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Roučová K, Vopálenský V, Mašek T, Del Llano E, Provazník J, Landry JJM, Azevedo N, Ehler E, Beneš V, Pospíšek M. Loss of ADAR1 protein induces changes in small RNA landscape in hepatocytes. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 30:1164-1183. [PMID: 38844344 PMCID: PMC11331409 DOI: 10.1261/rna.080097.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous evidence has been accumulated about the extent of A-to-I editing in human RNAs and the key role ADAR1 plays in the cellular editing machinery. It has been shown that A-to-I editing occurrence and frequency are tissue-specific and essential for some tissue development, such as the liver. To study the effect of ADAR1 function in hepatocytes, we have created Huh7.5 ADAR1 KO cell lines. Upon IFN treatment, the Huh7.5 ADAR1 KO cells show rapid arrest of growth and translation, from which they do not recover. We analyzed translatome changes by using a method based on sequencing of separate polysome profile RNA fractions. We found significant changes in the transcriptome and translatome of the Huh7.5 ADAR1 KO cells. The most prominent changes include negatively affected transcription by RNA polymerase III and the deregulation of snoRNA and Y RNA levels. Furthermore, we observed that ADAR1 KO polysomes are enriched in mRNAs coding for proteins pivotal in a wide range of biological processes such as RNA localization and RNA processing, whereas the unbound fraction is enriched mainly in mRNAs coding for ribosomal proteins and translational factors. This indicates that ADAR1 plays a more relevant role in small RNA metabolism and ribosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Roučová
- Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Vopálenský
- Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Mašek
- Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Edgar Del Llano
- Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Germ Cells, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Edvard Ehler
- Department of Biology and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Education, Charles University, 116 39 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martin Pospíšek
- Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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2
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Sarkar A, Ghosh TA, Bandyopadhyay B, Maiti S, Panja AS. Prediction of Prospective Mutational Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Spike ssRNA and Evolutionary Basis of Its Host Interaction. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01146-1. [PMID: 38619800 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Booster doses are crucial against severe COVID-19, as rapid virus mutations and variant emergence prolong the pandemic crisis. The virus's quick evolution, short generation-time, and adaptive changes impact virulence and evolvability, helping predictions about variant of concerns' (VOCs') landscapes. Here, in this study, we used a new computational algorithm, to predict the mutational pattern in SARS-CoV-2 ssRNA, proteomics, structural identification, mutation stability, and functional correlation, as well as immune escape mechanisms. Interestingly, the sequence diversity of SARS Coronavirus-2 has demonstrated a predominance of G- > A and C- > U substitutions. The best validation statistics are explored here in seven homologous models of the expected mutant SARS-CoV-2 spike ssRNA and employed for hACE2 and IgG interactions. The interactome profile of SARS-CoV-2 spike with hACE2 and IgG revealed a strong correlation between phylogeny and divergence time. The systematic adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 spike ssRNA influences infectivity and immune escape. Data suggest higher propensity of Adenine rich sequence promotes MHC system avoidance, preferred by A-rich codons. Phylogenetic data revealed the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 lineages' epidemiology. Our findings may unveil processes governing the genesis of immune-resistant variants, prompting a critical reassessment of the coronavirus mutation rate and exploration of hypotheses beyond mechanical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Sarkar
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Trijit Arka Ghosh
- Department of Computer Application, Burdwan Institute of Management and Computer Science, The University of Burdwan, Dewandighi, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713102, India
| | - Bidyut Bandyopadhyay
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Smarajit Maiti
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Haldia Institute of Health Sciences, ICARE Complex, Haldia, West Bengal, 721657, India
| | - Anindya Sundar Panja
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Informatics Laboratory, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.
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3
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Zheng YY, Reddy K, Vangaveti S, Sheng J. Inosine-Induced Base Pairing Diversity during Reverse Transcription. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:348-356. [PMID: 38252964 PMCID: PMC10877575 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
A-to-I editing catalyzed by adenosine deaminase acting on RNAs impacts numerous physiological and biochemical processes that are essential for cellular functions and is a big contributor to the infectivity of certain RNA viruses. The outcome of this deamination leads to changes in the eukaryotic transcriptome functionally resembling A-G transitions since inosine preferentially pairs with cytosine. Moreover, hyper-editing or multiple A to G transitions in clusters were detected in measles virus. Inosine modifications either directly on viral RNA or on cellular RNA can have antiviral or pro-viral repercussions. While many of the significant roles of inosine in cellular RNAs are well understood, the effects of hyper-editing of A to I on viral polymerase activity during RNA replication remain elusive. Moreover, biological strategies such as molecular cloning and RNA-seq for transcriptomic interrogation rely on RT-polymerase chain reaction with little to no emphasis placed on the first step, reverse transcription, which may reshape the sequencing results when hypermodification is present. In this study, we systematically explore the influence of inosine modification, varying the number and position of inosines, on decoding outcomes using three different reverse transcriptases (RTs) followed by standard Sanger sequencing. We find that inosine alone or in clusters can differentially affect the RT activity. To gain structural insights into the accommodation of inosine in the polymerase site of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1-RT) and how this structural context affects the base pairing rules for inosine, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of the HIV-1-RT. The simulations highlight the importance of the protein-nucleotide interaction as a critical factor in deciphering the base pairing behavior of inosine clusters. This effort sets the groundwork for decrypting the physiological significance of inosine and linking the fidelity of reverse transcriptase and the possible diverse transcription outcomes of cellular RNAs and/or viral RNAs where hyper-edited inosines are present in the transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Ying Zheng
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
- The
RNA Institute, University at Albany, State
University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Kaalak Reddy
- The
RNA Institute, University at Albany, State
University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Sweta Vangaveti
- The
RNA Institute, University at Albany, State
University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Jia Sheng
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
- The
RNA Institute, University at Albany, State
University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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4
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Ramsoomair CK, Ceccarelli M, Heiss JD, Shah AH. The epitranscriptome of high-grade gliomas: a promising therapeutic target with implications from the tumor microenvironment to endogenous retroviruses. J Transl Med 2023; 21:893. [PMID: 38071304 PMCID: PMC10709919 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) comprises 45.6% of all primary malignant brain cancers and is one of the most common and aggressive intracranial tumors in adults. Intratumoral heterogeneity with a wide range of proteomic, genetic, and epigenetic dysregulation contributes to treatment resistance and poor prognosis, thus demanding novel therapeutic approaches. To date, numerous clinical trials have been developed to target the proteome and epigenome of high-grade gliomas with promising results. However, studying RNA modifications, or RNA epitranscriptomics, is a new frontier within neuro-oncology. RNA epitranscriptomics was discovered in the 1970s, but in the last decade, the extent of modification of mRNA and various non-coding RNAs has emerged and been implicated in transposable element activation and many other oncogenic processes within the tumor microenvironment. This review provides background information and discusses the therapeutic potential of agents modulating epitranscriptomics in high-grade gliomas. A particular emphasis will be placed on how combination therapies that include immune agents targeting hERV-mediated viral mimicry could improve the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Ramsoomair
- Section of Virology and Immunotherapy, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14Th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14Th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1550 N.W. 10Th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - John D Heiss
- Surgical Neurology Branch, Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Neurological, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ashish H Shah
- Section of Virology and Immunotherapy, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14Th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Groth C, Maric J, Garcés Lázaro I, Hofman T, Zhang Z, Ni Y, Keller F, Seufert I, Hofmann M, Neumann-Haefelin C, Sticht C, Rippe K, Urban S, Cerwenka A. Hepatitis D infection induces IFN-β-mediated NK cell activation and TRAIL-dependent cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1287367. [PMID: 38143742 PMCID: PMC10739304 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The co-infection of hepatitis B (HBV) patients with the hepatitis D virus (HDV) causes the most severe form of viral hepatitis and thus drastically worsens the course of the disease. Therapy options for HBV/HDV patients are still limited. Here, we investigated the potential of natural killer (NK) cells that are crucial drivers of the innate immune response against viruses to target HDV-infected hepatocytes. Methods We established in vitro co-culture models using HDV-infected hepatoma cell lines and human peripheral blood NK cells. We determined NK cell activation by flow cytometry, transcriptome analysis, bead-based cytokine immunoassays, and NK cell-mediated effects on T cells by flow cytometry. We validated the mechanisms using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene deletions. Moreover, we assessed the frequencies and phenotype of NK cells in peripheral blood of HBV and HDV superinfected patients. Results Upon co-culture with HDV-infected hepatic cell lines, NK cells upregulated activation markers, interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) including the death receptor ligand tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), produced interferon (IFN)-γ and eliminated HDV-infected cells via the TRAIL-TRAIL-R2 axis. We identified IFN-β released by HDV-infected cells as an important enhancer of NK cell activity. In line with our in vitro data, we observed activation of peripheral blood NK cells from HBV/HDV co-infected, but not HBV mono-infected patients. Conclusion Our data demonstrate NK cell activation in HDV infection and their potential to eliminate HDV-infected hepatoma cells via the TRAIL/TRAIL-R2 axis which implies a high relevance of NK cells for the design of novel anti-viral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Groth
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jovana Maric
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Irene Garcés Lázaro
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tomáš Hofman
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yi Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZFI) - Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Keller
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Seufert
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karsten Rippe
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZFI) - Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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6
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Shen S, Zhang LS. The regulation of antiviral innate immunity through non-m 6A RNA modifications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1286820. [PMID: 37915585 PMCID: PMC10616867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1286820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The post-transcriptional RNA modifications impact the dynamic regulation of gene expression in diverse biological and physiological processes. Host RNA modifications play an indispensable role in regulating innate immune responses against virus infection in mammals. Meanwhile, the viral RNAs can be deposited with RNA modifications to interfere with the host immune responses. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has boosted the recent emergence of RNA epigenetics, due to its high abundance and a transcriptome-wide widespread distribution in mammalian cells, proven to impact antiviral innate immunity. However, the other types of RNA modifications are also involved in regulating antiviral responses, and the functional roles of these non-m6A RNA modifications have not been comprehensively summarized. In this Review, we conclude the regulatory roles of 2'-O-methylation (Nm), 5-methylcytidine (m5C), adenosine-inosine editing (A-to-I editing), pseudouridine (Ψ), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), N7-methylguanosine (m7G), N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am), and N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) in antiviral innate immunity. We provide a systematic introduction to the biogenesis and functions of these non-m6A RNA modifications in viral RNA, host RNA, and during virus-host interactions, emphasizing the biological functions of RNA modification regulators in antiviral responses. Furthermore, we discussed the recent research progress in the development of antiviral drugs through non-m6A RNA modifications. Collectively, this Review conveys knowledge and inspiration to researchers in multiple disciplines, highlighting the challenges and future directions in RNA epitranscriptome, immunology, and virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghai Shen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li-Sheng Zhang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Chen J, Jin J, Jiang J, Wang Y. Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) as crucial regulators in cardiovascular diseases: structures, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic approach. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1194884. [PMID: 37663249 PMCID: PMC10469703 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1194884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of diseases that have a major impact on global health and are the leading cause of death. A large number of chemical base modifications in ribonucleic acid (RNA) are associated with cardiovascular diseases. A variety of ribonucleic acid modifications exist in cells, among which adenosine deaminase-dependent modification is one of the most common ribonucleic acid modifications. Adenosine deaminase acting on ribonucleic acid 1 (Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1) is a widely expressed double-stranded ribonucleic acid adenosine deaminase that forms inosine (A-to-I) by catalyzing the deamination of adenosine at specific sites of the target ribonucleic acid. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure of Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 and summarize the regulatory mechanisms of ADAR1-mediated ribonucleic acid editing in cardiovascular diseases, indicating Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 as a promising therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieying Chen
- Department of Cardiology ofThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junyan Jin
- Department of Cardiology ofThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology ofThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Cardiology ofThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Rasizadeh R, Aghbash PS, Nahand JS, Entezari-Maleki T, Baghi HB. SARS-CoV-2-associated organs failure and inflammation: a focus on the role of cellular and viral microRNAs. Virol J 2023; 20:179. [PMID: 37559103 PMCID: PMC10413769 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for the recent pandemic all over the world, which has caused many complications. One of the hallmarks of SARS-CoV-2 infection is an induced immune dysregulation, in some cases resulting in cytokine storm syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome and many organs such as lungs, brain, and heart that are affected during the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several physiological parameters are altered as a result of infection and cytokine storm. Among them, microRNAs (miRNAs) might reflect this poor condition since they play a significant role in immune cellular performance including inflammatory responses. Both host and viral-encoded miRNAs are crucial for the successful infection of SARS-CoV-2. For instance, dysregulation of miRNAs that modulate multiple genes expressed in COVID-19 patients with comorbidities (e.g., type 2 diabetes, and cerebrovascular disorders) could affect the severity of the disease. Therefore, altered expression levels of circulating miRNAs might be helpful to diagnose this illness and forecast whether a COVID-19 patient could develop a severe state of the disease. Moreover, a number of miRNAs could inhibit the expression of proteins, such as ACE2, TMPRSS2, spike, and Nsp12, involved in the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2. Accordingly, miRNAs represent potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this devastating viral disease. In the current study, we investigated modifications in miRNA expression and their influence on COVID-19 disease recovery, which may be employed as a therapy strategy to minimize COVID-19-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Rasizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166/15731, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Entezari-Maleki
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166/15731, Iran.
