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Aggarwal R, Sharma M, Singh U, Poulton K, Bhatia T, Mangat N, Kakkar N, Bansal D. Understanding the killer-cell immunoglobulin like receptor polymorphism in retinoblastoma. Ophthalmic Genet 2023; 44:1-5. [PMID: 36594723 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2163404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The KIR receptors present on the natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role by exercising cytotoxicity to eliminate tumor cells. Both KIR and class-I HLA molecules exhibit extensive polymorphism. Although RB1 inactivation triggers the initiation of retinoblastoma; however additional immune alterations trigger tumor development. The aim was to explore the KIR/HLA polymorphism and its role in the pathogenesis of retinoblastoma. METHODS Patients with unilateral, non-familial retinoblastoma were enrolled as cases. Healthy individuals matched for ethnicity were enrolled as controls. KIR genotyping was performed by sequence-specific primer assay. The investigated KIR genes included: inhibitory (2DL1, 2DL2, 2DL3, 2DL4, 2DL5A, 2DL5B), activating (2DS1, 2DS2, 2DS3, 2DS4*FUL, 2DS4*DEL, 2DS5, 3DL1, 3DL2, 3DL3, 3DS1) and pseudogenes (2DP1, 3DP1*FUL, 3DP1*DEL). In addition, HLA ligands were investigated by sequence-specific oligonucleotide assay for HLA-A, B, and C locus. RESULTS KIR genotyping was performed in 48 cases and 107 controls. The mean age of cases was 2.9 ± 2.2 years (range: 0.25-10). Among the 19 KIR genes, the frequency of KIR2DS4*FUL (p = 0.0019) and 2DS5 (p = 0.0095) was increased among cases. HLA ligands were investigated in 25 cases and 50 controls. The frequency of HLA ligands (C1/C2, Bw4, A3/A11) was similar among cases and controls. However, the KIR/HLA combination frequency for KIR3DS1/HLA-Bw4 was decreased in cases (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION It is the pioneer study to report the association of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors in retinoblastoma. KIR2DS4*FUL and KIR2DS5 had a susceptible, and KIR3DS1/HLA-BW4 had a protective role in retinoblastoma. The results will aid in exploring the therapeutic potential of NK cell-based therapy for retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Aggarwal
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhulika Sharma
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Usha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kay Poulton
- Transplantation Laboratory, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - Tanvi Bhatia
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navdeep Mangat
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nandita Kakkar
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak Bansal
- Hematology-Oncology unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Vollmers S, Lobermeyer A, Körner C. The New Kid on the Block: HLA-C, a Key Regulator of Natural Killer Cells in Viral Immunity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113108. [PMID: 34831331 PMCID: PMC8620871 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is a cluster of highly polymorphic genes essential for the proper function of the immune system, and it has been associated with a wide range of diseases. HLA class I molecules present intracellular host- and pathogen-derived peptides to effector cells of the immune system, inducing immune tolerance in healthy conditions or triggering effective immune responses in pathological situations. HLA-C is the most recently evolved HLA class I molecule, only present in humans and great apes. Differentiating from its older siblings, HLA-A and HLA-B, HLA-C exhibits distinctive features in its expression and interaction partners. HLA-C serves as a natural ligand for multiple members of the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family, which are predominately expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are crucial for the early control of viral infections and accumulating evidence indicates that interactions between HLA-C and its respective KIR receptors determine the outcome and progression of viral infections. In this review, we focus on the unique role of HLA-C in regulating NK cell functions and its consequences in the setting of viral infections.
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Legaz I, Bolarín JM, Navarro E, Campillo JA, Moya R, Pérez-Cárceles MD, Luna A, Osuna E, Miras M, Muro M, Minguela A, Alvarez López R. KIR2DL2/S2 and KIR2DS5 in alcoholic cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:764-774. [PMID: 34025847 PMCID: PMC8130473 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.84410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The molecular mechanisms underlying alcoholic liver fibrosis and cirrhosis are not completely understood. Hepatic fibrosis involves the interplay of diverse cells and factors, including hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), Kupffer, NK cells, and T-lymphocyte subsets. Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are membrane receptors involved in mediation between NK and activated HSCs, regulating NK cell function through their interaction with HLA-I molecules. The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic association between KIR genes and the susceptibility to or protection from alcoholic cirrhosis (AC) in a cohort of male AC patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT) with and without concomitant viral infections. MATERIAL AND METHODS KIR genotyping was performed in nuclear DNA extracted from 281 AC patients and compared with 319 male controls. RESULTS Significant differences between total AC patients and healthy controls were only found in the case of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS5. KIR2DL2 was significantly underrepresented in non-viral AC patients (52.6% vs. 63.3%; p = 0.015), while patients heterozygous for KIR2DL2 were also underrepresented in the non-viral AC group compared with controls (p = 0.034). KIR2DS5 was overrepresented in this group compared with healthy controls (p = 0.002). All these observations were only evident in AC patients older than 54 years old. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a contrary effect of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS5 in AC patients older than 54 years, in whom the presence of KIR2DL2 appears to be protective against AC, whereas the presence of KIR2DS5 seems to promote the fibrotic process, particularly in patients with no associated viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Legaz
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Research Institute on Ageing, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Bolarín
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Navarro
- Digestive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Campillo
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosa Moya
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Pérez-Cárceles
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Research Institute on Ageing, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Aurelio Luna
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Osuna
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Research Institute on Ageing, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Miras
- Digestive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocio Alvarez López
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
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Ren GF, Zhu L, Zhuang YL, Liu YX, Huang J, Wang H, Wang Q. Association of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Genotypes and Haplotypes in Dry Eye Disease Patients Treated with Restasis and Systane. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 29:877-882. [PMID: 31906768 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1698751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: whether the Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genotypes and haplotypes are associated with the improvement in dry eye disease (DED) patients treated with Restasis and Systane (RS) remain unclear.Methods: Polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) was used to analyze KIR genes in a Chinese Han population of 198 severe DED patients treated with RS.Results: The higher frequencies of KIR genotype M, AF, AJ and haplotype 2 and 8 (P = .001, P = .03, P = .004, P = .000 and P = .023, respectively) and the lower frequencies of genotype AG and haplotype 1 (P = .000 and P = .000, respectively) were observed in complete responders (CR) than those in null or partial responders (NPR) of DED patients treated by RS.Conclusions: The patients with KIR genotype M, AF and AJ might be of advantage to therapy with RS, which are useful for improving novel personalized precise therapy strategy in DED patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fang Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 4th People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Quality Control Department, Doying Central Blood Station, Dongying, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Long Zhuang
- Quality Control Department, Blood Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Xia Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 4th People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 4th People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 4th People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 4th People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
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Pretreatment of Glioblastoma with Bortezomib Potentiates Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity through TRAIL/DR5 Mediated Apoptosis and Prolongs Animal Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070996. [PMID: 31319548 PMCID: PMC6678126 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Natural killer (NK) cells are potential effectors in anti-cancer immunotherapy; however only a subset potently kills cancer cells. Here, we examined whether pretreatment of glioblastoma (GBM) with the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib (BTZ), might sensitize tumour cells to NK cell lysis by inducing stress antigens recognized by NK-activating receptors. Methods: Combination immunotherapy of NK cells with BTZ was studied in vitro against GBM cells and in a GBM-bearing mouse model. Tumour cells were derived from primary GBMs and NK cells from donors or patients. Flow cytometry was used for viability/cytotoxicity evaluation as well as in vitro and ex vivo phenotyping. We performed a Seahorse assay to assess oxygen consumption rates and mitochondrial function, Luminex ELISA to determine NK cell secretion, protein chemistry and LC-MS/MS to detect BTZ in brain tissue. MRI was used to monitor therapeutic efficacy in mice orthotopically implanted with GBM spheroids. Results: NK cells released IFNγ, perforin and granzyme A cytolytic granules upon recognition of stress-ligand expressing GBM cells, disrupted mitochondrial function and killed 24-46% of cells by apoptosis. Pretreatment with BTZ further increased stress-ligands, induced TRAIL-R2 expression and enhanced GBM lysis to 33-76% through augmented IFNγ release (p < 0.05). Blocking NKG2D, TRAIL and TRAIL-R2 rescued GBM cells treated with BTZ from NK cells, p = 0.01. Adoptively transferred autologous NK-cells persisted in vivo (p < 0.05), diminished tumour proliferation and prolonged survival alone (Log Rank10.19, p = 0.0014, 95%CI 0.252-0.523) or when combined with BTZ (Log Rank5.25, p = 0.0219, 95%CI 0.295-0.408), or either compared to vehicle controls (median 98 vs. 68 days and 80 vs. 68 days, respectively). BTZ crossed the blood-brain barrier, attenuated proteasomal activity in vivo (p < 0.0001; p < 0.01 compared to vehicle control or NK cells only, respectively) and diminished tumour angiogenesis to promote survival compared to vehicle-treated controls (Log Rank6.57, p = 0.0104, 95%CI 0.284-0.424, median 83 vs. 68 days). However, NK ablation with anti-asialo-GM1 abrogated the therapeutic efficacy. Conclusions: NK cells alone or in combination with BTZ inhibit tumour growth, but the scheduling of BTZ in vivo requires further investigation to maximize its contribution to the efficacy of the combination regimen.
