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Morga B, Jacquot M, Pelletier C, Chevignon G, Dégremont L, Biétry A, Pepin JF, Heurtebise S, Escoubas JM, Bean TP, Rosani U, Bai CM, Renault T, Lamy JB. Genomic Diversity of the Ostreid Herpesvirus Type 1 Across Time and Location and Among Host Species. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:711377. [PMID: 34326830 PMCID: PMC8313985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.711377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying virus emergence are rarely well understood, making the appearance of outbreaks largely unpredictable. This is particularly true for pathogens with low per-site mutation rates, such as DNA viruses, that do not exhibit a large amount of evolutionary change among genetic sequences sampled at different time points. However, whole-genome sequencing can reveal the accumulation of novel genetic variation between samples, promising to render most, if not all, microbial pathogens measurably evolving and suitable for analytical techniques derived from population genetic theory. Here, we aim to assess the measurability of evolution on epidemiological time scales of the Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), a double stranded DNA virus of which a new variant, OsHV-1 μVar, emerged in France in 2008, spreading across Europe and causing dramatic economic and ecological damage. We performed phylogenetic analyses of heterochronous (n = 21) OsHV-1 genomes sampled worldwide. Results show sufficient temporal signal in the viral sequences to proceed with phylogenetic molecular clock analyses and they indicate that the genetic diversity seen in these OsHV-1 isolates has arisen within the past three decades. OsHV-1 samples from France and New Zealand did not cluster together suggesting a spatial structuration of the viral populations. The genome-wide study of simple and complex polymorphisms shows that specific genomic regions are deleted in several isolates or accumulate a high number of substitutions. These contrasting and non-random patterns of polymorphism suggest that some genomic regions are affected by strong selective pressures. Interestingly, we also found variant genotypes within all infected individuals. Altogether, these results provide baseline evidence that whole genome sequencing could be used to study population dynamic processes of OsHV-1, and more broadly herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-François Pepin
- Ifremer, ODE-Littoral-Laboratoire Environnement Ressources des Pertuis Charentais (LER-PC), La Tremblade, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Montpellier - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Tim P Bean
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom.,Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Umberto Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Chang-Ming Bai
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Qingdao, China
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Abstract
Current multiple sclerosis (MS) therapies are effective in reducing relapse rate, short-term measures of disability, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of inflammation in relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), whereas in progressive/degenerative disease phases these medications are of little or no benefit. Therefore, the development of new therapies aimed at reversing neurodegeneration is of great interest. Remyelination, which is usually a spontaneous endogenous process, is achieved when myelin-producing oligodendrocytes are generated from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Even though these precursor cells are abundant in MS brains, their regeneration capacity is limited. Enhancing the generation of myelin-producing cells is therefore a major focus of MS research. Here we present an overview of the different advancements in the field of remyelination, including suitable animal models for testing remyelination therapies, approved medications with a proposed role in regeneration, myelin repair treatments under investigation in clinical trials, as well as future therapeutics aimed at facilitating myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer Akkermann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio-44195
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Cheng Y, Skinner DD, Lane TE. Innate Immune Responses and Viral-Induced Neurologic Disease. J Clin Med 2018; 8:jcm8010003. [PMID: 30577473 PMCID: PMC6352557 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, axonal damage, and demyelination. Cellular components of the adaptive immune response are viewed as important in initiating formation of demyelinating lesions in MS patients. This notion is supported by preclinical animal models, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), as well as approved disease modifying therapies (DMTs) that suppress clinical relapse and are designed to impede infiltration of activated lymphocytes into the CNS. Nonetheless, emerging evidence demonstrates that the innate immune response e.g., neutrophils can amplify white matter damage through a variety of different mechanisms. Indeed, using a model of coronavirus-induced neurologic disease, we have demonstrated that sustained neutrophil infiltration into the CNS of infected animals correlates with increased demyelination. This brief review highlights recent evidence arguing that targeting the innate immune response may offer new therapeutic avenues for treatment of demyelinating disease including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cheng
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Dominic D Skinner
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Thomas E Lane