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Fé LXSGM, Cipolatti EP, Pinto MCC, Branco S, Nogueira FCS, Ortiz GMD, Pinheiro ADS, Manoel EA. Enzymes in the time of COVID-19: An overview about the effects in the human body, enzyme market, and perspectives for new drugs. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:2126-2167. [PMID: 35762498 PMCID: PMC9350392 DOI: 10.1002/med.21919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The rising pandemic caused by a coronavirus, resulted in a scientific quest to discover some effective treatments against its etiologic agent, the severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). This research represented a significant scientific landmark and resulted in many medical advances. However, efforts to understand the viral mechanism of action and how the human body machinery is subverted during the infection are still ongoing. Herein, we contributed to this field with this compilation of the roles of both viral and human enzymes in the context of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. In this sense, this overview reports that proteases are vital for the infection to take place: from SARS‐CoV‐2 perspective, the main protease (Mpro) and papain‐like protease (PLpro) are highlighted; from the human body, angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2, transmembrane serine protease‐2, and cathepsins (CatB/L) are pointed out. In addition, the influence of the virus on other enzymes is reported as the JAK/STAT pathway and the levels of lipase, enzymes from the cholesterol metabolism pathway, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase are also be disturbed in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Finally, this paper discusses the importance of detailed enzymatic studies for future treatments against SARS‐CoV‐2, and how some issues related to the syndrome treatment can create opportunities in the biotechnological market of enzymes and the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Xavier Soares Gomes Moura Fé
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliane Pereira Cipolatti
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martina Costa Cerqueira Pinto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia (CT), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Chemical Engineering Program, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE), Centro de Tecnologia (CT), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suema Branco
- Biofísica Ambiental, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio César Sousa Nogueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia (CT), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisela Maria Dellamora Ortiz
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anderson de Sá Pinheiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia (CT), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Evelin Andrade Manoel
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia (CT), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Martignano F, Di Giorgio S, Mattiuz G, Conticello SG. Commentary on "Poor evidence for host-dependent regular RNA editing in the transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2". J Appl Genet 2022; 63:423-428. [PMID: 35279801 PMCID: PMC8917825 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-022-00688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome has revealed a background of low-frequency intra-host genetic changes with a strong bias towards transitions. A similar pattern is also observed when inter-host variability is considered. We and others have shown that the cellular RNA editing machinery based on ADAR and APOBEC host-deaminases could be involved in the onset of SARS-CoV-2 genetic variability. Our hypothesis is based both on similarities with other known forms of viral genome editing and on the excess of transition changes, which is difficult to explain with errors during viral replication. Zong et al. criticize our analysis on both conceptual and technical grounds. While ultimate proof of an involvement of host deaminases in viral RNA editing will depend on experimental validation, here, we address the criticism to suggest that viral RNA editing is the most reasonable explanation for the observed intra- and inter-host variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Martignano
- Core Research Laboratory, ISPRO, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - S Di Giorgio
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Immune Diversity, Foundation Under Public Law, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Mattiuz
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - S G Conticello
- Core Research Laboratory, ISPRO, 50139, Firenze, Italy.
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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11
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Impact of ADAR-induced editing of minor viral RNA populations on replication and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2112663119. [PMID: 35064076 PMCID: PMC8833170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112663119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral RNA may be edited by enzymes of the ADAR family that deaminate adenosine residues with ensuing A→G mutations. We found multiple A→G mutations in minor viral populations of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. A→G mutations accumulated in the receptor binding domain of the spike gene, which may cause structural changes by altering binding to the ACE2 receptor. Presence of A→G mutations in minor viral populations was associated with reduced viral load, implying that ADAR may limit viral replication. Analyses of >250,000 European samples from 2020 revealed that A→G mutations in SARS-CoV-2 RNA were inversely correlated with mortality as a reflection of incidence. ADAR may thus be important in providing new variants of SARS-CoV-2 with altered infectivity and transmissibility. Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR) are RNA-editing enzymes that may restrict viral infection. We have utilized deep sequencing to determine adenosine to guanine (A→G) mutations, signifying ADAR activity, in clinical samples retrieved from 93 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–infected patients in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. A→G mutations were detected in 0.035% (median) of RNA residues and were predominantly nonsynonymous. These mutations were rarely detected in the major viral population but were abundant in minor viral populations in which A→G was more prevalent than any other mutation (P < 0.001). The A→G substitutions accumulated in the spike protein gene at positions corresponding to amino acids 505 to 510 in the receptor binding motif and at amino acids 650 to 655. The frequency of A→G mutations in minor viral populations was significantly associated with low viral load (P < 0.001). We additionally analyzed A→G mutations in 288,247 SARS-CoV-2 major (consensus) sequences representing the dominant viral population. The A→G mutations observed in minor viral populations in the initial patient cohort were increasingly detected in European consensus sequences between March and June 2020 (P < 0.001) followed by a decline of these mutations in autumn and early winter (P < 0.001). We propose that ADAR-induced deamination of RNA is a significant source of mutated SARS-CoV-2 and hypothesize that the degree of RNA deamination may determine or reflect viral fitness and infectivity.
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12
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Picardi E, Mansi L, Pesole G. Detection of A-to-I RNA Editing in SARS-COV-2. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:41. [PMID: 35052382 PMCID: PMC8774467 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAR1-mediated deamination of adenosines in long double-stranded RNAs plays an important role in modulating the innate immune response. However, recent investigations based on metatranscriptomic samples of COVID-19 patients and SARS-COV-2-infected Vero cells have recovered contrasting findings. Using RNAseq data from time course experiments of infected human cell lines and transcriptome data from Vero cells and clinical samples, we prove that A-to-G changes observed in SARS-COV-2 genomes represent genuine RNA editing events, likely mediated by ADAR1. While the A-to-I editing rate is generally low, changes are distributed along the entire viral genome, are overrepresented in exonic regions, and are (in the majority of cases) nonsynonymous. The impact of RNA editing on virus-host interactions could be relevant to identify potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adenosine Deaminase/genetics
- Adenosine Deaminase/immunology
- Animals
- COVID-19/genetics
- COVID-19/metabolism
- COVID-19/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology
- Deamination
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/virology
- Genome, Viral
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Inosine/metabolism
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/genetics
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/immunology
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Interferon-beta/immunology
- RNA Editing
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- RNA, Double-Stranded/immunology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- Transcriptome
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Picardi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (L.M.); (G.P.)
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (CIB), 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Mansi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (L.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (L.M.); (G.P.)
