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Kappari L, Dasireddy JR, Applegate TJ, Selvaraj RK, Shanmugasundaram R. MicroRNAs: exploring their role in farm animal disease and mycotoxin challenges. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1372961. [PMID: 38803799 PMCID: PMC11129562 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1372961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve as key regulators in gene expression and play a crucial role in immune responses, holding a significant promise for diagnosing and managing diseases in farm animals. This review article summarizes current research on the role of miRNAs in various farm animal diseases and mycotoxicosis, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and using them for mitigation strategies. Through an extensive literature review, we focused on the impact of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of several farm animal diseases, including viral and bacterial infections and mycotoxicosis. They regulate gene expression by inducing mRNA deadenylation, decay, or translational inhibition, significantly impacting cellular processes and protein synthesis. The research revealed specific miRNAs associated with the diseases; for instance, gga-miR-M4 is crucial in Marek's disease, and gga-miR-375 tumor-suppressing function in Avian Leukosis. In swine disease such as Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) and swine influenza, miRNAs like miR-155 and miR-21-3p emerged as key regulatory factors. Additionally, our review highlighted the interaction between miRNAs and mycotoxins, suggesting miRNAs can be used as a biomarker for mycotoxin exposure. For example, alterations in miRNA expression, such as the dysregulation observed in response to Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in chickens, may indicate potential mechanisms for toxin-induced changes in lipid metabolism leading to liver damage. Our findings highlight miRNAs potential for early disease detection and intervention in farm animal disease management, potentially reducing significant economic losses in agriculture. With only a fraction of miRNAs functionally characterized in farm animals, this review underlines more focused research on specific miRNAs altered in distinct diseases, using advanced technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 screening, single-cell sequencing, and integrated multi-omics approaches. Identifying specific miRNA targets offers a novel pathway for early disease detection and the development of mitigation strategies against mycotoxin exposure in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laharika Kappari
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Todd J. Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
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Jin JS, Lee G, Kim JY, Lee S, Park JH, Park SY, Ko YJ. Calcium Chloride as a Novel Stabilizer for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Its Application in the Vaccine Formulation. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:367. [PMID: 38675749 PMCID: PMC11054701 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The thermal stability of the in-house-developed foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) type O and A viruses was evaluated, and the O Jincheon virus was found to exhibit the lowest thermal stability. To overcome this instability, we proposed a novel stabilizer, calcium chloride. The thermal stability of FMDVs increased up to a CaCl2 concentration of 10 mM, and it had a decreasing trend at >30 mM. The O Jincheon virus showed a significant decrease in the amount of antigen over time at 4 °C. In contrast, the samples treated with CaCl2 showed stable preservation of the virus without significant antigen loss. After the CaCl2-formulated vaccine was administered twice to pigs, the virus neutralization titer reached approximately 1:1000, suggesting that the vaccine could protect pigs against the FMDV challenge. In summary, the O Jincheon virus is difficult to utilize as a vaccine given its low stability during storage after antigen production. However, following its treatment with CaCl2, it can be easily utilized as a vaccine. This study evaluated CaCl2 as a novel stabilizer in FMD vaccines and may contribute to the development of stable vaccine formulations, especially for inherently unstable FMDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sun Young Park
- Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (J.S.J.); (G.L.); (J.Y.K.); (S.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Young-Joon Ko
- Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (J.S.J.); (G.L.); (J.Y.K.); (S.L.); (J.-H.P.)
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Mubarak A, Tipu MY, Aslam A, Yaqub T, Ali M. Molecular characterization and pathology of field isolates of foot-and-mouth virus in Swiss albino mice. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e263385. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.263385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Foot-and-mouth disease is responsible for severe economic losses to the livestock industry of Pakistan. This study aimed to use Swiss albino mice as a cost-effective experimental animal model to study different immunological and histopathological aspects of FMDV instead of natural targeted species like cattle. After isolation of field isolates FMDV on BHK-21 cell line, biological titer of the virus and mice infectious dose50 was calculated. Virus was injected in 45 Swiss albino mice (group A) through intraperitoneal route. The gross, histopathological and immunopathological lesions in heart, trachea and lungs were recorded at different day’s intervals. Histopathologically, the heart showed congestion, hemorrhages and necrosis of cardiac muscles. Trachea showed deciliated epithelium and lungs showed hemorrhages, bronchial edema and alveolar emphysema. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the presence of virus in cardiac muscles, tracheal and bronchial epithelium and alveolar lumen. The findings evoked a thought that laboratory animals could be an alternative to large animals to meet budget limitations for further research on foot-and-mouth-disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Mubarak
- Foot and Mouth Disease Research Center, Pakistan; University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Pakistan
| | - M. Y. Tipu
- University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Pakistan
| | - A. Aslam
- University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Pakistan
| | - T. Yaqub
- University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Pakistan
| | - M. Ali
- Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan
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Zewdie G, Akalu M, Tolossa W, Belay H, Deresse G, Zekarias M, Tesfaye Y. A review of foot-and-mouth disease in Ethiopia: epidemiological aspects, economic implications, and control strategies. Virol J 2023; 20:299. [PMID: 38102688 PMCID: PMC10724896 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease that affects the livelihoods and productivity of livestock farmers in endemic regions. It can infect various domestic and wild animals with cloven hooves and is caused by a virus belonging to the genus Aphthovirus and family Picornaviridae, which has seven different serotypes: A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia-1. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular epidemiology, economic impact, diagnosis, and control measures of FMD in Ethiopia in comparison with the global situation. The genetic and antigenic diversity of FMD viruses requires a thorough understanding for developing and applying effective control strategies in endemic areas. FMD has direct and indirect economic consequences on animal production. In Ethiopia, FMD outbreaks have led to millions of USD losses due to the restriction or rejection of livestock products in the international market. Therefore, in endemic areas, disease control depends on vaccinations to prevent animals from developing clinical disease. However, in Ethiopia, due to the presence of diverse antigenic serotypes of FMD viruses, regular and extensive molecular investigation of new field isolates is necessary to perform vaccine-matching studies to evaluate the protective potential of the vaccine strain in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma Zewdie
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Mirtneh Akalu
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Department of Biotechnology, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Ap, 522502, India
| | | | - Hassen Belay
- Africa Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center (AU-PANVAC), P. O. Box: 1746, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Deresse
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Yeneneh Tesfaye
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Blacksell SD, Dhawan S, Kusumoto M, Le KK, Summermatter K, O'Keefe J, Kozlovac J, Almuhairi SS, Sendow I, Scheel CM, Ahumibe A, Masuku ZM, Bennett AM, Kojima K, Harper DR, Hamilton K. The Biosafety Research Road Map: The Search for Evidence to Support Practices in the Laboratory-Foot and Mouth Disease Virus. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2023; 28:199-215. [PMID: 38090355 PMCID: PMC10712356 DOI: 10.1089/apb.2022.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious infection of cloven-hoofed animals. The Biosafety Research Road Map reviewed scientific literature regarding the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). This project aims to identify gaps in the data required to conduct evidence-based biorisk assessments, as described by Blacksell et al., and strengthen control measures appropriate for local and national laboratories. Methods A literature search was conducted to identify potential gaps in biosafety and focused on five main sections: the route of inoculation/modes of transmission, infectious dose, laboratory-acquired infections, containment releases, and disinfection and decontamination strategies. Results The available data regarding biosafety knowledge gaps and existing evidence have been collated. Some gaps include the need for more scientific data that identify the specific safety contribution of engineering controls, support requirements for showering out after in vitro laboratory work, and whether a 3- to 5-day quarantine period should be applied to individuals conducting in vitro versus in vivo work. Addressing these gaps will contribute to the remediation and improvement of biosafety and biosecurity systems when working with FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandhya Dhawan
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marina Kusumoto
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kim Khanh Le
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Joseph O'Keefe
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Kozlovac
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Indrawati Sendow
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Christina M. Scheel
- WHO Collaborating Center for Biosafety and Biosecurity, Office of the Associate Director for Laboratory Science, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anthony Ahumibe
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Zibusiso M. Masuku
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Kazunobu Kojima
- Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David R. Harper
- The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Hamilton
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, France
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Aslam M, Alkheraije KA. The prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in Asia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1201578. [PMID: 37456961 PMCID: PMC10347409 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is listed among the highly contagious diseases in animals and is endemic throughout the Asian continent. The disease is caused by the Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and affects a wide variety of domesticated animals as well as wild ungulates. Clinically, the disease is described as a vesicular lesion on the tongue, muzzle, lips, gum, dental pad, interdigital cleft, coronary band, and heel of the foot. Sometimes these lesions give rise to lameness. Mastitis is also caused due to teat lesions. A biochemical test reveals that during FMD infection, there are elevated levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-6, serum amyloid A protein, lactoferrin, mannose-binding lectin, and monocytes chemo-attractant protein-1 in the serum of infected animals. There is no specific treatment for FMD although some antivirals are given as prophylaxis and antibiotics are given to prevent secondary bacterial infection. This review presents comprehensive data on the prevalence of FMD and serotypes of FMDV that are attributable to the cause of FMD from a regional point of view. It also explains the worldwide dynamics of the seven serotypes of FMD and tries to identify epidemiological clusters of FMD in various geographical areas. Furthermore, the pathology associated with the foot and mouth disease virus along with the pathophysiology is discussed. The continent-wide prevalence and diversity patterns of FMD suggest that there is a need for stringent policies and legislation implementation regarding research and development aimed at manufacturing strain-specific vaccination, infection prevention, and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Aslam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid A. Alkheraije
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Seifu K, Muluneh A, Getachew Y, Jibril Y, Negussie H. Epidemiological study and dairy farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices on foot and mouth disease in central Ethiopia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15771. [PMID: 37159685 PMCID: PMC10163643 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is consistently ranked as the most economically significant viral disease and one of the top five livestock diseases in Ethiopia. Although FMD is endemic in Ethiopia, the epidemiology and the farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding FMD were poorly quantified. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to April 2022 to estimate the seroprevalence, identify the FMD serotypes, and assess the farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices on FMD in Addis Ababa city and Sebeta special zone, central Ethiopia. A total of 384 serum samples were collected from cattle and tested using a 3ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this study, an overall 56% seroprevalence was recorded. Two types of FMD serotypes were detected in which serotype O was the dominant serotype (75.5%) followed by serotype A (45.5%). A significantly higher seroprevalence (P = 0.00) was recorded in Addis Ababa (85%) compared to Sebeta (28.7%). Seropositivity in older and semi-intensively managed cattle was 2.9 (95% CI: 1.36-6.50; P = 0.006) and 2.1 (95% CI: 1.34-3.26; P = 0.001) times higher compared to young and intensively managed cattle, respectively. A survey on knowledge, attitude, and practice of 103 farmers revealed that 90.2% knew of FMD and the majority of them can recognize its clinical pictures. However, 12.7% of farmers who knew FMD didn't practice any prevention methods. Additionally, 70% of the farmers responded that their cattle roamed outside of their farms for communal grazing, watering, breeding purposes, and vaccination which might put them more at risk of FMD. The current study demonstrated that the majority of farmers have gaps in biosecurity practices and vaccination of cattle against FMD. Therefore, educating farmers on FMD prevention measures is necessary for successful disease control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalkidan Seifu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Yitbarek Getachew
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Yasmin Jibril
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Haileleul Negussie
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Corresponding author. Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
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Fukai K, Kawaguchi R, Nishi T, Ikezawa M, Yamada M, Seeyo KB, Morioka K. Risk of transmission of foot-and-mouth disease by wild animals: infection dynamics in Japanese wild boar following direct inoculation or contact exposure. Vet Res 2022; 53:86. [PMID: 36273214 PMCID: PMC9587633 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of disease dynamics and viral shedding in wild boar and of the potential for disease spreading within wild boar and domestic pig populations is critical for developing effective control and eradication measures for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Accordingly, we infected experimentally wild boar and domestic pigs with FMD virus (FMDV) strains O/TAI/315/2016 and A/MOG/2013, and studied their susceptibility and viral transmissibility in both populations. Similar to FMDV-infected pigs, wild boar inoculated with both viruses exhibited vesicular lesions on their feet, snout, tongue and lip, although they did not show lameness. Further, inoculated wild boar were equally capable of transmitting the virus to all of their contact animals. While all contact pigs developed vesicular lesions after contact with inoculated animals, in contrast, no wild boar when exposed to the same infected animals showed obvious clinical signs. These results will be useful for further understanding of the critical roles in occurring and sustaining an FMD outbreak, and will be useful for establishing epidemiological surveillance programs and effective countermeasures for wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan
| | - Rie Kawaguchi
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Ikezawa
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan.,National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Kingkarn Boonsuya Seeyo
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease in South East Asia, 1213/1, Moo11, Pakchong, 30130, Nakhornratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kazuki Morioka
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan.
