of excess cholesterol from cells and by suppression of inflammation. ABCA1 exports cholesterol and phospholipids from cells by multiple steps that involve forming cell surface lipid domains, binding of apolipoproteins to ABCA1, activating signaling pathways, and solubilizing these lipids by apolipoproteins. ABCA1 executes its anti-inflammatory effect by modifying cell membrane lipid rafts and directly activating signaling pathways. The interaction of apolipoproteins with ABCA1 activates multiple signaling pathways, including Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3), protein kinase A, Rho family G protein CDC42 and protein kinase C. Activating protein kinase A and Rho family G protein CDC42 regulates ABCA1-mediated lipid efflux, activating PKC stabilizes ABCA1 protein, and activating JAK2/STAT3 regulates both ABCA1-mediated lipid efflux and anti-inflammation. Thus, ABCA1 behaves both as a lipid exporter and a signaling receptor. Targeting ABCA1 receptor-like property using agonists for ABCA1 protein could become a promising new therapeutic target for increasing ABCA1 function and treating cardiovascular disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Liu
- Deparment of Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-8055, USA
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27
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Diphenyl Diselenide Effectively Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesions in LDLr −/− Mice by Attenuation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 58:91-101. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31821d1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Melo RCN, D'Avila H, Wan HC, Bozza PT, Dvorak AM, Weller PF. Lipid bodies in inflammatory cells: structure, function, and current imaging techniques. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:540-56. [PMID: 21430261 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411404073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid bodies (LBs), also known as lipid droplets, have increasingly been recognized as functionally active organelles linked to diverse biological functions and human diseases. These organelles are actively formed in vivo within cells from the immune system, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils, in response to different inflammatory conditions and are sites for synthesis and storage of inflammatory mediators. In this review, the authors discuss structural and functional aspects of LBs and current imaging techniques to visualize these organelles in cells engaged in inflammatory processes, including infectious diseases. The dynamic morphological aspects of LBs in leukocytes as inducible, newly formable organelles, elicitable in response to stimuli that lead to cellular activation, contribute to the evolving understanding of LBs as organelles that are critical regulators of different inflammatory diseases, key markers of leukocyte activation, and attractive targets for novel anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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29
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Bou Khalil M, Hou W, Zhou H, Elisma F, Swayne LA, Blanchard AP, Yao Z, Bennett SAL, Figeys D. Lipidomics era: accomplishments and challenges. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:877-929. [PMID: 20931646 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mediators participate in signal transduction pathways, proliferation, apoptosis, and membrane trafficking in the cell. Lipids are highly complex and diverse owing to the various combinations of polar headgroups, fatty acyl chains, and backbone structures. This structural diversity continues to pose a challenge for lipid analysis. Here we review the current state of the art in lipidomics research and discuss the challenges facing this field. The latest technological developments in mass spectrometry, the role of bioinformatics, and the applications of lipidomics in lipid metabolism and cellular physiology and pathology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroun Bou Khalil
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
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30
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VanderVen BC, Hermetter A, Huang A, Maxfield FR, Russell DG, Yates RM. Development of a novel, cell-based chemical screen to identify inhibitors of intraphagosomal lipolysis in macrophages. Cytometry A 2010; 77:751-60. [PMID: 20653015 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in tissue homeostasis and the immune system. Their primary function is to internalize cellular debris and microorganisms for degradation within their phagosomes. In this context, their capacity to process and sequester lipids such as triacylglycerides and cholesteryl esters makes them key players in circulatory diseases, such as atheroclerosis. To discover new inhibitors of lipolytic processing within the phagosomal system of the macrophage, we have developed a novel, cell-based assay suitable for high-throughput screening. We employed particles carrying a fluorogenic triglyceride substrate and a calibration fluor to screen for inhibitors of phagosomal lipolysis. A panel of secondary assays were employed to discriminate between lipase inhibitors and compounds that perturbed general phagosomal trafficking events. This process enabled us to identify a new structural class of pyrazole-methanone compounds that directly inhibit lysosomal and lipoprotein lipase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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31