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (CIB), 34012 Trieste, Italy
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13
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Gregori J, Cortese MF, Piñana M, Campos C, Garcia-Cehic D, Andrés C, Abril JF, Codina MG, Rando A, Esperalba J, Sulleiro E, Joseph J, Saubí N, Colomer-Castell S, Martin MC, Castillo C, Esteban JI, Pumarola T, Rodriguez-Frias F, Antón A, Quer J. Host-dependent editing of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1777-1789. [PMID: 34402744 PMCID: PMC8425778 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1969868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A common trait among RNA viruses is their high capability to acquire genetic variability due to viral and host mechanisms. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis enables the deep study of the viral quasispecies in samples from infected individuals. In this study, the viral quasispecies complexity and single nucleotide polymorphisms of the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with mild or severe disease were investigated using next-generation sequencing (Illumina platform). SARS-CoV-2 spike variability was higher in patients with long-lasting infection. Most substitutions found were present at frequencies lower than 1%, and had an A → G or T → C pattern, consistent with variants caused by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA-1 (ADAR1). ADAR1 affected a small fraction of replicating genomes, but produced multiple, mainly non-synonymous mutations. ADAR1 editing during replication rather than the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nsp12) was the predominant mechanism generating SARS-CoV-2 genetic variability. However, the mutations produced are not fixed in the infected human population, suggesting that ADAR1 may have an antiviral role, whereas nsp12-induced mutations occurring in patients with high viremia and persistent infection are the main source of new SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Gregori
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Roche Diagnostics SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Francesca Cortese
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Departments, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Piñana
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Campos
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Damir Garcia-Cehic
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Andrés
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Francesc Abril
- Computational Genomics Lab, Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Gema Codina
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Rando
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Esperalba
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sulleiro
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Joseph
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narcís Saubí
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Departments, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Colomer-Castell
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Martin
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Castillo
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Esteban
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomas Pumarola
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Frias
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Departments, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Andrés Antón
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Andrés Antón Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Pg Vall d’Hebron 119-129, Barcelona08035, Spain
| | - Josep Quer
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Josep Quer , Virus Translational Research Unit, Liver Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona08035, Spain
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14
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Piontkivska H, Wales-McGrath B, Miyamoto M, Wayne ML. ADAR Editing in Viruses: An Evolutionary Force to Reckon with. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evab240. [PMID: 34694399 PMCID: PMC8586724 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine Deaminases that Act on RNA (ADARs) are RNA editing enzymes that play a dynamic and nuanced role in regulating transcriptome and proteome diversity. This editing can be highly selective, affecting a specific site within a transcript, or nonselective, resulting in hyperediting. ADAR editing is important for regulating neural functions and autoimmunity, and has a key role in the innate immune response to viral infections, where editing can have a range of pro- or antiviral effects and can contribute to viral evolution. Here we examine the role of ADAR editing across a broad range of viral groups. We propose that the effect of ADAR editing on viral replication, whether pro- or antiviral, is better viewed as an axis rather than a binary, and that the specific position of a given virus on this axis is highly dependent on virus- and host-specific factors, and can change over the course of infection. However, more research needs to be devoted to understanding these dynamic factors and how they affect virus-ADAR interactions and viral evolution. Another area that warrants significant attention is the effect of virus-ADAR interactions on host-ADAR interactions, particularly in light of the crucial role of ADAR in regulating neural functions. Answering these questions will be essential to developing our understanding of the relationship between ADAR editing and viral infection. In turn, this will further our understanding of the effects of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, as well as many others, and thereby influence our approach to treating these deadly diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Ohio, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Ohio, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Michael Miyamoto
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marta L Wayne
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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15
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Minnaert AK, Vanluchene H, Verbeke R, Lentacker I, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K, Sanders NN, Remaut K. Strategies for controlling the innate immune activity of conventional and self-amplifying mRNA therapeutics: Getting the message across. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113900. [PMID: 34324884 PMCID: PMC8325057 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent approval of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines to combat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic highlights the potential of both conventional mRNA and self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) as a flexible immunotherapy platform to treat infectious diseases. Besides the antigen it encodes, mRNA itself has an immune-stimulating activity that can contribute to vaccine efficacy. This self-adjuvant effect, however, will interfere with mRNA translation and may influence the desired therapeutic outcome. To further exploit its potential as a versatile therapeutic platform, it will be crucial to control mRNA's innate immune-stimulating properties. In this regard, we describe the mechanisms behind the innate immune recognition of mRNA and provide an extensive overview of strategies to control its innate immune-stimulating activity. These strategies range from modifications to the mRNA backbone itself, optimization of production and purification processes to the combination with innate immune inhibitors. Furthermore, we discuss the delicate balance of the self-adjuvant effect in mRNA vaccination strategies, which can be both beneficial and detrimental to the therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Katrien Minnaert
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Helena Vanluchene
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Rein Verbeke
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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16
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3' untranslated regions of Marburg and Ebola virus mRNAs possess negative regulators of translation that are modulated by ADAR1 editing. J Virol 2021; 95:e0065221. [PMID: 34346762 PMCID: PMC8428382 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00652-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The filovirus family includes deadly pathogens such as Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV). A substantial portion of filovirus genomes encode 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of viral mRNAs. Select viral genomic RNA sequences corresponding to 3′ UTRs are prone to editing by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1). A reporter mRNA approach, in which different 5′ or 3′ UTRs were inserted into luciferase-encoding mRNAs, demonstrates that MARV 3′ UTRs yield different levels of reporter gene expression, suggesting modulation of translation. The modulation occurs in cells unable to produce microRNAs (miRNAs) and can be recapitulated in a MARV minigenome assay. Deletion mutants identified negative regulatory regions at the ends of the MARV nucleoprotein (NP) and large protein (L) 3′ UTRs. Apparent ADAR1 editing mutants were previously identified within the MARV NP 3′ UTR. Introduction of these changes into the MARV nucleoprotein (NP) 3′ UTR or deletion of the region targeted for editing enhances translation, as indicated by reporter assays and polysome analysis. In addition, the parental NP 3′ UTR, but not the edited or deletion mutant NP 3′ UTRs, induces a type I interferon (IFN) response upon transfection into cells. Because some EBOV isolates from the West Africa outbreak exhibited ADAR1 editing of the viral protein of 40 kDa (VP40) 3′ UTR, VP40 3′ UTRs with parental and edited sequences were similarly assayed. The EBOV VP40 3′ UTR edits also enhanced translation, but neither the wild-type nor the edited 3′ UTRs induced IFN. These findings implicate filoviral mRNA 3′ UTRs as negative regulators of translation that can be inactivated by innate immune responses that induce ADAR1. IMPORTANCE UTRs comprise a large percentage of filovirus genomes and are apparent targets of editing by ADAR1, an enzyme with pro- and antiviral activities. However, the functional significance of the UTRs and ADAR1 editing has been uncertain. This study demonstrates that MARV and EBOV 3′ UTRs can modulate translation, in some cases negatively. ADAR1 editing or deletion of select regions within the translation suppressing 3′ UTRs relieves the negative effects of the UTRs. These data indicate that filovirus 3′ UTRs contain translation regulatory elements that are modulated by activation of ADAR1, suggesting a complex interplay between filovirus gene expression and innate immunity.
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17
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Hussain S, Rasool ST, Pottathil S. The Evolution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 during Pandemic and Adaptation to the Host. J Mol Evol 2021; 89:341-356. [PMID: 33993372 PMCID: PMC8123100 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-021-10008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 is a zoonotic virus with a possible origin in bats and potential transmission to humans through an intermediate host. When zoonotic viruses jump to a new host, they undergo both mutational and natural selective pressures that result in non-synonymous and synonymous adaptive changes, necessary for efficient replication and rapid spread of diseases in new host species. The nucleotide composition and codon usage pattern of SARS-CoV-2 indicate the presence of a highly conserved, gene-specific codon usage bias. The codon usage pattern of SARS-CoV-2 is mostly antagonistic to human and bat codon usage. SARS-CoV-2 codon usage bias is mainly shaped by the natural selection, while mutational pressure plays a minor role. The time-series analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genome indicates that the virus is slowly evolving. Virus isolates from later stages of the outbreak have more biased codon usage and nucleotide composition than virus isolates from early stages of the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snawar Hussain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, P.O Box. 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sahibzada Tasleem Rasool
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, P.O Box. 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shinu Pottathil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, P.O Box. 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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18
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Simmonds P, Ansari MA. Extensive C->U transition biases in the genomes of a wide range of mammalian RNA viruses; potential associations with transcriptional mutations, damage- or host-mediated editing of viral RNA. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009596. [PMID: 34061905 PMCID: PMC8195396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid evolution of RNA viruses has been long considered to result from a combination of high copying error frequencies during RNA replication, short generation times and the consequent extensive fixation of neutral or adaptive changes over short periods. While both the identities and sites of mutations are typically modelled as being random, recent investigations of sequence diversity of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have identified a preponderance of C->U transitions, proposed to be driven by an APOBEC-like RNA editing process. The current study investigated whether this phenomenon could be observed in datasets of other RNA viruses. Using a 5% divergence filter to infer directionality, 18 from 36 datasets of aligned coding region sequences from a diverse range of mammalian RNA viruses (including Picornaviridae, Flaviviridae, Matonaviridae, Caliciviridae and Coronaviridae) showed a >2-fold base composition normalised excess of C->U transitions compared to U->C (range 2.1x-7.5x), with a consistently observed favoured 5' U upstream context. The presence of genome scale RNA secondary structure (GORS) was the only other genomic or structural parameter significantly associated with C->U/U->C transition asymmetries by multivariable analysis (ANOVA), potentially reflecting RNA structure dependence of sites targeted for C->U mutations. Using the association index metric, C->U changes were specifically over-represented at phylogenetically uninformative sites, potentially paralleling extensive homoplasy of this transition reported in SARS-CoV-2. Although mechanisms remain to be functionally characterised, excess C->U substitutions accounted for 11-14% of standing sequence variability of structured viruses and may therefore represent a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M. Azim Ansari
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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19
