1
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Yin X, Wang X, Song L, Zhang J, Wang X. Recent Progress in Synthesis of Alkyl Fluorinated Compounds with Multiple Contiguous Stereogenic Centers. Molecules 2024; 29:3677. [PMID: 39125080 PMCID: PMC11314154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic fluorides are widely used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, material sciences, and other fields due to the special physical and chemical properties of fluorine atoms. The synthesis of alkyl fluorinated compounds bearing multiple contiguous stereogenic centers is the most challenging research area in synthetic chemistry and has received extensive attention from chemists. This review summarized the important research progress in the field over the past decade, including asymmetric electrophilic fluorination and the asymmetric elaboration of fluorinated substrates (such as allylic alkylation reactions, hydrofunctionalization reactions, Mannich addition reactions, Michael addition reactions, aldol addition reactions, and miscellaneous reactions), with an emphasis on synthetic methodologies, substrate scopes, and reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.S.)
| | - Xihong Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Song
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.S.)
| | - Junxiong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.S.)
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (L.S.)
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2
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Kwon D, Lozada J, Zhang Z, Zeisler J, Poon R, Zhang C, Roxin Á, Lin KS, Perrin D, Benard F. High-Contrast CXCR4-Targeted 18F-PET Imaging Using a Potent and Selective Antagonist. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:187-197. [PMID: 33253591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is highly expressed in cancers, contributing to proliferation, metastasis, and a poor prognosis. The noninvasive imaging of CXCR4 can enable the detection and characterization of aggressive cancers with poor outcomes. Currently, no 18F-labeled CXCR4 positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer has demonstrated imaging contrast comparable to [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor, a CXCR4-targeting radioligand. We, therefore, aimed to develop a high-contrast CXCR4-targeting radiotracer by incorporating a hydrophilic linker and trifluoroborate radioprosthesis to LY2510924, a known CXCR4 antagonist. A carboxy-ammoniomethyl-trifluoroborate (PepBF3) moiety was conjugated to the LY2510924-derived peptide possessing a triglutamate linker via amide bond formation to obtain BL08, whereas an alkyne ammoniomethyl-trifluoroborate (AMBF3) moiety was conjugated using the copper-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition click reaction to obtain BL09. BL08 and BL09 were radiolabeled with [18F]fluoride ion using 18F-19F isotope exchange. Pentixafor was radiolabeled with [68Ga]GaCl3. Side-by-side PET imaging and biodistribution studies were performed on immunocompromised mice bearing Daudi Burkitt lymphoma xenografts. The biodistribution of [18F]BL08 and [18F]BL09 showed tumor uptake at 2 h postinjection (p.i.) (5.67 ± 1.25%ID/g and 5.83 ± 0.92%ID/g, respectively), which were concordant with the results of PET imaging. [18F]BL08 had low background activity, providing tumor-to-blood, -muscle, and -liver ratios of 72 ± 20, 339 ± 81, and 14 ± 3 (2 h p.i.), respectively. [18F]BL09 behaved similarly, with ratios of 64 ± 20, 239 ± 72, and 17 ± 3 (2 h p.i.), respectively. This resulted in high-contrast visualization of tumors on PET imaging for both radiotracers. [18F]BL08 exhibited lower kidney uptake (2.2 ± 0.5%ID/g) compared to [18F]BL09 (7.6 ± 1.0%ID/g) at 2 h p.i. [18F]BL08 and [18F]BL09 demonstrated higher tumor-to-blood, -muscle, and -liver ratios compared to [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor (18.9 ± 2.7, 95.4 ± 36.7, and 5.9 ± 0.7 at 2 h p.i., respectively). In conclusion, [18F]BL08 and [18F]BL09 enable high-contrast visualization of CXCR4 expression in Daudi xenografts. Based on high tumor-to-organ ratios, [18F]BL08 may prove a valuable new tool for CXCR4-targeted PET imaging with potential for translation. The use of a PepBF3 moiety is a new approach for the orthogonal conjugation of organotrifluoroborates for 18F-labeling of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kwon
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jerome Lozada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jutta Zeisler
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Richel Poon
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Áron Roxin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - David Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Francois Benard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, Canada
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3
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Xu P, Zhao D, Berger F, Hamad A, Rickmeier J, Petzold R, Kondratiuk M, Bohdan K, Ritter T. Site-Selective Late-Stage Aromatic [ 18 F]Fluorination via Aryl Sulfonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:1956-1960. [PMID: 31697427 PMCID: PMC7004179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective functionalization of C-H bonds in small complex molecules is a long-standing challenge in organic chemistry. Herein, we report a broadly applicable and site-selective aromatic C-H dibenzothiophenylation reaction. The conceptual advantage of this transformation is further demonstrated through the two-step C-H [18 F]fluorination of a series of marketed small-molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Da Zhao
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Florian Berger
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Aboubakr Hamad
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Jens Rickmeier
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Roland Petzold
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Mykhailo Kondratiuk
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Kostiantyn Bohdan
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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4
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Xu P, Zhao D, Berger F, Hamad A, Rickmeier J, Petzold R, Kondratiuk M, Bohdan K, Ritter T. Site‐Selective Late‐Stage Aromatic [
18
F]Fluorination via Aryl Sulfonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Da Zhao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Florian Berger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Aboubakr Hamad
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Jens Rickmeier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Roland Petzold
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Mykhailo Kondratiuk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Kostiantyn Bohdan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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5
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Sun Y, Zhang G. Photoinduced Decarboxylative Amino‐Fluoroalkylation of Maleic Anhydride. Chemistry 2019; 26:419-422. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Guozhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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6
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Moon BS, Lee BS, Chu SY, Kim DW, Chi DY. Remarkable Solvent Effects of Structurally Diverse Alcohols on Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions with Halide Ions. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Seok Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam 13620 Korea
| | - Byoung Se Lee
- Research Institute of Labeling; FutureChem Co. Ltd; Seoul 01811 Korea
| | - So Young Chu
- Research Institute of Labeling; FutureChem Co. Ltd; Seoul 01811 Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Inha University; Incheon 22212 Korea
| | - Dae Yoon Chi
- Research Institute of Labeling; FutureChem Co. Ltd; Seoul 01811 Korea
- Department of Chemistry; Sogang University; Seoul 04107 Korea
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7
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Xiong Y, Zhang G. Enantioselective 1,2-Difunctionalization of 1,3-Butadiene by Sequential Alkylation and Carbonyl Allylation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2735-2738. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry,
Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in
Molecular Synthesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guozhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry,
Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in