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Chinniah R, Vijayan M, Sivanadham R, Ravi P, Panneerselvam D, Kannan A, Karuppiah B. Diversity and association of HLA/KIR receptors with type 2 diabetes in South India. Int J Immunogenet 2019; 46:166-178. [PMID: 30809938 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to delineate the association(s) of KIR-HLA combination in South Indian Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. The T2DM patients (n = 343) and healthy controls (n = 309) were genotyped for KIR/HLA ligands by PCR-SSP method. The increased frequency of activatory KIR (aKIR) 2DS2 (OR = 1.91; p < 2.91 × 10-4 ) was observed in patients suggesting a susceptible association. The frequencies of iKIR 2DL2 (OR = 0.38; p < 1.55 × 10-5 ) and aKIRs 2DS1 (OR = 0.60; p < 0.001) and 3DS1 (OR = 0.52; p < 5.83 × 10-5 ) were decreased in patients suggesting protective associations. The C1/C2 combinatorial analysis has revealed an increased frequency of C1+ /C2- in T2DM patients (OR = 1.62; p < 0.014). The KIR "AB" genotype (OR = 2.41; p < 3.87 × 10-5 ) was observed to be higher in patients. However, the "BB" genotype (OR = 0.32; p < 4.71 × 10-7 ) was increased in controls. The KIR motifs, "Tel-B/B" (OR = 1.84; p < 0.007), were observed higher among patients. However, the frequency of "Tel-A/B" motif genotype was decreased in patients (OR = 0.56; p < 3.13 × 10-4 ). The iKIR/HLA combinations such as 2DL2/3 +C1 and 3DL2+A3/A11 were increased in patients (OR = 3.90; p < 7.5 × 10-5 ) suggesting susceptible associations. On the contrary, the aKIR+HLA combinations such as 2DS2+C1, 2DS1+C2 and 3DS1+Bw4 were less frequent in patients (OR = 0.32; p < 4.2 × 10-4 ) suggesting protective associations. Thus, the present study clearly establishes the positive and negative associations of different KIR-HLA receptor combinations with T2DM in South India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathika Chinniah
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murali Vijayan
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Ramgopal Sivanadham
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Padmamalini Ravi
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Arun Kannan
- Endocrinology and Diabetology, Madurai Institute of Diabetes and Endocrine Practice and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balakrishnan Karuppiah
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Berghella AM, Aureli A, Canossi A, Beato TD, Colanardi A, Pellegrini P. Redox, immune and genetic biomarker system for personalized treatments in colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 11:117-138. [PMID: 30788039 PMCID: PMC6379753 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v11.i2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying biomarkers for the risk of developing degenerative processes linked to aging and colorectal cancer (CRC) onset that could improve clinical strategies.
AIM To determine valid targets and a predictive biomarker’s system of chronicization of inflammation for cancer treatment.
METHODS A group of 147 CRC patients was studied. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically, and patients were sub-typed using the pathological tumor-node-metastasis classification. Thirteen colon adenoma patients and 219 healthy subjects were also studied. A system biology study on Thioredoxin1/CD30 redox-immune systems (Trx1/CD30), T helper cytokines and polymorphisms of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors, FcγRIIa-131H/R and FcγRIIIa-158V/F was carried out. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to analyze sera. Genetic study was executed by polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primers and sequence-based typing method. Statistical analysis was performed by using the “Statgraphics software systems”.
RESULTS We found a positive increase between Trx1/RTrx1 levels and sCD30 level and increased age. With respect to the gender relationships, there were distinct differences. Females showed a primary relationship between transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) with Trx1, whereas males had one with TGFβ and RTrx1. Trx1/CD30 controls the redox immune homeostasis, and an imbalance in the relationship between the Trx1/RTrx1 and sCD30 levels is linked to the onset and progression of tumor. This event happens through different gender-specific cytokine pathways. Our study demonstrated that the serum levels of Trx1/RTrx1, TGFβ/interleukin (IL)6 and TGFβ/IL4 combinations and the sCD30, IFNγ and IL2 combination constitute a predictive gender specific biomarker system. This is relevant for clinical screening to detect the risk of the potential development or progression of a tumor.
CONCLUSION Oxidative stress on Trx1/CD30 is a trigger of cancer disease, and the selected oxidation and immune products are a biomarker system for aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Berghella
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, L’Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Anna Aureli
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, L’Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Angelica Canossi
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, L’Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Tiziana Del Beato
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, L’Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Alessia Colanardi
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, L’Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pellegrini
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, L’Aquila 67100, Italy
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Haspels HN, Rahman MA, Joseph JV, Gras Navarro A, Chekenya M. Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells Are More Susceptible Than Differentiated Cells to Natural Killer Cell Lysis Mediated Through Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors-Human Leukocyte Antigen Ligand Mismatch and Activation Receptor-Ligand Interactions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1345. [PMID: 29967607 PMCID: PMC6015895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain malignancy in adults, where survival is approximately 14.6 months. Novel therapies are urgently needed and immunotherapy has hailed a new dawn for treatment of solid tumors. Natural killer (NK) cells may be amenable therapeutic effectors against heterogeneous GBM, since they also do not require co-stimulation and antigen specificity. However, it is unclear how culture media routinely used in pre-clinical studies affect GBM cell responses to NK-mediated cytotoxicity. We hypothesized that the culture medium would affect GBM cell phenotype, proliferation, and responses to NK cytotoxicity. We investigated in paired analyses n = 6 patient-derived primary GBM cells propagated in stem cell or serum-containing medium for morphology, proliferation, as well as susceptibility to NK cytolysis and related this to expression of surface and intracellular lineage markers, as well as ligands for NK cell activating and inhibitory receptors. We genotyped the GBM cells for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) as well as the killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) of the n = 6 allogeneic NK cells used as effector cells. Culture in serum-containing medium induced a switch in GBM cell morphology from suspension neuropsheres to adherent epithelial-mesenchymal-like phenotypes, which was partially reversible. The differentiated cells diminished expression of nestin, CD133 (prominin-1), and A2B5 putative glioma stem-cell markers, attenuated growth, diminished expression of ligands for activating NK cell receptors, while upregulating class I HLA ligands for NK cell inhibitory receptors. When maintained in serum-containing medium, fewer GBM cells expressed intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and were less susceptible to lysis by NK cells expressing αLβ2 integrin receptor (LFA-1), mediated through combination of inhibitory KIR-HLA ligand mismatch and diminished activation receptor-ligand interactions compared to cells maintained in stem cell media. We conclude that development of preclinical immunotherapy strategies against GBM should not use cells propagated in serum-containing media to avoid misinterpretation of potential therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Martha Chekenya
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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He Y, Bunn PA, Zhou C, Chan D. KIR 2D (L1, L3, L4, S4) and KIR 3DL1 protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82104-82111. [PMID: 27893413 PMCID: PMC5347678 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nature killer (NK) cells are the immune system's first line of defense against both viral infections and tumors. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are associated with susceptibility to different types of cancers. We investigated KIR 2D (L1, L3, L4, S4) and KIR 3DL1 protein expression and their association with survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The expression of KIR 2D (L1, L3, L4, S4) (BC032422/ ADQ31987/ NP_002246/ NP_036446, ABCAM) and KIR 3DL1 (AA 1-444, ABCAM) protein was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 62 NSCLC patients. Results KIR 2D (L1, L3, L4, S4) and KIR 3DL1 were expressed both on NSCLC tumor cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Fourteen samples (22.6%) stained positive for KIR 2D (L1, L3, L4, S4) on the tumor cells, and 10 (16.1%) had positive expression on the TILs. Thirty-three samples (53.2%) stained positive for KIR 3DL1 on the tumor cells, and 31 (50.0%) had positive expression on the TILs. Patients with negative KIR 2D (L1, L3, L4, S4) expression on tumor cells or TILs had longer overall survival (OS) than patients who are KIR 2D (L1, L3, L4, S4) positive on tumor cells (40.70 weeks, 95% CI 24.76-56.65 vs. 7.10 weeks, 95% CI 0.00-19.38, P = 0.014) or TILs (40.70 weeks, 95% CI 24.05-57.35 vs. 3.90 weeks, 95% CI 0.00-9.17, P < 0.001). Likewise, longer OS was significantly correlated with negative expression of KIR 3DL1 on tumor cells (62.30 weeks, 95% CI 0.00-177.37 vs. 13.10 weeks, 95% CI 3.42-22.78, P < 0.001) or TILs (62.30 weeks, 95% CI 0.00-152.05 vs. 12.10 weeks, 95% CI 2.61-21.59, P < 0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that KIR 2D (L1, L3, L4, S4) on TILs was correlated with OS (P = 0.032, Odds Ratio 2.628 95%CI 1.089-6.340). Conclusions KIR 2D (L1, L3, L4, S4) and KIR 3DL1 expression was correlated with poor prognosis in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayi He
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul A Bunn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Chan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Yindom LM, Mendy M, Bodimeade C, Chambion C, Aka P, Whittle HC, Rowland-Jones SL, Walton R. KIR content genotypes associate with carriage of hepatitis B surface antigen, e antigen and HBV viral load in Gambians. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188307. [PMID: 29149205 PMCID: PMC5693433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) causes over 800,000 deaths worldwide annually, mainly in low income countries, and incidence is rising rapidly in the developed world with the spread of hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses. Natural Killer (NK) cells protect against viral infections and tumours by killing abnormal cells recognised by Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR). Thus genes and haplotypes encoding these receptors may be important in determining both outcome of initial hepatitis infection and subsequent chronic liver disease and tumour formation. HBV is highly prevalent in The Gambia and the commonest cause of liver disease. The Gambia Liver Cancer Study was a matched case-control study conducted between September 1997 and January 2001 where cases with liver disease were identified in three tertiary referral hospitals and matched with out-patient controls with no clinical evidence of liver disease. METHODS We typed 15 KIR genes using the polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) in 279 adult Gambians, 136 with liver disease (HCC or Cirrhosis) and 143 matched controls. We investigated effects of KIR genotypes and haplotypes on HBV infection and associations with cirrhosis and HCC. RESULTS Homozygosity for KIR group A gene-content haplotype was associated with HBsAg carriage (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.4-10.0) whilst telomeric A genotype (t-AA) was associated with reduced risk of e antigenaemia (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.0-0.6) and lower viral loads (mean log viral load 5.2 vs. 6.9, pc = 0.022). One novel telomeric B genotype (t-ABx2) containing KIR3DS1 (which is rare in West Africa) was also linked to e antigenaemia (OR 8.8, 95% CI 1.3-60.5). There were no associations with cirrhosis or HCC. CONCLUSION Certain KIR profiles may promote clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen whilst others predispose to e antigen carriage and high viral load. Larger studies are necessary to quantify the effects of individual KIR genes, haplotypes and KIR/HLA combinations on long-term viral carriage and risk of liver cancer. KIR status could potentially inform antiviral therapy and identify those at increased risk of complications for enhanced surveillance.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/complications
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/chemistry
- Female
- Gambia
- Gene Expression
- Genotype
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/genetics
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis B e Antigens/genetics
- Hepatitis B e Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/genetics
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/pathology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/complications
- Liver Cirrhosis/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/complications
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Receptors, KIR/classification
- Receptors, KIR/genetics
- Receptors, KIR/immunology
- Tertiary Care Centers
- Viral Load/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Marie Yindom
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council (UK), Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Maimuna Mendy
- Medical Research Council (UK), Fajara, The Gambia
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Peter Aka
- Medical Research Council (UK), Fajara, The Gambia
- Demographic and Health Surveys, ICF International, Rockville, Maryland United States of America
| | - Hilton C. Whittle
- Medical Research Council (UK), Fajara, The Gambia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Rowland-Jones
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council (UK), Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Robert Walton
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom
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Petersdorf EW. Role of major histocompatibility complex variation in graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation. F1000Res 2017; 6:617. [PMID: 28529723 PMCID: PMC5419254 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10990.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a significant potentially life-threatening complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Since the discovery of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system over 50 years ago, significant advances have clarified the nature of HLA variation between transplant recipients and donors as a chief etiology of GVHD. New information on coding and non-coding gene variation and GVHD risk provides clinicians with options to consider selected mismatched donors when matched donors are not available. These advances have increased the availability of unrelated donors for patients in need of a transplant and have lowered the overall morbidity and mortality of HCT.