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Ghorbani A, Quinlan EM, Larijani M. Evolutionary Comparative Analyses of DNA-Editing Enzymes of the Immune System: From 5-Dimensional Description of Protein Structures to Immunological Insights and Applications to Protein Engineering. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642343. [PMID: 34135887 PMCID: PMC8201067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is unique among all biological sub-systems in its usage of DNA-editing enzymes to introduce targeted gene mutations and double-strand DNA breaks to diversify antigen receptor genes and combat viral infections. These processes, initiated by specific DNA-editing enzymes, often result in mistargeted induction of genome lesions that initiate and drive cancers. Like other molecules involved in human health and disease, the DNA-editing enzymes of the immune system have been intensively studied in humans and mice, with little attention paid (< 1% of published studies) to the same enzymes in evolutionarily distant species. Here, we present a systematic review of the literature on the characterization of one such DNA-editing enzyme, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), from an evolutionary comparative perspective. The central thesis of this review is that although the evolutionary comparative approach represents a minuscule fraction of published works on this and other DNA-editing enzymes, this approach has made significant impacts across the fields of structural biology, immunology, and cancer research. Using AID as an example, we highlight the value of the evolutionary comparative approach in discoveries already made, and in the context of emerging directions in immunology and protein engineering. We introduce the concept of 5-dimensional (5D) description of protein structures, a more nuanced view of a structure that is made possible by evolutionary comparative studies. In this higher dimensional view of a protein's structure, the classical 3-dimensional (3D) structure is integrated in the context of real-time conformations and evolutionary time shifts (4th dimension) and the relevance of these dynamics to its biological function (5th dimension).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Ghorbani
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Emma M. Quinlan
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Mani Larijani
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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20
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Destefanis E, Avşar G, Groza P, Romitelli A, Torrini S, Pir P, Conticello SG, Aguilo F, Dassi E. A mark of disease: how mRNA modifications shape genetic and acquired pathologies. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:367-389. [PMID: 33376192 PMCID: PMC7962492 DOI: 10.1261/rna.077271.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
RNA modifications have recently emerged as a widespread and complex facet of gene expression regulation. Counting more than 170 distinct chemical modifications with far-reaching implications for RNA fate, they are collectively referred to as the epitranscriptome. These modifications can occur in all RNA species, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). In mRNAs the deposition, removal, and recognition of chemical marks by writers, erasers and readers influence their structure, localization, stability, and translation. In turn, this modulates key molecular and cellular processes such as RNA metabolism, cell cycle, apoptosis, and others. Unsurprisingly, given their relevance for cellular and organismal functions, alterations of epitranscriptomic marks have been observed in a broad range of human diseases, including cancer, neurological and metabolic disorders. Here, we will review the major types of mRNA modifications and editing processes in conjunction with the enzymes involved in their metabolism and describe their impact on human diseases. We present the current knowledge in an updated catalog. We will also discuss the emerging evidence on the crosstalk of epitranscriptomic marks and what this interplay could imply for the dynamics of mRNA modifications. Understanding how this complex regulatory layer can affect the course of human pathologies will ultimately lead to its exploitation toward novel epitranscriptomic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Destefanis
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
- The EPITRAN COST Action Consortium, COST Action CA16120
| | - Gülben Avşar
- The EPITRAN COST Action Consortium, COST Action CA16120
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Paula Groza
- The EPITRAN COST Action Consortium, COST Action CA16120
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Antonia Romitelli
- The EPITRAN COST Action Consortium, COST Action CA16120
- Core Research Laboratory, ISPRO-Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, 50139 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Serena Torrini
- The EPITRAN COST Action Consortium, COST Action CA16120
- Core Research Laboratory, ISPRO-Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, 50139 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Pınar Pir
- The EPITRAN COST Action Consortium, COST Action CA16120
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Silvestro G Conticello
- The EPITRAN COST Action Consortium, COST Action CA16120
- Core Research Laboratory, ISPRO-Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, 50139 Firenze, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Aguilo
- The EPITRAN COST Action Consortium, COST Action CA16120
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Dassi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
- The EPITRAN COST Action Consortium, COST Action CA16120
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21
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Kim GW, Siddiqui A. The role of N6-methyladenosine modification in the life cycle and disease pathogenesis of hepatitis B and C viruses. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:339-345. [PMID: 33742132 PMCID: PMC8080661 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent modification of mammalian cellular RNAs. m6A methylation is linked to epigenetic regulation of several aspects of gene expression, including RNA stability, splicing, nuclear export, RNA folding, and translational activity. m6A modification is reversibly catalyzed by methyltransferases (m6A writers) and demethylases (m6A erasers), and the dynamics of m6A-modified RNA are regulated by m6A-binding proteins (m6A readers). Recently, several studies have shown that m6A methylation sites have been identified in hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcripts and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA genome. Here, we review the role of m6A modification in HBV/HCV replication and its contribution to liver disease pathogenesis. A better understanding of the functions of m6A methylation in the life cycles of HBV and HCV is required to establish the role of these modifications in liver diseases associated with these viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon-Woo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Aleem Siddiqui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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22
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Abstract
RNA viruses are responsible for some of the worst pandemics known to mankind, including outbreaks of Influenza, Ebola, and COVID-19. One major challenge in tackling RNA viruses is the fact they are extremely genetically diverse. Nevertheless, they share common features that include their dependence on host cells for replication, and high mutation rates. We set out to search for shared evolutionary characteristics that may aid in gaining a broader understanding of RNA virus evolution, and constructed a phylogeny-based data set spanning thousands of sequences from diverse single-stranded RNA viruses of animals. Strikingly, we found that the vast majority of these viruses have a skewed nucleotide composition, manifested as adenine rich (A-rich) coding sequences. In order to test whether A-richness is driven by selection or by biased mutation processes, we harnessed the effects of incomplete purifying selection at the tips of virus phylogenies. Our results revealed consistent mutational biases toward U rather than A in genomes of all viruses. In +ssRNA viruses, we found that this bias is compensated by selection against U and selection for A, which leads to A-rich genomes. In -ssRNA viruses, the genomic mutational bias toward U on the negative strand manifests as A-rich coding sequences, on the positive strand. We investigated possible reasons for the advantage of A-rich sequences including weakened RNA secondary structures, codon usage bias, and selection for a particular amino acid composition, and conclude that host immune pressures may have led to similar biases in coding sequence composition across very divergent RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Kustin
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Stern
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Edmond J. Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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23
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Yang Y, Okada S, Sakurai M. Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing in neurological development and disease. RNA Biol 2021; 18:999-1013. [PMID: 33393416 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1867797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing is one of the most prevalent post-transcriptional RNA modifications in metazoan. This reaction is catalysed by enzymes called adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs). RNA editing is involved in the regulation of protein function and gene expression. The numerous A-to-I editing sites have been identified in both coding and non-coding RNA transcripts. These editing sites are also found in various genes expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and play an important role in neurological development and brain function. Aberrant regulation of RNA editing has been associated with the pathogenesis of neurological and psychiatric disorders, suggesting the physiological significance of RNA editing in the CNS. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of editing on neurological disease and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Yang
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shunpei Okada
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sakurai
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
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24
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Abedi F, Rezaee R, Hayes AW, Nasiripour S, Karimi G. MicroRNAs and SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathogenesis, and mutations: biomarkers or therapeutic agents? Cell Cycle 2021; 20:143-153. [PMID: 33382348 PMCID: PMC7889196 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1867792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, proposed therapies and antiviral drugs have been failed to cure coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. However, at least two drug companies have applied for emergency use authorization with the United States Food and Drug Administration for their coronavirus vaccine candidates and several other vaccines are in various stages of development to determine safety and efficacy. Recently, some studies have shown the role of different human and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. miRNAs are non-coding single-stranded RNAs, which are involved in several physiological and pathological conditions, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. They act as negative regulators of protein synthesis through binding to the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the complementary target mRNA, leading to mRNA degradation or inhibition. The databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for literature regarding the importance of miRNAs in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathogenesis, and genomic mutations. Furthermore, promising miRNAs as a biomarker or antiviral agent in COVID-19 therapy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Abedi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A. Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Somayyeh Nasiripour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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25
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Gelbart M, Harari S, Ben-Ari Y, Kustin T, Wolf D, Mandelboim M, Mor O, Pennings PS, Stern A. Drivers of within-host genetic diversity in acute infections of viruses. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009029. [PMID: 33147296 PMCID: PMC7668575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity is the fuel of evolution and facilitates adaptation to novel environments. However, our understanding of what drives differences in the genetic diversity during the early stages of viral infection is somewhat limited. Here, we use ultra-deep sequencing to interrogate 43 clinical samples taken from early infections of the human-infecting viruses HIV, RSV and CMV. Hundreds to thousands of virus templates were sequenced per sample, allowing us to reveal dramatic differences in within-host genetic diversity among virus populations. We found that increased diversity was mostly driven by presence of multiple divergent genotypes in HIV and CMV samples, which we suggest reflect multiple transmitted/founder viruses. Conversely, we detected an abundance of low frequency hyper-edited genomes in RSV samples, presumably reflecting defective virus genomes (DVGs). We suggest that RSV is characterized by higher levels of cellular co-infection, which allow for complementation and hence elevated levels of DVGs. The few days or weeks following infection with a virus, termed acute infection, are critical for virus establishment. Here we sought to characterize what leads to differences in the genetic diversity of different viruses sampled during acute infection. We performed ultra-deep sequencing of hundreds to thousands viral genomes from forty-three samples spanning three pathogenic human viruses: HIV, RSV and CMV. We found major differences in the genetic diversity of these different viruses, and in different patients infected with the same virus. We investigated the factors responsible for these differences. We found that the DNA virus CMV was less diverse, most likely since it has a lower mutation rate than the RNA viruses HIV and RSV. We also found that the samples with the highest genetic diversity, which included one CMV sample and two HIV samples, bore evidence for multiple genotype infection. In other words, patients from whom these samples were taken were infected with two different “strains” of the virus. Finally, we also found evidence that viral genomes of HIV, and in particular RSV, are edited by the innate immune system of the host, leading to the presence of defective virus genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoz Gelbart
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sheri Harari
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ya’ara Ben-Ari
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Talia Kustin
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dana Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, IMRIC, the Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orna Mor
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pleuni S. Pennings
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Adi Stern
