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Feng F, Wen Z, Chen J, Yuan Y, Wang C, Sun C. Strategies to Develop a Mucosa-Targeting Vaccine against Emerging Infectious Diseases. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030520. [PMID: 35336927 PMCID: PMC8952777 DOI: 10.3390/v14030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pathogenic microbes, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi, usually infect the host through the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive tract. The mucosa is well known to provide the first line of host defense against pathogen entry by physical, chemical, biological, and immunological barriers, and therefore, mucosa-targeting vaccination is emerging as a promising strategy for conferring superior protection. However, there are still many challenges to be solved to develop an effective mucosal vaccine, such as poor adhesion to the mucosal surface, insufficient uptake to break through the mucus, and the difficulty in avoiding strong degradation through the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, increasing efforts to overcome these issues have been made, and we herein summarize the latest findings on these strategies to develop mucosa-targeting vaccines, including a novel needle-free mucosa-targeting route, the development of mucosa-targeting vectors, the administration of mucosal adjuvants, encapsulating vaccines into nanoparticle formulations, and antigen design to conjugate with mucosa-targeting ligands. Our work will highlight the importance of further developing mucosal vaccine technology to combat the frequent outbreaks of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Feng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ziyu Wen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiaoshan Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence:
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Spencer DA, Malherbe DC, Vázquez Bernat N, Ádori M, Goldberg B, Dambrauskas N, Henderson H, Pandey S, Cheever T, Barnette P, Sutton WF, Ackerman ME, Kobie JJ, Sather DN, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Haigwood NL, Hessell AJ. Polyfunctional Tier 2-Neutralizing Antibodies Cloned following HIV-1 Env Macaque Immunization Mirror Native Antibodies in a Human Donor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:999-1012. [PMID: 33472907 PMCID: PMC7887735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine efforts to combat HIV are challenged by the global diversity of viral strains and shielding of neutralization epitopes on the viral envelope glycoprotein trimer. Even so, the isolation of broadly neutralizing Abs from infected individuals suggests the potential for eliciting protective Abs through vaccination. This study reports a panel of 58 mAbs cloned from a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) immunized with envelope glycoprotein immunogens curated from an HIV-1 clade C-infected volunteer. Twenty mAbs showed neutralizing activity, and the strongest neutralizer displayed 92% breadth with a median IC50 of 1.35 μg/ml against a 13-virus panel. Neutralizing mAbs predominantly targeted linear epitopes in the V3 region in the cradle orientation (V3C) with others targeting the V3 ladle orientation (V3L), the CD4 binding site (CD4bs), C1, C4, or gp41. Nonneutralizing mAbs bound C1, C5, or undetermined conformational epitopes. Neutralization potency strongly correlated with the magnitude of binding to infected primary macaque splenocytes and to the level of Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, but did not predict the degree of Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis. Using an individualized germline gene database, mAbs were traced to 23 of 72 functional IgHV alleles. Neutralizing V3C Abs displayed minimal nucleotide somatic hypermutation in the H chain V region (3.77%), indicating that relatively little affinity maturation was needed to achieve in-clade neutralization breadth. Overall, this study underscores the polyfunctional nature of vaccine-elicited tier 2-neutralizing V3 Abs and demonstrates partial reproduction of the human donor's humoral immune response through nonhuman primate vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Néstor Vázquez Bernat
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Ádori
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Nicholas Dambrauskas
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Heidi Henderson
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Tracy Cheever
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Philip Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - William F Sutton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | | | - James J Kobie
- Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105; and
| | | | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006;
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Novotny LA, Brockman KL, Mokrzan EM, Jurcisek JA, Bakaletz LO. Biofilm biology and vaccine strategies for otitis media due to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2019; 14:69-77. [PMID: 30853830 PMCID: PMC6402341 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1660818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is one of the most common diseases of childhood, and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is the predominant causative agent of chronic and recurrent OM, as well as OM for which treatment has failed. Moreover, NTHI is now as important a causative agent of acute OM as the pneumococcus. NTHI colonizes the human nasopharynx asymptomatically. However, upon perturbation of the innate and physical defenses of the airway by upper respiratory tract viral infection, NTHI can replicate, ascend the Eustachian tube, gain access to the normally sterile middle ear space, and cause disease. Bacterial biofilms within the middle ear, including those formed by NTHI, contribute to the chronic and recurrent nature of this disease. These multicomponent structures are highly resistant to clearance by host defenses and elimination by traditional antimicrobial therapies. Herein, we review several strategies utilized by NTHI in order to persist within the human host and interventions currently under investigation to prevent and/or resolve NTHI-induced diseases of the middle ear and uppermost airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Novotny