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Yadav S, Delgado AH, Hagerman AD, Bertram MR, Moreno-Torres KI, Stenfeldt C, Holmstrom L, Arzt J. Epidemiologic and economic considerations regarding persistently infected cattle during vaccinate-to-live strategies for control of foot-and-mouth disease in FMD-free regions. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1026592. [PMID: 36337179 PMCID: PMC9632437 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1026592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) carrier state following FMD virus (FMDV) infection is a well-established phenomenon in cattle. However, the proportion of cattle likely to become carriers and the duration of the carrier state at a herd or population-level are incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to examine the epidemiologic and economic impacts of vaccination-to-live strategy in a disease-free region or country. We developed and simulated scenarios of FMD spread and control in the US livestock population, which included depopulation for a limited period, followed by a vaccinate-to-live strategy with strong biosecurity and movement restrictions. Six scenarios of FMD spread and control were simulated in the InterSpread Plus (ISP) modeling tool. Data on the number of infected and depopulated cattle (by operation types) from ISP model runs were used to estimate the monthly number of infected but not depopulated (potential carrier) cattle after the infection. Using available literature data on the FMD carrier state, we estimated the monthly proportion of carrier cattle (from infected but not depopulated cattle) over time following infection. Among the simulated scenarios, the median (25th, 75th percentile) number of infected cattle ranged from 43,217 (42,819, 55,274) head to 148,907 (75,819, 205,350) head, and the epidemic duration ranged from 20 (11, 30) to 76 (38, 136) days. In general, larger outbreaks occurred when depopulation was carried out through longer periods, and the onset of the vaccination was late (p > 0.05). The estimated proportion of surviving cattle, which were infected and not depopulated and had the potential to become persistently infected ranged from 14 to 35% of total infected cattle. Production losses in beef and dairy sectors were higher when outbreaks started in multiple states simultaneously, but production losses were small compared to trade losses and consumer avoidance losses. These results can be used to inform the consideration of a vaccinate-to-live strategy for FMD outbreaks and the development of appropriate post-outbreak management strategies. Furthermore, this output will enable a more detailed examination of the epidemiologic and economic implications of allowing convalescent cattle to survive and remain in production chains after FMD outbreaks in FMD-free regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Yadav
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Amy H. Delgado
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Amy H. Delgado
| | - Amy D. Hagerman
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Miranda R. Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Karla I. Moreno-Torres
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Lindsey Holmstrom
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
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Ecological and Anthropogenic Spatial Gradients Shape Patterns of Dispersal of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Uganda. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050524. [PMID: 35631045 PMCID: PMC9143568 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Using georeferenced phylogenetic trees, phylogeography allows researchers to elucidate interactions between environmental heterogeneities and patterns of infectious disease spread. Concordant with the increasing availability of pathogen genetic sequence data, there is a growing need for tools to test epidemiological hypotheses in this field. In this study, we apply tools traditionally used in ecology to elucidate the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in Uganda. We analyze FMDV serotype O genetic sequences and their corresponding spatiotemporal metadata from a cross-sectional study of cattle. We apply step selection function (SSF) models, typically used to study wildlife habitat selection, to viral phylogenies to show that FMDV is more likely to be found in areas of low rainfall. Next, we use a novel approach, a resource gradient function (RGF) model, to elucidate characteristics of viral source and sink areas. An RGF model applied to our data reveals that areas of high cattle density and areas near livestock markets may serve as sources of FMDV dissemination in Uganda, and areas of low rainfall serve as viral sinks that experience frequent reintroductions. Our results may help to inform risk-based FMDV control strategies in Uganda. More broadly, these tools advance the phylogenetic toolkit, as they may help to uncover patterns of spread of other organisms for which genetic sequences and corresponding spatiotemporal metadata exist.
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Hou S, Wang X, Ren S, Meng X, Yin X, Zhang J, Tarasiuk K, Pejsak Z, Jiang T, Mao R, Zhang Y, Sun Y. Knockout of HDAC9 Gene Enhances Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Replication. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:805606. [PMID: 35250927 PMCID: PMC8894894 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.805606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious viral disease that mainly infects cloven-hoofed animals. Propagation of FMDV by cell culture is an important method to preserve viral biological and antigenic characteristics, which is crucial in FMD monitoring and vaccine production. However, only a few cell lines are sensitive to FMDV, and there is still a lot of room for improvement. Acetylation is an important post-translational modification, which is dynamically regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). However, the study of the relationship between FMDV and HDACs is still unclear. HDAC9 belongs to the class II of HDACs family; in this study, HDAC9 knockout (KO) BHK-21 cells were successfully established using CRISPR/cas9 technology. The results of karyotype analysis, growth curve analysis, and morphological observation showed that the HDAC9 knockout cell line was stable in growth and morphological characteristics. After infection with FMDV, the expression of viral RNA and protein, viral titers, and the copies of viral RNA in HDAC9-KO cells were significantly higher than those in NC cells. Meanwhile, RNA-seq technology was used to sequence HDAC9-KO cells and NC cells infected and uninfected with FMDV. It was found that the differentially expressed innate immune factors containing NFKBIA, SOD2, IL2RG, BCL2L1, CXCL1/2/3, and IL1RAP have significantly enriched in the Jak-STAT, NOD-like receptor, Toll-like receptor, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathway. RT-qPCR was performed to detect the expression level of differentially expressed genes and showed consistency with the RNA-seq data. These results preliminarily reveal the role of HDAC9 in host antiviral innate immune response, and the HDAC9-KO cell line could also serve as a useful tool for FMDV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shanhui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuelian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | | | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- University Center of Veterinary Medicine JU-AU, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruoqing Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ruoqing Mao,
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Yongguang Zhang,
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Yuefeng Sun,
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12
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Peta FRM, Sirdar MM, van Bavel P, Mutowembwa PB, Visser N, Olowoyo J, Seheri M, Heath L. Evaluation of Potency and Duration of Immunity Elicited by a Multivalent FMD Vaccine for Use in South Africa. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:750223. [PMID: 34977205 PMCID: PMC8714748 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.750223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
South Africa (SA) experiences sporadic foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks irrespective of routine prophylactic vaccinations of cattle using imported commercial vaccines. The problem could be mitigated by preparation of vaccines from local virus strains related to those circulating in the endemically infected buffalo populations in the Kruger National Park (KNP). This study demonstrates the individual number of protective doses (PD) of five vaccine candidate strains after homologous virus challenge, as well as the vaccines safety and onset of humoral immunity in naïve cattle. Furthermore, the duration of post-vaccination immunity over a 12-month period is shown, when a multivalent vaccine prepared from the five strains is administered as a primary dose with or without booster vaccinations. The five monovalent vaccines were shown to contain a 50% PD between 4 and 32, elicit humoral immunity with antibody titers ≥2.0 log10 from day 7 post-vaccination, and cause no adverse reactions. Meanwhile, the multivalent vaccine elicited antibody titers ≥2.0 log10 and clinical protection up to 12 months when one or two booster vaccinations were administered within 6 months of the primary vaccination. An insignificant difference between the application of one or two booster vaccinations was revealed. Owing to the number of PDs, we anticipate that the multivalent vaccine could be used successfully for prophylactic and emergency vaccinations without adjustment of the antigen payloads. Furthermore, a prophylactic vaccination regimen comprising primary vaccination of naïve cattle followed by two booster vaccinations 1.5 and 6 months later could potentially maintain herd immunity over a period of 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith R M Peta
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M M Sirdar
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter van Bavel
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,Private Consultants, Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - P B Mutowembwa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - N Visser