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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26
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Whitfield ZJ, Prasad AN, Ronk AJ, Kuzmin IV, Ilinykh PA, Andino R, Bukreyev A. Species-Specific Evolution of Ebola Virus during Replication in Human and Bat Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108028. [PMID: 32814037 PMCID: PMC7434439 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a severe, often fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates. Within the past decade, EBOV has caused two large and difficult-to-control outbreaks, one of which recently ended in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bats are the likely reservoir of EBOV, but little is known of their relationship with the virus. We perform serial passages of EBOV in human and bat cells and use circular sequencing to compare the short-term evolution of the virus. Virus populations passaged in bat cells have sequence markers indicative of host RNA editing enzyme activity, including evidence for ADAR editing of the EBOV glycoprotein. Multiple regions in the EBOV genome appear to have undergone adaptive evolution when passaged in bat and human cells. Individual mutated viruses are rescued and characterized. Our results provide insight into the host species-specific evolution of EBOV and highlight the adaptive flexibility of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Whitfield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abhishek N Prasad
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Adam J Ronk
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ivan V Kuzmin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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27
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Di Giorgio S, Martignano F, Torcia MG, Mattiuz G, Conticello SG. Evidence for host-dependent RNA editing in the transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb5813. [PMID: 32596474 PMCID: PMC7299625 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has become a global health risk, and understanding the response of the host to the SARS-CoV-2 virus will help to combat the disease. RNA editing by host deaminases is an innate restriction process to counter virus infection, but it is not yet known whether this process operates against coronaviruses. Here, we analyze RNA sequences from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids obtained from coronavirus-infected patients. We identify nucleotide changes that may be signatures of RNA editing: adenosine-to-inosine changes from ADAR deaminases and cytosine-to-uracil changes from APOBEC deaminases. Mutational analysis of genomes from different strains of Coronaviridae from human hosts reveals mutational patterns consistent with those observed in the transcriptomic data. However, the reduced ADAR signature in these data raises the possibility that ADARs might be more effective than APOBECs in restricting viral propagation. Our results thus suggest that both APOBECs and ADARs are involved in coronavirus genome editing, a process that may shape the fate of both virus and patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Di Giorgio
- Core Research Laboratory, ISPRO, Firenze 50139, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Filippo Martignano
- Core Research Laboratory, ISPRO, Firenze 50139, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Torcia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze 50139, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mattiuz
- Core Research Laboratory, ISPRO, Firenze 50139, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze 50139, Italy
| | - Silvestro G. Conticello
- Core Research Laboratory, ISPRO, Firenze 50139, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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28
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Relative Contributions of the cGAS-STING and TLR3 Signaling Pathways to Attenuation of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01717-19. [PMID: 31896590 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01717-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is crucial for defense against viral infections. Cells recognize virus infection through pattern recognition receptors and induce type I interferons as well as proinflammatory cytokines to orchestrate an innate immune response. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) triggers both the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) pathways. It is well known that TLR3 uses the adaptor protein Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) domain-containing adaptor-inducing beta interferon (TRIF) for signaling, but we recently reported that STING signaling also requires TRIF. Because STING directly binds to TRIF, we identified the STING-interacting domain of TRIF and generated STING-noninteracting mutants of human and mouse TRIFs. The mutant TRIFs were unable to support STING signaling, although they were fully functional in the TLR3 pathway. These mutants were used to assess the relative contributions of the TLR3 and STING pathways to the attenuation of HSV-1 replication in mouse and human cell lines. For this purpose, the mouse L929 and NB41A3 cell lines and the human HT1080 and HeLa-M cell lines, in which both the TLR3 and the STING pathways are operational, were used. The TRIF gene was disrupted in these lines by CRISPR/Cas9, before reconstituting them with mutant and wild-type TRIF expression vectors. Infection of the reconstituted cells with HSV-1 revealed that both the cGAS-STING and the TLR3 signaling pathways are required for the attenuation of virus replication, but their relative contributions in attenuating HSV-1 replication were found to be different in mouse versus human cell lines. Thus, our study suggests that the relative contributions of the cGAS-STING and the TLR3 pathways in the attenuation of viral infection may be species specific.IMPORTANCE The magnitude of fatal infections caused by all different viruses in human and animal populations justifies a better understanding of the host innate immune response process that attenuates virus replication. In particular, the relative contributions of different signaling pathways which are responsible for the generation of the innate immune response are still largely unknown. In this study, we used STING-noninteracting TRIF mutants to decipher the relative contributions of the TLR3 and cGAS-STING signaling pathways to the attenuation of HSV-1 infection. We show that the relative contributions of the two pathways to the attenuation of viral infection are different in mouse versus human cell lines. Together, our results provide new insights into the relative contributions of two different signaling pathways in the attenuation of viral infection and may lead to the development of new antiviral strategies aimed at blocking viral infection at very early stages.
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29
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Therapeutic targeting of the PI4K2A/PKR lysosome network is critical for misfolded protein clearance and survival in cancer cells. Oncogene 2019; 39:801-813. [PMID: 31554935 PMCID: PMC6976521 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of RNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) and its association with misfolded protein expression in cancer cells are unclear. Herein we report that PKR regulates misfolded protein clearance by preventing it release through exosomes and promoting lysosomal degradation of misfolded prion proteins in cancer cells. We demonstrated that PKR contributes to the lysosome function and regulates misfolded prion protein clearance. We hypothesized that PKR-associated lysosome function is critical for cancer but not normal cell survival, representing an effective approach for highly targeted cancer therapy. In screening a compound library, we identified two PKR-associated compounds 1 and 2 (Pac 1 and 2) did not affect normal cells but selectively induced cell death in cancer cells depending on their PKR expression status. Pac 1 significantly inhibited the growth of human lung and breast xenograft tumors in mice with no toxicity. Pac 1 binds to PI4K2A and disrupts the PKR/PI4K2A-associated lysosome complex, contributing to destabilization of cancer cell lysosomes and triggering cell death. We observed that PKR and PI4K2A play significant prognostic roles in breast cancer patients. These results demonstrate that targeting of a PI4K2A/PKR lysosome complex may be an effective approach for cancer therapy.
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30
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Christofi T, Zaravinos A. RNA editing in the forefront of epitranscriptomics and human health. J Transl Med 2019; 17:319. [PMID: 31547885 PMCID: PMC6757416 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional modifications have been recently expanded with the addition of RNA editing, which is predominantly mediated by adenosine and cytidine deaminases acting on DNA and RNA. Here, we review the full spectrum of physiological processes in which these modifiers are implicated, among different organisms. Adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) editors, members of the ADAR and ADAT protein families are important regulators of alternative splicing and transcriptional control. On the other hand, cytidine to uridine (C-to-U) editors, members of the AID/APOBEC family, are heavily implicated in innate and adaptive immunity with important roles in antibody diversification and antiviral response. Physiologically, these enzymes are present in the nucleus and/or the cytoplasm, where they modify various RNA molecules, including miRNAs, tRNAs apart from mRNAs, whereas DNA editing is also possible by some of them. The expansion of next generation sequencing technologies provided a wealth of data regarding such modifications. RNA editing has been implicated in various disorders including cancer, and neurological diseases of the brain or the central nervous system. It is also related to cancer heterogeneity and the onset of carcinogenesis. Response to treatment can also be affected by the RNA editing status where drug efficacy is significantly compromised. Studying RNA editing events can pave the way to the identification of new disease biomarkers, and provide a more personalised therapy to various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoulakis Christofi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Apostolos Zaravinos
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404, Nicosia, Cyprus. .,Centre for Risk and Decision Sciences (CERIDES), 2404, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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31
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Circular RNA biogenesis is decreased in postmortem cortical gray matter in schizophrenia and may alter the bioavailability of associated miRNA. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1043-1054. [PMID: 30786269 PMCID: PMC6461776 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a covalently closed subclass of non-coding RNA molecules formed by back splicing of linear precursor RNA. These molecules are relatively stable and particularly abundant in the mammalian brain and therefore may participate in neural development and function. With the emergence of circRNAs activity in gene regulation, these molecules have been implicated in several biological processes, including synaptic plasticity, and we therefore suspect they may have a role in neurobehavioral disorders. Here, we profile cortical circRNAs expression in 35 postmortem cortical gray matter (BA46) schizophrenia and a non-psychiatric comparison group, using circRNA enrichment sequencing. While more than 90,000 circRNAs species were identified in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), we observed lower complexity and substantial depletion in subjects with the disorder. Although circRNAs expression was independent of their host gene transcription, alternative splicing rates were lower in samples from cases compared to controls. Gene set analysis of differentially expressed circRNAs host genes revealed significant enrichment of neural functions and neurological disorders. Many of these depleted circRNAs are also predicted to sequester miRNAs that were shown previously to be increased in the disorder, potentially exacerbating the functional impact of their dysregulation through posttranscriptional gene silencing. While this is the first reported exploration of circRNAs in schizophrenia, there is significant potential for dysregulation more broadly in other major mental illnesses and behavioral disorders. Given their capacity for modulating miRNA function, circRNA may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of disease and even be targeted for therapeutic manipulation.
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Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA 1 Associates with Orf Virus OV20.0 and Enhances Viral Replication. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01912-18. [PMID: 30651363 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01912-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) infects sheep and goats and is also an important zoonotic pathogen. The viral protein OV20.0 has been shown to suppress innate immunity by targeting the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) by multiple mechanisms. These mechanisms include a direct interaction with PKR and binding with two PKR activators, dsRNA and the cellular PKR activator (PACT), which ultimately leads to the inhibition of PKR activation. In the present study, we identified a novel association between OV20.0 and adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1). OV20.0 bound directly to the dsRNA binding domains (RBDs) of ADAR1 in the absence of dsRNA. Additionally, OV20.0 preferentially interacted with RBD1 of ADAR1, which was essential for its dsRNA binding ability and for the homodimerization that is critical for intact adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I)-editing activity. Finally, the association with OV20.0 suppressed the A-to-I-editing ability of ADAR1, while ADAR1 played a proviral role during ORFV infection by inhibiting PKR phosphorylation. These observations revealed a new strategy used by OV20.0 to evade antiviral responses via PKR.IMPORTANCE Viruses evolve specific strategies to counteract host innate immunity. ORFV, an important zoonotic pathogen, encodes OV20.0 to suppress PKR activation via multiple mechanisms, including interactions with PKR and two PKR activators. In this study, we demonstrated that OV20.0 interacts with ADAR1, a cellular enzyme responsible for converting adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in RNA. The RNA binding domains, but not the catalytic domain, of ADAR1 are required for this interaction. The OV20.0-ADAR1 association affects the functions of both proteins; OV20.0 suppressed the A-to-I editing of ADAR1, while ADAR1 elevated OV20.0 expression. The proviral role of ADAR1 is likely due to the inhibition of PKR phosphorylation. As RNA editing by ADAR1 contributes to the stability of the genetic code and the structure of RNA, these observations suggest that in addition to serving as a PKR inhibitor, OV20.0 might modulate ADAR1-dependent gene expression to combat antiviral responses or achieve efficient viral infection.
