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Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Shu Y, Ren L, Kang M, Kong D, Shi X, Lv Q, Chen Z, Li Y, Zhang R, Lu P, Lu Y, Liu T, Chen N, Xiong H, Du C, Yuan J, Wang L, Liu R, Chen W, Li X, Lin Q, Li G, Zhang X, Yuan J, Wang T, Guo Y, Lu J, Zou X, Feng T. Expert consensus on One Health for establishing an enhanced and integrated surveillance system for key infectious diseases. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2024; 3:100106. [PMID: 38827562 PMCID: PMC11141439 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2024.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
China has been continuously improving its monitoring methods and strategies to address key infectious diseases (KIDs). After the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003, China established a comprehensive reporting system for infectious diseases (IDs) and public health emergencies. The relatively lagging warning thresholds, limited warning information, and outdated warning technology are insufficient to meet the needs of comprehensive monitoring for modern KIDs. Strengthening early monitoring and warning capabilities to enhance the public health system has become a top priority, with increasing demand for early warning thresholds, information, and techniques, thanks to constant innovation and development in molecular biology, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, and other identification and analysis technologies. A panel of 31 experts has recommended a fourth-generation comprehensive surveillance system targeting KIDs (41 notifiable diseases and emerging IDs). The aim of this surveillance system is to systematically monitor the epidemiology and causal pathogens of KIDs in hosts such as humans, animals, and vectors, along with associated environmental pathogens. By integrating factors influencing epidemic spread and risk assessment, the surveillance system can serve to detect, predict, and provide early warnings for the occurrence, development, variation, and spread of known or novel KIDs. Moreover, we recommend comprehensive ID monitoring based on the fourth-generation surveillance system, along with a data-integrated monitoring and early warning platform and a consortium pathogen detection technology system. This series of considerations is based on systematic and comprehensive monitoring across multiple sectors, dimensions, factors, and pathogens that is supported by data integration and connectivity. This expert consensus will provides an opportunity for collaboration in various fields and relies on interdisciplinary application to enhance comprehensive monitoring, prediction, and early warning capabilities for the next generation of ID surveillance. This expert consensus will serve as a reference for ID prevention and control as well as other related activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Cheng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Min Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Dongfeng Kong
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qiuying Lv
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhigao Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Renli Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Puxuan Lu
- Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Nixuan Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Huawei Xiong
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Chen Du
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Rongqi Liu
- Shenzhen Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Luohu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xueyun Li
- Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qihui Lin
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Gang Li
- Longgang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xindong Zhang
- Baoan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Tieqiang Wang
- Guangming District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yongchao Guo
- Shenzhen Uni-medical Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jianhua Lu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xuan Zou
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Tiejian Feng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
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A Journey to the Central Nervous System: Routes of Flaviviral Neuroinvasion in Human Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102096. [PMID: 36298652 PMCID: PMC9611789 DOI: 10.3390/v14102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many arboviruses, including viruses of the Flavivirus genera, are known to cause severe neurological disease in humans, often with long-lasting, debilitating sequalae in surviving patients. These emerging pathogens impact millions of people worldwide, yet still relatively little is known about the exact mechanisms by which they gain access to the human central nervous system. This review focusses on potential haematogenous and transneural routes of neuroinvasion employed by flaviviruses and identifies numerous gaps in knowledge, especially regarding lesser-studied interfaces of possible invasion such as the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and novel routes such as the gut–brain axis. The complex balance of pro-inflammatory and antiviral immune responses to viral neuroinvasion and pathology is also discussed, especially in the context of the hypothesised Trojan horse mechanism of neuroinvasion. A greater understanding of the routes and mechanisms of arboviral neuroinvasion, and how they differ between viruses, will aid in predictive assessments of the neuroinvasive potential of new and emerging arboviruses, and may provide opportunity for attenuation, development of novel intervention strategies and rational vaccine design for highly neurovirulent arboviruses.