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,Private Consultants, Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - J Olowoyo
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Seheri
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
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13
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Hassan AM, El-Mayet FS, El-Habbaa AS, Shahein MA, Zowalaty MEE, Hagag NM, Sharawi SSA. Molecular Characterization of newly emerging Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT2 of Lib-12 Lineage Isolated from Egypt. Virus Res 2021; 311:198651. [PMID: 34879242 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype SAT2 occurred in Egypt in 2018, which affected cattle and water buffalo. Previous phylogenetic studies on FMDV circulating in Egypt have mainly focused on genomic regions encoding structural proteins that determine the FMDV serotype. Still, none of them have analyzed the open reading frame (ORF) sequence of the Egyptian SAT2/Lib-12 lineage. The present study aimed to analyze and identify the ORF genome sequence of Lib-12 lineage that belongs to FMDV SAT2 topotype VII in Egypt. The protocol workflow was optimized and tested using a representative field isolate of FMDV/SAT2/Lib-12 from a bovine tongue sample collected in 2018 from Ismailia governorate (SAT2/EGY/Ismailia/2018). The protocol was based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with multiple overlapping primers, amplicons sequencing, and assembly to complete the ORF consensus sequence. Alignments of the sequence fragments formed consensus genome sequence of 7219 nucleotides in length. The complete nucleotide sequence of the Egyptian isolate was related to Ethiopian, Nigerian, and Ghanaian strains, with identity not exceeding 95%. The divergence in the genetic identity of the Egyptian SAT2/Lib-12 lineage from other Egyptian strains and the neighboring Libyan isolates reached 7%, and this may be attributed to the absence of the Lib-12 lineage ORF sequence from Egypt and Libya in the database. The present study significantly advances the knowledge of the molecular analysis of FMDV SAT2 and the design of vaccine selection for FMDV SAT2 in Egypt. The study protocol could be applied to other FMDV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah M Hassan
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Fouad S El-Mayet
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Kaliobyia, Egypt
| | - Ayman S El-Habbaa
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Kaliobyia, Egypt
| | - Momtaz A Shahein
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, SE-75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Naglaa M Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Saad S A Sharawi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Kaliobyia, Egypt
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14
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Yi J, Peng J, Ren J, Zhu G, Ru Y, Tian H, Li D, Zheng H. Degradation of Host Proteins and Apoptosis Induced by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus 3C Protease. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121566. [PMID: 34959521 PMCID: PMC8707164 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), induced by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. Previous studies have reported that FMDV 3C protease could degrade multiple host proteins; however, the degradation mechanism mediated by FMDV 3C is still unclear. Here, we found that transient expression of FMDV 3C degraded various molecules in NF-κB signaling in a dose-dependent manner, and the proteolytic activity of FMDV 3C is important for inducing degradation. Additionally, 3C-overexpression was associated with the induction of apoptosis. In this study, we showed that an apoptosis inhibitor CrmA abolished the ability of 3C to degrade molecules in NF-κB signaling. Further experiments using specific caspase inhibitors confirmed the irrelevance of caspase3, caspase8, and caspase9 activity for degradation induced by 3C. Altogether, these results suggest that FMDV 3C induces the widespread degradation of host proteins through its proteolytic activity and that the apoptosis pathway might be an important strategy to mediate this process. Further exploration of the relationship between apoptosis and degradation induced by 3C could provide novel insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan Li
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (H.Z.)
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15
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Zhang F, Zhang Z, Li X, Li J, Lv J, Ma Z, Pan L. Immune Responses to Orally Administered Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing Multi-Epitope Proteins Targeting M Cells of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102036. [PMID: 34696469 PMCID: PMC8537116 DOI: 10.3390/v13102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), whose transmission occurs through mucosal surfaces, can also be transmitted through aerosols, direct contact, and pollutants. Therefore, mucosal immunity can efficiently inhibit viral colonization. Since vaccine material delivery into immune sites is important for efficient oral mucosal vaccination, the M cell-targeting approach is important for effective vaccination given M cells are vital for luminal antigen influx into the mucosal lymph tissues. In this study, we coupled M cell-targeting ligand Co1 to multi-epitope TB1 of FMDV to obtain TB1-Co1 in order to improve delivery efficiency of the multi-epitope protein antigen TB1. Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) was engineered to express heterologous antigens for applications as vaccine vehicles with the ability to elicit mucosal as well as systemic immune responses. We successfully constructed L. lactis (recombinant) with the ability to express multi-epitope antigen proteins (TB1 and TB1-Co1) of the FMDV serotype A (named L. lactis-TB1 and L. lactis-TB1-Co1). Then, we investigated the immunogenic potential of the constructed recombinant L. lactis in mice and guinea pigs. Orally administered L. lactis-TB1 as well as L. lactis-TB1-Co1 in mice effectively induced mucosal secretory IgA (SIgA) and IgG secretion, development of a strong cell-mediated immune reactions, substantial T lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen, and upregulated IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-5 levels. Orally administered ligand-conjugated TB1 promoted specific IgG as well as SIgA responses in systemic and mucosal surfaces, respectively, when compared to orally administered TB1 alone. Then, guinea pigs were orally vaccinated with L. lactis-TB1-Co1 plus adjuvant CpG-ODN at three different doses, L. lactis-TB1-Co1, and PBS. Animals that had been immunized with L. lactis-TB1-Co1 plus adjuvant CpG-ODN and L. lactis-TB1-Co1 developed elevated antigen-specific serum IgG, IgA, neutralizing antibody, and mucosal SIgA levels, when compared to control groups. Particularly, in mice, L. lactis-TB1-Co1 exhibited excellent immune effects than L. lactis-TB1. Therefore, L. lactis-TB1-Co1 can induce elevations in mucosal as well as systemic immune reactions, and to a certain extent, provide protection against FMDV. In conclusion, M cell-targeting approaches can be employed in the development of effective oral mucosa vaccines for FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zhongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Jiahao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Jianliang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zhongyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.M.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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16
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Sero-epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Darfur area, Western Sudan. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:343-352. [PMID: 34476716 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 367 bovine sera positive to antibodies against non-structural proteins (NSPs) of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus were screened for serotype O, A and SAT2 antibodies using the virus neutralization test (VNT). Sera had been collected in 2016 from North (228) and South (139) Darfur States in Western Sudan, where high and low circulation of FMD virus, respectively, prevailed. Tested sera represented the positive-NSPs portion in a random sample of 669 sera collected from both States. According to standard statistical methods, calculations for serial testing (NSPs ELISA and VNT) were applied to estimate prevalence rates of serotype-specific antibodies in the two States. In each State, approximately 20% of NSPs positive sera failed typing. Prevalence's detected were 49% ± 5% (O), 27% ± 5% (A) and 14% ± 4% (SAT2) in North Darfur State and 27% ± 5% (O), 17% ± 4% (A) and 8.0% ± 3% (SAT2) in South Darfur State. In both States, prevalence rates were significantly higher for serotype O, followed by A then SAT2; the same order that was known in most parts of Sudan. Consistently, estimated prevalence's were statistically significantly higher (P < 0.05) in North Darfur than in South Darfur State. Apart from serotype SAT2, detected prevalence rates were lower or similar to those inside the country in previous occasions. Frequency and pattern of distribution of serotype O prevalence were consistent with its suggested pattern of circulation from the Nile valley to other parts in Sudan and significant within the country's circulation. Alternatively, serotype SAT2 prevalence and distribution in Darfur area were suggestive of sporadic occurrence. However, slightly higher prevalence rates of SAT2 antibodies in Darfur than in neighbouring Kordofan areas in 2013 reflected the wide dissemination of SAT2 ( http://www.wrlfmd.org ) in Sudan in early 2014. Risk of FMD in Darfur seemed to be associated with the movement of animals to the North in the wet season as part of the pastoral system, and with movement related to trade into urban centers more than with pastoralism across the Western borders. Generally, the result presented little evidence to suggest presence of FMD primary endemic foci in Darfur area.