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Riemersma KK, Steiner C, Singapuri A, Coffey LL. Chikungunya Virus Fidelity Variants Exhibit Differential Attenuation and Population Diversity in Cell Culture and Adult Mice. J Virol 2019; 93:e01606-18. [PMID: 30429348 PMCID: PMC6340026 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01606-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging global health threat that produces debilitating arthritis in people. Like other RNA viruses with high mutation rates, CHIKV produces populations of genetically diverse genomes within a host. While several known CHIKV mutations influence disease severity in vertebrates and transmission by mosquitoes, the role of intrahost diversity in chikungunya arthritic disease has not been studied. In this study, high- and low-fidelity CHIKV variants, previously characterized by altered in vitro population mutation frequencies, were used to evaluate how intrahost diversity influences clinical disease, CHIKV replication, and antibody neutralization in immunocompetent adult mice inoculated in the rear footpads. Both high- and low-fidelity mutations were hypothesized to attenuate CHIKV arthritic disease, replication, and neutralizing antibody levels compared to wild-type (WT) CHIKV. Unexpectedly, high-fidelity mutants elicited more severe arthritic disease than the WT despite comparable CHIKV replication, whereas a low-fidelity mutant produced attenuated disease and replication. Serum antibody developed against both high- and low-fidelity CHIKV exhibited reduced neutralization of WT CHIKV. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), the high-fidelity mutations were demonstrated to be genetically stable but produced more genetically diverse populations than WT CHIKV in mice. This enhanced diversification was subsequently reproduced after serial in vitro passage. The NGS results contrast with previously reported population diversities for fidelity variants, which focused mainly on part of the E1 gene, and highlight the need for direct measurements of mutation rates to clarify CHIKV fidelity phenotypes.IMPORTANCE CHIKV is a reemerging global health threat that elicits debilitating arthritis in humans. There are currently no commercially available CHIKV vaccines. Like other RNA viruses, CHIKV has a high mutation rate and is capable of rapid intrahost diversification during an infection. In other RNA viruses, virus population diversity associates with disease progression; however, potential impacts of intrahost viral diversity on CHIKV arthritic disease have not been studied. Using previously characterized CHIKV fidelity variants, we addressed whether CHIKV population diversity influences the severity of arthritis and host antibody response in an arthritic mouse model. Our findings show that CHIKV populations with greater genetic diversity can cause more severe disease and stimulate antibody responses with reduced neutralization of low-diversity virus populations in vitro The discordant high-fidelity phenotypes in this study highlight the complexity of inferring replication fidelity indirectly from population diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasen K Riemersma
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cody Steiner
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anil Singapuri
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lark L Coffey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Laval K, Favoreel HW, Soboll Hussey G, Maes RK, Nauwynck HJ. Abortigenic but Not Neurotropic Equine Herpes Virus 1 Modulates the Interferon Antiviral Defense. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:312. [PMID: 30258819 PMCID: PMC6144955 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) is considered as a major pathogen of Equidae, causing symptoms from mild respiratory disease to late-term abortion and neurological disorders. Different EHV1 strains circulating in the field have been characterized to be of abortigenic or neurovirulent phenotype. Both variants replicate in a plaque-wise manner in the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract (URT), where the abortigenic strains induce more prominent viral plaques, compared to the neurovirulent strains. Considering the differences in replication at the URT, we hypothesized that abortigenic strains may show an increased ability to modulate the type I IFN secretion/signaling pathway, compared to strains that display the neurovirulent phenotype. Here, we analyze IFN levels induced by abortigenic and neurovirulent EHV1 using primary respiratory epithelial cells (EREC) and respiratory mucosa ex vivo explants. Similar levels of IFNα (~70 U/ml) were detected in explants inoculated with both types of EHV1 strains from 48 to 72 hpi. Second, EREC and mucosa explants were treated with recombinant equine IFNα (rEqIFNα) or Ruxolitinib (Rux), an IFN signaling inhibitor, prior to and during inoculation with abortigenic or neurovirulent EHV1. Replication of both EHV1 variants was suppressed by rEqIFNα. Further, addition of Rux increased replication in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating an IFN-susceptibility for both variants. However, in two out of three horses, at a physiological concentration of 100 U/ml of rEqIFNα, an increase in abortigenic EHV1 replication was observed compared to 10 U/ml of rEqIFNα, which was not observed for the neurovirulent strains. Moreover, in the presence of Rux, the plaque size of the abortigenic variants remained unaltered, whereas the typically smaller viral plaques induced by the neurovirulent variants became larger. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of IFNα in the control of EHV1 replication in the URT for both abortigenic and neurovirulent variants. In addition, our findings support the speculation that abortigenic variants of EHV1 may have developed anti-IFN mechanisms that appear to be absent or less pronounced in neurovirulent EHV1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien C K Poelaert
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jolien Van Cleemput
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kathlyn Laval
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Roger K Maes
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Waldron FM, Stone GN, Obbard DJ. Metagenomic sequencing suggests a diversity of RNA interference-like responses to viruses across multicellular eukaryotes. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007533. [PMID: 30059538 PMCID: PMC6085071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-related pathways target viruses and transposable element (TE) transcripts in plants, fungi, and ecdysozoans (nematodes and arthropods), giving protection against infection and transmission. In each case, this produces abundant TE and virus-derived 20-30nt small RNAs, which provide a characteristic signature of RNAi-mediated defence. The broad phylogenetic distribution of the Argonaute and Dicer-family genes that mediate these pathways suggests that defensive RNAi is ancient, and probably shared by most animal (metazoan) phyla. Indeed, while vertebrates had been thought an exception, it has recently been argued that mammals also possess an antiviral RNAi pathway, although its immunological relevance is currently uncertain and the viral small RNAs (viRNAs) are not easily detectable. Here we use a metagenomic approach to test for the presence of viRNAs in five species from divergent animal phyla (Porifera, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Mollusca, and Annelida), and in a brown alga-which represents an independent origin of multicellularity from plants, fungi, and animals. We use metagenomic RNA sequencing to identify around 80 virus-like contigs in these lineages, and small RNA sequencing to identify viRNAs derived from those viruses. We identified 21U small RNAs derived from an RNA virus in the brown alga, reminiscent of plant and fungal viRNAs, despite the deep divergence between these lineages. However, contrary to our expectations, we were unable to identify canonical (i.e. Drosophila- or nematode-like) viRNAs in any of the animals, despite the widespread presence of abundant micro-RNAs, and somatic transposon-derived piwi-interacting RNAs. We did identify a distinctive group of small RNAs derived from RNA viruses in the mollusc. However, unlike ecdysozoan viRNAs, these had a piRNA-like length distribution but lacked key signatures of piRNA biogenesis. We also identified primary piRNAs derived from putatively endogenous copies of DNA viruses in the cnidarian and the echinoderm, and an endogenous RNA virus in the mollusc. The absence of canonical virus-derived small RNAs from our samples may suggest that the majority of animal phyla lack an antiviral RNAi response. Alternatively, these phyla could possess an antiviral RNAi response resembling that reported for vertebrates, with cryptic viRNAs not detectable through simple metagenomic sequencing of wild-type individuals. In either case, our findings show that the antiviral RNAi responses of arthropods and nematodes, which are highly divergent from each other and from that of plants and fungi, are also highly diverged from the most likely ancestral metazoan state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergal M. Waldron
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Graham N. Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Obbard
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The power and ease of Drosophila genetics and the medical relevance of mosquito-transmitted viruses have made dipterans important model organisms in antiviral immunology. Studies of virus-host interactions at the molecular and population levels have illuminated determinants of resistance to virus infection. Here, we review the sources and nature of variation in antiviral immunity and virus susceptibility in model dipteran insects, specifically the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and vector mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Culex. We first discuss antiviral immune mechanisms and describe the virus-specificity of these responses. In the following sections, we review genetic and microbiota-dependent variation in antiviral immunity. In the final sections, we explore less well-studied sources of variation, including abiotic factors, sexual dimorphism, infection history, and endogenous viral elements. We borrow from work on other pathogen types and non-dipteran species when it parallels or complements studies in dipterans. Understanding natural variation in virus-host interactions may lead to the identification of novel restriction factors and immune mechanisms and shed light on the molecular determinants of vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Palmer
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Infection, Evolution and Immunity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK.
| | - Finny S Varghese
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands.
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Phakaratsakul S, Sirihongthong T, Boonarkart C, Suptawiwat O, Auewarakul P. Codon usage of HIV regulatory genes is not determined by nucleotide composition. Arch Virol 2017; 163:337-348. [PMID: 29067529 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Codon usage bias can be a result of either mutational bias or selection for translational efficiency and/or accuracy. Previous data has suggested that nucleotide composition constraint was the main determinant of HIV codon usage, and that nucleotide composition and codon usage were different between the regulatory genes, tat and rev, and other viral genes. It is not clear whether translational selection contributed to the codon usage difference and how nucleotide composition and translational selection interact to determine HIV codon usage. In this study, a model of codon bias due to GC composition with modification for the A-rich third codon position was used to calculate predicted HIV codon frequencies based on its nucleotide composition. The predicted codon usage of each gene was compared with the actual codon frequency. The predicted codon usage based on GC composition matched well with the actual codon frequencies for the structural genes (gag, pol and env). However, the codon usage of the regulatory genes (tat and rev) could not be predicted. Codon usage of the regulatory genes was also relatively unbiased showing the highest effective number of codons (ENC). Moreover, the codon adaptation index (CAI) of the regulatory genes showed better adaptation to human codons when compared to other HIV genes. Therefore, the early expressed genes responsible for regulation of the replication cycle, tat and rev, were more similar to humans in terms of codon usage and GC content than other HIV genes. This may help these genes to be expressed efficiently during the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supinya Phakaratsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Sirihongthong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Chompunuch Boonarkart
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Ornpreya Suptawiwat
- Research and International Relations Division, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Prasert Auewarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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38
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Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing is a conserved process, which is performed by ADAR enzymes. By changing nucleotides in coding regions of genes and altering codons, ADARs expand the cell's protein repertoire. This function of the ADAR enzymes is essential for human brain development. However, most of the known editing sites are in non-coding repetitive regions in the transcriptome and the purpose of editing in these regions is unclear. Recent studies, which have shown that editing levels of transcripts vary between tissues and developmental stages in many organisms, suggest that the targeted RNA and ADAR editing are both regulated. We discuss the implications of these findings, and the possible role of RNA editing in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel S Ganem
- a Faculty of Biology , Technion- Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City , Haifa , Israel
| | - Ayelet T Lamm
- a Faculty of Biology , Technion- Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City , Haifa , Israel
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39
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Abstract
The past several years have seen an explosion in development of applications for the CRISPR-Cas9 system, from efficient genome editing, to high-throughput screening, to recruitment of a range of DNA and chromatin-modifying enzymes. While homology-directed repair (HDR) coupled with Cas9 nuclease cleavage has been used with great success to repair and re-write genomes, recently developed base-editing systems present a useful orthogonal strategy to engineer nucleotide substitutions. Base editing relies on recruitment of cytidine deaminases to introduce changes (rather than double-stranded breaks and donor templates) and offers potential improvements in efficiency while limiting damage and simplifying the delivery of editing machinery. At the same time, these systems enable novel mutagenesis strategies to introduce sequence diversity for engineering and discovery. Here, we review the different base-editing platforms, including their deaminase recruitment strategies and editing outcomes, and compare them to other CRISPR genome-editing technologies. Additionally, we discuss how these systems have been applied in therapeutic, engineering, and research settings. Lastly, we explore future directions of this emerging technology.