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12
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Shaffer BC, Hsu KC. How important is NK alloreactivity and KIR in allogeneic transplantation? Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2016; 29:351-358. [PMID: 27890259 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo HCT) is a major cause of death in transplant recipients. Efforts to control relapse by promoting donor T-cell alloreactivity, such as withdrawal of immune suppression or donor lymphocyte infusions, are limited by the propensity to induce graft versus host disease (GVHD) and by inadequate efficacy. Therefore, options for AML patients who have relapsed AML after allo HCT are few and outcomes are poor. Similar to T-cells, natural killer (NK) cells have potent anti-leukemia effector capacity, and yet unlike T-cells, NK cells do not mediate GVHD. Furthermore, their function does not require matching of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) between donor and recipient. Maximizing donor NK alloreactivity thus holds the exciting possibility to induce the graft versus leukemia (GVL) effect without engendering GVHD. Among the array of activating and inhibitory NK cell surface receptors, the killer Ig-like receptors (KIR) play a central role in modulating NK effector function. Here we will review how KIR mediates donor alloreactivity, discuss the role of KIR gene and allele typing to optimize allo HCT donor selection, and discuss how KIR may aid adoptive NK and other cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Shaffer
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Katharine C Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
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13
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Edinur HA, Manaf SM, Che Mat NF. Genetic barriers in transplantation medicine. World J Transplant 2016; 6:532-541. [PMID: 27683631 PMCID: PMC5036122 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i3.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful of transplantation is determined by the shared human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and ABO blood group antigens between donor and recipient. In recent years, killer cell receptor [i.e., killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)] and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related gene molecule (i.e., MICA) were also reported as important determinants of transplant compatibility. At present, several different genotyping techniques (e.g., sequence specific primer and sequence based typing) can be used to characterize blood group, HLA, MICA and KIR and loci. These molecular techniques have several advantages because they do not depend on the availability of anti-sera, cellular expression and have greater specificity and accuracy compared with the antibody-antigen based typing. Nonetheless, these molecular techniques have limited capability to capture increasing number of markers which have been demonstrated to determine donor and recipient compatibility. It is now possible to genotype multiple markers and to the extent of a complete sequencing of the human genome using next generation sequencer (NGS). This high throughput genotyping platform has been tested for HLA, and it is expected that NGS will be used to simultaneously genotype a large number of clinically relevant transplantation genes in near future. This is not far from reality due to the bioinformatics support given by the immunogenetics community and the rigorous improvement in NGS methodology. In addition, new developments in immune tolerance based therapy, donor recruitment strategies and bioengineering are expected to provide significant advances in the field of transplantation medicine.
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14
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Metzger CMJA, Luijckx P, Bento G, Mariadassou M, Ebert D. The Red Queen lives: Epistasis between linked resistance loci. Evolution 2016; 70:480-7. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pepijn Luijckx
- Zoological Institute; University of Basel; CH-4051 Basel Switzerland
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; M5S 3B2 Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Gilberto Bento
- Zoological Institute; University of Basel; CH-4051 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mahendra Mariadassou
- Zoological Institute; University of Basel; CH-4051 Basel Switzerland
- INRA, UR1404 Unité Mathématique et Informatique Appliquées du Génome à l'Environnement; 78350 Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Zoological Institute; University of Basel; CH-4051 Basel Switzerland
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15
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Ancient Genetic Signatures of Orang Asli Revealed by Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor Gene Polymorphisms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141536. [PMID: 26565719 PMCID: PMC4643969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aboriginal populations of Peninsular Malaysia, also known as Orang Asli (OA), comprise three major groups; Semang, Senoi and Proto-Malays. Here, we analyzed for the first time KIR gene polymorphisms for 167 OA individuals, including those from four smallest OA subgroups (Che Wong, Orang Kanaq, Lanoh and Kensiu) using polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) analyses. The observed distribution of KIR profiles of OA is heterogenous; Haplotype B is the most frequent in the Semang subgroups (especially Batek) while Haplotype A is the most common type in the Senoi. The Semang subgroups were clustered together with the Africans, Indians, Papuans and Australian Aborigines in a principal component analysis (PCA) plot and shared many common genotypes (AB6, BB71, BB73 and BB159) observed in these other populations. Given that these populations also display high frequencies of Haplotype B, it is interesting to speculate that Haplotype B may be generally more frequent in ancient populations. In contrast, the two Senoi subgroups, Che Wong and Semai are displaced toward Southeast Asian and African populations in the PCA scatter plot, respectively. Orang Kanaq, the smallest and the most endangered of all OA subgroups, has lost some degree of genetic variation, as shown by their relatively high frequency of the AB2 genotype (0.73) and a total absence of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2 genes. Orang Kanaq tradition that strictly prohibits intermarriage with outsiders seems to have posed a serious threat to their survival. This present survey is a demonstration of the value of KIR polymorphisms in elucidating genetic relationships among human populations.
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16
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Jarduli LR, Alves HV, de Souza-Santana FC, Marcos EVC, Pereira AC, Dias-Baptista IMF, Fava VM, Mira MT, Moraes MO, Virmond MDCL, Visentainer JEL. Influence of KIR genes and their HLA ligands in the pathogenesis of leprosy in a hyperendemic population of Rondonópolis, Southern Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:438. [PMID: 25117794 PMCID: PMC4141108 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to investigate the association between KIR genes and the immunopathogenesis of leprosy. Methods The types of KIR and HLA genes were evaluated by PCR-SSOP-Luminex in 408 patients with leprosy and 413 healthy individuals. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test and stepwise multivariate analysis. Results There was a higher frequency of activating KIR genes (KIR2DS1, 2DS2 and 3DS1) together with their HLA ligands in the tuberculoid (TT) group as compared to the lepromatous leprosy (LL) group. KIR2DL2/2DL2-C1 was more frequent in the patient, TT and LL groups than in the control group. Borderline patients presented a higher frequency of inhibitory pairs when compared to the control group, and a higher frequency of activating pairs as compared to the LL group. Multivariate analysis confirmed the associations and demonstrated that being a female is a protective factor against the development of the disease per se and the more severe clinical form. Conclusions This study showed that activating and inhibitory KIR genes may influence the development of leprosy – in particular, activating genes may protect against the more aggressive form of the disease – thereby demonstrating the role of NK cells in the immunopathology of the disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-438) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av, Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
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17
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Distribution of HLA-A, -B, and -C alleles and HLA/KIR combinations in Han population in China. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:565296. [PMID: 24995346 PMCID: PMC4068047 DOI: 10.1155/2014/565296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated polymorphisms of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I (A, B, and C) loci of a Han population (n, 239) from the Yunnan province, Southwest China, using high-resolution polymerase chain reaction-Luminex (PCR-Luminex) typing. We combined the HLA data from this study with the KIR genotypes from a previous study of this Han population to analyze the combination of KIR/HLA ligands. A total of 27 HLA-A, 54 HLA-B, and 31 HLA-C alleles were found in this population. The frequencies of A*11:01, A*24:02, B*40:01, B*46:01, C*01:02, C*03:04, and C*07:02 were all > 10%. The following haplotypes were common, with frequencies > 5%: 1 A-B (A*02:07-B*46:01), 2 A-C (A*02:07-C*01:02, and A*11:01-C*07:02), 4 C-B (B*13:01-C*03:04, B*40:01-C*07:02, B*46:01-C*01:02 and B*58:01-C*03:02), and 1 A-C-B (A*02:07-C*01:02-B*46:01). Analysis of KIR3D and their ligands HLA-A3/A11 and HLA-Bw4 showed that the frequencies of 3DL2+-A3/A11+ and 3DL2+-A3/A11− were 0.527 and 0.473, and the frequencies of 3DL1+-Bw4+, 3DL1+-Bw4−, 3DL1−-Bw4+, and 3DL1−-Bw4− were 0.552, 0.397, 0.038, and 0.013, respectively. The results of KIR/HLA-C combination analysis showed that all individuals had at least one inhibitory or activating KIR/HLA-C pair, and one KIR/HLA-C pair was the most frequent (157/239), followed by two pairs (46/239), three pairs (33/239), and no pairs (3/239). Comparison of KIR gene and HLA gene and their pair frequency between Yunnan Han and the isolated Han (FYDH) who also lived in Yunnan province showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in KIR frequencies, but significant differences (P < 0.05) for some HLA allele frequencies. In addition, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the two populations for KIR/HLA pairs.