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth L Brockman
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Elaine M Mokrzan
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph A Jurcisek
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lauren O Bakaletz
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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Transcutaneous Immunization with a Band-Aid Prevents Experimental Otitis Media in a Polymicrobial Model. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00563-16. [PMID: 28381402 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00563-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a common pediatric disease, and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is the predominant pathogen in chronic OM, recurrent OM, and OM associated with treatment failure. OM is also a polymicrobial disease, wherein an upper respiratory tract viral infection predisposes to ascension of NTHI from the nasopharynx, the site of colonization, to the normally sterile middle ear, resulting in disease. Using a clinically relevant viral-bacterial coinfection model of NTHI-induced OM, we performed transcutaneous immunization (TCI) via a band-aid delivery system to administer each of three promising NTHI vaccine candidates derived from bacterial adhesive proteins and biofilm mediators: recombinant soluble PilA (rsPilA), chimV4, and integration host factor. Each immunogen was admixed with the adjuvant LT(R192G/L211A), a double mutant of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, and assessed for relative ability to prevent the onset of experimental OM. For each cohort, the presence of circulating immunogen-specific antibody-secreting cells and serum antibody was confirmed prior to intranasal NTHI challenge. After bacterial challenge, blinded video otoscopy and tympanometry revealed a significant reduction in the proportion of animals with signs of OM compared to levels in animals receiving adjuvant only, with an overall vaccine efficacy of 64 to 77%. These data are the first to demonstrate the efficacy afforded by TCI with a band-aid vaccine delivery system in a clinically relevant polymicrobial model of OM. The simplicity of TCI with a band-aid and the significant efficacy observed here hold great promise for reducing the global burden of OM in the pediatric population.
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Hain KS, Joshi LR, Okda F, Nelson J, Singrey A, Lawson S, Martins M, Pillatzki A, Kutish GF, Nelson EA, Flores EF, Diel DG. Immunogenicity of a recombinant parapoxvirus expressing the spike protein of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2719-2731. [PMID: 27558814 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The parapoxvirus Orf virus (ORFV), has long been recognized for its immunomodulatory properties in permissive and non-permissive animal species. Here, a new recombinant ORFV expressing the full-length spike (S) protein of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was generated and its immunogenicity and protective efficacy were evaluated in pigs. The PEDV S was inserted into the ORFV121 gene locus, an immunomodulatory gene that inhibits activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway and contributes to ORFV virulence in the natural host. The recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S virus efficiently and stably expressed the PEDV S protein in cell culture in vitro. Three intramuscular (IM) immunizations with the recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S in 3-week-old pigs elicited robust serum IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibody responses against PEDV. Additionally, IM immunization with the recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S virus protected pigs from clinical signs of porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) and reduced virus shedding in faeces upon challenge infection. These results demonstrate the suitability of ORFV121 gene locus as an insertion site for heterologous gene expression and delivery by ORFV-based viral vectors. Additionally, the results provide evidence of the potential of ORFV as a vaccine delivery vector for enteric viral diseases of swine. This study may have important implications for future development of ORFV-vectored vaccines for swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Hain
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Lok R Joshi
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Faten Okda
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Julie Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Aaron Singrey
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Steven Lawson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Mathias Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Gerald F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Eric A Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego G Diel
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Therapeutic Transcutaneous Immunization with a Band-Aid Vaccine Resolves Experimental Otitis Media. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:867-74. [PMID: 26018536 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00090-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a noninvasive strategy to induce protective immune responses. We describe TCI with a band-aid vaccine placed on the postauricular skin to exploit the unique organization of the stratum corneum and to promote the development of immune responses to resolve active experimental otitis media due to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI). This therapeutic immunization strategy induced significantly earlier resolution of middle ear fluid and rapid eradication of both planktonic and mucosal biofilm-resident NTHI within 7 days after receipt of the first immunizing band-aid vaccine. Efficacy was ascribed to the homing of immunogen-bearing cutaneous dendritic cells to the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, induction of polyfunctional CD4(+) T cells, and the presence of immunogen-specific IgM and IgG within the middle ear. TCI using band-aid vaccines could expand the use of traditional parenteral preventative vaccines to include treatment of active otitis media, in addition to other diseases of the respiratory tract due to NTHI.