Molecular Synthesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Chao PH, Collins J, Argus JP, Tseng WY, Lee JT, Michael van Dam R. Automatic concentration and reformulation of PET tracers via microfluidic membrane distillation. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1802-1816. [PMID: 28443841 PMCID: PMC5497730 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01569g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Short-lived radiolabeled tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) must be rapidly synthesized, purified, and formulated into injectable solution just prior to imaging. Current radiosynthesizers are generally designed for clinical use, and the HPLC purification and SPE formulation processes often result in a final volume that is too large for preclinical and emerging in vitro applications. Conventional technologies and techniques for reducing this volume tend to be slow, resulting in radioactive decay of the product, and often require manual handling of the radioactive materials. We present a fully-automated microfluidic system based on sweeping gas membrane distillation to rapidly perform the concentration and formulation process. After detailed characterization of the system, we demonstrate fast and efficient concentration and formulation of several PET tracers, evaluate residual solvent content to establish the safety of the formulated tracers for injection, and show that the formulated tracer can be used for in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Chao
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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9
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Synthesis and evaluation of 18 F-labeled CJ-042794 for imaging prostanoid EP4 receptor expression in cancer with positron emission tomography. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2094-2098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Perrio C, Schmitt S, Pla D, Gabbaï FP, Chansaenpak K, Mestre-Voegtle B, Gras E. [18F]-Fluoride capture and release: azeotropic drying free nucleophilic aromatic radiofluorination assisted by a phosphonium borane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:340-343. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05168e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[18F]-Fluoride ready for SNAr was prepared according to a simple process including trapping of aqueous [18F]-fluoride on a cartridge pre-loaded with the phosphonium borane [(Ph2MeP)C6H4(BMes2)]+, then releasing by elution of TBACN in dry acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Pla
- LCC
- CNRS
- UPR8241
- UFTMP
- 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4
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11
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Perrin DM. [(18)F]-Organotrifluoroborates as Radioprosthetic Groups for PET Imaging: From Design Principles to Preclinical Applications. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1333-43. [PMID: 27054808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is revolutionizing our ability to visualize in vivo targets for target validation and personalized medicine. Of several classes of imaging agents, peptides afford high affinity and high specificity to distinguish pathologically distinct cell types by the presence of specific molecular targets. Of various available PET isotopes, [(18)F]-fluoride ion is preferred because of its excellent nuclear properties and on-demand production in hospitals at Curie levels. However, the short half-life of (18)F and its lack of reactivity in water continue to challenge peptide labeling. Hence, peptides are often conjugated to a metal chelator for late-stage, one-step labeling. Yet radiometals, while effective, are neither as desirable nor as available as [(18)F]-fluoride ion. Despite considerable past success in identifying semifeasible radiosyntheses, significant challenges continue to confound tracer development. These interrelated challenges relate to (1) isotope/prosthetic choice; (2) bioconjugation for high affinity; (3) high radiochemical yields, (4) specific activities of >1 Ci/μmol to meet FDA microdose requirements; and (5) rapid clearance and in vivo stability. These enduring challenges have been extensively highlighted, while a single-step, operationally simple, and generally applicable means of labeling a peptide with [(18)F]-fluoride ion in good yield and high specific activity has eluded radiochemists and nuclear medicine practitioners for decades. Radiosynthetic ease is of primordial importance since multistep labeling reactions challenge clinical tracer production. In the past decade, as we sought to meet this challenge, appreciation of reactions with aqueous fluoride led us to consider organotrifluoroborate (RBF3(-)) synthesis as a means of rapid aqueous peptide labeling. We have applied principles of mechanistic chemistry, knowledge of chemical reactivity, and synthetic chemistry to design stable RBF3(-)s. Over the past 10 years, we have developed several new [(18)F]-RBF3(-) radioprosthetic groups, all of which guarantee radiosynthetic ease while in most cases providing high tumor:nontumor (T:NT) ratios and moderate-to-high tumor uptake. Although others have developed methods for labeling of peptides with [(18)F]-silylfluorides or [(18)F]-Al-NOTA chelates, this Account focuses on the synthesis of [(18)F]-organotrifluoroborates. In this Account, I detail mechanistic, kinetic, thermodynamic, synthetic, and radiosynthetic approaches that enabled the translation of fundamental principles regarding the chemistry of RBF3(-)s into a tantalizingly close realization of a clinical application of an [(18)F]-organotrifluoroborate-peptide conjugate for imaging of neuroendocrine tumors and the generalization of this method for labeling of several other peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Perrin
- Chemistry Department, 2036 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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12
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Petrone DA, Ye J, Lautens M. Modern Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Carbon–Halogen Bond Formation. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8003-104. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Petrone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Davenport Research Laboratories, 80 St. George St. Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Juntao Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Davenport Research Laboratories, 80 St. George St. Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark Lautens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Davenport Research Laboratories, 80 St. George St. Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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13
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Concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution with (19)F(-) and (18)F(-). Nature 2016; 534:369-73. [PMID: 27281221 PMCID: PMC4911285 DOI: 10.1038/nature17667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) is widely used by organic chemists to functionalize aromatic molecules, and it is the most commonly used method to generate arenes that contain (18)F for use in positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging. A wide range of nucleophiles exhibit SNAr reactivity, and the operational simplicity of the reaction means that the transformation can be conducted reliably and on large scales. During SNAr, attack of a nucleophile at a carbon atom bearing a 'leaving group' leads to a negatively charged intermediate called a Meisenheimer complex. Only arenes with electron-withdrawing substituents can sufficiently stabilize the resulting build-up of negative charge during Meisenheimer complex formation, limiting the scope of SNAr reactions: the most common SNAr substrates contain strong π-acceptors in the ortho and/or para position(s). Here we present an unusual concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction (CSNAr) that is not limited to electron-poor arenes, because it does not proceed via a Meisenheimer intermediate. We show a phenol deoxyfluorination reaction for which CSNAr is favoured over a stepwise displacement. Mechanistic insights enabled us to develop a functional-group-tolerant (18)F-deoxyfluorination reaction of phenols, which can be used to synthesize (18)F-PET probes. Selective (18)F introduction, without the need for the common, but cumbersome, azeotropic drying of (18)F, can now be accomplished from phenols as starting materials, and provides access to (18)F-labelled compounds not accessible through conventional chemistry.