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Mangale V, Marro BS, Plaisted WC, Walsh CM, Lane TE. Neural precursor cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit reduced susceptibility to infection with a neurotropic coronavirus. Virology 2017; 511:49-55. [PMID: 28822268 PMCID: PMC5623645 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the susceptibility of mouse induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural precursor cells (iPSC-NPCs) to infection with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV). Similar to NPCs derived from striatum of day 1 postnatal GFP-transgenic mice (GFP-NPCs), iPSC-derived NPCs (iPSC-NPCs) are able to differentiate into terminal neural cell types and express MHC class I and II in response to IFN-γ treatment. However, in contrast to postnatally-derived NPCs, iPSC-NPCs express low levels of carcinoembryonic antigen-cell adhesion molecule 1a (CEACAM1a), the surface receptor for JHMV, and are less susceptible to infection and virus-induced cytopathic effects. The relevance of this in terms of therapeutic application of NPCs resistant to viral infection is discussed. The neurotropic virus JHMV infects and kills mouse post-natal neural progenitor cells (NPCs). This study examines if JHMV infects mouse inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived NPCs. iPSC-NPCs are less susceptible to infection with JHMV and subsequent lytic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrushali Mangale
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology & Immunology University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Brett S Marro
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States
| | - Warren C Plaisted
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States
| | - Craig M Walsh
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States
| | - Thomas E Lane
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology & Immunology University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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Zamanzadeh Z, Ataei M, Nabavi SM, Ahangari G, Sadeghi M, Sanati MH. In Silico Perspectives on the Prediction of the PLP's Epitopes involved in Multiple Sclerosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 15:10-21. [PMID: 28959348 PMCID: PMC5582249 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The main cause of the MS is yet to be revealed, but the most probable theory is based on the molecular mimicry that concludes some infections in the activation of T cells against brain auto-antigens that initiate the disease cascade. OBJECTIVES The Purpose of this research is the prediction of the auto-antigen potency of the myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) in multiple sclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS As there wasn't any tertiary structure of PLP available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and in order to characterize the structural properties of the protein, we modeled this protein using prediction servers. Meta prediction method, as a new perspective in silico, was performed to fi nd PLPs epitopes. For this purpose, several T cell epitope prediction web servers were used to predict PLPs epitopes against Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA). The overlap regions, as were predicted by most web servers were selected as immunogenic epitopes and were subjected to the BLASTP against microorganisms. RESULTS Three common regions, AA58-74, AA161-177, and AA238-254 were detected as immunodominant regions through meta-prediction. Investigating peptides with more than 50% similarity to that of candidate epitope AA58-74 in bacteria showed a similar peptide in bacteria (mainly consistent with that of clostridium and mycobacterium) and spike protein of Alphacoronavirus 1, Canine coronavirus, and Feline coronavirus. These results suggest that cross reaction of the immune system to PLP may have originated from a bacteria or viral infection, and therefore molecular mimicry might have an important role in the progression of MS. CONCLUSIONS Through reliable and accurate prediction of the consensus epitopes, it is not necessary to synthesize all PLP fragments and examine their immunogenicity experimentally (in vitro). In this study, the best encephalitogenic antigens were predicted based on bioinformatics tools that may provide reliable results for researches in a shorter time and at a lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Zamanzadeh
- Department of medical biotechnology. Institute of Medical Genetic, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 14965/161 Iran
| | - Mitra Ataei
- Department of medical biotechnology. Institute of Medical Genetic, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 14965/161 Iran
| | - Seyed Massood Nabavi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Public Health, Shahed University, Tehran, 18155/159, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ahangari
- Department of medical biotechnology. Institute of Medical Genetic, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 14965/161 Iran
| | - Mehdi Sadeghi
- Department of medical biotechnology. Institute of Medical Genetic, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 14965/161 Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Sanati
- Department of medical biotechnology. Institute of Medical Genetic, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 14965/161 Iran
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Massilamany C, Koenig A, Reddy J, Huber S, Buskiewicz I. Autoimmunity in picornavirus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 16:8-14. [PMID: 26554915 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are small, non-enveloped, positive-sense single-strand RNA viruses, and are ubiquitously found throughout the world. These viruses usually cause asymptomatic or mild febrile illnesses, but have a propensity to induce severe diseases including type 1 diabetes and pancreatitis, paralysis and neuroinflammatory disease, myocarditis, or hepatitis. This pathogenicity may result from induction of autoimmunity to organ-specific antigens. While enterovirus-triggered autoimmunity can arise from multiple mechanisms including antigenic mimicry and release of sequestered antigens, the recent demonstration of T cells expressing dual T cell receptors arising as a natural consequence of Theiler's virus infection is the first demonstration of this autoimmune mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandirasegaran Massilamany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Andreas Koenig
- Department of Medicine and University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Sally Huber
- Department of Pathology and Vermont Center for Immunobiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Iwona Buskiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Vermont Center for Immunobiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA.