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Novotny LA, Clements JD, Bakaletz LO. Kinetic analysis and evaluation of the mechanisms involved in the resolution of experimental nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced otitis media after transcutaneous immunization. Vaccine 2012; 31:3417-26. [PMID: 23092856 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a simple and needle-free method with which to induce protective immune responses. Using a chinchilla model of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI)-induced otitis media (OM), we examined the efficacy afforded by TCI with a novel chimeric immunogen called 'chimV4' which targets two critical adhesins expressed by NTHI, outer membrane protein P5 and the majority subunit of NTHI Type IV pilus, PilA. Experimental OM was first established in cohorts of animals, and then TCI performed via a therapeutic immunization regime by rubbing vaccine formulations on hydrated pinnae. The kinetics of resolution of established experimental disease was evaluated by clinically-relevant assessments of OM, bacterial culture of planktonic and adherent NTHI within the middle ear and gross examination of the relative amount of NTHI mucosal biofilms within the middle ear space. Within seven days after primary TCI, a significant reduction in the signs of OM, significantly fewer NTHI adherent to the middle ear mucosa and significant resolution of mucosal biofilms was detected in animals that received chimV4+ the adjuvant LT(R192G-L211A), compared to animals administered LT(R192G-L211A) alone or saline by TCI (p<0.05) with eradication of NTHI within an additional seven days. The mechanism for rapid disease resolution involved efflux of activated dermal dendritic cells from the pinnae after TCI, secretion of factors chemotactic for CD4(+) T-cells, induction of polyfunctional IFNγ- and IL-17-producing CD4(+) T-cells and secretion of host defense peptide within the middle ear. These data support TCI as a therapeutic intervention against experimental NTHI-induced OM and begin to elucidate the host response to immunization by this noninvasive regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Novotny
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
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Novotny LA, Clements JD, Bakaletz LO. Transcutaneous immunization as preventative and therapeutic regimens to protect against experimental otitis media due to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:456-67. [PMID: 21326197 PMCID: PMC3118858 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have developed three nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) adhesin-derived immunogens that are significantly efficacious against experimental otitis media (OM) due to NTHI when delivered parenterally. We now expanded our preventative immunization strategies to include transcutaneous immunization (TCI) as a less invasive, but potentially equally efficacious, regimen to prevent OM due to NTHI. Additionally, we examined the potential of TCI as a therapeutic immunization regimen to resolve ongoing experimental OM. Preventative immunization with NTHI outer membrane protein (OMP) P5- and type IV pilus-targeted immunogens, delivered with the adjuvant LT(R192G-L211A), induced significantly earlier clearance of NTHI from the nasopharynges and middle ears of challenged chinchillas compared with receipt of immunogen or adjuvant alone. Moreover, therapeutic immunization resulted in significant resolution of established NTHI biofilms from the middle ear space of animals compared with controls. These data advocate TCI with the adhesin-directed immunogens as an efficacious regimen for prevention and resolution of experimental NTHI-induced OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Novotny
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - J D Clements
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - L O Bakaletz
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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