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14
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Stehouwer JS, Goodman MM. Fluorine-18 Radiolabeled PET Tracers for Imaging Monoamine Transporters: Dopamine, Serotonin, and Norepinephrine. PET Clin 2016; 4:101-28. [PMID: 20216936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the development of fluorine-18 radiolabeled PET tracers for imaging the dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET). All successful DAT PET tracers reported to date are members of the 3β-phenyl tropane class and are synthesized from cocaine. Currently available carbon-11 SERT PET tracers come from both the diphenylsulfide and 3β-phenyl nortropane class, but so far only the nortropanes have found success with fluorine-18 derivatives. NET imaging has so far employed carbon-11 and fluorine-18 derivatives of reboxetine but due to defluorination of the fluorine-18 derivatives further research is still necessary.
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15
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Methods for the synthesis of fluorine-18-labeled aromatic amino acids, radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET). Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-1037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of an (18)Fluorine-Labeled COX Inhibitor--[(18)F]Fluorooctyl Fenbufen Amide--For Imaging of Brain Tumors. Molecules 2016; 21:387. [PMID: 27007363 PMCID: PMC6273898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging of brain tumors remains a great challenge, despite the advances made in imaging technology. An anti-inflammatory compound may be a useful tool for this purpose because there is evidence of inflammatory processes in brain tumor micro-environments. Fluorooctylfenbufen amide (FOFA) was prepared from 8-chlorooctanol via treatment with potassium phthalimide, tosylation with Ts2O, fluorination with KF under phase transfer catalyzed conditions, deprotection using aqueous hydrazine, and coupling with fenbufen. The corresponding radiofluoro product [18F]FOFA, had a final radiochemical yield of 2.81 mCi and was prepared from activated [18F]F− (212 mCi) via HPLC purification and concentration. The radiochemical purity was determined to be 99%, and the specific activity was shown to exceed 22 GBq/μmol (EOS) based on decay-corrected calculations. Ex-vivo analysis of [18F]FOFA in plasma using HPLC showed that the agent had a half-life of 15 min. PET scanning showed significant accumulation of [18F]FOFA over tumor loci with reasonable contrast in C6-glioma bearing rats. These results suggest that this molecule is a promising agent for the visualization of brain tumors. Further investigations should focus on tumor micro-environments.
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17
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Hassan H, Abu Bakar S, Halim KNCA, Idris J, Ahmad Saad FF, Nordin AJ. Improving the (18)F-fluoromethylcholine ((18)F-FCH) radiochemical yield via optimising the azeotropic drying of non-carrier-added (18)F-fluorine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:458-9. [PMID: 26395258 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
(18)F-Fluoromethylcholine ((18)F-FCH) has been suggested as one of the reputable imaging tracers for diagnosis of prostate tumour in PET/CT examination. Nevertheless, it has never been synthesised in Malaysia. We acknowledged the major problem with (18)F-FCH is due to its relatively low radiochemical yield at the end of synthesis (EOS). Therefore, this technical note presents improved (18)F-FCH radiochemical yields after carrying out optimisation on azeotropic drying of non-carrier-added (18)F-Fluorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hishar Hassan
- Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | - Abdul Jalil Nordin
- Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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18
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Liu Z, Amouroux G, Zhang Z, Pan J, Hundal-Jabal N, Colpo N, Lau J, Perrin DM, Bénard F, Lin KS. 18F-Trifluoroborate Derivatives of [Des-Arg10]Kallidin for Imaging Bradykinin B1 Receptor Expression with Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:974-82. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Liu
- Chemistry
Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Guillaume Amouroux
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jinhe Pan
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Navjit Hundal-Jabal
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Nadine Colpo
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Joseph Lau
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - David M. Perrin
- Chemistry
Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department
of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E3, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department
of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E3, Canada
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19
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Liu Z, Li Y, Ting R, Perrin DM. Designing kinetically stable aryltrifluoroborates as 18
F-capture agents for PET imaging. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Liu
- Chemistry Department; BC; 2036 Main Mall V6T1Z1 Canada
| | - Ying Li
- Chemistry Department; BC; 2036 Main Mall V6T1Z1 Canada
| | - Richard Ting
- Chemistry Department; BC; 2036 Main Mall V6T1Z1 Canada
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20
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Richter S, Wuest F. 18F-Labeled Peptides: The Future Is Bright. Molecules 2014; 19:20536-20556. [PMID: 25493636 PMCID: PMC6271677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191220536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiolabeled peptides have been the subject of intense research efforts for targeted diagnostic imaging and radiotherapy over the last 20 years. Peptides offer several advantages for receptor imaging and targeted radiotherapy. The low molecular weight of peptides allows for rapid clearance from the blood and non-target tissue, which results in favorable target-to-non-target ratios. Moreover, peptides usually display good tissue penetration and they are generally non-immunogenic. A major drawback is their potential low metabolic stability. The majority of currently used radiolabeled peptides for targeted molecular imaging and therapy of cancer is labeled with various radiometals like 99mTc, 68Ga, and 177Lu. However, over the last decade an increasing number of 18F-labeled peptides have been reported. Despite of obvious advantages of 18F like its ease of production in large quantities at high specific activity, the low β+ energy (0.64 MeV) and the favorable half-life (109.8 min), 18F-labeling of peptides remains a special challenge. The first part of this review will provide a brief overview on chemical strategies for peptide labeling with 18F. A second part will discuss recent technological advances for 18F-labeling of peptides with special focus on microfluidic technology, automation, and kit-like preparation of 18F-labeled peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Richter
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
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21
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Kimura H, Yagi Y, Ohneda N, Odajima H, Ono M, Saji H. Development of a resonant-type microwave reactor and its application to the synthesis of positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:680-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kimura
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Radioisotope Research Center; Kyoto University; Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yagi
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ohneda
- Technology Development Dept.; SAIDA FDS Inc.; 143-10 Isshiki Yaizu Shizuoka 425-0054 Japan
| | - Hiro Odajima
- Technology Development Dept.; SAIDA FDS Inc.; 143-10 Isshiki Yaizu Shizuoka 425-0054 Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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22
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Ermert J. 18F-labelled intermediates for radiosynthesis by modular build-up reactions: newer developments. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:812973. [PMID: 25343144 PMCID: PMC4197889 DOI: 10.1155/2014/812973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This brief review gives an overview of newer developments in (18)F-chemistry with the focus on small (18)F-labelled molecules as intermediates for modular build-up syntheses. The short half-life (<2 h) of the radionuclide requires efficient syntheses of these intermediates considering that multistep syntheses are often time consuming and characterized by a loss of yield in each reaction step. Recent examples of improved synthesis of (18)F-labelled intermediates show new possibilities for no-carrier-added ring-fluorinated arenes, novel intermediates for tri[(18)F]fluoromethylation reactions, and (18)F-fluorovinylation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ermert