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Huang Z, Li W, Wang R, Zhang F, Chi Y, Wang D, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Matsuura E, Liu Q. 7-ketocholesteryl-9-carboxynonanoate induced nuclear factor-kappa B activation in J774A.1 macrophages. Life Sci 2010; 87:651-7. [PMID: 20932850 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS 7-Ketocholesteryl-9-carboxynonanoate (oxLig-1), a lipid moiety of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), has been reported to be a crucial ligand of beta2-glycoprotein I (β(2)-GPI), and plays a potential role in the development of atherosclerosis (AS), however, the role of the sole oxLig-1 in the development of AS remains unclear. MAIN METHODS Expression and phosphorylation levels of several proteins, such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), protein kinase C (PKC), IκBα and inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) were determined by Western blot; nuclear localization of NF-κB was studied by immunocytochemistry; NF-κB activation was assayed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA); and expressions of genes associated with AS process were investigated by Mouse Atherosclerosis RT(2) Profiler PCR Array assay. KEY FINDINGS The present work indicated that oxLig-1 induced IκBα phosphorylation and results in the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in J774A.1 macrophages. Moreover, oxLig-1-induced NF-κB DNA binding activity was detected by EMSA. Indeed, oxLig-1 led to the activation of PKC prior to activating NF-κB. The treatment of oxLig-1 in J774A.1 macrophages up-regulates the expression of NF-κB target genes including ICAM-1. SIGNIFICANCE OxLig-1 on the oxLDL plays an important role in AS process, as evidenced by the NF-κB activation and up-regulation of genes involved in AS development in oxLig-1 challenged J774A.1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, College of Bioengineering, Dalian University, 10-Xuefu Avenue, Dalian economic technological development zone, Liaoning, 116622, China
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32
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Phospholipidosis in healthy subjects participating in clinical studies: Ultrastructural findings in white blood cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:567-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Kang YS, Lee MH, Song HK, Ko GJ, Kwon OS, Lim TK, Kim SH, Han SY, Han KH, Lee JE, Han JY, Kim HK, Cha DR. CCR2 antagonism improves insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic mice. Kidney Int 2010; 78:883-94. [PMID: 20686445 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) binds to its receptor C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), initiating tissue inflammation, and recent studies have suggested a beneficial effect of a blockade of this pathway in diabetic nephropathy. To investigate the mechanism of protection, we studied the effect of RS504393, a CCR2 antagonist, on insulin resistance and diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice. Administering this antagonist improved insulin resistance as confirmed by various biomarkers, including homeostasis model assessment index levels, plasma insulin levels, and lipid abnormalities. Mice treated with the antagonist had a significant decrease in epididymal fat mass as well as phenotypic changes of adipocytes into small differentiated forms with decreased CCL2 expression and lipid hydroperoxide levels. In addition, treatment with the CCR2 antagonist markedly decreased urinary albumin excretion, mesangial expansion, and suppressed profibrotic and proinflammatory cytokine synthesis. Furthermore, the CCR2 antagonist improved lipid metabolism, lipid hydroperoxide, cholesterol, and triglyceride contents of the kidney, and decreased urinary 8-isoprostane levels. Hence, our findings suggest that CCR2 antagonists can improve insulin resistance by modulation of the adipose tissue and restore renal function through both metabolic and anti-fibrotic effects in type 2 diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sun Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan City, Korea
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Genome-wide expression profiling deciphers host responses altered during dengue shock syndrome and reveals the role of innate immunity in severe dengue. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11671. [PMID: 20652028 PMCID: PMC2907396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deciphering host responses contributing to dengue shock syndrome (DSS), the life-threatening form of acute viral dengue infections, is required to improve both the differential prognosis and the treatments provided to DSS patients, a challenge for clinicians. Methodology/Principal Findings Based on a prospective study, we analyzed the genome-wide expression profiles of whole blood cells from 48 matched Cambodian children: 19 progressed to DSS while 16 and 13 presented respectively classical dengue fever (DF) or dengue hemorrhagic fever grades I/II (DHF). Using multi-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and adjustment of p-values to control the False Discovery Rate (FDR<10%), we identified a signature of 2959 genes differentiating DSS patients from both DF and DHF, and showed a strong association of this DSS-gene signature with the dengue disease phenotype. Using a combined approach to analyse the molecular patterns associated with the DSS-gene signature, we provide an integrative overview of the transcriptional responses altered in DSS children. In particular, we show that the transcriptome of DSS children blood cells is characterized by a decreased abundance of transcripts related to T and NK lymphocyte responses and by an increased abundance of anti-inflammatory and repair/remodeling transcripts. We also show that unexpected pro-inflammatory gene patterns at the interface between innate immunity, inflammation and host lipid metabolism, known to play pathogenic roles in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases associated with systemic vascular dysfunction, are transcriptionnally active in the blood cells of DSS children. Conclusions/Significance We provide a global while non exhaustive overview of the molecular mechanisms altered in of DSS children and suggest how they may interact to lead to final vascular homeostasis breakdown. We suggest that some mechanisms identified should be considered putative therapeutic targets or biomarkers of progression to DSS.
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35
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Watanabe T, Thayil A, Jesacher A, Grieve K, Debarre D, Wilson T, Booth M, Srinivas S. Characterisation of the dynamic behaviour of lipid droplets in the early mouse embryo using adaptive harmonic generation microscopy. BMC Cell Biol 2010; 11:38. [PMID: 20525231 PMCID: PMC3238212 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-11-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid droplets (LD) are organelles with an important role in normal metabolism and disease. The lipid content of embryos has a major impact on viability and development. LD in Drosophila embryos and cultured cell lines have been shown to move and fuse in a microtubule dependent manner. Due to limitations in current imaging technology, little is known about the behaviour of LD in the mammalian embryo. Harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) allows one to image LD without the use of exogenous labels. Adaptive optics can be used to correct aberrations that would otherwise degrade the quality and information content of images. RESULTS We have built a harmonic generation microscope with adaptive optics to characterise early mouse embryogenesis. At fertilization, LD are small and uniformly distributed, but in the implanting blastocyst, LD are larger and enriched in the invading giant cells of the trophectoderm. Time-lapse studies reveal that LD move continuously and collide but do not fuse, instead forming aggregates that subsequently behave as single units. Using specific inhibitors, we show that the velocity and dynamic behaviour of LD is dependent not only on microtubules as in other systems, but also on microfilaments. We explore the limits within which HGM can be used to study living embryos without compromising viability and make the counterintuitive finding that 16 J of energy delivered continuously over a period of minutes can be less deleterious than an order of magnitude lower energy delivered dis-continuously over a period of hours. CONCLUSIONS LD in pre-implantation mouse embryos show a previously unappreciated complexity of behaviour that is dependent not only on microtubules, but also microfilaments. Unlike LD in other systems, LD in the mouse embryo do not fuse but form aggregates. This study establishes HGM with adaptive optics as a powerful tool for the study of LD biology and provides insights into the photo-toxic effects of imaging embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Watanabe
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Anisha Thayil
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Alexander Jesacher
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Kate Grieve
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Delphine Debarre
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Tony Wilson
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Martin Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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36