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18
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De Re V, Caggiari L, De Zorzi M, Talamini R, Racanelli V, Andrea MD, Buonadonna A, Zagonel V, Cecchin E, Innocenti F, Toffoli G. Genetic diversity of the KIR/HLA system and outcome of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with chemotherapy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84940. [PMID: 24497922 PMCID: PMC3908861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore genes of the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and of the HLA ligand and their relationship with the outcome of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients treated with first-line 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI). METHODS A total of 224 mCRC patients were screened for KIR/HLA typing. The determination of the KIR/HLA combinations was based upon the gene content and variants. Genetic associations with complete response (CR), time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated by calculating odds and hazard ratios. Multivariate modeling with prognostic covariates was also performed. RESULTS For CR, the presence of KIR2DL5A, 2DS5, 2DS1, 3DS1, and KIR3DS1/HLA-Bw4-I80 was associated with increased CR rates, with median ORs ranging from 2.1 to 4.3, while the absence of KIR2DS4 and 3DL1 was associated with increased CR rates (OR 3.1). After univariate analysis, patients that underwent resective surgery of tumor, absence of KIR2DS5, and presence of KIR3DL1/HLA-Bw4-I80 showed a significant better OS (HR 1.5 to 2.8). Multivariate analysis identified as parameters independently related to OS the type of treatment (surgery; HR 2.0) and KIR3DL1/HLA-Bw4-I80 genotype (HR for T-I80 2.7 and for no functional KIR/HLA interaction 1.8). For TTP, no association with KIR/HLA genes was observed. CONCLUSION This study, for the first time, evidences that the genotyping for KIR-HLA pairs are found predictive markers associated with complete response and improves overall survival prediction of FOLFIRI treatment response in metastatic colorectal cancer. These results suggest a role of the KIR/HLA system in patient outcome, and guide new research on the immunogenetics of mCRC through mechanistic studies and clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valli De Re
- Translational Research, CRO National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Caggiari
- Translational Research, CRO National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Mariangela De Zorzi
- Translational Research, CRO National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Renato Talamini
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CRO National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Mario D’ Andrea
- Medical Oncology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Buonadonna
- Medical Oncology, CRO National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | | | - Erika Cecchin
- Translational Research, CRO National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Federico Innocenti
- University of North Carolina, Institute for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Translational Research, CRO National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
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Rea IM, Maxwell LD, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, Curran MD, Middleton D, Ross OA. Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) haplogroups A and B track with Natural Killer Cells and Cytokine Profile in Aged Subjects: Observations from Octo/Nonagenarians in the Belfast Elderly Longitudinal Free-living Aging STudy (BELFAST). Immun Ageing 2013; 10:35. [PMID: 23957956 PMCID: PMC3827941 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural Killer Cells (NK) play an important role in detection and elimination of virus-infected, damaged or cancer cells. NK cell function is guided by expression of Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIRs) and contributed to by the cytokine milieu. KIR molecules are grouped on NK cells into stimulatory and inhibitory KIR haplotypes A and B, through which NKs sense and tolerate HLA self-antigens or up-regulate the NK-cytotoxic response to cells with altered HLA self-antigens, damaged by viruses or tumours. We have previously described increased numbers of NK and NK-related subsets in association with sIL-2R cytokine serum levels in BELFAST octo/nonagenarians. We hypothesised that changes in KIR A and B haplotype gene frequencies could explain the increased cytokine profiles and NK compartments previously described in Belfast Elderly Longitudinal Free-living Aging STudy (BELFAST) octo/nonagenarians, who show evidence of ageing well. RESULTS In the BELFAST study, 24% of octo/nonagenarians carried the KIR A haplotype and 76% KIR B haplotype with no differences for KIR A haplogroup frequency between male or female subjects (23% v 24%; p=0.88) or for KIR B haplogroup (77% v 76%; p=0.99). Octo/nonagenarian KIR A haplotype carriers showed increased NK numbers and percentage compared to Group B KIR subjects (p=0.003; p=0.016 respectively). There were no KIR A/ B haplogroup-associated changes for related CD57+CD8 (high or low) subsets. Using logistic regression, KIR B carriers were predicted to have higher IL-12 cytokine levels compared to KIR A carriers by about 3% (OR 1.03, confidence limits CI 0.99-1.09; p=0.027) and 14% higher levels for TGF-β (active), a cytokine with an anti-inflammatory role, (OR 1.14, confidence limits CI 0.99-1.09; p=0.002). CONCLUSION In this observational study, BELFAST octo/nonagenarians carrying KIR A haplotype showed higher NK cell numbers and percentage compared to KIR B carriers. Conversely, KIR B haplotype carriers, with genes encoding for activating KIRs, showed a tendency for higher serum pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to KIR A carriers. While the findings in this study should be considered exploratory they may serve to stimulate debate about the immune signatures of those who appear to age slowly and who represent a model for good quality survivor-hood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maeve Rea
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science Queens University, Belfast, UK
| | - Lynn D Maxwell
- Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Susan E McNerlan
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Martin D Curran
- Molecular Diagnostic Microbiology Section, Health Protection Agency, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Owen A Ross
- Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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20
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Frazier WR, Steiner N, Hou L, Dakshanamurthy S, Hurley CK. Allelic variation in KIR2DL3 generates a KIR2DL2-like receptor with increased binding to its HLA-C ligand. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6198-208. [PMID: 23686481 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although extensive homology exists between their extracellular domains, NK cell inhibitory receptors killer Ig-like receptor (KIR) 2DL2*001 and KIR2DL3*001 have previously been shown to differ substantially in their HLA-C binding avidity. To explore the largely uncharacterized impact of allelic diversity, the most common KIR2DL2/3 allelic products in European American and African American populations were evaluated for surface expression and binding affinity to their HLA-C group 1 and 2 ligands. Although no significant differences in the degree of cell membrane localization were detected in a transfected human NKL cell line by flow cytometry, surface plasmon resonance and KIR binding to a panel of HLA allotypes demonstrated that KIR2DL3*005 differed significantly from other KIR2DL3 allelic products in its ability to bind HLA-C. The increased affinity and avidity of KIR2DL3*005 for its ligand was also demonstrated to have a larger impact on the inhibition of IFN-γ production by the human KHYG-1 NK cell line compared with KIR2DL3*001, a low-affinity allelic product. Site-directed mutagenesis established that the combination of arginine at residue 11 and glutamic acid at residue 35 in KIR2DL3*005 were critical to the observed phenotype. Although these residues are distal to the KIR/HLA-C interface, molecular modeling suggests that alteration in the interdomain hinge angle of KIR2DL3*005 toward that found in KIR2DL2*001, another strong receptor of the KIR2DL2/3 family, may be the cause of this increased affinity. The regain of inhibitory capacity by KIR2DL3*005 suggests that the rapidly evolving KIR locus may be responding to relatively recent selective pressures placed upon certain human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Frazier
- Department of Oncology, C.W. Bill Young Marrow Donor Recruitment and Research Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Abstract
In the 1990 s, the variability of responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) could only be tracked by phenotypic criteria such as the number of CD4T lymphocytes, the occurrence of opportunistic infection, the disease free survival without treatment. In 1996, the viral load is the leading phenotype for genetic studies. Ever since, thanks to a better understanding of the HIV infection pathophysiology, numerous studies helped to highlight the influence of genetic variability on inter-individual response to this virus. Among the genes having an impact, we can quote the following examples: CCR5, HLA-B and HLA-C genes. Practical applications of genetics in clinical medicine include search for HLA-B*57:01 before abacavir introduction. Recently, an eradicating treatment for HIV disease after bone marrow transplantation with a donor homozygote for a CCR5 gene non-functional variant (CCR5Δ32) has been reported. Interest in genetics of chronic viral infection is not specific to HIV. It has also been used on other viral diseases and it has gained a major place on the management of diseases.
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Rose AM, Bell LCK. Epistasis and immunity: the role of genetic interactions in autoimmune diseases. Immunology 2012; 137:131-8. [PMID: 22804709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders are a complex and varied group of diseases that are caused by breakdown of self-tolerance. The aetiology of autoimmunity is multi-factorial, with both environmental triggers and genetically determined risk factors. In recent years, it has been increasingly recognized that genetic risk factors do not act in isolation, but rather the combination of individual additive effects, gene-gene interactions and gene-environment interactions determine overall risk of autoimmunity. The importance of gene-gene interactions, or epistasis, has been recently brought into focus, with research demonstrating that many autoimmune diseases, including rheumatic arthritis, autoimmune glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis, are influenced by epistatic interactions. This review sets out to examine the basic mechanisms of epistasis, how epistasis influences the immune system and the role of epistasis in two major autoimmune conditions, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Rose
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
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Killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor gene association with tuberculosis. Hum Immunol 2012; 74:85-92. [PMID: 23073291 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are vital components of innate immune system and are the first cells which come into picture mediating resistance against intracellular pathogens. NK cell cytotoxicity is modulated by a wide variety of cell surface receptors that recognize and respond towards infected cells. Activation of NK cells are controlled by both inhibitory and activating receptors, encoded by KIR genes and bind to HLA ligands. Not much is known about KIR genes and their influence on the pathogenesis with M. tuberculosis infection. Our study aimed at detecting the presence of 14 KIR genes, their distribution and their association with tuberculosis. Total 77 different genotype combinations were observed which belonged to B-haplotype. Fifteen genotypes were similar to those reported in other world populations while remaining 62 were unique to this study group. Inhibitory genes KIR3DL1, KIR2DL3 and activating genes KIR2DS1, KIR2DS5 conferred susceptibility towards TB either individually or in haplotype combinations. The complimentary MHC ligands need to be tested for the functional relevance of the associated genes.