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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23
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Zhou D, Chu W, Xu J, Jones LA, Peng X, Li S, Chen DL, Mach RH. Synthesis, [¹⁸F] radiolabeling, and evaluation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitors for in vivo imaging of PARP-1 using positron emission tomography. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1700-7. [PMID: 24503274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) expression in vivo is a potentially powerful tool for developing PARP-1 inhibitors for drug discovery and patient care. We have synthesized several derivatives of benzimidazole carboxamide as PARP-1 inhibitors, which can be (18)F-labeled easily for positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging. Of the compounds synthesized, 12 had the highest inhibition potency for PARP-1 (IC50=6.3 nM). [(18)F]12 was synthesized under conventional conditions in high specific activity with 40-50% decay-corrected yield. MicroPET studies using [(18)F]12 in MDA-MB-436 tumor-bearing mice demonstrated accumulation of [(18)F]12 in the tumor that was blocked by olaparib, suggesting that the uptake of [(18)F]12 in the tumor is specific to PARP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhou
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wenhua Chu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jinbin Xu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lynne A Jones
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xin Peng
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shihong Li
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Delphine L Chen
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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24
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Hoehne A, Behera D, Parsons WH, James ML, Shen B, Borgohain P, Bodapati D, Prabhakar A, Gambhir SS, Yeomans DC, Biswal S, Chin FT, Bois JD. A 18F-Labeled Saxitoxin Derivative for in Vivo PET-MR Imaging of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Expression Following Nerve Injury. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18012-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja408300e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Hoehne
- Department of Radiology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Deepak Behera
- Department of Radiology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William H. Parsons
- Department of Radiology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michelle L. James
- Department of Radiology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bin Shen
- Department of Radiology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Preeti Borgohain
- Department of Radiology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Deepika Bodapati
- Department of Radiology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Archana Prabhakar
- Department of Radiology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - David C. Yeomans
- Department of Radiology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sandip Biswal
- Department of Radiology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Frederick T. Chin
- Department of Radiology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - J. Du Bois
- Department of Radiology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of
Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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25
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Damont A, Lemée F, Raggiri G, Dollé F. Novel 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Pyridines as Key Intermediates for the Preparation of the TSPO Ligand 6-F-PBR28: Synthesis and Full1H and13C NMR Characterization. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Lemée
- CEA; I²BM, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot; Orsay France
| | | | - Frédéric Dollé
- CEA; I²BM, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot; Orsay France
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26
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Rouden J, Lasne MC, Blanchet J, Baudoux J. (−)-Cytisine and Derivatives: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Applications. Chem Rev 2013; 114:712-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400307e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Rouden
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire
et Thioorganique, ENSICAEN-Université de Caen, CNRS, Institut Normand de Chimie Moléculaire, Médicinale et Macromoléculaire (INC3M), 6 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
| | - Marie-Claire Lasne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire
et Thioorganique, ENSICAEN-Université de Caen, CNRS, Institut Normand de Chimie Moléculaire, Médicinale et Macromoléculaire (INC3M), 6 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
| | - Jérôme Blanchet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire
et Thioorganique, ENSICAEN-Université de Caen, CNRS, Institut Normand de Chimie Moléculaire, Médicinale et Macromoléculaire (INC3M), 6 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
| | - Jérôme Baudoux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire
et Thioorganique, ENSICAEN-Université de Caen, CNRS, Institut Normand de Chimie Moléculaire, Médicinale et Macromoléculaire (INC3M), 6 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
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27
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Single step 18F-labeling of dimeric cycloRGD for functional PET imaging of tumors in mice. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:959-66. [PMID: 24090672 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arylboronates afford rapid aqueous (18)F-labeling via the creation of a highly polar (18)F-aryltrifluoroborate anion ((18)F-ArBF3(-)). HYPOTHESIS Radiosynthesis of an (18)F-ArBF3(-) can be successfully applied to a clinically relevant peptide. To test this hypothesis, we labeled dimeric-cylcoRGD, [c(RGDfK)]2E because a) it is molecularly complex and provides a challenging substrate to test the application of this technique, and b) [c(RGDfK)]2E has already been labeled via several (18)F-labeling methods which provide for a preliminary comparison. GOAL To validate this labeling method in the context of a complex and clinically relevant tracer to show tumor-specific uptake ex vivo with representative PET images in vivo. METHODS An arylborimidine was conjugated to [c(RGDfK)]2E to give the precursor [c(RGDfK)]2E-ArB(dan), which was aliquoted and stored at -20 °C. Aliquots of 10 or 25 nmol, containing only micrograms of precursor, were labeled using relatively low levels of (18)F-activity. Following purification eight mice (pre-blocked/unblocked) with U87M xenograft tumors were injected with [c(RGDfK)]2E-(18)F-ArBF3(-) (n = 4) for ex vivo tissue dissection. Two sets of mice (pre-blocked/unblocked) were also imaged with PET-CT (n = 2). RESULTS The [c(RGDfK)]2E-ArB(dan) is converted within 15 min to [c(RGDfK)]2E-(18)F-ArBF3(-) in isolated radiochemical yields of ~10% (n = 3) at a minimum effective specific activity of 0.3 Ci/μmol. Biodistribution shows rapid clearance to the bladder via the kidney resulting in high tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios of >9 and >6 respectively while pre-blocking with [c(RGDfK)]2E showed high tumor specificity. PET imaging showed good contrast between tumor and non-target tissues confirming the biodistribution data. CONCLUSION An arylborimidine-RGD peptide is rapidly (18)F-labeled in one step, in good yield, at useful specific activity. Biodistribution studies with blocking controls show tumor specificity, which is corroborated by PET images. Advances in Knowledge and Implications for patient Care: Despite many antecedent examples of labeled RGD tracers, this work is the first to show direct aqueous labeling of bisRGD with an (18)F-ArBF3(-). Labeling occurs in near record rapidity (45 min) at useful effective specific activities and competitive yields for high contrast tumor specific images. As bisRGD has been imaged in humans with several prosthetics, this work suggests potential clinical applications of tracers appended with an (18)F-ArBF3(-). More generally, the ability to label a molecularly complex tracer suggests that this method could be useful to label many other peptides. Furthermore, these results portend the development of kits that use only microgram quantities of lyophilized precursor for on demand labeling. The ability to perform one-step aqueous labeling in under an hour to provide tracers with high T:NT ratios has important implications for developing radiotracers for use in fundamental research and in preclinical tracer studies.