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Nozawa N, Hibi K, Endo M, Sugano T, Ebina T, Kosuge M, Tsukahara K, Okuda J, Umemura S, Kimura K. Association between circulating monocytes and coronary plaque progression in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circ J 2010; 74:1384-91. [PMID: 20467155 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocytes and macrophages have been shown to play major roles in the progression of atherosclerosis. This study examined whether the circulating monocyte count can be used to predict coronary plaque progression of non-culprit intermediate lesions in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS AND RESULTS Intravascular ultrasound findings of non-culprit intermediate plaque in 90 patients were analyzed in the acute phase and at a 7-month follow up. A higher peak monocyte count after AMI was associated with a greater plaque volume change (r=0.32, P=0.002). Multivariate analysis showed that a peak monocyte count of > or =800 /mm(3) was an independent predictor of plaque progression (odds ratio 5.02, P=0.005). High monocyte (> or =800 /mm(3)) at baseline had a higher monocyte count at 7-month follow up than did those with a lower count (368+/-109 vs 263+/-64 /mm(3), P<0.0001). Moreover, the monocyte count at the 7-month follow up was also associated with plaque volume change (r=0.29, P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that circulating monocytes play an important role in the progression of coronary plaque in AMI and that the peak monocyte count during hospitalization might be a predictor of plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nozawa
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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37
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Abstract
Accumulation of lipid droplets (also known as lipid bodies or adiposomes) within leukocytes, epithelial cells, hepatocytes and other non-adipocytic cells is a frequently observed phenotype in infectious, neoplastic and other inflammatory conditions. Lipid droplet biogenesis is a regulated cellular process that culminates in the compartmentalization of lipids and of an array of enzymes, protein kinases and other proteins, suggesting that lipid droplets are inducible organelles with roles in cell signaling, regulation of lipid metabolism, membrane trafficking and control of the synthesis and secretion of inflammatory mediators. Enzymes involved in eicosanoid synthesis are localized at lipid droplets and lipid droplets are sites for eicosanoid generation in cells during inflammation and cancer. In this review, we discuss the current evidence related to the biogenesis and function of lipid droplets in cell metabolism and signaling in inflammation and cancer. Moreover, the potential of lipid droplets as markers of disease and targets for novel anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic therapies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia T Bozza
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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38
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Abstract
Gemfibrozil is long known for its ability to reduce the level of triglycerides in the blood circulation and to decrease the risk of hyperlipidemia. However, a number of recent studies reveal that apart from its lipid-lowering effects, gemfibrozil can also regulate many other signaling pathways responsible for inflammation, switching of T-helper cells, cell-to-cell contact, migration, and oxidative stress. In this review, we have made an honest attempt to analyze various biological activities of gemfibrozil and associated mechanisms that may help to consider this drug for different human disorders as primary or adjunct therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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39
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Hullin-Matsuda F, Luquain-Costaz C, Bouvier J, Delton-Vandenbroucke I. Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate, a peculiar phospholipid to control the fate of cholesterol: Implications in pathology. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 81:313-24. [PMID: 19857945 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) is a structural isomer of phosphatidylglycerol that exhibits an unusual sn1:sn1' stereoconfiguration, based on the position of the phosphate moiety on its two glycerol units. Early works have underlined the high concentration of BMP in the lysosomal compartment, especially during some lysosomal storage disorders and drug-induced phospholipidosis. Despite numerous studies, both biosynthetic and degradative pathways of BMP remained not completely elucidated. More recently, BMP has been localized in the internal membranes of late endosomes where it forms specialized lipid domains. Its involvement in both dynamics and lipid/protein sorting functions of late endosomes has started to be documented, especially in the control of cellular cholesterol distribution. BMP also plays an important role in the late endosomal/lysosomal degradative pathway. Another peculiarity of BMP is to be naturally enriched in docosahexaenoic acid and/or to specifically incorporate this fatty acid compared to other polyunsaturated fatty acids, which may confer specific biophysical and functional properties to this phospholipid. This review summarizes and updates our knowledge on BMP with an emphasis on its possible implication in human health and diseases, especially in relation to cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hullin-Matsuda
- Université de Lyon, UMR 870 Inserm, Insa-Lyon, UMR 1135 Inra, Univ Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, IMBL, 20 Ave A. Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
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40