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Sahoo KC, Negi S, Dash GC, Sahoo RK, Kshatri JS, Panda S, Pattanaik M, Badaik G, Pati S, Bhattacharya D. Health system preparedness & community participation in Japanese encephalitis/acute encephalitis syndrome (JE/AES) prevention in a tribal district of Odisha, India. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:388-393. [PMID: 33907003 PMCID: PMC8204823 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_645_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Objectives Japanese encephalitis/acute encephalitis syndrome (JE/AES) is one of the major zoonotic arbodiseases that has a significant effect on human and animal health. Though many studies have been published on the epidemiology and transmission mechanisms of JE/AES, but there is little evidence on health system preparedness, including community-based engagement. This study was undertaken to explore a multi-stakeholder perspective on health system preparedness for the prevention of JE/AES in a tribal district of Odisha, India. Methods This study was conducted at Malkangiri district of Odisha. A total of nine focus group discussions (FGDs) among women having under-five children, community volunteers, and community health workers (CHWs), and 20 in-depth-interviews (IDIs) among community leaders, healthcare providers, and programme managers were conducted. The FGDs and IDIs were digitally recorded, transcribed, translated and analysed using content analysis approach. Results Health system preparedness for the prevention of JE/AES was improved, including effective vector management, implementation of the surveillance system, and vaccination programme. The JE vaccine was introduced under Universal Immunization Programme in Odisha in 2016. Behavioural Change Communication activities were provided with the support of community volunteers on Village Health Nutrition and Sanitation Day (VHNSD) under Gaon Kalyan Samiti (GKS) platforms. The CHWs were actively involved in vector management and raising sanitation and hygiene awareness. Interpretation & conclusions Community participation and coordination between different stakeholders have a significant impact on the successful implementation of the programme. It was suggested that there was a need for a sustainability approach to active participation, orientation and capacity building training among CHWs and community volunteers to successfully implement the programme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sapna Negi
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Girish Chandra Dash
- HTA Regional Hub, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sahoo
- HTA Regional Hub, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jaya Singh Kshatri
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sheetal Panda
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Matrujyoti Pattanaik
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Goldi Badaik
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- HTA Regional Hub; Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Boyer S, Durand B, Yean S, Brengues C, Maquart PO, Fontenille D, Chevalier V. Host-Feeding Preference and Diel Activity of Mosquito Vectors of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Rural Cambodia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030376. [PMID: 33800999 PMCID: PMC8003966 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is the most important cause of human encephalitis in Southeast Asia, and this zoonosis is mainly transmitted from pigs to human by mosquitoes. A better understanding of the host-feeding preference of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) major vectors is crucial for identifying risk areas, defining bridge vector species and targeting adapted vector control strategies. To assess host-feeding preference of JE vectors in a rural Cambodian area where JE is known to circulate, in 2017, we implemented four sessions of mosquito trapping (March, June, September, December), during five consecutive nights, collecting four times a night (6 p.m. to 6 a.m.), and using five baited traps simultaneously, i.e., cow, chicken, pig, human, and a blank one for control. In addition, blood meals of 157 engorged females trapped at the same location were opportunistically analyzed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using cow, pig, human, and dog blood primers. More than 95% of the 36,709 trapped mosquitoes were potential JE vectors. These vectors were trapped in large numbers throughout the year, including during the dry season, and from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. Despite the apparent host-feeding preference of Culex vishnui, Cx. gelidus, and Cx. tritaenhyorhincus for cows, statistical analysis suggested that the primary target of these three mosquito species were pigs. Dog blood was detected in eight mosquitoes of the 157 tested, showing that mosquitoes also bite dogs, and suggesting that dogs may be used as proxy of the risk for human to get infected by JE virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Boyer
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (S.Y.); (P.-O.M.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Benoit Durand
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Sony Yean
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (S.Y.); (P.-O.M.); (D.F.)
| | - Cécile Brengues
- MIVEGEC Unit, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France;
| | - Pierre-Olivier Maquart
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (S.Y.); (P.-O.M.); (D.F.)
| | - Didier Fontenille
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (S.Y.); (P.-O.M.); (D.F.)