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17
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Kristensen T, Belsham GJ, Tjørnehøj K. Heat inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus, swine vesicular disease virus and classical swine fever virus when air-dried on plastic and glass surfaces. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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18
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Awel SM, Dilba GM, Abraha B, Zewde D, Wakjira BS, Aliy A. Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Dairy Cattle Around Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2021; 12:187-197. [PMID: 34285888 PMCID: PMC8285296 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s317103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Foot and mouth disease is a debilitating and highly contagious transboundary disease of cattle that can cause a huge economical loss globally. It is a notifiable disease in Ethiopia, and it is thought to be causing a decrease in cattle productivity and production. Methods A cross-sectional study and outbreak investigation were performed to estimate seroprevalence, identify associated factors and serotypes of FMDV in dairy cattle around Addis Ababa. A multi-stage random sampling technique was employed for the selection of sampling units for the seroprevalence study. A total of 383 blood samples were collected using plain vacutainer tubes and the obtained sera were tested by 3ABC-Ab ELISA at the NAHDIC lab. Also, from outbreak cases, 20 epithelial tissue samples were collected purposively for the molecular detection of FMDV serotypes. Results The overall seroprevalence of FMD in dairy cattle was 72.1% (95% CI=67.27-76.50). The seroprevalence in dairy cattle of Ada Berga, Holeta, and Sululta districts was 97.2%, 71.4%, and 57.6%, respectively. Up on Chi-square analysis, age, body condition, and management system were significantly associated with FMD seroprevalence (p<0.05). Besides, multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that district, age, body condition, and management were significantly associated with FMD seroprevalence (p<0.05). The odds of being seropositive to FMD were 6.9 (95% CI=1.8-24.9; p=0.005) and 2.3 (95% CI=1.2-4.7; p=0.01) times higher in cattle found in Ada Berga and Holeta Woreda. From outbreak cases, 18 (90.0%) were identified positive for FMDV serotype O. Conclusion The current study revealed higher seroprevalence was recorded in the study area and associated risk factors identified statically, serotype O of FMDV was identified from outbreak cases. Therefore, it is critical to design and implement feasible control and prevention mechanisms based on the type of circulating virus serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazali Mohammed Awel
- Jigjiga University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga, Ethiopia.,Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Mulatu Dilba
- Ambo University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Bruk Abraha
- Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Demeke Zewde
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | | | - Abde Aliy
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
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19
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Khan S, Ali Shah SA, Jamal SM. Evaluation of Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Intervirology 2021; 64:209-214. [PMID: 34139693 DOI: 10.1159/000517003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals, causing heavy economic losses to the livestock industry. Rapid and reliable diagnosis of the disease is essential for the implementation of effective control measures. This study compared sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (S-ELISA) and conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the diagnosis of FMD. METHODS A total of 60 epithelial samples from suspected cases of FMD were tested using both S-ELISA and RT-PCR assays. The level of agreement between the assays was assessed by calculating the Kappa value. RESULTS S-ELISA detected 38 (63%) samples positive for FMD virus (FMDV). Being predominant, serotype O was detected in 22 (57.9%) of the total samples tested positive, whereas 9 (23.7%) and 7 (18.4%) samples were found positive for serotypes A and Asia-1, respectively. RT-PCR detected viral genome in 51 (85%) of the samples using pan-FMDV primers set, 1F/1R. Thirty-six samples were found positive and 7 negative by both the tests. The level of agreement between the tests was assessed by calculating the Kappa value, which was found to be fair (Kappa value = 0.303 and 95% CI = 0.089; 0.517) and significant (p = 0.009). However, 2 samples, which were found positive on S-ELISA tested negative on RT-PCR. This may be attributed to the presence of nucleotide mismatch(es) in the primer-binding sites that may have resulted in failure of amplification of the viral genome. The serotype-specific RT-PCR assays not only confirmed serotyping results of S-ELISA but were also able to establish serotype in 9 S-ELISA-negative but pan-FMDV RT-PCR-positive samples. CONCLUSIONS The RT-PCR assay contributes significantly to establishing a quick, sensitive, and definitive diagnosis of FMD in resource-constrained countries. Samples giving negative results in S-ELISA should be tested in RT-PCR for the disease detection and virus typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Dir Lower, Pakistan
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20
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Munsey A, Mwiine FN, Ochwo S, Velazquez-Salinas L, Ahmed Z, Maree F, Rodriguez LL, Rieder E, Perez A, Dellicour S, VanderWaal K. Phylogeographic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O dispersal and associated drivers in East Africa. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:3815-3825. [PMID: 34008868 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The continued endemicity of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) in East Africa has significant implications for livestock production and poverty reduction, yet its complex epidemiology in endemic settings remains poorly understood. Identifying FMDV dispersal routes and drivers of transmission is key to improved control strategies. Environmental heterogeneity and anthropogenic drivers (e.g., demand for animal products) can impact viral spread by influencing host movements. Here, we utilized FMDV serotype O VP1 genetic sequences and corresponding spatiotemporal data in order to (i) infer the recent dispersal history, and (II) investigate the impact of external factors (cattle density, human population density, proximity to livestock markets, and drought) on dispersal velocity, location, and direction of FMDV serotype O in East Africa. We identified statistical evidence of long-distance transmission events, and we found that FMDV serotype O tends to remain circulating in areas of high cattle density, high human population density, and in close proximity to livestock markets. The latter two findings highlight the influence of anthropogenic factors on FMDV serotype O spread in this region. These findings contribute to the understanding of FMDV epidemiology in East Africa and can help guide improved control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Munsey
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Frank Norbert Mwiine
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS), National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Francois Maree
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Andres Perez
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Capozzo AV, Pérez-Filgueira M, Vosloo W, Gay CG. Editorial: FMD Research: Bridging the Gaps With Novel Tools. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:686141. [PMID: 34079835 PMCID: PMC8165201 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.686141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra V Capozzo
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Pérez-Filgueira
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (Formerly Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Cyril G Gay
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Structural Protein VP1 Destroys the Stability of TPL2 Trimer by Degradation TPL2 to Evade Host Antiviral Immunity. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02149-20. [PMID: 33361430 PMCID: PMC8092693 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02149-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2) is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the mitogen-activated protein 3 kinase (MAP3K) family, and it plays an important role in pathogen infection. The trimer complex of TPL2, p105, and ABIN2 is essential for maintenance of TPL2 steady-state levels and host cell response to pathogens. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a positive-strand RNA virus of the family Picornaviridae that encodes proteins capable of antagonizing host immune responses to achieve infection. The VP1 protein of FMDV is a multifunctional protein that can bind host cells and induce an immune response as well as cell apoptosis. However, the role and mechanisms of TPL2 in FMDV infection remain unknown. Here, we determined that FMDV infection could inhibit TPL2, p105, and ABIN2 at the transcription and protein levels, while VP1 could only inhibit TPL2, p105 and ABIN2 at protein level. TPL2 inhibited the replication of FMDV in vivo and in vitro, the 268 to 283 amino-acid region in the TPL2 kinase domain was essential for interaction with VP1. Moreover, VP1 promoted K48-linked polyubiquitination of TPL2 and degraded TPL2 by the proteasome pathway. However, VP1-induced degradation of p105 and ABIN2 was independent of proteasome, autophagy, lysosome, and caspase-dependent pathways. Further studies showed that VP1 destroyed the stability of the TPL2-p105-ABIN2 complex. Taken together, these results revealed that VP1 antagonized TPL2-meditated antivirus activity by degrading TPL2 and destroying its complex. These findings may contribute to understand FMDV-host interactions and improve development of a novel vaccine to prevent FMDV infection.Importance Virus-host interactions are critical for virus infection. This study was the first to demonstrate the antiviral effect of host TPL2 during FMDV replication by increasing production of interferons and antiviral cytokines. Both FMDV and VP1 protein can reduce host TPL2, ABIN2 and p105 to destroy TPL2-p105-ABIN2 trimer complex. VP1 interacted with TPL2 and degrade TPL2 via proteasome pathway to repress TPL2-mediated antivirus activity. This study provided new insights into FMDV immune evasion mechanisms, elucidating new informations regarding FMDV counteraction of host antivirus activity.
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Choudhury M, Saikia T, Banik S, Patil G, Pegu SR, Rajkhowa S, Sen A, Das PJ. Infrared imaging a new non-invasive machine learning technology for animal husbandry. THE IMAGING SCIENCE JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13682199.2020.1848084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tulika Saikia
- Icar-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, India
| | - Santanu Banik
- Icar-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, India
| | - Girish Patil
- ICAR – National Research Centre on Meat, Rani, Guwahati 781131, India
| | - Seema Rani Pegu
- Icar-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, India
| | - Swaraj Rajkhowa
- Icar-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, India
| | - Arnab Sen
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Rani, Guwahati 781131, India
| | - Pranab Jyoti Das
- Icar-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, India
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Meta-analysis of Genetic Diversity of the VP1 Gene Among the Circulating O, A, and SAT2 Serotypes and Vaccine Strains of FMD Virus in Egypt. J Vet Res 2020; 64:487-493. [PMID: 33367136 PMCID: PMC7734679 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Three strains of the FMD virus (A, O, and SAT 2) were recognised as causes of the FMD circulating in Egypt. The aims of this study were to trace the FMDV isolates from outbreaks in Egypt to understand their epidemiology and evolution and to understand the situation of the vaccine strains compared with the circulating serotypes. Material and Methods A meta-analysis was carried out by using the data available for FMD outbreaks in Egypt from GenBank and the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD); a comparison was done with both data sets for the three serotypes. MEGA-X was used for the evolution analysis, through constructions of phylogenetic trees for all sequences recorded in GenBank for each serotype in different Egyptian outbreaks in different years and also within the same year. Additionally, nucleotide substitution rate, molecular clock, and mean evolutionary rates were estimated for the three serotypes to understand and compare their evolution. Results Absence of some records of certain serotype outbreaks from the WRLFMD database was noted as were subsequent missing appropriate vaccine programmes. Genetic variation was recorded among the virus isolates within the same years and also the vaccine strain was associated with up to 26 amino acid substitutions. The evolution rate of the SAT2 strain was the highest of the circulating strains. SAT2 had high amino acid substitution per year at an important immunogenic site (130–170), serotype A had less, and serotype O the least. Conclusion The need for different strategies for vaccine serotype selection is indicated.
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Gizaw D, Tesfaye Y, Wood BA, Di Nardo A, Shegu D, Muluneh A, Bilata T, Belayneh R, Fentie A, Asgdome H, Sombo M, Rufael T, Tadesse Woldemariyam F, Khan F, Yami M, Gelaye E, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, King DP. Molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Ethiopia between 2008 and 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2983-2992. [PMID: 32574400 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the constraints to controlling foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in East Africa is the incomplete knowledge of the specific FMD virus (FMDV) strains circulating and the way in which these viruses move across countries in the region. This retrospective study focuses on Ethiopia, which has one of the largest FMD-susceptible livestock populations in Africa. Analyses of FMDV positive samples collected between 2008 and 2019 demonstrate that serotypes O (n = 175), A (n = 51) and SAT 2 (n = 33) were present in the country. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 sequences for these viruses showed that there were at least seven different FMD viral clades circulating during this period: O/EA-3, O/EA-4, A/AFRICA/G-I, A/AFRICA/G-IV, A/AFRICA/G-VII, SAT2/VII and SAT2/XIII. Although these results only represent a snapshot and might not reflect all FMDV lineages that were present, they highlight the importance of serotype O, as well as the complexity and co-existence of FMDV serotypes in Ethiopia and surrounding countries. These sequence data also support the idea that there are two FMDV ecosystems existing in East Africa. Data from retrospective studies, such as these presented here, will be beneficial for vaccine selection and vaccination campaigns to control FMDV within Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Dereje Shegu
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ayelech Muluneh
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tsion Bilata
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Rediet Belayneh
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenalem Fentie
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Hagose Asgdome
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Sombo
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Rufael
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Yang B, Zhang X, Zhang D, Hou J, Xu G, Sheng C, Choudhury SM, Zhu Z, Li D, Zhang K, Zheng H, Liu X. Molecular Mechanisms of Immune Escape for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090729. [PMID: 32899635 PMCID: PMC7558374 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious vesicular disease in cloven-hoofed livestock that results in severe consequences for international trade, posing a great economic threat to agriculture. The FMDV infection antagonizes the host immune responses via different signaling pathways to achieve immune escape. Strategies to escape the cell immune system are key to effective infection and pathogenesis. This review is focused on summarizing the recent advances to understand how the proteins encoded by FMDV antagonize the host innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Keshan Zhang
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-15214078335 (K.Z.)
| | - Haixue Zheng
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-15214078335 (K.Z.)