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Blanc CA, Rosen H, Lane TE. FTY720 (fingolimod) modulates the severity of viral-induced encephalomyelitis and demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:138. [PMID: 25138356 PMCID: PMC4148542 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background FTY720 (fingolimod) is the first oral drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of patients with the relapsing-remitting form of the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. Evidence suggests that the therapeutic benefit of FTY720 occurs by preventing the egress of lymphocytes from lymph nodes thereby inhibiting the infiltration of disease-causing lymphocytes into the central nervous system (CNS). We hypothesized that FTY720 treatment would affect lymphocyte migration to the CNS and influence disease severity in a mouse model of viral-induced neurologic disease. Methods Mice were infected intracranially with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus. Infected animals were treated with increasing doses (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) of FTY720 and morbidity and mortality recorded. Infiltration of inflammatory virus-specific T cells (tetramer staining) into the CNS of FTY720-treated mice was determined using flow cytometry. The effects of FTY720 treatment on virus-specific T cell proliferation, cytokine production and cytolytic activity were also determined. The severity of neuroinflammation and demyelination in FTY720-treated mice was examined by flow cytometry and histopathologically, respectively, in the spinal cords of the mice. Results Administration of FTY720 to JHMV-infected mice resulted in increased clinical disease severity and mortality. These results correlated with impaired ability to control viral replication (P < 0.05) within the CNS at days 7 and 14 post-infection, which was associated with diminished accumulation of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (P < 0.05) into the CNS. Reduced neuroinflammation in FTY720-treated mice correlated with increased retention of T lymphocytes within draining cervical lymph nodes (P < 0.05). Treatment with FTY720 did not affect virus-specific T cell proliferation, expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α or cytolytic activity. FTY720-treated mice exhibited a reduction in the severity of demyelination associated with dampened neuroinflammation. Conclusion These findings indicate that FTY720 mutes effective anti-viral immune responses through impacting migration and accumulation of virus-specific T cells within the CNS during acute viral-induced encephalomyelitis. FTY720 treatment reduces the severity of neuroinflammatory-mediated demyelination by restricting the access of disease-causing lymphocytes into the CNS but is not associated with viral recrudescence in this model.
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8
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Mohammed JP, Mattner J. Autoimmune disease triggered by infection with alphaproteobacteria. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 5:369-379. [PMID: 20161124 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite having long been postulated, compelling evidence for the theory that microbial triggers drive autoimmunity has only recently been reported. A specific association between Novosphingobium aromaticivorans, an ubiquitous alphaproteobacterium, and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has been uncovered in patients with PBC. Notably, the association between Novosphingobium infection and PBC has been confirmed in a mouse model in which infection leads to the development of liver lesions resembling PBC concomitant with the production of anti-PDC-E2 antibodies that cross-react with conserved PDC-E2 epitopes shared by Novosphingobium. The discovery of infectious triggers of autoimmunity is likely to change our current concepts about the etiology of various autoimmune syndromes and may suggest new and simpler ways to diagnose and treat these debilitating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid P Mohammed
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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10
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Rhoades RE, Tabor-Godwin JM, Tsueng G, Feuer R. Enterovirus infections of the central nervous system. Virology 2011; 411:288-305. [PMID: 21251690 PMCID: PMC3060663 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV) frequently infect the central nervous system (CNS) and induce neurological diseases. Although the CNS is composed of many different cell types, the spectrum of tropism for each EV is considerable. These viruses have the ability to completely shut down host translational machinery and are considered highly cytolytic, thereby causing cytopathic effects. Hence, CNS dysfunction following EV infection of neuronal or glial cells might be expected. Perhaps unexpectedly given their cytolytic nature, EVs may establish a persistent infection within the CNS, and the lasting effects on the host might be significant with unanticipated consequences. This review will describe the clinical aspects of EV-mediated disease, mechanisms of disease, determinants of tropism, immune activation within the CNS, and potential treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ralph Feuer
- Corresponding author. Cell & Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive; San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA. Fax: +1 619 594 0777.