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Qiang Q, Zhengde X, Chunyan L, Zhizhuo H, Junmei X, Junhong A, Zheng C, Henter JI, Kunling S. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene polymorphisms predispose susceptibility to Epstein-Barr virus associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Chinese children. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:378-84. [PMID: 22376216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH) has a high mortality rate among children. The pathogenesis of, and underlying predisposing factors for, EBV-HLH are as yet unclear; however, natural killer cells may play a key role in progression of the disease. This study attempted to determine whether killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene polymorphisms are responsible for susceptibility to EBV-HLH. Of the 125 children with EBV infection studied, 59 had EBV-HLH and 66 patients had EBV associated infectious mononucleosis (IM) without HLH. The control group was 146 normal children without immune deficiency. KIR polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. KIR polymorphism data were analyzed using the X(2) test or Fisher's exact test. The overall observed carrier frequency (OF) of KIR2DS5 was significantly higher in EBV-HLH patients than in IM patients and normal controls (49.2% versus 31.8%, P = 0.048; 49.2% versus 31.5%, P = 0.018, respectively), and the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) were 2.071 (1.001-4.286) and 2.101(1.132-3.900) respectively. The OF of KIR3DS1 was significantly higher in the EBV-HLH patients than in the IM patients (47.4% versus 24.6%, P = 0.012), but not different from normal controls. In summary, KIR polymorphisms may be involved in the development of EBV-HLH, with KIR2DS5 promoting susceptibility to this disease. The obtained KIR data will enrich the understanding of genetic relationships among diseases associated with EBV infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Child and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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25
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Zhuang YL, Song Y, Zhu C, Zhang Y, Wang D, Nie X, Liu Y, Ren GJ. Association of KIR genotypes and haplotypes with syphilis in a Chinese Han population. Scand J Immunol 2012; 75:361-7. [PMID: 22126195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) can regulate the activation of NK and T cells in response to infection. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum spirochete bacterium. The objective of this study was to explore whether KIR genotypes and haplotypes were associated with syphilis in a Chinese Han population. Polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) was used to identify the KIR genotypes in 190 patients with syphilis and 192 healthy controls. The frequency of genotype P was higher in healthy controls than that in patients with syphilis (P = 0.002), and its OR was 0.304, while the frequencies of genotypes AE and AG were higher in patients with syphilis than those in healthy controls. The frequency of haplotype 17 was lower, and its OR was 0.321, whereas the frequencies of haplotype 1 and 6 were higher in patients with syphilis than those in healthy controls. KIR haplotypes A and B have distinctive centromeric (Cen) and telomeric (Tel) gene content motifs. The frequency of Tel-B/B was higher in patients with syphilis than that in healthy controls (P = 0.024). Based on these findings, it seems that individuals with the genotype AE, AG or Tel-B/B, or haplotypes 1 and 6 are susceptible to syphilis, whereas individuals with genotype P or haplotype 17 are protective from syphilis in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Zhuang
- Blood Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, China Jinan Hospital of Dermatosis, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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26
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Qutob N, Balloux F, Raj T, Liu H, Marion de Procé S, Trowsdale J, Manica A. Signatures of historical demography and pathogen richness on MHC class I genes. Immunogenetics 2011; 64:165-75. [PMID: 21947542 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The extreme polymorphism of MHC class I has been argued to be driven by balancing selection from pathogens, with the prediction that populations exposed to a wider variety of diseases should have higher diversity. We assembled a global database of allotype frequencies for MHC class I genes and investigated possible drivers of genetic diversity, measured in different ways. We first looked for a decline in diversity with distance from Africa (a consequence of drift during human expansions) and then investigated the link with pathogen richness once the effect of drift had been corrected for. Using heterozygosity, we recovered a clear decline in diversity from Africa and confirmed the positive relationship between genetic diversity and pathogen richness for all three classical MHC class I genes. However, when we considered a sequence-based measure of genetic diversity, the correlation with geographic distance from Africa vanished for HLA-C, and the correlations with pathogen richness for the three MHC class I genes were much weaker. HLA-C is known to consist of two functional classes of allotypes (classified with respect to the 80th residue), which interact with different KIR receptors. While this separation provided some improvement in the fit between genetic diversity and distance from Africa for one class, much clearer and consistent patterns were recovered when we used the 90th residue to separate HLA-C allotypes into two new classes. This suggests that this residue, which is also involved in the binding of KIR, might have had an important evolutionary role that has been overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouar Qutob
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
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Wang HD, Zhu BF, Shen CM, Fan AY, Song TN, Liu JL, Qin HX, Deng LB, Fan SL, Huang QZ, Guo YF, Fang J, Zhang P, Yan CX. Diversity distributions of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes and their ligands in the Chinese Shaanxi Han population. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:733-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Purdy AK, Campbell KS. [Natural killer cells and cancer. Regulation by the killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR)]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2011; 13:731-6. [PMID: 21644387 PMCID: PMC6135950 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.07.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
自然杀伤(natural killer, NK)细胞是先天性免疫效应细胞,约占人外周血淋巴细胞总数的10%-15%,主要参与免疫监视,以消除转化细胞和病毒感染细胞。NK细胞最初被界定是由于它们具有自发消除少数主要组织相容性复合物Ⅰ类(major histocompatibility class Ⅰ, MHC-Ⅰ)自身分子表达缺乏细胞的能力,即常说的“丢失自我”识别能力。NK细胞表面表达的MHC-Ⅰ特异性抑制性受体,可使NK细胞对表达MHC-Ⅰ的正常细胞耐受,此为丢失自我识别能力的分子基础。由于缺乏抑制性受体的配体,表面MHC-Ⅰ表达下调的肿瘤细胞和病毒感染细胞易受NK细胞攻击。杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR; CD158)组成MHC-Ⅰ结合受体家族,对调节人NK细胞和部分T细胞的活化阈值起重要作用。KIR多样性使NK细胞具有多种功能,在此我们将综述多个水平上的KIR多样性,并诠释KIR多样性是如何影响各种疾病(包括癌症)的易感性的。我们将进一步阐述通过针对KIR进行癌症治疗的策略:利用KIR/MHC-Ⅰ配体的错配以强化造血干细胞移植的效果,以及通过阻滞KIR以增强对肿瘤细胞的杀伤力。
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Purdy
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kossenkov AV, Vachani A, Chang C, Nichols C, Billouin S, Horng W, Rom WN, Albelda SM, Showe MK, Showe LC. Resection of non-small cell lung cancers reverses tumor-induced gene expression changes in the peripheral immune system. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5867-77. [PMID: 21807633 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the interactions of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors with the immune system at the level of mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression and to define expression signatures that characterize the presence of a malignant tumor versus a nonmalignant nodule. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have examined the changes of both mRNA and miRNA expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) between paired samples collected from NSCLC patients before and after tumor removal using Illumina gene expression arrays. RESULTS We found that malignant tumor removal significantly changes expression of more than 3,000 protein-coding genes, especially genes in pathways associated with suppression of the innate immune response, including natural killer cell signaling and apoptosis-associated ceramide signaling. Binding sites for the ETS domain transcription factors ELK1, ELK4, and SPI1 were enriched in promoter regions of genes upregulated in the presence of a tumor. Additional important regulators included five miRNAs expressed at significantly higher levels before tumor removal. Repressed protein-coding targets of those miRNAs included many transcription factors, several involved in immunologically important pathways. Although there was a significant overlap in the effects of malignant tumors and benign lung nodules on PBMC gene expression, we identified one gene panel which indicates a tumor or nodule presence and a second panel that can distinguish malignant from nonmalignant nodules. CONCLUSIONS A tumor presence in the lung influences mRNA and miRNA expression in PBMC and this influence is reversed by tumor removal. These results suggest that PBMC gene expression signatures could be used for lung cancer diagnosis.