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Chitray M, Kotecha A, Nsamba P, Ren J, Maree S, Ramulongo T, Paul G, Theron J, Fry EE, Stuart DI, Maree FF. Symmetrical arrangement of positively charged residues around the 5-fold axes of SAT type foot-and-mouth disease virus enhances cell culture of field viruses. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008828. [PMID: 32991636 PMCID: PMC7577442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDVs) utilize integrin-mediated cell entry but many, including Southern African Territories (SAT) viruses, are difficult to adapt to BHK-21 cells, thus hampering large-scale propagation of vaccine antigen. However, FMDVs acquire the ability to bind to cell surface heparan sulphate proteoglycans, following serial cytolytic infections in cell culture, likely by the selection of rapidly replicating FMDV variants. In this study, fourteen SAT1 and SAT2 viruses, serially passaged in BHK-21 cells, were virulent in CHO-K1 cells and displayed enhanced affinity for heparan, as opposed to their low-passage counterparts. Comparative sequence analysis revealed the fixation of positively charged residues clustered close to the icosahedral 5-fold axes of the virus, at amino acid positions 83-85 in the βD-βE loop and 110-112 in the βF-βG loop of VP1 upon adaptation to cultured cells. Molecular docking simulations confirmed enhanced binding of heparan sulphate to a model of the adapted SAT1 virus, with the region around VP1 arginine 112 contributing the most to binding. Using this information, eight chimeric field strain mutant viruses were constructed with additional positive charges in repeated clusters on the virion surface. Five of these bound heparan sulphate with expanded cell tropism, which should facilitate large-scale propagation. However, only positively charged residues at position 110-112 of VP1 enhanced infectivity of BHK-21 cells. The symmetrical arrangement of even a single amino acid residue in the FMD virion is a powerful strategy enabling the virus to generate novel receptor binding and alternative host-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Chitray
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peninah Nsamba
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Maree
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Tovhowani Ramulongo
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Jacques Theron
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth E. Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David I. Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francois F. Maree
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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A Temperature-Dependent Translation Defect Caused by Internal Ribosome Entry Site Mutation Attenuates Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Implications for Rational Vaccine Design. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00990-20. [PMID: 32493820 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00990-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which is caused by FMD virus (FMDV), remains a major plague among cloven-hoofed animals worldwide, and its outbreak often has disastrous socioeconomic consequences. A live-attenuated FMDV vaccine will greatly facilitate the global control and eradication of FMD, but a safe and effective attenuated FMDV vaccine has not yet been successfully developed. Here, we found that the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element in the viral genome is a critical virulence determinant of FMDV, and a nucleotide substitution of cytosine (C) for guanine (G) at position 351 of the IRES endows FMDV with temperature-sensitive and attenuation (ts&att) phenotypes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the C351G mutation of IRES causes a temperature-dependent translation defect by impairing its binding to cellular pyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB), resulting in the ts&att phenotypes of FMDV. Natural hosts inoculated with viruses carrying the IRES C351G mutation showed no clinical signs, viremia, virus excretion, or viral transmission but still produced a potent neutralizing antibody response that provided complete protection. Importantly, the IRES C351G mutation is a universal determinant of the ts&att phenotypes of different FMDV strains, and the C351G mutant was incapable of reversion to virulence during in vitro and in vivo passages. Collectively, our findings suggested that manipulation of the IRES, especially its C351G mutation, may serve as a feasible strategy to develop live-attenuated FMDV vaccines.IMPORTANCE The World Organization for Animal Health has called for global control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), the most economically and socially devastating disease affecting animal husbandry worldwide. Live-attenuated vaccines are considered the most effective strategy for prevention, control, and eradication of infectious diseases due to their capacity to induce potent and long-lasting protective immunity. However, efforts to develop FMD virus (FMDV) live-attenuated vaccines have achieved only limited success. Here, by structure-function study of the FMDV internal ribosome entry site (IRES), we find that the C351 mutation of the IRES confers FMDV with an ideal temperature-sensitive attenuation phenotype by decreasing its interaction with cellular pyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) to cause IRES-mediated temperature-dependent translation defects. The temperature-sensitive attenuated strains generated by manipulation of the IRES address the challenges of FMDV attenuation differences among various livestock species and immunogenicity maintenance encountered previously, and this strategy can be applied to other viruses with an IRES to rationally design and develop live-attenuated vaccines.
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Metagenomic characterisation of avian parvoviruses and picornaviruses from Australian wild ducks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12800. [PMID: 32733035 PMCID: PMC7393117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69557-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ducks can shed and disseminate viruses and thus play a role in cross-species transmission. In the current study, we detected and characterised various avian parvoviruses and picornaviruses from wild Pacific black ducks, Chestnut teals, Grey teals and Wood ducks sampled at multiple time points from a single location using metagenomics. We characterised 46 different avian parvoviruses belonging to three different genera Dependoparvovirus, Aveparvovirus and Chaphamaparvovirus, and 11 different avian picornaviruses tentatively belonging to four different genera Sicinivirus, Anativirus, Megrivirus and Aalivirus. Most of these viruses were genetically different from other currently known viruses from the NCBI dataset. The study showed that the abundance and number of avian picornaviruses and parvoviruses varied considerably throughout the year, with the high number of virus reads in some of the duck samples highly suggestive of an active infection at the time of sampling. The detection and characterisation of several parvoviruses and picornaviruses from the individual duck samples also suggests co-infection, which may lead to the emergence of novel viruses through possible recombination. Therefore, as new and emerging diseases evolve, it is relevant to explore and monitor potential animal reservoirs in their natural habitat.
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Spatiotemporal analyses of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in cattle farms in Chiang Mai and Lamphun, Thailand. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:170. [PMID: 32487166 PMCID: PMC7268379 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious and contagious febrile vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed livestock with high socio-economic consequences globally. In Thailand, FMD is endemic with 183 and 262 outbreaks occurring in the years 2015 and 2016, respectively. In this study, we aimed to assess the spatiotemporal distribution of FMD outbreaks among cattle in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces in the northern part of Thailand during the period of 2015–2016. A retrospective space-time scan statistic including a space-time permutation (STP) and the Poisson and Bernoulli models were applied in order to detect areas of high incidence of FMD. Results Results have shown that 9 and 8 clusters were identified by the STP model in 2015 and 2016, respectively, whereas 1 and 3 clusters were identified by the Poisson model, and 3 and 4 clusters were detected when the Bernoulli model was applied for the same time period. In 2015, the most likely clusters were observed in Chiang Mai and these had a minimum radius of 1.49 km and a maximum radius of 20 km. Outbreaks were clustered in the period between the months of May and October of 2015. The most likely clusters in 2016 were observed in central Lamphun based on the STP model and in the eastern area of Chiang Mai by the Poisson and Bernoulli models. The cluster size of the STP model (8.51 km) was smaller than those of the Poisson and Bernoulli models (> 20 km). The cluster periods in 2016 were approximately 7 months, while 4 months and 1 month were identified by the Poisson, Bernoulli and STP models respectively. Conclusions The application of three models provided more information for FMD outbreak epidemiology. The findings from this study suggest the use of three different space-time scan models for the investigation process of outbreaks along with the follow-up process to identify FMD outbreak clusters. Therefore, active prevention and control strategies should be implemented in the areas that are most susceptible to FMD outbreaks.
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Rahman AKMA, Islam SKS, Sufian MA, Talukder MH, Ward MP, Martínez-López B. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Space-Time Clusters and Risk Factors in Cattle and Buffalo in Bangladesh. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060423. [PMID: 32485792 PMCID: PMC7350371 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is highly endemic in Bangladesh. Using passive surveillance data (case records from all 64 districts of Bangladesh, 2014–2017) and district domestic ruminant population estimates, we calculated FMD cumulative incidence per 10,000 animals at risk per district, conducted cluster (Moran’s spatial autocorrelation and scan statistics) and hotspot analysis (local indicator of spatial association statistic), created predictive maps and identified risk factors using a geographically weighted regression model. A total of 548,817 FMD cases in cattle and buffalo were reported during the four-year study period. The highest proportion (31.5%) of cases were reported during the post-monsoon season, and from Chattogram (29.2%) division. Five space-time clusters, 9 local clusters, and 14 hotspots were identified. Overall, higher cumulative incidences of FMD were consistently predicted in eastern parts of Bangladesh. The precipitation in the pre-monsoon season (p = 0.0008) was positively associated with FMD in Bangladesh. Results suggest climate plays an important role in the epidemiology of FMD in Bangladesh, and high risk zones exist. In a resource limited-setting, hotspots and clusters should be prioritized for vaccination coverage, and surveillance for FMD should be targeted in eastern areas of Bangladesh and during the post-monsoon season.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K M Anisur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Correspondence:
| | - SK Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh; (S.S.I.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Md. Abu Sufian
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh; (S.S.I.); (M.A.S.)
| | | | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia;
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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Belsham GJ. Towards improvements in foot-and-mouth disease vaccine performance. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:20. [PMID: 32434544 PMCID: PMC7240906 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains one of the most economically important infectious diseases of production animals. Six (out of 7 that have been identified) different serotypes of the FMD virus continue to circulate in different parts of the world. Within each serotype there is also extensive diversity as the virus constantly changes. Vaccines need to be “matched” to the outbreak strain, not just to the serotype, to confer protection. Vaccination has been used successfully to assist in the eradication of the disease from Europe but is no longer employed there unless outbreaks occur. Thus the animal population in Europe, as in North America, is fully susceptible to the virus if it is accidentally (or deliberately) introduced. Almost 3 billion doses of the vaccine are made each year to control the disease elsewhere. Current vaccines are produced from chemically inactivated virus that has to be grown, on a large scale, under high containment conditions. The vaccine efficiently prevents disease but the duration of immunity is rather limited (about 6 months) and vaccination does not provide sterile immunity or block the development of carriers. Furthermore, the vaccine is quite unstable and a cold chain needs to be maintained to preserve the efficacy of the vaccine. This can be a challenge in the parts of the world where the disease is endemic. There is a significant interest in developing improved vaccines and significant progress in this direction has been made using a variety of approaches. However, no alternative vaccines are yet available commercially. Improved disease control globally is clearly beneficial to all countries as it reduces the risk of virus incursions into disease free areas.