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Getts MT, Miller SD. 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: triggering of autoimmune diseases by infections. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:15-21. [PMID: 20415846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), are linked genetically to distinct major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and other immune modulators. However, genetic predisposition is only one risk factor for the development of these diseases, and low concordance rates in monozygotic twins as well as geographical distribution of disease risk suggest a critical role for environmental factors in the triggering of these autoimmune diseases. Among potential environmental factors, infections have been implicated in the onset and/or promotion of autoimmunity. This review will discuss human autoimmune diseases with a potential viral cause, and outline potential mechanisms by which pathogens can trigger autoimmune disease as discerned from various animal models of infection-induced autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Getts
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Huber SA. Autoimmunity in Coxsackievirus B3 induced myocarditis: role of estrogen in suppressing autoimmunity. Future Virol 2010; 5:273-286. [PMID: 20963181 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Picornaviruses are small, non-enveloped, single stranded, positive sense RNA viruses which cause multiple diseases including myocarditis/dilated cardiomyopathy, type 1 diabetes, encephalitis, myositis, orchitis and hepatitis. Although picornaviruses directly kill cells, tissue injury primarily results from autoimmunity to self antigens. Viruses induce autoimmunity by: aborting deletion of self-reactive T cells during T cell ontogeny; reversing anergy of peripheral autoimmune T cells; eliminating T regulatory cells; stimulating self-reactive T cells through antigenic mimicry or cryptic epitopes; and acting as an adjuvant for self molecules released during virus infection. Most autoimmune diseases (SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, Grave's disease) predominate in females, but diseases associated with picornavirus infections predominate in males. T regulatory cells are activated in infected females because of the combined effects of estrogen and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- SA Huber
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, 208 S Park Drive, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
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Deretzi G, Kountouras J, Grigoriadis N, Zavos C, Chatzigeorgiou S, Koutlas E, Tsiptsios I. From the "little brain" gastrointestinal infection to the "big brain" neuroinflammation: a proposed fast axonal transport pathway involved in multiple sclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:781-7. [PMID: 19467574 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human central nervous system (CNS) is targeted by different pathogens which, apart from pathogens' intranasal inoculation or trafficking into the brain through infected blood cells, may use a distinct pathway to bypass the blood-brain barrier by using the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) retrograde axonal transport through sensory or motor fibres. The recent findings regarding the enteric nervous system (often called the "little brain") similarities with CNS and GIT axonal transport of infections resulting in CNS neuroinflammation are mainly reviewed in this article. We herein propose that the GIT is the vulnerable area through which pathogens (such as Helicobacter pylori) may influence the brain and induce multiple sclerosis pathologies, mainly via the fast axonal transport by the afferent neurones connecting the GIT to brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Deretzi
- Department of Neurology, Papageorgiou Regional General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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14
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Whitman L, Zhou H, Perlman S, Lane TE. IFN-gamma-mediated suppression of coronavirus replication in glial-committed progenitor cells. Virology 2008; 384:209-15. [PMID: 19059617 PMCID: PMC2779567 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) replicates primarily within glial cells following intracranial inoculation of susceptible mice, with relative sparing of neurons. This study demonstrates that glial cells derived from neural progenitor cells are susceptible to JHMV infection and that treatment of infected cells with IFN-γ inhibits viral replication in a dose-dependent manner. Although type I IFN production is muted in JHMV-infected glial cultures, IFN-β is produced following IFN-γ-treatment of JHMV-infected cells. Also, direct treatment of infected glial cultures with recombinant mouse IFN-α or IFN-β inhibits viral replication. IFN-γ-mediated control of JHMV replication is dampened in glial cultures derived from the neural progenitor cells of type I receptor knock-out mice. These data indicate that JHMV is capable of infecting glial cells generated from neural progenitor cells and that IFN-γ-mediated control of viral replication is dependent, in part, on type I IFN secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Whitman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