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30
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KIR gene diversity in Mexican mestizos of San Luis Potosí. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:561-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Abalos AT, Eggers R, Hogan M, Nielson CM, Giuliano AR, Harris RB, Thompson PA. Design and validation of a multiplex specific primer-directed polymerase chain reaction assay for killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genetic profiling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 77:143-8. [PMID: 21214526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2010.01588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Current methodologies for the analysis of the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) locus utilize specific primer-directed polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR), which require a wide range of DNA input, multiple reaction conditions, and up to 16 individual reactions. We have developed and validated a multiplex SSP-PCR method for the genetic analysis of the KIR locus. Design and optimization of four multiplex groups targeting 14 genes and their alleles on the KIR locus has been completed. Each multiplex group contains PCR products that differ in size by a minimum of 15 bp to allow sufficient fragment length resolution for size discrimination by gel electrophoresis. This assay allows for efficient genotyping of the KIR locus while requiring a minimum amount of DNA input, utilizing the simplicity of SSP-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Abalos
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Duraiswamy J, Ibegbu CC, Masopust D, Miller JD, Araki K, Doho GH, Tata P, Gupta S, Zilliox MJ, Nakaya HI, Pulendran B, Haining WN, Freeman GJ, Ahmed R. Phenotype, function, and gene expression profiles of programmed death-1(hi) CD8 T cells in healthy human adults. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4200-12. [PMID: 21383243 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
T cell dysfunction is an important feature of many chronic viral infections. In particular, it was shown that programmed death-1 (PD-1) regulates T cell dysfunction during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice, and PD-1(hi) cells exhibit an intense exhausted gene signature. These findings were extended to human chronic infections such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus. However, it is not known if PD-1(hi) cells of healthy humans have the traits of exhausted cells. In this study, we provide a comprehensive description of phenotype, function, and gene expression profiles of PD-1(hi) versus PD-1(lo) CD8 T cells in the peripheral blood of healthy human adults as follows: 1) the percentage of naive and memory CD8 T cells varied widely in the peripheral blood cells of healthy humans, and PD-1 was expressed by the memory CD8 T cells; 2) PD-1(hi) CD8 T cells in healthy humans did not significantly correlate with the PD-1(hi) exhausted gene signature of HIV-specific human CD8 T cells or chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific CD8 T cells from mice; 3) PD-1 expression did not directly affect the ability of CD8 T cells to secrete cytokines in healthy adults; 4) PD-1 was expressed by the effector memory compared with terminally differentiated effector CD8 T cells; and 5) finally, an interesting inverse relationship between CD45RA and PD-1 expression was observed. In conclusion, our study shows that most PD-1(hi) CD8 T cells in healthy adult humans are effector memory cells rather than exhausted cells.
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McGeough CM, Berrar D, Wright G, Mathews C, Gilmore P, Cunningham RT, Bjourson AJ. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor and human leukocyte antigen-C genotypes in rheumatoid arthritis primary responders and non-responders to anti-TNF-α therapy. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:1647-53. [PMID: 21373785 PMCID: PMC3364412 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-1838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification of patients who will respond to anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-α) therapy will improve the efficacy, safety, and economic impact of these agents. We investigated whether killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes are related to response to anti-TNF-α therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Sixty-four RA patients and 100 healthy controls were genotyped for 16 KIR genes and human leukocyte antigen-C (HLA-C) group 1/2 using polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (PCR-SSOP). Each patient received anti-TNF-α therapy (adalimumab, etanercept, or infliximab), and clinical responses were evaluated after 3 months using the disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28). We investigated the correlations between the carriership of KIR genes, HLA-C group 1/2 genes, and clinical data with response to therapy. Patients responding to therapy showed a significantly higher frequency of KIR2DS2/KIR2DL2 (67.7% R vs. 33.3% NR; P = 0.012). A positive clinical outcome was associated with an activating KIR-HLA genotype; KIR2DS2 (+) HLA-C group 1/2 homozygous. Inversely, non-response was associated with the relatively inhibitory KIR2DS2 (-) HLA-C group 1/2 heterozygous genotype. The KIR and HLA-C genotype of an RA patient may provide predictive information for response to anti-TNF-α therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy M McGeough
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster at Coleraine, Cromore Road, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Nooh MM, Nookala S, Kansal R, Kotb M. Individual genetic variations directly effect polarization of cytokine responses to superantigens associated with streptococcal sepsis: implications for customized patient care. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3156-63. [PMID: 21282506 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Host immunogenetic variations strongly influence the severity of group A streptococcus sepsis by modulating responses to streptococcal superantigens (Strep-SAgs). Although HLA-II-DR15/DQ6 alleles strongly protect against severe sepsis, HLA-II-DR14/DR7/DQ5 alleles significantly increase the risk for toxic shock syndrome. We found that, regardless of individual variations in TCR-Vβ repertoires, the presentation of Strep-SAgs by the protective HLA-II-DR15/DQ6 alleles significantly attenuated proliferative responses to Strep-SAgs, whereas their presentation by the high-risk alleles augmented it. Importantly, HLA-II variations differentially polarized cytokine responses to Strep-SAgs: the presentation of Strep-SAgs by HLA-II-DR15/DQ6 alleles elicited significantly higher ratios of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10) to proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ) than did their presentation by the high-risk HLA-II alleles. Adding exogenous rIL-10 significantly attenuated responses to Strep-SAgs presented by the high-risk HLA-II alleles but did not completely block the response; instead, it reduced it to a level comparable to that seen when these superantigens were presented by the protective HLA-II alleles. Furthermore, adding neutralizing anti-IL-10 Abs augmented Strep-SAg responses in the presence of protective HLA-II alleles to the same level as (but no higher than) that seen when the superantigens were presented by the high-risk alleles. Our findings provide a molecular basis for the role of HLA-II allelic variations in modulating streptococcal sepsis outcomes and suggest the presence of an internal control mechanism that maintains superantigen responses within a defined range, which helps to eradicate the infection while attenuating pathological inflammatory responses that can inflict more harm than the infection itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Nooh
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
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Sánchez-Rodríguez EN, Nava-Salazar S, Mendoza-Rodríguez CA, Moran C, Romero-Arauz JF, Ortega E, Granados J, Cervantes-Peredo A, Cerbón M. Persistence of decidual NK cells and KIR genotypes in healthy pregnant and preeclamptic women: a case-control study in the third trimester of gestation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:8. [PMID: 21247496 PMCID: PMC3034672 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural Killer (NK) cells are the most abundant lymphocytes in the decidua during early gestation. The interactions of NK cells with the extravillous cytotrophoblast have been associated with a normal spiral artery remodeling process, an essential event for a successful pregnancy. Recent data indicate that alterations in the amount of decidual NK (dNK) cells contribute to the development of preeclampsia (PE). Moreover, genetic studies suggest that Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) expressed in dNK cells influence the susceptibility to PE. Although dNK cells have been well characterized during early pregnancy, they have been scarcely studied in the third trimester of gestation. The aim of this work was to characterize dNK cells at the last trimester of gestation and to analyze the KIR genotype of healthy and PE women. METHODS Decidual samples were obtained during Caesarean section from control (n = 10) and PE (n = 9) women. Flow cytometric analysis of CD3, CD56, CD16 and CD9 was used to characterize and quantify dNK cells in both groups. Cell surface markers from decidual leukocytes were compared with PBMC from healthy donors.KIR genotyping was performed in genomic DNA (control, n = 86; PE, n = 90) using PCR-SSP. RESULTS The results indicate that dNK cells persist throughout pregnancy. They represented 20% of total leukocytes in control and PE groups, and they expressed the same cell surface markers (CD3-, CD56+, CD16- and CD9+) as dNK in the first trimester of gestation. There were no significant differences in the percentage of dNK cells between control and PE groups. The analysis of KIR gene frequencies and genotypes was not statistically different between control and PE groups. The ratio of activating to inhibitory genes indicated that the overall inhibitory balance (0.2-0.5) was more frequent in the PE group (control, 31.3% vs PE, 45.5%), and the activating balance (0.6-1.1) was more frequent in the control group (control, 68.6% vs PE, 54.4%). However this difference was not significant. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the persistence of dNK cells in PE and control women at the third trimester of pregnancy; these dNK cells had a similar phenotype to those found during early pregnancy. The predominance of a KIR inhibitory balance in the PE group could be associated to the physiopathology of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly N Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Sonia Nava-Salazar
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - C Adriana Mendoza-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Carlos Moran
- Servicio de Complicaciones Hipertensivas, UMAE de Ginecología y Obstetricia "Luis Castelazo Ayala", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, D.F., México
| | - Juan F Romero-Arauz
- Servicio de Complicaciones Hipertensivas, UMAE de Ginecología y Obstetricia "Luis Castelazo Ayala", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, D.F., México
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico, D.F., México
| | - Julio Granados
- Departamento de Transplantes, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", México, D.F., México
| | - Alicia Cervantes-Peredo
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital General de México/Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, México, D.F., México
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México, D.F., México
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Hiby SE, Apps R, Sharkey AM, Farrell LE, Gardner L, Mulder A, Claas FH, Walker JJ, Redman CC, Morgan L, Tower C, Regan L, Moore GE, Carrington M, Moffett A. Maternal activating KIRs protect against human reproductive failure mediated by fetal HLA-C2. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:4102-10. [PMID: 20972337 PMCID: PMC2964995 DOI: 10.1172/jci43998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many common disorders of pregnancy are attributed to insufficient invasion of the uterine lining by trophoblast, fetal cells that are the major cell type of the placenta. Interactions between fetal trophoblast and maternal uterine NK (uNK) cells--specifically interactions between HLA-C molecules expressed by the fetal trophoblast cells and killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) on the maternal uNK cells--influence placentation in human pregnancy. Consistent with this, pregnancies are at increased risk of preeclampsia in mothers homozygous for KIR haplotype A (KIR AA). In this study, we have demonstrated that trophoblast expresses both paternally and maternally inherited HLA-C surface proteins and that maternal KIR AA frequencies are increased in affected pregnancies only when the fetus has more group 2 HLA-C genes (C2) than the mother. These data raise the possibility that there is a deleterious allogeneic effect stemming from paternal C2. We found that this effect also occurred in other pregnancy disorders (fetal growth restriction and recurrent miscarriage), indicating a role early in gestation for these receptor/ligand pairs in the pathogenesis of reproductive failure. Notably, pregnancy disorders were less frequent in mothers that possessed the telomeric end of the KIR B haplotype, which contains activating KIR2DS1. In addition, uNK cells expressed KIR2DS1, which bound specifically to C2+ trophoblast cells. These findings highlight the complexity and central importance of specific combinations of activating KIR and HLA-C in maternal-fetal immune interactions that determine reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Hiby
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Apps
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Sharkey
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia E. Farrell
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Gardner
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arend Mulder
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frans H. Claas
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James J. Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher C. Redman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Morgan
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Tower
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Regan
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gudrun E. Moore
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Carrington
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Perinatal Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium (
http://www.gopec.org).