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Liu Z, Li Y, Lozada J, Wong MQ, Greene J, Lin KS, Yapp D, Perrin DM. Kit-like 18F-labeling of RGD-19F-arytrifluroborate in high yield and at extraordinarily high specific activity with preliminary in vivo tumor imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:841-9. [PMID: 23810487 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a rapidly expanding, cutting edge technology for preclinical evaluation, cancer diagnosis and staging, and patient management. A one-step aqueous (18)F-labeling method, which can be applied to peptides to provide functional in vivo images, has been a long-standing challenge in PET imaging. Over the past few years, we have sought a rapid and mild radiolabeling method based on the aqueous radiosynthesis of in vivo stable aryltrifluoroborate (ArBF(3)(-)) conjugates. Recent access to production levels of (18)F-Fluoride led to a fluorescent-(18)F-ArBF(3)(-) at unprecedentedly high specific activities of 15Ci/μmol. However, extending this method to labeling peptides as imaging agents has not been explored. METHODS In order to extend these results to a peptide of clinical interest in the context of production-level radiosynthesis, we applied this new technology for labeling RGD, measured its specific activity by standard curve analysis, and carried out a preliminary evaluation of its imaging properties. RESULTS RGD was labeled in excellent radiochemical yields at exceptionally high specific activity (~14Ci/μmol) (n = 3). Preliminary tumor-specific images corroborated by ex vivo biodistribution data with blocking controls show statistically significant albeit relatively low tumor uptake along with reasonably high tumor:blood ratios (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS Isotope exchange on a clinically useful (18)F-ArBF(3)(-) radiotracer leads to excellent radiochemical yields and exceptionally high specific activities while the anionic nature of the aryltrifluoroborate prosthetic results in very rapid clearance. Since rapid clearance of the radioactive tracer is generally desirable for tracer development, these results suggest new directions for varying linker arm composition to slightly retard clearance rather than enhancing it. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE This work is the first to use production levels of (18)F-activity to directly label RGD at specific activities that are an order of magnitude higher than most reports and thereby increases the distribution window for radiotracer production and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Liu
- Chemistry Department, 2036 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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30
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Ermert J, Coenen HH. Methods for11C- and18F-labelling of amino acids and derivatives for positron emission tomography imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:225-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ermert
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425; Jülich; Germany
| | - Heinz H. Coenen
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425; Jülich; Germany
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31
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Xu H, Wang Z, Wang Y, Hu S, Liu N. Biodistribution and elimination study of fluorine-18 labeled Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine following intragastric and intravenous administration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57897. [PMID: 23505446 PMCID: PMC3591457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) is a major advanced glycation end-product (AGEs) widely found in foods. The aim of our study was to evaluate how exogenous CML-peptide is dynamically absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and eliminated by renal tubular secretion using microPET imaging. Methods The present study consisted of three investigations. In study I, we synthesized the imaging tracer 18F-CML by reacting N-succinimidyl 4-18F-fluorobenzoate (18F-SFB) with CML. In study II, the biological activity of 18F-CML was evaluated in RAW264.7 cells and HepG2 cells. In study III, the biodistribution and elimination of AGEs in ICR mice were studied in vivo following tail vein injection and intragastric administration of 18F-CML. Result The formation of 18F-CML was confirmed by comparing its retention time with the corresponding reference compound 19F-CML. The radiochemical purity (RCP) of 18F-CML was >95%, and it showed a stable character in vitro and in vivo. Uptake of 18F-CML by RAW264.7 cells and HepG2 cells could be inhibited by unmodified CML. 18F-CML was quickly distributed via the blood, and it was rapidly excreted through the kidneys 20 min after tail vein injection. However, 18F-CML was only slightly absorbed following intragastric administration. After administration of 18F-CML via a stomach tube, the radioactivity was completely localized in the stomach for the first 15 min. At 150 min post intragastric administration, intense accumulation of radioactivity in the intestines was still observed. Conclusions PET technology is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of the gastrointestinal absorption of orally administered drugs. 18F-CML is hardly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. It is rapidly distributed and eliminated from blood following intravenous administration. Thus, it may not be harmful to healthy bodies. Our study showed the feasibility of noninvasively imaging 18F-labeled AGEs and was the first to describe CML-peptide gastrointestinal absorption by means of PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzeng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Shengda Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Naifeng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Liu Z, Li Y, Lozada J, Schaffer P, Adam MJ, Ruth TJ, Perrin DM. Stoichiometric Leverage: Rapid18F-Aryltrifluoroborate Radiosynthesis at High Specific Activity for Click Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Liu Z, Li Y, Lozada J, Schaffer P, Adam MJ, Ruth TJ, Perrin DM. Stoichiometric Leverage: Rapid18F-Aryltrifluoroborate Radiosynthesis at High Specific Activity for Click Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2303-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liu Z, Li Y, Lozada J, Pan J, Lin KS, Schaffer P, Perrin DM. Rapid, one-step, high yielding18F-labeling of an aryltrifluoroborate bioconjugate by isotope exchange at very high specific activity. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Liu
- Chemistry Department, 2036 Main Mall; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; B.C.; V6T-1Z1; Canada
| | - Ying Li
- Chemistry Department, 2036 Main Mall; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; B.C.; V6T-1Z1; Canada
| | - Jerome Lozada
- Chemistry Department, 2036 Main Mall; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; B.C.; V6T-1Z1; Canada
| | - Jinhe Pan
