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Yao G, Luo C, Harvey M, Wu M, Schreiber TH, Du Y, Basora N, Su X, Contreras D, Zhou J. Disruption of polycystin-L causes hippocampal and thalamocortical hyperexcitability. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:448-58. [PMID: 26612203 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy or seizure disorder is among the least understood chronic medical conditions affecting over 65 million people worldwide. Here, we show that disruption of the polycystic kidney disease 2-like 1 (Pkd2l1 or Pkdl), encoding polycystin-L (PCL), a non-selective cation channel, increases neuronal excitability and the susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure in mice. PCL interacts with β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) and co-localizes with β2AR on the primary cilia of neurons in the brain. Pkdl deficiency leads to the loss of β2AR on neuronal cilia, which is accompanied with a remarkable reduction in cAMP levels in the central nervous system (CNS). The reduction of cAMP levels is associated with a reduction in the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein, but not the activation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, Akt or mitogen-activated protein kinases. Our data, thus, indicate for the first time that a ciliary protein complex is required for the control of neuronal excitability in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 522, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chong Luo
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 522, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P.R. China and
| | - Michael Harvey
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maoqing Wu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 522, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taylor H Schreiber
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 522, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yanjun Du
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 522, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Hubei, P.R., China
| | - Nuria Basora
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 522, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuefeng Su
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 522, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diego Contreras
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 522, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA,
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Abstract
Hormesis is defined operationally as responses of cells or organisms to an exogenous or intrinsic factor (chemical, temperature, psychological challenge, etc.) in which the factor induces stimulatory or beneficial effects at low doses and inhibitory or adverse effects at high doses. The compendium of articles by Calabrese entitled "Neuroscience and Hormesis" provides a broad range of examples of neurobiological processes and responses to environmental factors that exhibit biphasic dose responses, the signature of hormesis. Nerve cell networks are the "first responders" to environmental challenges--they perceive the challenge and orchestrate coordinated adaptive responses that typically involve autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral changes. In addition to direct adaptive responses of neurons to environmental stressors, cells subjected to a stressor produce and release molecules such as growth factors, cytokines, and hormones that alert adjacent and even distant cells to impending danger. The discoveries that some molecules (e.g., carbon monoxide and nitric oxide) and elements (e.g., selenium and iron) that are toxic at high doses play fundamental roles in cellular signaling or metabolism suggest that during evolution, organisms (and their nervous systems) co-opted environmental toxins and used them to their advantage. Neurons also respond adaptively to everyday stressors, including physical exercise, cognitive challenges, and dietary energy restriction, each of which activates pathways linked to the production of neurotrophic factors and cellular stress resistance proteins. The development of interventions that activate hormetic signaling pathways in neurons is a promising new approach for the preventation and treatment of a range of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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Jadrić R, Zulić I, Hasić S, Kiseljaković E, Zecević B, Radovanović J, Ićindić-Nakas E, Winterhalter-Jadrić M. Trazodone influence on rat sera beta-endorphins level. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2005; 4:33-6. [PMID: 15629021 PMCID: PMC7250121 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2004.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some 25 years ago it was found that parts of CNS could produce strong analgesic response on little morphine quantities. Later studies proved the existence for dozen of morphine-like substances, called opioids, which are normally produced in the brain. The most important are endorphins, met- and leu-encephalin and dinorphin produced both in hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The aim of our study was to found whether and how strong produce of beta-endorphins is to be expected when psychotropic drugs are used. Trazodon as antidepressant was used, and RIA technique for quantification of sera beta-endorphins. The results showed significant difference in rat sera beta-endorphins between certain days of drug application. These studies showed that beta-endorphins could be of great importance, used as markers for evaluation of patient treatment and eventual abuse of psychotropic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radivoj Jadrić