- MIVEGEC Unit, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France;
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Boulevard Monivong, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
- International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR AS TRE, 34090 Montpellier, France
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Wang X, Su L, Zhu H, Hu W, An J, Wang C, E Q, Qi X, Zhuang G. Long-Term Epidemiological Dynamics of Japanese Encephalitis Infection in Gansu Province, China: A Spatial and Temporal Analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:2065-2076. [PMID: 32996458 PMCID: PMC7646783 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) has greatly declined in China. However, JE incidence has significantly increased in Gansu in recent years, on the top of ranks among all provinces in China. To explore the spatial spread and resurgence of JE transmission in Gansu in the past 60 years, we collected yearly data on reported JE in each county (1958–2017) and monthly data on JE cases (1968–2017), respectively. We grouped the dataset into six categories, each consisting of a 10-year period between 1958 and 2017. Spatial cluster analysis was applied to identify the potential space–time clusters of JE incidence, and logistic regression models were used to identify the spatial and temporal dispersion of JE. Japanese encephalitis incidence in Gansu showed an upward trend from 1970 to 1977 and peaked in 1974, then declined, and fluctuated over the study period until an outbreak again in 2017. Japanese encephalitis incidence for the first 30-year period (1958–1987) peaked in September each year and thereafter peaked in July and August during 1988–2017. Spatial cluster analysis showed the geographical range of JE transmission fluctuated over the past 60 years. The high-incidence clusters of JE were primarily concentrated in the southeast of Gansu. We found significant space–time clustering characteristics of JE in Gansu, and the geographical range of notified JE cases has significantly expanded over recent years. The potential rebound of JE transmission occurred in 2016–2017 should be placed on the top priority of government work during the control and prevention of JE in Gansu, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxia Wang
- Health Hotline, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China.,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Su
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Jing An
- Health Hotline, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiannan E
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Qi
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Guihua Zhuang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
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Ladreyt H, Durand B, Dussart P, Chevalier V. How Central Is the Domestic Pig in the Epidemiological Cycle of Japanese Encephalitis Virus? A Review of Scientific Evidence and Implications for Disease Control. Viruses 2019; 11:E949. [PMID: 31618959 PMCID: PMC6832429 DOI: 10.3390/v11100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of human vaccines, Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains the leading cause of human encephalitis in Asia. Pigs are described as the main amplifying host, but their role in JE epidemiology needs to be reassessed in order to identify and implement efficient control strategies, for both human and animal health. We aimed to provide a systematic review of publications linked to JE in swine, in terms of both individual and population characteristics of JE virus (JEV) infection and circulation, as well as observed epidemiological patterns. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement to select and analyze relevant articles from the Scopus database, 127 of which were included in the review. Pigs are central, but the implication of secondary hosts cannot be ruled out and should be further investigated. Although human vaccination cannot eradicate the virus, it is clearly the most important means of preventing human disease. However, a better understanding of the actual involvement of domestic pigs as well as other potential JEV hosts in different JEV epidemiological cycles and patterns could help to identify additional/complementary control measures, either by targeting pigs or not, and in some specific epidemiological contexts, contribute to reduce virus circulation and protect humans from JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héléna Ladreyt
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France.
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
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Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Australia: From Known Known to Known Unknown. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4010038. [PMID: 30791674 PMCID: PMC6473502 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a major cause of neurological disease in Asia. It is a zoonotic flavivirus transmitted between water birds and/or pigs by Culex mosquitoes; humans are dead-end hosts. In 1995, JEV emerged for the first time in northern Australia causing an unprecedented outbreak in the Torres Strait. In this article, we revisit the history of JEV in Australia and describe investigations of JEV transmission cycles in the Australian context. Public health responses to the incipient outbreak included vaccination and sentinel pig surveillance programs. Virus isolation and vector competence experiments incriminated Culex annulirostris as the likely regional vector. The role this species plays in transmission cycles depends on the availability of domestic pigs as a blood source. Experimental evidence suggests that native animals are relatively poor amplifying hosts of JEV. The persistence and predominantly annual virus activity between 1995 and 2005 suggested that JEV had become endemic in the Torres Strait. However, active surveillance was discontinued at the end of 2005, so the status of JEV in northern Australia is unknown. Novel mosquito-based surveillance systems provide a means to investigate whether JEV still occurs in the Torres Strait or is no longer a risk to Australia.