- BC Cancer Agency - Vancouver Centre; Centre for Functional Imaging; 600 West 10th Avenue; Vancouver; B.C.; V5Z-4E6; Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- BC Cancer Agency - Vancouver Centre; Centre for Functional Imaging; 600 West 10th Avenue; Vancouver; B.C.; V5Z-4E6; Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Triumf; 4004 Wesbrook Mall; Vancouver; B.C.; V6T-2A3; Canada
| | - David M. Perrin
- Chemistry Department, 2036 Main Mall; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; B.C.; V6T-1Z1; Canada
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Bartholomä MD, Gottumukkala V, Zhang S, Baker A, Dunning P, Fahey FH, Treves ST, Packard AB. Effect of the prosthetic group on the pharmacologic properties of 18F-labeled rhodamine B, a potential myocardial perfusion agent for positron emission tomography (PET). J Med Chem 2012; 55:11004-12. [PMID: 23210516 DOI: 10.1021/jm301453p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the development of the 2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl ester of rhodamine B as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for myocardial perfusion imaging. This compound, which was prepared using a [(18)F]fluoroethyl prosthetic group, has significant uptake in the myocardium in rats but also demonstrates relatively high liver uptake and is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo in mice. We have now prepared (18)F-labeled rhodamine B using three additional prosthetic groups (propyl, diethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol) and found that the prosthetic group has a significant effect on the in vitro and in vivo properties of these compounds. Of the esters prepared to date, the diethylene glycol ester is superior in terms of in vitro stability and pharmacokinetics. These observations suggest that the prosthetic group plays a significant role in determining the pharmacological properties of (18)F-labeled compounds. They also support the value of continued investigation of (18)F-labeled rhodamines as PET radiopharmaceuticals for myocardial perfusion imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Bartholomä
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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36
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Wuest F, Bouvet V, Mai B, LaPointe P. Fluorine- and rhenium-containing geldanamycin derivatives as leads for the development of molecular probes for imaging Hsp90. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6724-31. [PMID: 22825378 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25744k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an ATP-dependent molecular chaperone responsible for protein quality control in cells. Hsp90 has been shown to be overexpressed in many human cancers. This has prompted extensive research on Hsp90 inhibitors as novel anticancer agents and, more recently, the development of molecular probes for imaging Hsp90 expression in vivo. This work describes the development of various fluorine-containing and rhenium-containing geldanamycin derivatives as leads for the development of corresponding (18)F-labeled and (99m)Tc-labeled PET and SPECT probes for molecular imaging of Hsp90 expression. All compounds were evaluated in an in vitro ATPase activity assay using Hsp90 isoform Hsp82p. Fluorobenzoylated geldanamycin derivative 5 displayed comparable inhibitory potency like parent compound geldanamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Zhou D, Chu W, Dence CS, Mach RH, Welch MJ. Highly efficient click labeling using 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl azide and synthesis of an ¹⁸FN-hydroxysuccinimide ester as conjugation agent. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39:1175-81. [PMID: 22770647 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Click labeling using 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl azide has been proven to be promising methods of radiolabeling small molecules and peptides, some of which are undergoing clinical evaluations. However, the previously reported method afforded low yield, poor purities and under desirable reproducibility. METHODS A vacuum distillation method was used to isolate 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl azide, and the solvent effect of acetonitrile and dimethylformamide (DMF) on the click labeling using Cu(I) from copper sulfate/sodium ascorbate was studied. The labeling conditions were optimized to radiosynthesize a hydroxysuccinimide ester (N-hydroxysuccinimide, or NHS). RESULTS 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl azide was isolated by the vacuum distillation method with >80% yield within 10min in a "pure" and click-ready form. It was found that the amount of DMF was critical for maintaining high levels of Cu(I) from copper sulfate/sodium ascorbate in order to rapidly complete the click labeling reaction. The addition of bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic acid disodium salt to the mixture of copper sulfate/sodium ascorbate also greatly improved the click labeling efficiency. Through exploiting these optimizations, a base-labile NHS ester was rapidly radiosynthesized in 90% isolated yield with good chemical and radiochemical purities. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a general method to click-label small molecules efficiently using [¹⁸F]2 for research and clinical use. This NHS ester can be used for conjugation chemistry to label antibodies, peptides and small molecules as positron emission tomography tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhou
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Radiolabeling of RGD peptide and preliminary biological evaluation in mice bearing U87MG tumors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3850-5. [PMID: 22583670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
2-[(18)F]Fluoroethyl azide ([(18)F]FEA) and terminal alkynyl modified propioloyl RGDfK were selected in this study. [(18)F]FEA was prepared by nucleophilic radiofluorination of 2-azidoethyl 4-toluenesulfonate with radiochemical yield of 71 ± 4% (n = 5, decay-corrected). We assessed the various conditions of the CuAAC reaction between [(18)F]FEA and propioloyl RGDfK, which included peptide concentration, reaction time, temperature and catalyst dosage. The (18)F-labeled-RGD peptide ([(18)F]F-RGDfK) could be obtained in 60 min by a two-step radiochemical synthesis route, with total radiochemical yield of 60 ± 2% (n = 3, decay-corrected) through click chemistry. [(18)F]F-RGDfK showed high stability in phosphate buffered saline and new-born calf serum. Micro-PET imaging at 1 h post injection of [(18)F]F-RGDfK showed medium concentration of radioactivity in tumors while much decreased concentration in tumors in the blocking group. These results showed that [(18)F]F-RGDfK obtained by click chemistry maintained the affinity and specificity of the RGDfK peptide to integrin α(v)β(3). This study provided useful information for peptide radiofluorination by using click chemistry.