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Stogbauer F, Weigert J, Neumeier M, Wanninger J, Sporrer D, Weber M, Schaffler A, Enrich C, Wood P, Grewal T, Aslanidis C, Buechler C. Annexin A6 is highly abundant in monocytes of obese and type 2 diabetic individuals and is downregulated by adiponectin in vitro. Exp Mol Med 2009; 41:501-7. [PMID: 19322030 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.7.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin stimulates cholesterol efflux in macrophages and low adiponectin may in part contribute to disturbed reverse cholesterol transport in type 2 diabetes. Monocytes express high levels of annexin A6 that could inhibit cholesterol efflux and it was investigated whether the atheroprotective effects of adiponectin are accompanied by changes in annexin A6 levels. Adiponectin reduces annexin A6 protein whereas mRNA levels are not affected. Adiponectin-mediated activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) does not account for reduced annexin A6 expression. Further, fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide that are elevated in obesity do not influence annexin A6 protein levels. Annexin A6 in monocytes from overweight probands or type 2 diabetic patients is significantly elevated compared to monocytes of normal-weight controls. Monocytic annexin A6 positively correlates with body mass index and negatively with systemic adiponectin of the blood donors. Therefore, the current study demonstrates that adiponectin reduces annexin A6 in monocytes and thereby may enhance cholesterol efflux. In agreement with these in vitro finding an increase of monocytic annexin A6 in type 2 diabetes monocytes was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Stogbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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41
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The transcriptional network that controls growth arrest and differentiation in a human myeloid leukemia cell line. Nat Genet 2009; 41:553-62. [PMID: 19377474 DOI: 10.1038/ng.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Using deep sequencing (deepCAGE), the FANTOM4 study measured the genome-wide dynamics of transcription-start-site usage in the human monocytic cell line THP-1 throughout a time course of growth arrest and differentiation. Modeling the expression dynamics in terms of predicted cis-regulatory sites, we identified the key transcription regulators, their time-dependent activities and target genes. Systematic siRNA knockdown of 52 transcription factors confirmed the roles of individual factors in the regulatory network. Our results indicate that cellular states are constrained by complex networks involving both positive and negative regulatory interactions among substantial numbers of transcription factors and that no single transcription factor is both necessary and sufficient to drive the differentiation process.
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42
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Lux CA, Koschinski A, Dersch K, Husmann M, Bhakdi S. Hypersusceptibility of neutrophil granulocytes towards lethal action of free fatty acids contained in enzyme-modified atherogenic low density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis 2009; 207:116-22. [PMID: 19423111 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The bulk of LDL entrapped in the arterial intima is modified by hydrolytic enzymes, leading to extensive cleavage of cholesterylesters and liberation of fatty acids. The latter induce apoptosis in endothelial cells but are far less cytotoxic towards macrophages. We have compared the cytotoxic effects of enzymatically modified LDL (E-LDL) on macrophages and polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN). METHODS AND RESULTS E-LDL displayed toxicity towards PMN at far lower concentrations than towards monocyte-derived macrophages. Native or oxidized LDL had no effect. Free fatty acids contained in E-LDL were the cause of the observed toxicity, which could be mimicked by linoleic acid, oleic acid and arachidonic acid. E-LDL provoked Ca(2+) influx and activated PMN, as witnessed by the generation of superoxide anions and peroxidase secretion. Inhibition of either oxidative burst or calcium influx did not diminish the cytotoxicity of E-LDL. Similar to free linoleic acid, E-LDL lysed red blood cells and rapidly rendered cells permeable to propidium iodide. CONCLUSION Possibly through their capacity to directly perturb cell membranes, free fatty acids contained in E-LDL exert potent cytotoxic effects on PMN. This may be one reason why PMN are not abundantly present in atherosclerotic lesions, and why PMN-depletion suppresses atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Aquilina Lux