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40
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Hess GT, Tycko J, Yao D, Bassik MC. Methods and Applications of CRISPR-Mediated Base Editing in Eukaryotic Genomes. Mol Cell 2017; 68:26-43. [PMID: 28985508 PMCID: PMC5997582 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The past several years have seen an explosion in development of applications for the CRISPR-Cas9 system, from efficient genome editing, to high-throughput screening, to recruitment of a range of DNA and chromatin-modifying enzymes. While homology-directed repair (HDR) coupled with Cas9 nuclease cleavage has been used with great success to repair and re-write genomes, recently developed base-editing systems present a useful orthogonal strategy to engineer nucleotide substitutions. Base editing relies on recruitment of cytidine deaminases to introduce changes (rather than double-stranded breaks and donor templates) and offers potential improvements in efficiency while limiting damage and simplifying the delivery of editing machinery. At the same time, these systems enable novel mutagenesis strategies to introduce sequence diversity for engineering and discovery. Here, we review the different base-editing platforms, including their deaminase recruitment strategies and editing outcomes, and compare them to other CRISPR genome-editing technologies. Additionally, we discuss how these systems have been applied in therapeutic, engineering, and research settings. Lastly, we explore future directions of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen T Hess
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Josh Tycko
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Yao
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford, CA, USA.
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Brody T, Yavatkar AS, Park DS, Kuzin A, Ross J, Odenwald WF. Flavivirus and Filovirus EvoPrinters: New alignment tools for the comparative analysis of viral evolution. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017. [PMID: 28622346 PMCID: PMC5489223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flavivirus and Filovirus infections are serious epidemic threats to human populations. Multi-genome comparative analysis of these evolving pathogens affords a view of their essential, conserved sequence elements as well as progressive evolutionary changes. While phylogenetic analysis has yielded important insights, the growing number of available genomic sequences makes comparisons between hundreds of viral strains challenging. We report here a new approach for the comparative analysis of these hemorrhagic fever viruses that can superimpose an unlimited number of one-on-one alignments to identify important features within genomes of interest. Methodology/Principal finding We have adapted EvoPrinter alignment algorithms for the rapid comparative analysis of Flavivirus or Filovirus sequences including Zika and Ebola strains. The user can input a full genome or partial viral sequence and then view either individual comparisons or generate color-coded readouts that superimpose hundreds of one-on-one alignments to identify unique or shared identity SNPs that reveal ancestral relationships between strains. The user can also opt to select a database genome in order to access a library of pre-aligned genomes of either 1,094 Flaviviruses or 460 Filoviruses for rapid comparative analysis with all database entries or a select subset. Using EvoPrinter search and alignment programs, we show the following: 1) superimposing alignment data from many related strains identifies lineage identity SNPs, which enable the assessment of sublineage complexity within viral outbreaks; 2) whole-genome SNP profile screens uncover novel Dengue2 and Zika recombinant strains and their parental lineages; 3) differential SNP profiling identifies host cell A-to-I hyper-editing within Ebola and Marburg viruses, and 4) hundreds of superimposed one-on-one Ebola genome alignments highlight ultra-conserved regulatory sequences, invariant amino acid codons and evolutionarily variable protein-encoding domains within a single genome. Conclusions/Significance EvoPrinter allows for the assessment of lineage complexity within Flavivirus or Filovirus outbreaks, identification of recombinant strains, highlights sequences that have undergone host cell A-to-I editing, and identifies unique input and database SNPs within highly conserved sequences. EvoPrinter’s ability to superimpose alignment data from hundreds of strains onto a single genome has allowed us to identify unique Zika virus sublineages that are currently spreading in South, Central and North America, the Caribbean, and in China. This new set of integrated alignment programs should serve as a useful addition to existing tools for the comparative analysis of these viruses. Flaviviruses, including Zika and Dengue viruses, and Filoviruses, including Ebola and Marburg viruses, are significant global public health threats. Genetic surveillance of viral isolates provides important insights into the origin of outbreaks, reveals lineage heterogeneity and diversification, and facilitates identification of novel recombinant strains and host cell modified viral genomes. We report the development of EvoPrinter, a web-accessed alignment tool for the rapid comparative analysis of viral genomes. EvoPrinter superimposes alignment data from multiple pairwise comparisons onto a single reference sequence of interest, to reveal both similarities and differences detected in hundreds of selected viral isolates. Evoprinter databases provide easy access to hundreds of non-redundant Flavivirus and Filovirus genomes. allowing the user to distinguish between sublineage identity SNPs and unique strain-specific SNPs, thus facilitating analysis of the history of viral diversification during an epidemic. EvoPrinter also proves useful in identifying recombinant strains and their parental lineages and detecting host-cell genomic editing. EvoPrinter should serve as a useful addition to existing tools for the comparative analysis of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brody
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TB); (WFO)
| | - Amarendra S. Yavatkar
- Division of Intramural Research Information Technology Program, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dong Sun Park
- Division of Intramural Research Information Technology Program, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander Kuzin
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jermaine Ross
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ward F. Odenwald
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TB); (WFO)
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Abstract
Modification of RNA is essential for properly expressing the repertoire of RNA transcripts necessary for both cell type and developmental specific functions. RNA modifications serve to dynamically re-wire and fine-tune the genetic information carried by an invariable genome. One important type of RNA modification is RNA editing and the most common and well-studied type of RNA editing is the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine. Inosine is a biological mimic of guanosine; therefore, when RNA is reverse transcribed, inosine is recognized as guanosine by the reverse transcriptase and a cytidine is incorporated into the complementary DNA (cDNA) strand. During PCR amplification, guanosines pair with the newly incorporated cytidines. As a result, the adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing events are recognized as adenosine to guanosine changes when comparing the sequences of the genomic DNA to the cDNA. This chapter describes the methods for extracting endogenous RNA for subsequent analyses of A-to-I RNA editing using reverse transcriptase-based approaches. We discuss techniques for the detection of A-to-I RNA editing events in messenger RNA (mRNA), including analyzing editing levels at specific adenosines within the total pool of mRNA versus analyzing editing patterns that occur in individual transcripts and a method for detecting editing events across the entire transcriptome. The detection of RNA editing events and editing levels can be used to better understand normal biological processes and disease states.
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Abstract
Despite having very limited coding capacity, RNA viruses are able to withstand challenge of antiviral drugs, cause epidemics in previously exposed human populations, and, in some cases, infect multiple host species. They are able to achieve this by virtue of their ability to multiply very rapidly, coupled with their extraordinary degree of genetic heterogeneity. RNA viruses exist not as single genotypes, but as a swarm of related variants, and this genomic diversity is an essential feature of their biology. RNA viruses have a variety of mechanisms that act in combination to determine their genetic heterogeneity. These include polymerase fidelity, error-mitigation mechanisms, genomic recombination, and different modes of genome replication. RNA viruses can vary in their ability to tolerate mutations, or “genetic robustness,” and several factors contribute to this. Finally, there is evidence that some RNA viruses exist close to a threshold where polymerase error rate has evolved to maximize the possible sequence space available, while avoiding the accumulation of a lethal load of deleterious mutations. We speculate that different viruses have evolved different error rates to complement the different “life-styles” they possess.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.N. Barr
- University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - R. Fearns
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Forni D, Mozzi A, Pontremoli C, Vertemara J, Pozzoli U, Biasin M, Bresolin N, Clerici M, Cagliani R, Sironi M. Diverse selective regimes shape genetic diversity at ADAR genes and at their coding targets. RNA Biol 2015; 12:149-61. [PMID: 25826567 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1017215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A-to-I RNA editing operated by ADAR enzymes is extremely common in mammals. Several editing events in coding regions have pivotal physiological roles and affect protein sequence (recoding events) or function. We analyzed the evolutionary history of the 3 ADAR family genes and of their coding targets. Evolutionary analysis indicated that ADAR evolved adaptively in primates, with the strongest selection in the unique N-terminal domain of the interferon-inducible isoform. Positively selected residues in the human lineage were also detected in the ADAR deaminase domain and in the RNA binding domains of ADARB1 and ADARB2. During the recent history of human populations distinct variants in the 3 genes increased in frequency as a result of local selective pressures. Most selected variants are located within regulatory regions and some are in linkage disequilibrium with eQTLs in monocytes. Finally, analysis of conservation scores of coding editing sites indicated that editing events are counter-selected within regions that are poorly tolerant to change. Nevertheless, a minority of recoding events occurs at highly conserved positions and possibly represents the functional fraction. These events are enriched in pathways related to HIV-1 infection and to epidermis/hair development. Thus, both ADAR genes and their targets evolved under variable selective regimes, including purifying and positive selection. Pressures related to immune response likely represented major drivers of evolution for ADAR genes. As for their coding targets, we suggest that most editing events are slightly deleterious, although a minority may be beneficial and contribute to antiviral response and skin homeostasis.
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Key Words
- 1000G,1000 Genomes Pilot Project
- A to I, adenosine to inosine
- A-to-I editing
- ADAR
- ADAR editing sites
- AGS, Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome
- BEB, Bayes Empirical Bayes
- BS-REL, branch site-random effects likelihood
- CEU, Europeans
- CHBJPT, Chinese plus Japanese
- DAF, derived allele frequency
- DIND, Derived Intra-allelic Nucleotide Diversity
- DSH, dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GARD, Genetic Algorithm Recombination Detection
- GERP Genomic Evolutionary Rate Profiling
- IFN, Interferon
- LD, linkage disequilibrium
- LRT, likelihood ratio test
- MAF, minor allele frequency
- MEME, Mixed Effects Model of Evolution
- RBD, dsRNA binding domain
- SLAC, single-likelihood ancestor counting
- YRI, Yoruba
- eQTL, Expression quantitative trait loci
- evolutionary analysis
- iHS, Integrated Haplotype Score
- positive selection
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- a Bioinformatics ; Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA ; Bosisio Parini , Italy
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Abstract
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) convert adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA. This A-to-I editing occurs not only in protein-coding regions of mRNAs, but also frequently in non-coding regions that contain inverted Alu repeats. Editing of coding sequences can result in the expression of functionally altered proteins that are not encoded in the genome, whereas the significance of Alu editing remains largely unknown. Certain microRNA (miRNA) precursors are also edited, leading to reduced expression or altered function of mature miRNAs. Conversely, recent studies indicate that ADAR1 forms a complex with Dicer to promote miRNA processing, revealing a new function of ADAR1 in the regulation of RNA interference.