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Nolte C, Ammer J, Mayr H. Nucleofugality and nucleophilicity of fluoride in protic solvents. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3325-35. [PMID: 22339036 DOI: 10.1021/jo300141z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A series of p-substituted benzhydryl fluorides (diarylfluoromethanes) were prepared and subjected to solvolysis reactions, which were followed conductometrically. The observed first-order rate constants k(1)(25 °C) were found to follow the correlation equation log k(1)(25 °C) = s(f)(N(f) + E(f)), which allowed us to determine the nucleofuge-specific parameters N(f) and s(f) for fluoride in different aqueous and alcoholic solvents. The rates of the reverse reactions were measured by generating benzhydrylium ions (diarylcarbenium ions) laser flash photolytically in various alcoholic and aqueous solvents in the presence of fluoride ions and monitoring the rate of consumption of the benzhydrylium ions by UV-vis spectroscopy. The resulting second-order rate constants k(-1)(20 °C) were substituted into the correlation equation log k(-1) = s(N)(N + E) to derive the nucleophilicity parameters N and s(N) for fluoride in various protic solvents. Complete Gibbs energy profiles for the solvolysis reactions of benzhydryl fluorides are constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nolte
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), 81377 München, Germany
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Virdee K, Cumming P, Caprioli D, Jupp B, Rominger A, Aigbirhio FI, Fryer TD, Riss PJ, Dalley JW. Applications of positron emission tomography in animal models of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1188-216. [PMID: 22342372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) provides dynamic images of the biodistribution of radioactive tracers in the brain. Through application of the principles of compartmental analysis, tracer uptake can be quantified in terms of specific physiological processes such as cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate, and the availability of receptors in brain. Whereas early PET studies in animal models of brain diseases were hampered by the limited spatial resolution of PET instruments, dedicated small-animal instruments now provide molecular images of rodent brain with resolution approaching 1mm, the theoretic limit of the method. Major applications of PET for brain research have consisted of studies of animal models of neurological disorders, notably Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Huntington's disease (HD), stroke, epilepsy and traumatic brain injury; these studies have particularly benefited from selective neurochemical lesion models (PD), and also transgenic rodent models (AD, HD). Due to their complex and uncertain pathophysiologies, corresponding models of neuropsychiatric disorders have proven more difficult to establish. Historically, there has been an emphasis on PET studies of dopamine transmission, as assessed with a range of tracers targeting dopamine synthesis, plasma membrane transporters, and receptor binding sites. However, notable recent breakthroughs in molecular imaging include the development of greatly improved tracers for subtypes of serotonin, cannabinoid, and metabotropic glutamate receptors, as well as noradrenaline transporters, amyloid-β and neuroinflammatory changes. This article reviews the considerable recent progress in preclinical PET and discusses applications relevant to a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwar Virdee
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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Eskola O, Grönroos TJ, Naum A, Marjamäki P, Forsback S, Bergman J, Länkimäki S, Kiss J, Savunen T, Knuuti J, Haaparanta M, Solin O. Novel electrophilic synthesis of 6-[18F]fluorodopamine and comprehensive biological evaluation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012; 39:800-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-2032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Telu S, Chun JH, Siméon FG, Lu S, Pike VW. Syntheses of mGluR5 PET radioligands through the radiofluorination of diaryliodonium tosylates. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6629-38. [PMID: 21845279 PMCID: PMC3186059 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05555k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
3-Fluoro-1-((thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)benzenes constitute an important class of high-affinity metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 receptor (mGluR5) ligands, some of which have been labeled with fluorine-18 (t(1/2) = 109.7 min), to provide radioligands for molecular imaging of brain mGluR5 in living animal and human subjects with positron emission tomography (PET). Labeling in the 3-fluoro position of such ligands can be achieved through aromatic nucleophilic substitution of a halide leaving group with [(18)F]fluoride ion when a weakly activating m-nitrile group is present, but is generally very low yielding (<8%). Here we used a microfluidic reaction platform to show that greatly enhanced (up to 6-fold) radiochemical yields can be achieved from suitably synthesized diaryliodonium tosylate precursors. The presence of a m-nitrile or other activating group is not required. Similar conditions were adopted in a more conventional automated radiochemistry platform having a single-pot reactor, to produce mGluR5 radioligands with useful radioactivities for PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Telu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892-1003, USA
| | - Joong-Hyun Chun
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892-1003, USA
| | - Fabrice G. Siméon
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892-1003, USA
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892-1003, USA
| | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892-1003, USA
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D'Souza CA, McBride WJ, Sharkey RM, Todaro LJ, Goldenberg DM. High-yielding aqueous 18F-labeling of peptides via Al18F chelation. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1793-803. [PMID: 21805975 DOI: 10.1021/bc200175c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coordination chemistry of a new pentadentate bifunctional chelator (BFC), NODA-MPAA 1, containing the 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4-diacetate (NODA) motif with a methylphenylacetic acid (MPAA) backbone, and its ability to form stable Al(18)F chelates were investigated. The organofluoroaluminates were easily accessible from the reaction of 1 and AlF(3). X-ray diffraction studies revealed aluminum at the center of a slightly distorted octahedron, with fluorine occupying one of the axial positions. The tert-butyl protected prochelator 7, which can be synthesized in one step, is useful for coupling to biomolecules on solid phase or in solution. High yield (55-89%) aqueous (18)F-labeling was achieved in 10-15 min with a tumor-targeting peptide 4 covalently linked to 1. Defluorination was not observed for at least 4 h in human serum at 37 °C. These results demonstrate the facile application of Al(18)F chelation using BFC 1 as a versatile labeling method for radiofluorinating other heat-stable peptides for positron emission imaging.