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Targeting of the Nasal Mucosa by Japanese Encephalitis Virus for Non-Vector-Borne Transmission. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01091-18. [PMID: 30282716 PMCID: PMC6258954 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01091-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
JEV, a main cause of severe viral encephalitis in humans, has a complex ecology composed of a mosquito-waterbird cycle and a cycle involving pigs, which amplifies virus transmission to mosquitoes, leading to increased human cases. JEV can be transmitted between pigs by contact in the absence of arthropod vectors. Moreover, virus or viral RNA is found in oronasal secretions and the nasal epithelium. Using nasal mucosa tissue explants and three-dimensional porcine nasal epithelial cells cultures and macrophages as ex vivo and in vitro models, we determined that the nasal epithelium could be a route of entry as well as exit for the virus. Infection of nasal epithelial cells resulted in apical and basolateral virus shedding and release of monocyte recruiting chemokines and therefore infection and replication in macrophages, which is favored by epithelial-cell-derived cytokines. The results are relevant to understand the mechanism of non-vector-borne direct transmission of JEV. The mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes severe central nervous system diseases and cycles between Culex mosquitoes and different vertebrates. For JEV and some other flaviviruses, oronasal transmission is described, but the mode of infection is unknown. Using nasal mucosal tissue explants and primary porcine nasal epithelial cells (NEC) at the air-liquid interface (ALI) and macrophages as ex vivo and in vitro models, we determined that the nasal epithelium could represent the route of entry and exit for JEV in pigs. Porcine NEC at the ALI exposed to with JEV resulted in apical and basolateral virus shedding and release of monocyte recruiting chemokines, indicating infection and replication in macrophages. Moreover, macrophages stimulated by alarmins, including interleukin-25, interleukin-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, were more permissive to the JEV infection. Altogether, our data are important to understand the mechanism of non-vector-borne direct transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs. IMPORTANCE JEV, a main cause of severe viral encephalitis in humans, has a complex ecology composed of a mosquito-waterbird cycle and a cycle involving pigs, which amplifies virus transmission to mosquitoes, leading to increased human cases. JEV can be transmitted between pigs by contact in the absence of arthropod vectors. Moreover, virus or viral RNA is found in oronasal secretions and the nasal epithelium. Using nasal mucosa tissue explants and three-dimensional porcine nasal epithelial cells cultures and macrophages as ex vivo and in vitro models, we determined that the nasal epithelium could be a route of entry as well as exit for the virus. Infection of nasal epithelial cells resulted in apical and basolateral virus shedding and release of monocyte recruiting chemokines and therefore infection and replication in macrophages, which is favored by epithelial-cell-derived cytokines. The results are relevant to understand the mechanism of non-vector-borne direct transmission of JEV.