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Adebowale OO, Adeyemo FA, Bankole N, Olasoju M, Adesokan HK, Fasanmi O, Adeyemo O, Awoyomi O, Kehinde O, Fasina FO. Farmers' Perceptions and Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Abuse in Commercial Pig Production, Ogun State, Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3579. [PMID: 32443741 PMCID: PMC7277550 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans has been linked to non-judicious antimicrobial use (AMU) in food animals. To develop antimicrobial stewardship plans (AMSPs) for pig farmers, there is the need to understand the current status of AMU and the driving factors in the industry. Data on AMU, farmers' perceptions of associated drivers, and biosecurity were collected through a mixed-method study design with focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaire-based interviews. Antimicrobials (AMs) were mainly used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Common AMs used were tetracycline (78.8%), gentamycin (53.8%), and tylosin (52.5%). Perceived drivers of AMU were linked to economic benefits, farmers' previous experiences, sick animals, expensive veterinary services, easy accessibility to over-the-counter drugs, poor farm practices, and poor disease prevention strategies. AMU was poor (average 40.2%), while knowledge on AMs and implications for animal and human health was considered averagely satisfactory (56.4%). The biosecurity level was also satisfactory (53.0%) and significantly associated with having a written farm health plan (p = 0.035). Good AMU was found to be strongly associated with farmers' use of veterinary services (p = 0.001). Diverse factors drive antimicrobial use among pig farmers in Ogun State, and these could be addressed by providing continuing education on antimicrobial stewardship and best farm practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria; (F.A.A.); (M.O.); (O.A.); (O.K.)
| | - Folashade Adefunke Adeyemo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria; (F.A.A.); (M.O.); (O.A.); (O.K.)
| | - Noah Bankole
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Mary Olasoju
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria; (F.A.A.); (M.O.); (O.A.); (O.K.)
| | - Hezekiah Kehinde Adesokan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Oyo State, Nigeria; (H.K.A.); (O.A.)
| | - Olubunmi Fasanmi
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, PMB 5029, Ibadan 200262, Oyo State, Nigeria;
| | - Olanike Adeyemo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Oyo State, Nigeria; (H.K.A.); (O.A.)
| | - Olajoju Awoyomi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria; (F.A.A.); (M.O.); (O.A.); (O.K.)
| | - Olugbenga Kehinde
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria; (F.A.A.); (M.O.); (O.A.); (O.K.)
| | - Folorunso Oludayo Fasina
- ECTAD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania;
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
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Gnazzo V, Quattrocchi V, Soria I, Pereyra E, Langellotti C, Pedemonte A, Lopez V, Marangunich L, Zamorano P. Mouse model as an efficacy test for foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2507-2520. [PMID: 32320534 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has been linked to the development of a humoral response. In Argentina, the official control tests for assessing the potency of FMD vaccines are protection against podal generalization (PPG) and expected percentage of protection (EPP) curves built with quantitative data of antibodies determined by liquid-phase blocking ELISA (lpELISA). The results of these tests are used to accept or discard vaccines at the batch level. In this report, a mouse model was assessed as an alternative efficacy control for FMDV vaccines. To this aim, groups of cattle (n = 18) and BALB/c mice (n = 16) were inoculated with commercial FMDV vaccines and bleedings were performed 60 days post vaccination (dpv) in cattle and 21 dpv in mice. Specific FMDV antibody titres were measured in both species by a standardized lpELISA. A statistically significant association between antibody levels in cattle and mice has already been demonstrated. However, some vaccines have been misclassified since they were considered protective based on lpELISA results but did not induce good protection in cattle upon challenge. For this reason, other immunological parameters were evaluated to improve the prediction of protection in mice, without the need of using infective virus. In addition, antibody titres by lpELISA, the IgG2b/IgG1 isotype ratio and the Avidity Index were identified as good predictors, resulting in an optimal predictive model of protection. This mouse model could be a simple and economic alternative for testing FMD vaccines since the disadvantages of high costs and facility requirements associated with the use of large animals are overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gnazzo
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y Los Reseros, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Quattrocchi
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y Los Reseros, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ivana Soria
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y Los Reseros, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Erica Pereyra
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y Los Reseros, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Langellotti
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y Los Reseros, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Pedemonte
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y Los Reseros, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginia Lopez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y Los Reseros, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Marangunich
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y Los Reseros, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Zamorano
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y Los Reseros, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mansilla FC, Turco CS, Miraglia MC, Bessone FA, Franco R, Pérez-Filgueira M, Sala JM, Capozzo AV. The role of viral particle integrity in the serological assessment of foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine-induced immunity in swine. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232782. [PMID: 32369529 PMCID: PMC7199947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) inactivated vaccines is mainly dependent on the integrity of the whole (146S) viral particles. If the intact capsids disassemble to 12S subunits, antibodies against internal-not protective epitopes, may be induced. Serological correlates with protection may be hampered if antibodies against internal epitopes are measured. Here we compared the performance of different ELISAs with the virus-neutralization test (VNT) that measures antibodies against exposed epitopes. Sera from pigs immunized with one dose of an expired commercial FMDV vaccine were used. This vaccine contained about 50% of O1/Campos and over 90% of A24/Cruzeiro strains total antigen as whole 146S particles. Specific-total antibodies were measured with the standard liquid-phase blocking ELISA (LPBE). We also developed an indirect ELISA (IE) using sucrose gradient purified 146S particles as capture antigen to titrate total antibodies, IgM, IgG1 and IgG2. A good correlation was found between VNT titers and IgG-ELISAs for A24/Cruzeiro, with the lowest correlation coefficient estimated for IgG2 titers. For O1/Campos, however, the presence of antibodies against epitopes different from those of the whole capsid, elicited by the presence of 12S particles in the vaccine, hampered the correlation between LPBE and VNT, which was improved by using purified O1/Campos 146S-particles for the liquid-phase of the LPBE. Interestingly, 146S particles but not 12S were efficiently bound to the ELISA plates, confirming the efficiency of the IE to detect antibodies against exposed epitopes. Our results indicate that any serological test assessing total antibodies or IgG1 against epitopes exposed in intact 146S-particles correlate with the levels of serum neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated pigs, and might potentially replace the VNT, upon validation. We recommend that antigen used for serological assays aimed to measure protective antibodies against FMDV should be controlled to ensure the preservation of 146S viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Celeste Mansilla
- IVIT, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Soledad Turco
- IVIT, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cruz Miraglia
- IVIT, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Raúl Franco
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria "Marcos Juárez", INTA, Marcos Juarez, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariano Pérez-Filgueira
- IVIT, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Sala
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria "Mercedes", INTA, Merdeces, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Victoria Capozzo
- IVIT, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Stenfeldt C, Arzt J. The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:E167. [PMID: 32121072 PMCID: PMC7157498 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of a prolonged, subclinical phase of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in cattle was first recognized in the 1950s. Since then, the FMDV carrier state has been a subject of controversy amongst scientists and policymakers. A fundamental conundrum remains in the discordance between the detection of infectious FMDV in carriers and the apparent lack of contagiousness to in-contact animals. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the causal mechanisms of persistent FMDV infection, there are still critical knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in order to elucidate, predict, prevent, and model the risks associated with the carrier state. This is further complicated by the occurrence of a distinct form of neoteric subclinical infection, which is indistinguishable from the carrier state in field scenarios, but may have substantially different epidemiological properties. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the FMDV carrier state and identifies specific areas of research in need of further attention. Findings from experimental investigations of FMDV pathogenesis are discussed in relation to experience gained from field studies of foot-and-mouth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA
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Forth LF, Höper D, Beer M, Eschbaumer M. High-Resolution Composition Analysis of an Inactivated Polyvalent Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010063. [PMID: 31963122 PMCID: PMC7168581 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate vaccine selection is crucial in the control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Vaccination can prevent clinical disease and reduces viral shedding, but there is a lack of cross-protection between the seven serotypes and their sublineages, making the selection of an adequately protective vaccine difficult. Since the exact composition of their vaccines is not consistently disclosed by all manufacturers, incompatibility of the strains used for vaccination with regionally circulating strains can cause vaccination campaigns to fail. Here, we present a deep sequencing approach for polyvalent inactivated FMD vaccines that can identify all component strains by their genome sequences. The genomes of all strains of a commercial pentavalent FMD vaccine were de novo assembled and the vaccine composition determined semi-quantitatively. The genome assembly required high stringency parameters to prevent misassemblies caused by conserved regions of the genome shared by related strains. In contrast, reference-guided assembly is only recommended in cases where the number of strains is previously known and appropriate reference sequences are available. The presented approach can be applied not only to any inactivated whole-virus FMD vaccine but also to vaccine quality testing in general and allows for better decision-making for vaccines with an unknown composition.