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Standardization of fluorine-18 manufacturing processes: new scientific challenges for PET. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 78:307-13. [PMID: 21296149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In [(18)F]fluoride chemistry, the minute amounts of radioactivity taking part in a radiolabeling reaction are easily outnumbered by other reactants. Surface areas become comparably larger and more influential than in standard fluorine chemistry, while leachables, extractables, and other components that normally are considered small impurities can have a considerable influence on the efficiency of the reaction. A number of techniques exist to give sufficient (18)F-tracer for a study in a pre-clinical or clinical system, but the chemical and pharmaceutical understanding has significant gaps when it comes to scaling up or making the reaction more efficient. Automation and standardization of [(18)F]fluoride PET tracers is a prerequisite for reproducible manufacturing across multiple PET centers. So far, large-scale, multi-site manufacture has been established only for [(18)F]FDG, but several new tracers are emerging. In general terms, this transition from small- to large-scale production has disclosed several scientific challenges that need to be addressed. There are still areas of limited knowledge in the fundamental [(18)F]fluoride chemistry. The role of pharmaceutical factors that could influence the (18)F-radiosynthesis and the gaps in precise chemistry knowledge are discussed in this review based on a normal synthesis pattern.
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Schmitt S, Bouteiller C, Barré L, Perrio C. Sultone opening with [18F]fluoride: an efficient 18F-labelling strategy for PET imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11465-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14435a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Li Y, Ting R, Harwig CW, auf dem Keller U, Bellac CL, Lange PF, Inkster JAH, Schaffer P, Adam MJ, Ruth TJ, Overall CM, Perrin DM. Towards kit-like 18F-labeling of marimastat, a noncovalent inhibitor drug for in vivo PET imaging cancer associated matrix metalloproteases. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00117e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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47
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Bouvet V, Wuest M, Wuest F. Copper-free click chemistry with the short-lived positron emitter fluorine-18. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7393-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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48
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Olberg DE, Cuthbertson A, Solbakken M, Arukwe JM, Qu H, Kristian A, Bruheim S, Hjelstuen OK. Radiosynthesis and Biodistribution of a Prosthetic Group (18F-FENMA) Conjugated to Cyclic RGD Peptides. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2297-304. [DOI: 10.1021/bc1003229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dag Erlend Olberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics, University of Tromsø, Norway, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics R&D, Oslo, Norway, Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience (CMBN), University of Oslo, Norway, and Department of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alan Cuthbertson
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics, University of Tromsø, Norway, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics R&D, Oslo, Norway, Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience (CMBN), University of Oslo, Norway, and Department of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magne Solbakken
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics, University of Tromsø, Norway, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics R&D, Oslo, Norway, Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience (CMBN), University of Oslo, Norway, and Department of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joseph M. Arukwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics, University of Tromsø, Norway, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics R&D, Oslo, Norway, Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience (CMBN), University of Oslo, Norway, and Department of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hong Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics, University of Tromsø, Norway, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics R&D, Oslo, Norway, Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience (CMBN), University of Oslo, Norway, and Department of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandr Kristian
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics, University of Tromsø, Norway, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics R&D, Oslo, Norway, Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience (CMBN), University of Oslo, Norway, and Department of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Skjalg Bruheim
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics, University of Tromsø, Norway, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics R&D, Oslo, Norway, Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience (CMBN), University of Oslo, Norway, and Department of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Kristian Hjelstuen
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics, University of Tromsø, Norway, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics R&D, Oslo, Norway, Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience (CMBN), University of Oslo, Norway, and Department of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Koslowsky I, Mercer J, Wuest F. Synthesis and application of 4-[(18)F]fluorobenzylamine: A versatile building block for the preparation of PET radiotracers. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4730-5. [PMID: 20740244 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00255k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel synthesis of 4-[(18)F]fluorobenzylamine ([(18)F]FBA) by means of transition metal-assisted sodium borohydride reduction of 4-[(18)F]fluorobenzonitrile ([(18)F]FBN) is described. This approach could successfully be extended to borohydride exchange resin (BER) enabling a viable option for use in automated syntheses. [(18)F]FBA was used for the synthesis of 4-[(18)F]fluorobenzylamine-based thiol group-reactive prosthetic groups 4-[(18)F]fluorobenzyl-2-bromoacetamide ([(18)F]FBBA) and 4-[(18)F]fluorobenzylamidopropionyl maleimide ([(18)F]FBAPM). [(18)F]FBBA and [(18)F]FBAPM were obtained in radiochemical yields of 75% and 55%, respectively. Feasibility of using [(18)F]FBAPM as novel prosthetic group for peptide and protein labelling was demonstrated with cysteine-containing tripeptide glutathione (GSH). [(18)F]FBBA was used for labelling of a fully phosphorothioated 20mer oligodesoxynucleotide (ODN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Koslowsky
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
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Furuya T, Benitez D, Tkatchouk E, Strom AE, Tang P, Goddard WA, Ritter T. Mechanism of C-F reductive elimination from palladium(IV) fluorides. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:3793-807. [PMID: 20196595 PMCID: PMC2852535 DOI: 10.1021/ja909371t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The first systematic mechanism study of C-F reductive elimination from a transition metal complex is described. C-F bond formation from three different Pd(IV) fluoride complexes was mechanistically evaluated. The experimental data suggest that reductive elimination occurs from cationic Pd(IV) fluoride complexes via a dissociative mechanism. The ancillary pyridyl-sulfonamide ligand plays a crucial role for C-F reductive elimination, likely due to a kappa(3) coordination mode, in which an oxygen atom of the sulfonyl group coordinates to Pd. The pyridyl-sulfonamide can support Pd(IV) and has the appropriate geometry and electronic structure to induce reductive elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Furuya
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Diego Benitez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Ekaterina Tkatchouk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Alexandra E. Strom
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Pingping Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - William A. Goddard
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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