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Wauquier N, Padilla C, Becquart P, Leroy E, Vieillard V. Association of KIR2DS1 and KIR2DS3 with fatal outcome in Ebola virus infection. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:767-71. [PMID: 20878400 PMCID: PMC2978320 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zaïre ebolavirus (ZEBOV) infection rapidly outruns the host's immunity and leads to death within a week. Fatal cases have been associated with an aberrant innate, proinflammatory immune response followed by a suppressed adaptive response leading to the rapid depletion of peripheral NK cells and lymphocytes. A critical role for NK cells has been suggested but not elucidated. In this genetic study, we investigated the association of KIR genotype with disease outcome by comparing genotypes of a Gabonese control population, IgG+ contacts, survivors, and fatalities of ZEBOV infection. We showed that the activating KIR2DS1 and KIR2DS3 genes associate with fatal outcome in Ebola virus infection. In addition, this study brings supplemental evidence in favor of the specificity of the IgG+ contact population. The outcome of fulminating Ebola virus infection could depend in part on the host's inherited KIR gene repertoire. This supports a key role for KIRs in disease susceptibility to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Wauquier
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.
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38
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Gourraud PA, Meenagh A, Cambon-Thomsen A, Middleton D. Linkage disequilibrium organization of the human KIR superlocus: implications for KIR data analyses. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:729-40. [PMID: 20878401 PMCID: PMC2978314 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An extensive family-based study of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) cluster was performed. We aimed to describe the LD structure in the KIR gene cluster using a sample of 418 founder haplotypes identified by segregation in a group of 106 families from Northern Ireland. The LD was studied at two levels of polymorphism: the structural level (presence or absence of KIR genes) and the allelic level (between alleles of KIR genes). LD was further assessed using the predictive value of one KIR polymorphism for another one in order to provide an interpretative framework for the LD effect in association studies. In line with previous research, distinct patterns of KIR genetic diversity within the genomic region centromeric to KIR2DL4 (excluding KIR2DL4) and within the telomeric region including KIR2DL4 were found. In a comprehensive PPV/NPV-based LD analysis within the KIR cluster, robust tag markers were found that can be used to identify which genes are concomitantly present or absent and to further identify groups of associated KIR alleles. Several extended KIR haplotypes in the study population were identified (KIR2DS2*POS–KIR2DL2*001–KIR2DL5B*002–KIR2DS3*00103–KIR2DL1*00401; KIR2DL4*011–KIR3DL1/S1*005–KIR2DS4*003–KIR3DL2*003; KIR2DL4*00802–KIR3DL1/S1*004–KIR2DS4*006–KIR3DL2*005; KIR2DL4*00801–KIR3DL1/S1*00101–KIR2DS4*003–KIR3DL2*001; KIR2DL4*00103–KIR3DL1/S1*008–KIR2DS4*003–KIR3DL2*009; KIR2DL4*00102–KIR3DL1/S1*01502/*002–KIR2DS4*00101–KIR3DL2*002; KIR2DL4*00501–KIR3DL1/S1*013–KIR2DL5A*001–KIR2DS5*002–KIR2DS1*002–KIR3DL2*007). The present study provides a rationale for analyzing associations of KIR polymorphisms by taking into account the complex LD structure of the KIR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Gourraud
- Department of Neurology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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39
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Conesa A, Fernández-Mestre M, Padrón D, Toro F, Silva N, Tassinari P, Blanca I, Martin M, Carrington M, Layrisse Z. Distribution of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in the mestizo population from Venezuela. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2010; 75:724-9. [PMID: 20210918 PMCID: PMC7366394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2010.01446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study represents the first report on the distribution of KIR genes in 205 unrelated healthy mestizo Venezuelan individuals. Genotyping analysis showed that all KIR genes are present in this population. Frequency of inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) exceeded 0.69, except for KIR2DL2 (0.29) and 2DL5 (0.37). Activating KIRs showed low frequencies (0.11-0.29), except for KIR2DS4 (0.68). Forty-five different KIR genotypes were identified, with a predominance of three genotypes found in 50.7% of the population of which 25.9% were individuals homozygous for haplotype A. The frequencies of KIR genes reflect the ethnic admixture existing in the mestizo Venezuelan population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Conesa
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, FOCIS Center of Excellence, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - M. Fernández-Mestre
- Centro de Medicina Experimental ’Miguel Layrisse’, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - D. Padrón
- Centro de Medicina Experimental ’Miguel Layrisse’, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - F. Toro
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, FOCIS Center of Excellence, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - N. Silva
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, FOCIS Center of Excellence, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - P. Tassinari
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, FOCIS Center of Excellence, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - I. Blanca
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, FOCIS Center of Excellence, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - M.P. Martin
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - M. Carrington
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z. Layrisse
- Centro de Medicina Experimental ’Miguel Layrisse’, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
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40
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Abstract
The functions of human natural killer (NK) cells are controlled by diverse families of antigen receptors. Prominent among these are the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), a family of genes clustered in one of the most variable regions of the human genome. Within this review we discuss the vast polymorphism of the KIR gene complex which rivals that of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) complex. There are several aspects to this polymorphism. Initially there is presence/absence of individual KIR genes, with four of these genes, termed framework genes, being present in all individuals tested to date, except on those very occasional instances when the gene has been deleted. Within each gene, alleles are present at different frequencies. We provide details of a new website that enables convenient searching for data on KIR gene, allele and genotype frequencies in different populations and show how these frequencies vary in different worldwide populations and the high probability of individuals differing in their KIR repertoire when both gene and allele polymorphism is considered. The KIR genes present in an individual may be classified into A and/or B haplotypes, which respectively have a more inhibitory role or a more activating role on the function of the NK cell. Family studies have been used to ascertain the make-up of these haplotypes, inclusion of allele typing enabling determination of whether one or two copies of a particular gene is present. In addition to genetic diversification the KIR gene complex shows differences at the functional level with different alleles having different protein expression levels and different avidity with their HLA ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Middleton
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital and School of Infection and Host Defence, Liverpool University, Liverpool, UK.
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41
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Abstract
Diversity across KIR haplotypes stems from differences in numbers of inhibitory and activating receptors, as well as allelic polymorphism of individual genes. The KIR locus has undergone large expansions and contractions over time and is believed to be coevolving with genes encoding its HLA class I ligands located within the MHC locus. KIR and HLA compound genotypes have been associated with susceptibility to or protection from infectious, autoimmune, reproductive, and malignant disorders. We describe here a simple and reliable multiplex PCR-SSP (sequence-specific priming) method for relatively rapid and inexpensive genotyping of 15 KIR genes using standard agarose gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Kulkarni
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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42
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Purdy AK, Campbell KS. Natural killer cells and cancer: regulation by the killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR). Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 8:2211-20. [PMID: 19923897 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.8.23.10455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune effector cells that make up approximately 10-15% of the peripheral blood lymphocytes in humans and are primarily involved in immunosurveillance to eliminate transformed and virally-infected cells. They were originally defined by their ability to spontaneously eliminate rare cells lacking expression of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) self molecules, which is commonly referred to as "missing self" recognition. The molecular basis for missing self recognition emerges from the expression of MHC-I-specific inhibitory receptors on the NK cell surface that tolerize NK cells toward normal MHC-I-expressing cells. By lacking inhibitory receptor ligands, tumor cells or virus-infected cells that have down-modulated surface MHC-I expression become susceptible to attack by NK cells. Killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR; CD158) constitute a family of MHC-I binding receptors that plays a major role in regulating the activation thresholds of NK cells and some T cells in humans. Here, we review the multiple levels of KIR diversity that contribute to the generation of a highly varied NK cell repertoire and explain how this diversity can influence susceptibility to a variety of diseases, including cancer. We further describe strategies by which KIR can be manipulated therapeutically to treat cancer, through the exploitation of KIR/MHC-I ligand mismatch to potentiate hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the use of KIR blockade to enhance tumor cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Purdy
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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43
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Traherne JA, Martin M, Ward R, Ohashi M, Pellett F, Gladman D, Middleton D, Carrington M, Trowsdale J. Mechanisms of copy number variation and hybrid gene formation in the KIR immune gene complex. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 19:737-51. [PMID: 19959527 PMCID: PMC2816608 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fine-scale structure of the majority of copy number variation (CNV) regions remains unknown. The killer immunoglobulin receptor (KIR) gene complex exhibits significant CNV. The evolutionary plasticity of the KIRs and their broad biomedical relevance makes it important to understand how these immune receptors evolve. In this paper, we describe haplotype re-arrangement creating novel loci at the KIR complex. We completely sequenced, after fosmid cloning, two rare contracted haplotypes. Evidence of frequent hybrid KIR genes in samples from many populations suggested that re-arrangements may be frequent and selectively advantageous. We propose mechanisms for formation of novel hybrid KIR genes, facilitated by protrusive non-B DNA structures at transposon recombination sites. The heightened propensity to generate novel hybrid KIR receptors may provide a proactive evolutionary measure, to militate against pathogen evasion or subversion. We propose that CNV in KIR is an evolutionary strategy, which KIR typing for disease association must take into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Traherne
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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44