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Stenfeldt C, Pacheco JM, Singanallur NB, Vosloo W, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Virulence beneath the fleece; a tale of foot-and-mouth disease virus pathogenesis in sheep. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227061. [PMID: 31891626 PMCID: PMC6938329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is capable of infecting all cloven-hoofed domestic livestock species, including cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep. However, in contrast to cattle and pigs, the pathogenesis of FMDV in small ruminants has been incompletely elucidated. The objective of the current investigation was to characterize tissue- and cellular tropism of early and late stages of FMDV infection in sheep following three different routes of simulated natural virus exposure. Extensive post-mortem harvest of tissue samples at pre-determined time points during early infection (24 and 48 hours post infection) demonstrated that tissues specifically susceptible to primary FMDV infection included the paraepiglottic- and palatine tonsils, as well as the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Additionally, experimental aerosol inoculation of sheep led to substantial virus replication in the lungs at 24-48 hours post-inoculation. During persistent infection (35 days post infection), the paraepiglottic- and palatine tonsils were the only tissues from which infectious FMDV was recovered. This is strikingly different from cattle, in which persistent FMDV infection has consistently been located to the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Analysis of tissue sections by immunomicroscopy revealed a strict epithelial tropism during both early and late phases of infection as FMDV was consistently localized to cytokeratin-expressing epithelial cells. This study expands upon previous knowledge of FMDV pathogenesis in sheep by providing detailed information on the temporo-anatomic distribution of FMDV in ovine tissues. Findings are discussed in relation to similar investigations previously performed in cattle and pigs, highlighting similarities and differences in FMDV pathogenesis across natural host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Juan M. Pacheco
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
| | | | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cell culture propagation of foot-and-mouth disease virus: adaptive amino acid substitutions in structural proteins and their functional implications. Virus Genes 2019; 56:1-15. [PMID: 31776851 PMCID: PMC6957568 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is endemic in livestock in large parts of Africa and Asia, where it is an important driver of food insecurity and a major obstacle to agricultural development and the international trade in animal products. Virtually all commercially available vaccines are inactivated whole-virus vaccines produced in cell culture, but the adaptation of a field isolate of the virus to growth in culture is laborious and time-consuming. This is of particular concern for the development of vaccines to newly emerging virus lineages, where long lead times from virus isolate to vaccine can delay the implementation of effective control programs. High antigen yields in production cells are also necessary to make vaccines affordable for less developed countries in endemic areas. Therefore, a rational approach to cell culture adaptation that combines prior knowledge of common adaptive mutations and reverse genetics techniques is urgently required. This review provides an overview of amino acid exchanges in the viral capsid proteins in the context of adaptation to cell culture.
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Duchatel F, Bronsvoort BMDC, Lycett S. Phylogeographic Analysis and Identification of Factors Impacting the Diffusion of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Africa. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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41
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Mwiine FN, Velazquez-Salinas L, Ahmed Z, Ochwo S, Munsey A, Kenney M, Lutwama JJ, Maree FF, Lobel L, Perez AM, Rodriguez LL, VanderWaal K, Rieder E. Serological and phylogenetic characterization of foot and mouth disease viruses from Uganda during cross-sectional surveillance study in cattle between 2014 and 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2011-2024. [PMID: 31127983 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the results of a cross-sectional study designed to monitor the circulation and genetic diversity of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) in Uganda between 2014 and 2017. In this study, 13,614 sera and 2,068 oral-pharyngeal fluid samples were collected from cattle and analysed to determine FMDV seroprevalence, circulating serotypes and their phylogenetic relationships. Circulation of FMDV was evidenced by the detection of antibodies against non-structural proteins of FMDV or viral isolations in all districts sampled in Uganda. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of FMDV serotypes A, O, SAT 1 and SAT 2. FMDVs belonging to serotype O, isolated from 21 districts, were the most prevalent and were classified into six lineages within two East African topotypes, namely EA-1 and EA-2. Serotype A viruses belonging to the Africa G-I topotype were isolated from two districts. SAT 1 viruses grouped within topotypes I and IV and SAT 2 viruses within topotypes VII, IV and X were isolated from six and four districts respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of SAT 1 and SAT 2 sequences from cattle clustered with historical sequences from African buffalo, indicating possible interspecies transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface. In some cases, Uganda viruses also shared similarities to viral strains recovered from other regions in East Africa. This 3-year study period provides knowledge about the geographical distribution of FMDV serotypes isolated in Uganda and insights into the genetic diversity of the multiple serotypes circulating in the country. Knowledge of circulating FMDV viruses will assist in antigenic matching studies to devise improved FMDV control strategies with vaccination and vaccine strain selection for Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Norbert Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anna Munsey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Mary Kenney
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
| | - Julius J Lutwama
- Department of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Francois F Maree
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Leslie Lobel
- Department of Virology and Developmental Genetics, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Andres M Perez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
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Poly (rC) binding protein 2 interacts with VP0 and increases the replication of the foot-and-mouth disease virus. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:516. [PMID: 31273191 PMCID: PMC6609712 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious and debilitating disease in cloven-hoofed animals, which leads to devastating economic consequences. Previous studies have reported that some FMDV proteins can interact with host proteins to affect FMDV replication. However, the influence of the interactions between FMDV VP0 protein and its partners on FMDV replication remains unknown. In this study, we found that the overexpression of poly (rC) binding protein 2 (PCBP2) promoted FMDV replication, whereas the knockdown of PCBP2 suppressed FMDV replication. Furthermore, PCBP2 can interact with FMDV VP0 protein to promote the degradation of VISA via the apoptotic pathway. Further studies demonstrated that FMDV VP0 protein enhanced the formation of the PCBP2-VISA complex. Ultimately, we found that the degradation of VISA was weaker in PCBP2-knockdown and FMDV VP0-overexpressing cells, or FMDV VP0-knockdown cells than in the control cells. Summarily, our data revealed that the interaction between PCBP2 and VP0 could promote FMDV replication via the apoptotic pathway.
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43
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Bai XW, Bao HF, Li PH, Ma XQ, Sun P, Bai QF, Zhang M, Yuan H, Chen DD, Li K, Chen YL, Cao YM, Fu YF, Zhang J, Li D, Lu ZJ, Liu ZX, Luo JX. Engineering Responses to Amino Acid Substitutions in the VP0- and VP3-Coding Regions of PanAsia-1 Strains of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O. J Virol 2019; 93:e02278-18. [PMID: 30700601 PMCID: PMC6430551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02278-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of sequence divergence through adaptive mutations in the major capsid protein VP1, and also in VP0 (VP4 and VP2) and VP3, of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is relevant to a broad range of viral characteristics. To explore the potential role of isolate-specific residues in the VP0 and VP3 coding regions of PanAsia-1 strains in genetic and phenotypic properties of FMDV, a series of recombinant full-length genomic clones were constructed using Cathay topotype infectious cDNA as the original backbone. The deleterious and compensatory effects of individual amino acid substitutions at positions 4008 and 3060 and in several different domains of VP2 illustrated that the chain-based spatial interaction patterns of VP1, VP2, and VP3 (VP1-3), as well as between the internal VP4 and the three external capsid proteins of FMDV, might contribute to the assembly of eventually viable viruses. The Y2079H site-directed mutants dramatically induced a decrease in plaque size on BHK-21 cells and viral pathogenicity in suckling mice. Remarkably, the 2079H-encoding viruses displayed a moderate increase in acid sensitivity correlated with NH4Cl resistance compared to the Y2079-encoding viruses. Interestingly, none of all the 16 rescued viruses were able to infect heparan sulfate-expressing CHO-K1 cells. However, viral infection in BHK-21 cells was facilitated by utilizing non-integrin-dependent, heparin-sensitive receptor(s) and replacements of four uncharged amino acids at position 3174 in VP3 of FMDV had no apparent influence on heparin affinity. These results provide particular insights into the correlation of evolutionary biology with genetic diversity in adapting populations of FMDV.IMPORTANCE The sequence variation within the capsid proteins occurs frequently in the infection of susceptible tissue cultures, reflecting the high levels of genetic diversity of FMDV. A systematic study for the functional significance of isolate-specific residues in VP0 and VP3 of FMDV PanAsia-1 strains suggested that the interaction of amino acid side chains between the N terminus of VP4 and several potential domains of VP1-3 had cascading effects on the viability and developmental characteristics of progeny viruses. Y2079H in VP0 of the indicated FMDVs could affect plaque size and pathogenicity, as well as acid sensitivity correlated with NH4Cl resistance, whereas there was no inevitable correlation in viral plaque and acid-sensitive phenotypes. The high affinity of non-integrin-dependent FMDVs for heparin might be explained by the differences in structures of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the surfaces of different cell lines. These results may contribute to our understanding of the distinct phenotypic properties of FMDV in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hui-Fang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ping-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue-Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qi-Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dong-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ying-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yi-Mei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zeng-Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zai-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jian-Xun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Bai M, Dong H, Su X, Jin Y, Sun S, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Guo H. Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles as delivery vehicle of foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles induce persistent immune responses in guinea pigs. J Med Virol 2019; 91:941-948. [PMID: 30701562 PMCID: PMC6594029 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is an acute and febrile infectious disease, which can cause great economic losses. Virus‐like particles (VLPs) as an advantageous antigen can induce significant specific immune response. To improve immunity of VLPs, especially, make it induce persistent immune response, the hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs) as a potential nano‐adjuvant were synthesized and loaded the FMD virus (FMDV) VLPs. They were injected into guinea pigs and the specific immune response was detected. The results confirmed that HMSNs/VLPs can induce persistent humoral immunity with high‐level antibody titer for more than three months. HMSNs also improve the T‐lymphocyte proliferation and IFN‐γ induced by FMDV VLPs, and provides the ideal protection against FMDV challenge. These consequences indicated that HMSNs were good protein delivery vehicle and potential nano‐adjuvant of vaccines. We synthesized Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs), as a delivery vehicle, are ideal candidate and have many unique structural features, including relatively larger surface areas, and controlled release capability, especially, good biocompatibility compared to golden nanoparticles as adjuvant. VLPs are composed of one or more structural proteins of virus, and without viral genetic material. As a new type of safe vaccine, FMDV VLPs can induce excellent immune response as traditional vaccines. To improve specific and persistent immune responses of FMDV VLPs, It is first time that HMSN was used as delivery of FMDV VLPs. The results confirmed that HMSNs can improve specific and persistent immune responses of FMDV VLPs, as new generation adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Xin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China.,School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Yingpeng Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yunshang Yang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
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Al-Hosary AA, Kandeil A, El-Taweel AN, Nordengrahn A, Merza M, Badra R, Kayali G, Ali MA. Co-infection with different serotypes of FMDV in vaccinated cattle in Southern Egypt. Virus Genes 2019; 55:304-313. [PMID: 30771081 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During 2015-2016 period, an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was observed in cattle in four governorates of the upper of Egypt. The infection was extended to the vaccinated cattle. A total of 54 mouth swabs and serum samples were collected from vaccinated cattle for serological and virological investigation. The typical clinical signs of FMDV infection were observed in all cattle under investigation. All samples were positive for FMDV using molecular methods, while the serological method showed 85% positive of tested samples. Typing of FMDV-positive samples using serotype-specific primers showed that 51.8% of samples were serotype O, 9.2% were serotype A, and 18.5% were SAT 2. Surprisingly, co-infections of serotypes A/SAT 2 (12.9%) and O/SAT 2 (7.4%) were also detected. By geographical location, the 3 serotypes A, O, and SAT2 were detected in all four governorates. The phylogenetic assessment of the detected viruses showed that two distinct groups of FMDV serotype O of East Africa-3 (EA-3) topotype were most closely related to circulating viruses in Sudan, as well as FMDV strains belonging to the topotype VII of serotype SAT 2. The detected SAT 2 strains clustered in separate clades in topotype VII, indicating new incursions. The VP1 signatures and protein sequences of some characterized viruses were analyzed. Multiple mutations were detected in VP1. Therefore, to enhance the control of FMD in Egypt, we recommend establishing an active surveillance system to characterize newly emerging virus strains/serotypes and subsequently updating vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Adel Al-Hosary
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Po. Box 71526, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Nageh El-Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ann Nordengrahn
- Boehringer Ingelheim Svanova, Uppsala Business Park, Po. Box 1545, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malik Merza
- Boehringer Ingelheim Svanova, Uppsala Business Park, Po. Box 1545, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Human Link, Hazmieh, Lebanon.