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Sarajevo, Medical faculty, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Kingston PA, Zufall F, Barnstable CJ. Rat hippocampal neurons express genes for both rod retinal and olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channels: novel targets for cAMP/cGMP function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:10440-5. [PMID: 8816819 PMCID: PMC38403 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.19.10440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are Ca(2+)-permeable, nonspecific cation channels that can be activated through direct interaction with cAMP and/or cGMP. Recent electrophysiological evidence for these channels in cultured hippocampal neurons prompted us to investigate the expression of CNG channel genes in hippocampus. PCR amplification detected the expression of transcripts for subunit 1 of both the rod photoreceptor (RCNGC1) and the olfactory receptor cell (OCNGC1) subtype of CNG channel in adult rat hippocampus. In situ hybridization detected expression of both channel subtypes in most principal neurons, including pyramidal cells of the CA1 through CA3 regions and granule cells of the dentate gyrus. From the hybridization patterns, we conclude that the two genes are colocalized in individual neurons. Comparison of the patterns of expression of type 1 cGMP-dependent protein kinase and the CNG channels suggests that hippocampal neurons can respond to changes in cGMP levels with both rapid changes in CNG channel activity and slower changes induced by phosphorylation. Future models of hippocampal function should include CNG channels and their effects on both electrical responses and intracellular Ca2+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Kingston
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Durcan MJ, Lister RG, Morgan PF, Linnoila M. Interactions of intracerebroventricular pertussis toxin treatment with the ataxic and hypothermic effects of ethanol. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1991; 344:252-8. [PMID: 1944614 DOI: 10.1007/bf00167227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment with pertussis toxin (0.5 and 1.0 microgram/animal, i.c.v., seven days prior to testing) reversed the reduction in locomotor activity in the holeboard test caused by administration of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.). Intrinsic behavioral effects of pertussis toxin treatment were also observed, these included a reduction in exploratory head-dipping and an increase in locomotor activity. These doses of pertussis toxin also reduced the ataxia induced by a 2.4 g/kg dose of ethanol. Pertussis toxin treated animals also exhibited a diminished hypothermic response to ethanol (2 g/kg), although the pertussis toxin treated animals had lower body temperatures prior to ethanol administration compared to sham treated animals. Neither the behavioral effect of pertussis holotoxin in the holeboard nor its effects on reversing medetomidine hypolocomotion or ethanol-induced ataxia were seen following administration of the binding oligomer of pertussis toxin which binds to the cell membrane but does not possess the enzymatically active subunit. These findings implicate mechanisms involving pertussis toxin sensitive G-proteins in modulating some behavioral and physiological effects of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Durcan
- Laboratory of Clinical Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism, DICBR, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Poeggel G, Luppa H, Ludwig W, Borneleit P. Production of an antiserum against cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and its use for the immunocytochemical demonstration of this enzyme in rat cerebellum. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1988; 88:513-8. [PMID: 2835339 DOI: 10.1007/bf00570318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A procedure for the separation of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase from a commercially available preparation and for raising antibodies against this enzyme in rabbits is described. An antiserum thus obtained was used for the immunocytochemical detection of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in rat cerebellum. The molecular layer, the granular layer and the cerebellar white matter exhibited different degrees of immunoreactivity. Only a few cell bodies (possibly glial cells) were stained. Most of the antigenic sites were present in the neuropil of the molecular layer and around Purkinje cells. Cerebellar glomeruli, sites of synaptic interactions between mossy fibres, Golgi cells and granule cells, were also stained by this antiserum. Control reactions using preimmune serum were consistently negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Poeggel
- Acadamy of Sciences, Institute for Neurobiology and Brain Research, Madgeburg, German Democratic Republic
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Madison DV, Nicoll RA. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate mediates beta-receptor actions of noradrenaline in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells. J Physiol 1986; 372:245-59. [PMID: 2425084 PMCID: PMC1192761 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular recordings were made from rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurones in the in vitro slice preparation to study the actions of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Application of the membrane permeant analogue of cyclic AMP, 8-Br cyclic AMP caused a small depolarization of the resting membrane potential accompanied by an increase in membrane input resistance and also reduced the amplitude of depolarization-evoked calcium-activated potassium after-hyperpolarizations (a.h.p.s.). 8-Br cyclic AMP reduced calcium-activated a.h.p.s but did not reduce calcium action potentials in these cells. 8-Br cyclic AMP also reduced action potential frequency accommodation. The effects of 8-Br cyclic AMP were not mimicked by cyclic AMP applied extracellularly but were imitated by intracellular injections of cyclic AMP. Activation of the endogenous adenylate cyclase of pyramidal cells either by intracellular injection of the stable guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) analogue guanylyl-imidodiphosphate, or by extracellular application of forskolin, reduced the a.h.p. and accommodation. Reducing phosphodiesterase activity with application of either 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine or Ro20-1724 reduced the amplitude of the a.h.p. and potentiated the a.h.p.-blocking action of noradrenaline. Reducing adenylate cyclase activity by application of SQ22,536 slightly increased the amplitude of the (a.h.p.) and reduced the a.h.p.-blocking action of noradrenaline. We conclude that the beta-receptor actions of NA on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells are mediated by intracellularly produced cyclic AMP.