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Hochhaus am Augustusplatz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Ceschin DG, Sánchez MC, Chiabrando GA. Insulin induces the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) degradation by the proteasomal system in J774 macrophage-derived cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:372-80. [PMID: 19115269 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is an endocytic receptor, which binds and internalizes diverse ligands such as activated alpha(2)-macroglobulin (alpha(2)M*). LRP1 promotes intracellular signaling, which downstream mediates cellular proliferation and migration of different types of cells, including macrophages. Unlike the LDL receptor, LRP1 expression is not sensitive to cellular cholesterol levels but appears to be responsive to insulin. It has been previously demonstrated that insulin increases the cell surface presentation of LRP1 in adipocytes and hepatocytes, which is mediated by the intracellular PI(3)K/Akt signaling activation. The LRP1 protein distribution is similar to other insulin-regulated cell surface proteins, including transferring receptor (Tfr). However, in macrophages, the insulin effect on the LRP1 distribution and expression is not well characterized. Considering that macrophages play a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, herein we evaluate the effect of insulin on the cellular expression of LRP1 in J774 macrophages-derived cells using Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. Our data demonstrate that insulin induces a significant decrease in the LRP1 protein content, without changing the specific mRNA level of this receptor. Moreover, insulin specifically affected the protein expression of LRP1 but not Tfr. The insulin-induced protein degradation of LRP1 in J774 cells was mediated by the activation of the PI(3)K/Akt pathway and proteasomal system by an enhanced ubiquitin-receptor conjugation. The decreased content of LRP1 induced by insulin affected the cellular internalization of alpha(2)M*. Thus, we propose that the protein degradation of LRP-1 induced by insulin in macrophages could have important effects on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo G Ceschin
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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44
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Bozza PT, Magalhães KG, Weller PF. Leukocyte lipid bodies - Biogenesis and functions in inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:540-51. [PMID: 19416659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipid body accumulation within leukocytes is a common feature in both clinical and experimental infectious, neoplasic and other inflammatory conditions. Here, we will review the contemporary evidence related to the biogenesis and structure of leukocyte lipid bodies (also known as lipid droplets) as inflammatory organelles. Studies of leukocyte lipid bodies are providing functional, ultrastructural and protein compositional evidences that lipid bodies are not solely storage depots of neutral lipid. Over the past years substantial progresses have been made to demonstrate that lipid body biogenesis is a highly regulated process, that culminate in the compartmentalization of a specific set of proteins and lipids, that place leukocyte lipid bodies as inducible cytoplasmic organelles with roles in cell signaling and activation, regulation of lipid metabolism, membrane trafficking and control of the synthesis and secretion of inflammatory mediators. Pertinent to the roles of lipid bodies in inflammation and cell signaling, enzymes involved in eicosanoid synthesis are localized at lipid bodies and lipid bodies are sites for eicosanoid generation. Collectively, lipid bodies in leukocytes are emerging as critical regulators of different inflammatory diseases, key markers of leukocyte activation and attractive targets for novel anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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45
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Ning Y, Bai Q, Lu H, Li X, Pandak WM, Zhao F, Chen S, Ren S, Yin L. Overexpression of mitochondrial cholesterol delivery protein, StAR, decreases intracellular lipids and inflammatory factors secretion in macrophages. Atherosclerosis 2008; 204:114-20. [PMID: 18945429 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is one of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis. This can be amplified by a localized inflammatory response mediated by macrophages. Macrophages are capable of taking up excess cholesterol, and it is well known that delivery of cholesterol to the mitochondria by steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is the rate-limiting step for cholesterol degradation in the liver. It has also been shown that overexpression of StAR in hepatocytes dramatically increases the amount of regulatory oxysterols in the nucleus, which play an important role in the maintenance of intracellular lipid homeostasis. The goal of the present study was to determine whether StAR plays a similar role in macrophages. We have found that overexpression of StAR in human THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages decreases intracellular lipid levels, activates liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) and proliferation peroxysome activator receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and increases ABCG1 and CYP27A1 expression. Furthermore, it reduces the secretion of inflammatory factors, and prevents apoptosis. These results suggest that StAR delivers cholesterol to mitochondria where regulatory oxysterols are generated. Regulatory oxysterols can in turn activate nuclear receptors, which increase expression of cholesterol efflux transporters, and decrease secretion of inflammatory factors. These effects can prevent macrophage apoptosis. These results imply a potential role of StAR in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Ning
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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