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Tsunoda I. Axonal degeneration as a self-destructive defense mechanism against neurotropic virus infection. Future Virol 2008; 3:579-593. [PMID: 19079794 DOI: 10.2217/17460794.3.6.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) and other neurotropic virus infections result in degeneration of each component of the neuron: apoptosis of the cell body, axonal (Wallerian) degeneration, and dendritic and synaptic pathology. In general, axonal degeneration is detrimental for hosts. However, axonal degeneration can be beneficial in the case of infection with neurotropic viruses that spread in the CNS using axonal transport. C57BL/Wld(S) (Wld(S), Wallerian degeneration slow mutant) mice are protected from axonal degeneration. Wld(S) mice infected with the neurovirulent GDVII strain of TMEV are more resistant to virus infection than wild-type mice, suggesting that axonal preservation contributes to the resistance. By contrast, infection with the less virulent Daniels strain of TMEV results in high levels of virus propagation in the CNS, suggesting that prolonged survival of axons in Wld(S) mice favors virus spread. Thus, axonal degeneration might be a beneficial self-destruct mechanism that limits the spread of neurotropic viruses, in the case of less virulent virus infection. We hypothesize that neurons use 'built-in' self-destruct protection machinery (compartmental neurodegeneration) against neurotropic virus infection, since the CNS is an immunologically privileged site. Early induction of apoptosis in the neuronal cell body limits virus replication. Wallerian degeneration of the axon prevents axonal transport of virus. Dendritic and synaptic degeneration blocks virus transmission at synapses. Thus, the balance between neurodegeneration and virus propagation may be taken into account in the future design of neuroprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cell Biology & Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, MREB, Room 218, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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Jennings P, Chan A, Schwartzberg P, Wakeland EK, Yuan D. Antigen-specific responses and ANA production in B6.Sle1b mice: a role for SAP. J Autoimmun 2008; 31:345-53. [PMID: 18845419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
B6.Sle1b mice, which contain the Sle1b gene interval derived from lupus prone NZM2410 mice on a C57BL/6 background, present with gender-biased, highly penetrant anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) production. To obtain some insight into the possible induction mechanism of autoantibodies in these mice we compared antigen-specific T dependent (TD) and T independent (TI-II) responses between B6.Sle1b and B6 mice before the development of high ANA titers. Our results show that B6.Sle1b mice mount enhanced responses to a TI-II antigen. Additionally, the memory T cell response generated by a TD antigen also increased. This enhancement correlates with the greater ability of B cells from B6.Sle1b mice to present antigen to T cells. The SLAM Associated Protein (SAP) is critical for signaling of many of the molecules encoded by the SLAM/CD2 gene cluster, candidates for mediating the Sle1b phenotype; therefore, we also investigated the effect of sap deletion in these strains on the TD and TI-II responses as well as on ANA production. The results of these studies of responses to non-self-antigens provide further insight into the mechanism by which responses to self-antigens might be initiated in the context of specific genetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Jennings
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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García-Lechuz Moya JM. [Infectious agents in the etiopathogenesis of rheumatic diseases]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4 Suppl 2:29-34. [PMID: 21794561 DOI: 10.1016/s1699-258x(08)76165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article is an author's view of how to face the knowledge about infectious agents and their pathogenic role in the starting immune mechanisms, trying to clarify its role in the origin of some rheumatic diseases. From the basic immune responds, recent evidence and newly molecular mechanisms are dissected as well as diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M García-Lechuz Moya
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital General Universitario Miguel Servet. Zaragoza. España
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Sobel RA. Anti-viral T-cell immunity+anti-CNS autoantibody=a model for human acute disseminated encephalomyelitis or multiple sclerosis relapse? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:436-8. [PMID: 17255311 PMCID: PMC1851860 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Sobel
- Laboratory Service (113), Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA.
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