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Activation of Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase by Cellular Heat Shock Protein 70 Is Enhanced by Phospholipids In Vitro. J Virol 2015; 89:5714-23. [PMID: 25762742 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03711-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Similar to other positive-strand RNA viruses, tombusviruses are replicated by the membrane-bound viral replicase complex (VRC). The VRC consists of the p92 virus-coded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), the viral p33 RNA chaperone, and several co-opted host proteins. In order to become a functional RdRp after its translation, the p92 replication protein should be incorporated into the VRC, followed by its activation. We have previously shown in a cell-free yeast extract-based assay that the activation of the Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) RdRp requires a soluble host factor(s). In this article, we identify the cellular heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) as the co-opted host factor required for the activation of an N-terminally truncated recombinant TBSV RdRp. In addition, small-molecule-based blocking of Hsp70 function inhibits RNA synthesis by the tombusvirus RdRp in vitro. Furthermore, we show that neutral phospholipids, namely, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), enhance RdRp activation in vitro. In contrast, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) shows a strong and dominant inhibitory effect on in vitro RdRp activation. We also demonstrate that PE and PC stimulate RdRp-viral plus-strand RNA [(+)RNA] interaction, while PG inhibits the binding of the viral RNA to the RdRp. Based on the stimulatory versus inhibitory roles of various phospholipids in tombusvirus RdRp activation, we propose that the lipid composition of targeted subcellular membranes might be utilized by tombusviruses to regulate new VRC assembly during the course of infection. IMPORTANCE The virus-coded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is responsible for synthesizing the viral RNA progeny in infected cells of several positive-strand RNA viruses, is initially inactive. This strategy is likely to avoid viral RNA synthesis in the cytosol that would rapidly lead to induction of RNA-triggered cellular antiviral responses. During the assembly of the membrane-bound replicase complex, the viral RdRp becomes activated through an incompletely understood process that makes the RdRp capable of RNA synthesis. By using TBSV RdRp, we show that the co-opted cellular Hsp70 chaperone and neutral phospholipids facilitate RdRp activation in vitro. In contrast, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) has a dominant inhibitory effect on in vitro RdRp activation and RdRp-viral RNA interaction, suggesting that the membranous microdomain surrounding the RdRp greatly affects its ability for RNA synthesis. Thus, the activation of the viral RdRp likely depends on multiple host components in infected cells.
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Cachat A, Alais S, Chevalier SA, Journo C, Fusil F, Dutartre H, Boniface A, Ko NL, Gessain A, Cosset FL, Suspène R, Vartanian JP, Mahieux R. ADAR1 enhances HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 replication through inhibition of PKR activity. Retrovirology 2014; 11:93. [PMID: 25389016 PMCID: PMC4245799 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of innate immunity in general and of type I interferon
(IFN-I) in particular in HTLV-1 pathogenesis is still a matter of debate.
ADAR1-p150 is an Interferon Stimulated Gene (ISG) induced by IFN-I that can edit
viral RNAs. We therefore investigated whether it could play the role of an
anti-HTLV factor. Results We demonstrate here that ADAR1 is also expressed in the absence of
IFN stimulation in activated primary T-lymphocytes that are the natural target of
this virus and in HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 chronically infected T-cells. ADAR1 expression
is also increased in primary lymphocytes obtained from HTLV-1 infected
individuals. We show that ADAR1 enhances HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection in
T-lymphocytes and that this proviral effect is independent from its editing
activity. ADAR1 expression suppresses IFN-α inhibitory effect on HTLV-1 and HTLV-2
and acts through the repression of PKR phosphorylation. Discussion This study demonstrates that two interferon stimulated genes, i.e.
PKR and ADAR1 have opposite effects on HTLV replication in
vivo. The balanced expression of those proteins could determine the
fate of the viral cycle in the course of infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0093-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized
users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cachat
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Sandrine Alais
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Sébastien Alain Chevalier
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Chloé Journo
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Floriane Fusil
- Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe virus enveloppés, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Adrien Boniface
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Biology Department, Master Biosciences, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Nga Ling Ko
- Unité d'épidémiologie et physiopathoglogie des virus oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France.
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'épidémiologie et physiopathoglogie des virus oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France.
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe virus enveloppés, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Rodolphe Suspène
- Unité de rétrovirologie moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France.
| | | | - Renaud Mahieux
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
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48
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Replication of plus-strand RNA [(+)RNA] viruses of plants is a relatively simple process that involves complementary minus-strand RNA [(-)RNA] synthesis and subsequent (+)RNA synthesis. However, the actual replicative form of the (-)RNA template in the case of plant (+)RNA viruses is not yet established unambiguously. In this paper, using a cell-free replication assay supporting a full cycle of viral replication, we show that replication of Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) leads to the formation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Using RNase digestion, DNAzyme, and RNA mobility shift assays, we demonstrate the absence of naked (-)RNA templates during replication. Time course experiments showed the rapid appearance of dsRNA earlier than the bulk production of new (+)RNAs, suggesting an active role for dsRNA in replication. Radioactive nucleotide chase experiments showed that the mechanism of TBSV replication involves the use of dsRNA templates in strand displacement reactions, where the newly synthesized plus strand replaces the original (+)RNA in the dsRNA. We propose that the use of dsRNA as a template for (+)RNA synthesis by the viral replicase is facilitated by recruited host DEAD box helicases and the viral p33 RNA chaperone protein. Altogether, this replication strategy allows TBSV to separate minus- and plus-strand syntheses in time and regulate asymmetrical RNA replication that leads to abundant (+)RNA progeny. IMPORTANCE Positive-stranded RNA viruses of plants use their RNAs as the templates for replication. First, the minus strand is synthesized by the viral replicase complex (VRC), which then serves as a template for new plus-strand synthesis. To characterize the nature of the (-)RNA in the membrane-bound viral replicase, we performed complete RNA replication of Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) in yeast cell-free extracts and in plant extracts. The experiments demonstrated that the TBSV (-)RNA is present as a double-stranded RNA that serves as the template for TBSV replication. During the production of new plus strands, the viral replicase displaces the old plus strand in the dsRNA template, leading to asymmetrical RNA synthesis. The presented data are in agreement with the model that the dsRNA is present in nuclease-resistant membranous VRCs. This strategy likely allows TBSV to protect the replicating viral RNA from degradation as well as to evade the early detection of viral dsRNAs by the host surveillance system.
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MicroRNA editing facilitates immune elimination of HCMV infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003963. [PMID: 24586166 PMCID: PMC3937316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is extremely prevalent in the human population. Infection by HCMV is life threatening in immune compromised individuals and in immune competent individuals it can cause severe birth defects, developmental retardation and is even associated with tumor development. While numerous mechanisms were developed by HCMV to interfere with immune cell activity, much less is known about cellular mechanisms that operate in response to HCMV infection. Here we demonstrate that in response to HCMV infection, the expression of the short form of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 (ADAR1-p110) is induced. We identified the specific promoter region responsible for this induction and we show that ADAR1-p110 can edit miR-376a. Accordingly, we demonstrate that the levels of the edited-miR-376a (miR-376a(e)) increase during HCMV infection. Importantly, we show that miR-376a(e) downregulates the immune modulating molecule HLA-E and that this consequently renders HCMV infected cells susceptible to elimination by NK cells.
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50
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Arias C, Weisburd B, Stern-Ginossar N, Mercier A, Madrid AS, Bellare P, Holdorf M, Weissman JS, Ganem D. KSHV 2.0: a comprehensive annotation of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome using next-generation sequencing reveals novel genomic and functional features. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003847. [PMID: 24453964 PMCID: PMC3894221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Productive herpesvirus infection requires a profound, time-controlled remodeling of the viral transcriptome and proteome. To gain insights into the genomic architecture and gene expression control in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), we performed a systematic genome-wide survey of viral transcriptional and translational activity throughout the lytic cycle. Using mRNA-sequencing and ribosome profiling, we found that transcripts encoding lytic genes are promptly bound by ribosomes upon lytic reactivation, suggesting their regulation is mainly transcriptional. Our approach also uncovered new genomic features such as ribosome occupancy of viral non-coding RNAs, numerous upstream and small open reading frames (ORFs), and unusual strategies to expand the virus coding repertoire that include alternative splicing, dynamic viral mRNA editing, and the use of alternative translation initiation codons. Furthermore, we provide a refined and expanded annotation of transcription start sites, polyadenylation sites, splice junctions, and initiation/termination codons of known and new viral features in the KSHV genomic space which we have termed KSHV 2.0. Our results represent a comprehensive genome-scale image of gene regulation during lytic KSHV infection that substantially expands our understanding of the genomic architecture and coding capacity of the virus. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a cancer-causing agent in immunocompromised patients that establishes long-lasting infections in its hosts. Initially described in 1994 and extensively studied ever since, KSHV molecular biology is understood in broad outline, but many detailed questions are still to be resolved. After almost two decades, specific aspects pertaining to the organization of the KSHV genome as well as the fate of the viral transcripts during the productive stages of infection remain unexplored. Here we use a systematic genome-wide approach to investigate changes in gene and protein expression during the productive stage of infection known as the lytic cycle. We found that the viral genome has a large coding capacity, capable of generating at least 45% more products than initially anticipated by bioinformatic analyses alone, and that it uses multiple strategies to expand its coding capacity well beyond what is determined solely by the DNA sequence of its genome. We also provide an expanded and highly detailed annotation of known and new genomic features in KSHV. We have termed this new architectural and functional annotation KSHV 2.0. Our results indicate that viral genomes are more complex than anticipated, and that they are subject to tight mechanisms of regulation to ensure correct gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Arias
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ben Weisburd
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Bioinformatics, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Mercier
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Alexis S. Madrid
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Priya Bellare
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Meghan Holdorf
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Don Ganem
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Emeryville, California, United States of America
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