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
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Pfaff F, Hägglund S, Zoli M, Blaise-Boisseau S, Laloy E, Koethe S, Zühlke D, Riedel K, Zientara S, Bakkali-Kassimi L, Valarcher JF, Höper D, Beer M, Eschbaumer M. Proteogenomics Uncovers Critical Elements of Host Response in Bovine Soft Palate Epithelial Cells Following In Vitro Infection with Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:E53. [PMID: 30642035 PMCID: PMC6356718 DOI: 10.3390/v11010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is the most devastating disease of cloven-hoofed livestock, with a crippling economic burden in endemic areas and immense costs associated with outbreaks in free countries. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a picornavirus, will spread rapidly in naïve populations, reaching morbidity rates of up to 100% in cattle. Even after recovery, over 50% of cattle remain subclinically infected and infectious virus can be recovered from the nasopharynx. The pathogen and host factors that contribute to FMDV persistence are currently not understood. Using for the first time primary bovine soft palate multilayers in combination with proteogenomics, we analyzed the transcriptional responses during acute and persistent FMDV infection. During the acute phase viral RNA and protein was detectable in large quantities and in response hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) were overexpressed, mediating antiviral activity and apoptosis. Although the number of pro-apoptotic ISGs and the extent of their regulation decreased during persistence, some ISGs with antiviral activity were still highly expressed at that stage. This indicates a long-lasting but ultimately ineffective stimulation of ISGs during FMDV persistence. Furthermore, downregulation of relevant genes suggests an interference with the extracellular matrix that may contribute to the skewed virus-host equilibrium in soft palate epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host-pathogen interaction group, Division of Ruminant Medicine, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Martina Zoli
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Sandra Blaise-Boisseau
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, UMR 1161 virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Eve Laloy
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, UMR 1161 virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- Biopôle EnvA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Susanne Koethe
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Daniela Zühlke
- Institute of Microbiology, Department for Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, Department for Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Stephan Zientara
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, UMR 1161 virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Labib Bakkali-Kassimi
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, UMR 1161 virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Jean-François Valarcher
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host-pathogen interaction group, Division of Ruminant Medicine, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
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Development of a New RT-PCR with Multiple Primers for Detecting Southern African Territories Foot-and-mouth Disease Viruses. J Vet Res 2018; 62:431-437. [PMID: 30729199 PMCID: PMC6364153 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The extremely high genetic variation and the continuously emerging variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of Southern African Territory (SAT) serotypes including SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3 make it necessary to develop a new RT-PCR for general use for monitoring viruses based on the updated genome information. Material and Methods A FMDV SAT-D8 one-step RT-PCR was established based on the 1D2A2B genes of the SAT serotype viruses with a multiplex primer set. FMDV A, O, C, and Asia 1 serotypes, other vesicular disease viruses, inactivated SAT viruses, and 125 bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine tissue samples collected from the Chinese mainland were included for evaluating the assay. Results The new RT-PCR was proven to be specific without cross-reactions with Eurasian FMDV, swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), Seneca valley virus (SVV), or other common viral pathogens of cattle, sheep, goat, and pig. An around 257 bp-sized amplicon clearly appeared when the inactivated SAT viruses were detected. However, all 125 samples collected from FMDV-susceptible animals from the Chinese mainland which has not known SAT epidemics showed negative results. Conclusions A FMDV SAT-D8 one-step RT-PCR is a promising method for primary screening for FMDV SAT serotypes.
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Contact Challenge of Cattle with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Validates the Role of the Nasopharyngeal Epithelium as the Site of Primary and Persistent Infection. mSphere 2018; 3:3/6/e00493-18. [PMID: 30541776 PMCID: PMC6291620 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00493-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important livestock pathogen that is often described as the greatest constraint to global trade in animal products. The present study utilized a standardized pig-to-cow contact exposure model to demonstrate that FMDV infection of cattle initiates in the nasopharyngeal mucosa following natural virus exposure. Furthermore, this work confirmed the role of the bovine nasopharyngeal mucosa as the site of persistent FMDV infection in vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle. The critical output of this study validates previous studies that have used simulated natural inoculation models to characterize FMDV pathogenesis in cattle and emphasizes the importance of continued research of the unique virus-host interactions that occur within the bovine nasopharynx. Specifically, vaccines and biotherapeutic countermeasures designed to prevent nasopharyngeal infection of vaccinated animals could contribute to substantially improved control of FMDV. The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in cattle was investigated through early and late stages of infection by use of an optimized experimental model for controlled contact exposure. Time-limited exposure of cattle to FMDV-infected pigs led to primary FMDV infection of the nasopharyngeal mucosa in both vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle. In nonvaccinated cattle, the infection generalized rapidly to cause clinical disease, without apparent virus amplification in the lungs prior to establishment of viremia. Vaccinated cattle were protected against clinical disease and viremia; however, all vaccinated cattle were subclinically infected, and persistent infection occurred at similarly high prevalences in both animal cohorts. Infection dynamics in cattle were consistent and synchronous and comparable to those of simulated natural and needle inoculation systems. However, the current experimental model utilizes a natural route of virus exposure and is therefore superior for investigations of disease pathogenesis and host response. Deep sequencing of viruses obtained during early infection of pigs and cattle indicated that virus populations sampled from sites of primary infection were markedly more diverse than viruses from vesicular lesions of cattle, suggesting the occurrence of substantial bottlenecks associated with vesicle formation. These data expand previous knowledge of FMDV pathogenesis in cattle and provide novel insights for validation of inoculation models of bovine FMD studies. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important livestock pathogen that is often described as the greatest constraint to global trade in animal products. The present study utilized a standardized pig-to-cow contact exposure model to demonstrate that FMDV infection of cattle initiates in the nasopharyngeal mucosa following natural virus exposure. Furthermore, this work confirmed the role of the bovine nasopharyngeal mucosa as the site of persistent FMDV infection in vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle. The critical output of this study validates previous studies that have used simulated natural inoculation models to characterize FMDV pathogenesis in cattle and emphasizes the importance of continued research of the unique virus-host interactions that occur within the bovine nasopharynx. Specifically, vaccines and biotherapeutic countermeasures designed to prevent nasopharyngeal infection of vaccinated animals could contribute to substantially improved control of FMDV.
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Yano T, Premashthira S, Dejyong T, Tangtrongsup S, Salman MD. The Effectiveness of a Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak Control Programme in Thailand 2008⁻2015: Case Studies and Lessons Learned. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5040101. [PMID: 30563300 PMCID: PMC6313864 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreaks in northern Thailand that occurred during the implementation of the national FMD strategic plan in 2008⁻2015 are described to illustrate the lessons learned and to improve the prevention and control of future outbreaks. In 2008, during a FMD outbreak on a dairy farm, milk delivery was banned for 30 days. This was a part of movement management, a key strategy for FMD control in dairy farms in the area. In 2009, more than half the animals on a pig farm were affected by FMD. Animal quarantine and restricted animal movement played a key role in preventing the spread of FMD. In 2010, FMD infection was reported in a captive elephant. The suspected source of virus was a FMD-infected cow on the same premises. The infected elephant was moved to an elephant hospital that was located in a different province before the diagnosis was confirmed. FMD education was given to elephant veterinarians to promote FMD prevention and control strategies in this unique species. These three cases illustrate how differences in outbreak circumstances and species require the implementation of a variety of different FMD control and prevention measures. Control measures and responses should be customized in different outbreak situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terdsak Yano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
| | | | - Tosapol Dejyong
- Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | | | - Mo D Salman
- Animal Population Health Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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A review of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) testing in livestock with an emphasis on the use of alternative diagnostic specimens. Anim Health Res Rev 2018; 19:100-112. [DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains an important pathogen of livestock more than 120 years after it was identified, with annual costs from production losses and vaccination estimated at €5.3–€17 billion (US$6.5–US$21 billion) in FMDV-endemic areas. Control and eradication are difficult because FMDV is highly contagious, genetically and antigenically diverse, infectious for a wide variety of species, able to establish subclinical carriers in ruminants, and widely geographically distributed. For early detection, sustained control, or eradication, sensitive and specific FMDV surveillance procedures compatible with high through-put testing platforms are required. At present, surveillance relies on the detection of FMDV-specific antibody or virus, most commonly in individual animal serum, vesicular fluid, or epithelial specimens. However, FMDV or antibody are also detectable in other body secretions and specimens, e.g., buccal and nasal secretions, respiratory exhalations (aerosols), mammary secretions, urine, feces, and environmental samples. These alternative specimens offer non-invasive diagnostic alternatives to individual animal sampling and the potential for more efficient, responsive, and cost-effective surveillance. Herein we review FMDV testing methods for contemporary and alternative diagnostic specimens and their application to FMDV surveillance in livestock (cattle, swine, sheep, and goats).
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