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Magistretti PJ, Morrison JH, Shoemaker WJ, Sapin V, Bloom FE. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induces glycogenolysis in mouse cortical slices: a possible regulatory mechanism for the local control of energy metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:6535-9. [PMID: 6118864 PMCID: PMC349075 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.10.6535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse cerebral cortex slices will synthesize [3H]glycogen in vitro. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) stimulates the enzymatic breakdown of this [3H]glycogen. The concentration giving 50% of maximum effectiveness (EC50) is 26 nM. Under the same experimental conditions norepinephrine also induces a concentration-dependent [3H]glycogen hydrolysis with an EC50 of 500 nM. The effect of VIP is not mediated by the release of norepinephrine because it is not blocked by the noradrenergic antagonist d-1-propranolol and is still present in mice in which an 85% depletion of norepinephrine was induced by intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine injections. Other cortical putative neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, somatostatin, and acetylcholine (tested with the agonist carbamylcholine) do not induce a breakdown of [3H]glycogen. This glycogenolytic effect of VIP and norepinephrine, presumed to be mediated by cyclic AMP formation, should result, at the cellular level, in an increased glucose availability for the generation of phosphate-bound energy. Given the narrow radial pattern of arborization of the intracortical VIP neuron and the tangential intracortical trajectory of the noradrenergic fibers, these two systems may function in a complementary fashion: VIP regulating energy metabolism locally, within individual columnar modules, and norepinephrine exerting a more global effect that spans adjacent columns.
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Lohmann SM, Walter U, Miller PE, Greengard P, De Camilli P. Immunohistochemical localization of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in mammalian brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:653-7. [PMID: 7017721 PMCID: PMC319113 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.1.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in rat brain has been studied by an immunological approach involving radioimmunoassay and fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Data obtained by radioimmunoassay indicate that cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase is 20- to 40-fold more concentrated in cerebellum than in other brain regions. Immunohistochemical experiments demonstrate that the high concentration of immunoreactivity of the protein kinase in cerebellum is attributable to Purkinje cells. Immunoreactivity in these cells is homogeneously distributed throughout the cell (perikarya, dendrites, and axons) with the exception of the nucleus. No other neurons either in the cerebellum or in other brain regions were stained by antiserum to the protein kinase. Immunoreactivity, however, was found throughout the brain on smooth muscle cells of blood vessels.
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Schlichter DJ, Detre JA, Aswad DW, Chehrazi B, Greengard P. Localization of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase and substrate in mammalian cerebellum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:5537-41. [PMID: 6254089 PMCID: PMC350097 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.9.5537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The regional and cellular distribution of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (ATP:protein phosphotransferase,EC 2.7.1.37) in mammalian brain was examined by use of the photoaffinity label 8-azidoinosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. Of the regions examined, cerebellum had by far the highest concentration of this enzyme. The cellular localization of cGMP-dependent protein kinase within the cerebellum was determined by examination of mutant mice missing specific types of cerebellar neurons. Mutant mice lacking Purkinje cells had greatly reduced amounts of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, whereas the loss of another cell type, granule cells, did not reduce cGMP-dependent protein kinase levels. By using the same strains of mutant mice, a 23,000-dalton soluble cerebellar substrate for cGMP-dependent protein kinase was also shown to be enriched in Purkinje cells. In contrast, the concentration of type I 3',5'-cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in the cerebellum was unaffected by the absence of Purkinje cells and only slightly reduced by the absence of granule cells. The enrichment in Purkinje cells of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase and its substrate suggests an important role for cGMP and cGMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in the function of this type of neuronal cell.
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Drummond AH, Benson JA, Levitan IB. Serotonin-induced hyperpolarization of an indentified Aplysia neuron is mediated by cyclic AMP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:5013-7. [PMID: 6254053 PMCID: PMC349980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.8.5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Addition of serotonin to the medium bathing an Aplysia abdominal ganglion causes a change in the endogenous bursting activity of the identified neuron R15. At serotonin concentrations in the micromolar range, the predominant effect is an increase in depth and duration of the interburst hyperpolarization and consequent decrease in burst rate. At higher concentrations (10 microM) serototin can inhibit bursting completely. We have shown previously that these changes can be mimicked by bath application or intracellular injection of several cyclic AMP analogs substituted at the 8 position. Voltage clamp analysis indicates that serotonin and cyclic AMP analogs both cause an increase in membrane slope conductance in R15, with reversal potentials for the responses between -75 and -80 mV, close to the K+ equilibrium potential. When the K+ concentration in the bathing medium is changed, the reversal potentials change in a manner suggesting that serotonin and cyclic AMP analogs on K+ conductance are not additive. Furthermore, the effects of low concentrations of serotonin can be potentiated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor Ro 20-1724. A pharmacological analysis indicates that the serotonin receptor that mediates hyperpolarization in R15 is similar to the serotonin receptor that we have shown to be coupled to adenylate cyclase. The present electrophysiological and pharmacological observations, together with our previous biochemical and pharmacological results, demonstrate that the serotonin-induced hyperpolarization of neuron R15 is mediated by cyclic AMP.
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