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Stadnisky MD, Manichaikul A, Lundgren AG, Brown MG. NK gene complex and chromosome 19 loci enhance MHC resistance to murine cytomegalovirus infection. Immunogenetics 2009; 61:755-64. [PMID: 19820922 PMCID: PMC2880465 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-009-0400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An H-2(k) MHC locus is critical for murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) resistance in MA/My mice and virus control is abolished if H-2(k) is replaced with H-2(b) MHC genes from MCMV-susceptible C57L mice. Yet, H-2(k) resistance varies with genetic background; thus, modifiers of virus resistance must exist. To identify non-MHC resistance loci, spleen and liver MCMV levels and genome-wide genotypes were assessed in (C57L x MA/My) and (MA/My x C57L) F(2) offspring (representing 550 meioses). Significantly, a non-Mendelian frequency of MHC genotypes was observed for offspring of the latter cross. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) and their interaction potential in MCMV resistance were assessed in R/qtl; QTL on chromosomes 17, 6, and 19 affected MCMV levels in infected animals. A chromosome 6 QTL was linked with the NK gene complex and acted in an additive fashion with an H-2(k) MHC QTL to mitigate spleen MCMV levels. We provide biological confirmation that this chromosome 6 QTL provided MCMV control independent of H-2(k) via NK cells. Importantly, both chromosome 6 and 19 QTLs contribute to virus control independent of H-2(k). Altogether, MHC and non-MHC MCMV-resistance QTL contribute in early resistance to MCMV infection in this genetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Stadnisky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Fialho RN, Martins L, Pinheiro JP, Bettencourt BF, Couto AR, Santos MR, Peixoto MJ, Garrett F, Leal J, Tomás AM, Bruges-Armas J. Role of human leukocyte antigen, killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, and cytokine gene polymorphisms in leptospirosis. Hum Immunol 2009; 70:915-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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46
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Sharma D, Bastard K, Guethlein LA, Norman PJ, Yawata N, Yawata M, Pando M, Thananchai H, Dong T, Rowland-Jones S, Brodsky FM, Parham P. Dimorphic motifs in D0 and D1+D2 domains of killer cell Ig-like receptor 3DL1 combine to form receptors with high, moderate, and no avidity for the complex of a peptide derived from HIV and HLA-A*2402. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 183:4569-82. [PMID: 19752231 PMCID: PMC2827337 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Comparison of mutant killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) 3DL1*015 substituted at natural positions of variation showed that tryptophan/leucine dimorphism at position 283 uniquely changes receptor conformation and can strongly influence binding of the A24nef tetramer. Dimorphic motifs at positions 2, 47, and 54 in D0 and 182 and 283 in D1+D2 distinguish the two 3DL1 lineages, typified by 3DL1*005 and 3DL1*015. The interlineage recombinant, KIR3DL1*001, combines D0 of 3DL1*005 with D1+D2 of 3DL1*015 and binds A24nef more strongly than either parent. In contrast, the reciprocal recombinant with D0 from 3DL1*015 and D1+D2 from 3DL1*005 cannot bind A24nef. Thus, D0 polymorphism directly affects the avidity of the KIR3DL1 ligand binding site. From these observations, multiple sequence alignment, and homology modeling, we constructed structural models for KIR3DL1 and its complex with A24nef. In these models, D0, D1, and D2 come together to form a binding surface for A24nef, which is contacted by all three Ig-like domains. A central pocket binds arginine 83, the only Bw4 motif residue essential for KIR3DL1 interaction, similar to the binding of lysine 80 in HLA-C by KIR2DL1. Central to this interaction is a salt bridge between arginine 83 of Bw4 and glutamate 282 of 3DL1, which juxtaposes the functionally influential dimorphism at position 283. Further 3DL1 mutants were tested and shown to have A24nef-binding properties consistent with the models. A24nef was not bound by KIR3DS1, the activating counterpart of KIR3DL1. Moreover, introducing any one of three residues specific to KIR3DS1, serine 163, arginine 166, or leucine 199, into 3DL1*015, abrogated A24nef binding.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Amino Acid Substitution/immunology
- Antibody Affinity/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/metabolism
- HLA-A Antigens/genetics
- HLA-A Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-A24 Antigen
- HLA-B Antigens/genetics
- HLA-B Antigens/metabolism
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Leucine/genetics
- Leucine/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Polymorphism, Genetic/immunology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptors, KIR3DL1/genetics
- Receptors, KIR3DL1/immunology
- Receptors, KIR3DL1/metabolism
- Tryptophan/genetics
- Tryptophan/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Sharma
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karine Bastard
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- UMR CNRS 6204, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes, France
| | - Lisbeth A. Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul J. Norman
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nobuyo Yawata
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Makoto Yawata
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marcelo Pando
- Histocompatibility, Immunogenetics & Disease Profiling Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hathairat Thananchai
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M. Brodsky
- Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Hollenbach JA, Ladner MB, Saeteurn K, Taylor KD, Mei L, Haritunians T, McGovern DPB, Erlich HA, Rotter JI, Trachtenberg EA. Susceptibility to Crohn's disease is mediated by KIR2DL2/KIR2DL3 heterozygosity and the HLA-C ligand. Immunogenetics 2009; 61:663-71. [PMID: 19789864 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-009-0396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the KIR loci and the genes encoding their HLA ligands and genetic susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD). Analyses of the interactions between KIR3DL1, KIR2DL1, KIR2DL2, and KIR2DL3 with their respective HLA ligands indicate that there is a protective effect for KIR2DL2 in the absence of its HLA ligand C1. Given that KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 segregate as alleles, we compared their genotypic distributions to expectations under Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) with regard to the HLA ligand C1 status. While all the genotypic distributions conform to expectations under HWE in controls, in C2 ligand homozygous cases there is significant deviation from HWE, with a reduction of KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3 heterozygotes. KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3 heterozygosity is the only genotypic combination that confers protection from CD. In addition to the protective effect (OR = 0.44, CI = 0.22-0.87; p = 0.018) observed in C2 ligand homozygotes, the KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3 genotype is predisposing (OR = 1.34, CI = 1.03-4.53; p = 0.031) in the presence of C1 ligand. A test for trend of HLA class I C ligand group genotypes with KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3 heterozygosity in cases and controls indicates that C1, C2 ligand group heterozygotes have an intermediate effect on predisposition. These results show for the first time that disease susceptibility may be related to heterozygosity at a specific KIR locus, and that HLA ligand genotype influences the relative effect of the KIR genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Hollenbach
- Center for Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
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48
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The effect of single and combined activating killer immunoglobulin-like receptor genotypes on cytomegalovirus infection and immunity after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009; 15:315-25. [PMID: 19203722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that activating killer Ig-like receptor (aKIR) genes are important for control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). To date, using the broad classification of KIR haplotypes A and B, the precise role of individual KIR genes in the control of infection cannot be discerned. To address this, a consecutive case series of 211 non-T cell-depleted HCT patients all at risk for CMV were monitored biweekly for CMV DNA in plasma by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and at intervals for CMV-specific T cell immunity. Comparing patients with CMV reactivation (n = 152) to those with no reactivation (n = 59), the presence of specific aKIR haplotypes in the donor, but not in the recipient, were associated with protection from CMV reactivation and control of peak plasma CMV DNA (P < .001). A donor aKIR profile, predictive for low risk of CMV reactivation, contained either aKIR2DS2 and aKIR2DS4 or had >/=5 aKIR genes. Neither donor nor recipient inhibitory KIR (iKIR) played a role in a protective effect. CD4(+)- and CD8(+)-specific CMV immunity did not explain reduced CMV infection. The initial control of CMV infection after HCT is managed by aKIR functions, and donor aKIR haplotypes deserve further evaluation in donor selection for optimized HCT outcome.
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49
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Mendy M, Walton R. Molecular pathogenesis and early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma--perspectives from West Africa. Cancer Lett 2009; 286:44-51. [PMID: 19523756 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews mechanisms involved in development of hepatocellular carcinoma and how host and environmental factors interact at a molecular level to cause cancer. These processes are intimately linked with strategies for early detection since molecular intermediates on the carcinogenesis pathway can now be detected with increasing levels of sensitivity. Similarly host factors influencing response to environmental agents, together with substances produced by early cancers, can be assayed in fine detail with new and emerging technologies. These advances in the field of biomarkers may lead to more rapid diagnosis and ultimately to improved survival as novel therapeutic strategies are adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimuna Mendy
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, Gambia, West Africa
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50
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Korbel DS, Norman PJ, Newman KC, Horowitz A, Gendzekhadze K, Parham P, Riley EM. Killer Ig-like receptor (KIR) genotype predicts the capacity of human KIR-positive CD56dim NK cells to respond to pathogen-associated signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6426-34. [PMID: 19414796 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
IFN-gamma emanating from NK cells is an important component of innate defense against infection. In this study, we demonstrate that, following in vitro stimulation of human peripheral blood NK cells with a variety of microbial ligands, CD56(dim) as well as CD56(bright) NK cells contribute to the overall NK cell IFN-gamma response with, for most cell donors, IFN-gamma(+) CD56(dim) NK cells outnumbering IFN-gamma(+) CD56(bright) NK cells. We also observe that the magnitude of the human NK IFN-gamma response to microbial ligands varies between individuals; that the antimicrobial response of CD56(bright), but not CD56(dim), NK cells is highly correlated with that of myeloid accessory cells; and that the ratio of IFN-gamma(+) CD56(dim) to IFN-gamma(+) CD56(bright) NK cells following microbial stimulation differs between individuals but remains constant for a given donor over time. Furthermore, ratios of IFN-gamma(+) CD56(dim) to IFN-gamma(+) CD56(bright) NK cells for different microbial stimuli are highly correlated and the relative response of CD56(dim) and CD56(bright) NK cells is highly significantly associated with killer Ig-like receptor (KIR) genotype. These data reveal an influence of KIR genotype, possibly mediated via NK cell education, on the ability of NK cells to respond to nonviral infections and have implications for genetic regulation of susceptibility to infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Korbel
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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