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Kumar B, Manuja A, Gulati BR, Virmani N, Tripathi B. Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health. Open Virol J 2018; 12:80-98. [PMID: 30288197 PMCID: PMC6142672 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zoonotic diseases are the infectious diseases that can be transmitted to human beings and vice versa from animals either directly or indirectly. These diseases can be caused by a range of organisms including bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. Viral diseases are highly infectious and capable of causing pandemics as evidenced by outbreaks of diseases like Ebola, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, West Nile, SARS-Corona, Nipah, Hendra, Avian influenza and Swine influenza. EXPALANTION Many viruses affecting equines are also important human pathogens. Diseases like Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), and Venezuelan-equine encephalitis (VEE) are highly infectious and can be disseminated as aerosols. A large number of horses and human cases of VEE with fatal encephalitis have continuously occurred in Venezuela and Colombia. Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is prevalent in horses in North America and has zoonotic potential causing encephalitis in children. Hendra virus (HeV) causes respiratory and neurological disease and death in man and horses. Since its first outbreak in 1994, 53 disease incidents have been reported in Australia. West Nile fever has spread to many newer territories across continents during recent years.It has been described in Africa, Europe, South Asia, Oceania and North America. Japanese encephalitis has expanded horizons from Asia to western Pacific region including the eastern Indonesian archipelago, Papua New Guinea and Australia. Rabies is rare in horses but still a public health concern being a fatal disease. Equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans but many scientists have mixed opinions. Equine viral diseases of zoonotic importance and their impact on animal and human health have been elaborated in this article. CONCLUSION Equine viral diseases though restricted to certain geographical areas have huge impact on equine and human health. Diseases like West Nile fever, Hendra, VS, VEE, EEE, JE, Rabies have the potential for spread and ability to cause disease in human. Equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans but some experimental and observational evidence show that H3N8 influenza virus has infected man. Despite our pursuit of understanding the complexity of the vector-host-pathogen mediating disease transmission, it is not possible to make generalized predictions concerning the degree of impact of disease emergence. A targeted, multidisciplinary effort is required to understand the risk factors for zoonosis and apply the interventions necessary to control it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balvinder Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar-125001, India
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10
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Mackenzie JS, Lindsay MDA, Smith DW, Imrie A. The ecology and epidemiology of Ross River and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses in Western Australia: examples of One Health in Action. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 111:248-254. [PMID: 29044370 PMCID: PMC5914307 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are maintained and transmitted through an alternating biological cycle in arthropods and vertebrates, with largely incidental disease in humans and animals. As such, they provide excellent examples of One Health, as their health impact is inextricably linked to their vertebrate hosts, their arthropod vectors and the environment. Prevention and control requires a comprehensive understanding of these interactions, and how they may be effectively and safely modified. This review concentrates on human disease due to Ross River and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses, the two major arboviral pathogens in Australia. It describes how their pattern of infection and disease is influenced by natural climatic and weather patterns, and by anthropogenic activities. The latter includes human-mediated environmental manipulations, such as water impoundment infrastructures, human movements and migration, and community and social changes, such as urban spread into mosquito larval habitats. Effective interventions need to be directed at the environmental precursors of risk. This can best be achieved using One Health approaches to improve collaboration and coordination between different disciplines and cross-sectoral jurisdictions in order to develop more holistic mitigation and control procedures, and to address poorly understood ecological issues through multidisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845
- Corresponding author: Present address: 5E, 16 Kings Park Avenue, Crawley, WA 6009; Tel: +61 439 875 697; E-mail:
| | - Michael D A Lindsay
- Public and Aboriginal Health Division, Department of Health, Grace Vaughan House, Shenton Park, Western Australia, WA 6008
| | - David W Smith
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Allison Imrie
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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11
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Gould E, Pettersson J, Higgs S, Charrel R, de Lamballerie X. Emerging arboviruses: Why today? One Health 2017; 4:1-13. [PMID: 28785601 PMCID: PMC5501887 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent global (re)emergence of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as chikungunya and Zika virus, was widely reported in the media as though it was a new phenomenon. This is not the case. Arboviruses and other human microbial pathogens have been (re)emerging for centuries. The major difference today is that arbovirus emergence and dispersion are more rapid and geographically extensive, largely due to intensive growth of global transportation systems, arthropod adaptation to increasing urbanisation, our failure to contain mosquito population density increases and land perturbation. Here we select examples of (re)emerging pathogenic arboviruses and explain the reasons for their emergence and different patterns of dispersal, focusing particularly on the mosquito vectors which are important determinants of arbovirus emergence. We also attempt to identify arboviruses likely to (re)emerge in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Gould
- Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV: Aix-Marseille Université-IRD 190-INSERM 1207-EHESP), Marseille, France
| | - John Pettersson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Modelling/Molecular Biology, Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States.,KS Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - Remi Charrel
- Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV: Aix-Marseille Université-IRD 190-INSERM 1207-EHESP), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV: Aix-Marseille Université-IRD 190-INSERM 1207-EHESP), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
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12
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García-Nicolás O, Ricklin ME, Liniger M, Vielle NJ, Python S, Souque P, Charneau P, Summerfield A. A Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Inducing Antibodies Strongly Enhancing In Vitro Infection Is Protective in Pigs. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050124. [PMID: 28531165 PMCID: PMC5454436 DOI: 10.3390/v9050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is responsible for zoonotic severe viral encephalitis transmitted by Culex mosquitoes. Although birds are reservoirs, pigs play a role as amplifying hosts, and are affected in particular through reproductive failure. Here, we show that a lentiviral JEV vector, expressing JEV prM and E proteins (TRIP/JEV.prME), but not JEV infection induces strong antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) activities for infection of macrophages. Such antibodies strongly promoted infection via Fc receptors. ADE was found at both neutralizing and non-neutralizing serum dilutions. Nevertheless, in vivo JEV challenge of pigs demonstrated comparable protection induced by the TRIP/JEV.prME vaccine or heterologous JEV infection. Thus, either ADE antibodies cause no harm in the presence of neutralizing antibodies or may even have protective effects in vivo in pigs. Additionally, we found that both pre-infected and vaccinated pigs were not fully protected as low levels of viral RNA were found in lymphoid and nervous system tissue in some animals. Strikingly, the virus from the pre-infection persisted in the tonsils throughout the experiment. Finally, despite the vaccination challenge, viral RNA was detected in the oronasal swabs in all vaccinated pigs. These latter data are relevant when JEV vaccination is employed in pigs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cell Line
- Culex/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/pathogenicity
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Lentivirus/immunology
- Lymphocytes/virology
- Macrophages/virology
- Nervous System/virology
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Receptors, IgG
- Sus scrofa
- Swine
- Vaccination
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Meret E Ricklin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie J Vielle
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Philippe Souque
- Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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13
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Ricklin ME, Garcìa-Nicolàs O, Brechbühl D, Python S, Zumkehr B, Posthaus H, Oevermann A, Summerfield A. Japanese encephalitis virus tropism in experimentally infected pigs. Vet Res 2016; 47:34. [PMID: 26911997 PMCID: PMC4765024 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are considered to be the main amplifying host for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and their infection can correlate with human cases of disease. Despite their importance in the ecology of the virus as it relates to human cases of encephalitis, the pathogenesis of JEV in pigs remains obscure. In the present study, the localization and kinetics of virus replication were investigated in various tissues after experimental intravenous infection of pigs. The data demonstrate a rapid and broad spreading of the virus to the central nervous system (CNS) and various other organs. A particular tropism of JEV in pigs not only to the CNS but also for secondary lymphoid tissue, in particular the tonsils with the overall highest viral loads, was observed. In this organ, even 11 days post infection, the latest time point of the experiment, no apparent decrease in viral RNA loads and live virus was found despite the presence of a neutralizing antibody response. This was also well beyond the clinical and viremic phase. These results are of significance for the pathogenesis of JEV, and call for further experimental studies focusing on the cellular source and duration of virus replication in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret E Ricklin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Daniel Brechbühl
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Beatrice Zumkehr
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, DCR-VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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14
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Vector-free transmission and persistence of Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10832. [PMID: 26902924 PMCID: PMC4766424 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a main cause of severe viral encephalitis in humans, has a complex ecology, composed of a cycle involving primarily waterbirds and mosquitoes, as well as a cycle involving pigs as amplifying hosts. To date, JEV transmission has been exclusively described as being mosquito-mediated. Here we demonstrate that JEV can be transmitted between pigs in the absence of arthropod vectors. Pigs shed virus in oronasal secretions and are highly susceptible to oronasal infection. Clinical symptoms, virus tropism and central nervous system histological lesions are similar in pigs infected through needle, contact or oronasal inoculation. In all cases, a particularly important site of replication are the tonsils, in which JEV is found to persist for at least 25 days despite the presence of high levels of neutralizing antibodies. Our findings could have a major impact on the ecology of JEV in temperate regions with short mosquito seasons. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is primarily transmitted between mosquitoes and birds but can also infect pigs. Here the authors demonstrate that JEV, which was thought to be spread exclusively by mosquitoes, can be transmitted between pigs through a direct contact.
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15
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de Wispelaere M, Ricklin M, Souque P, Frenkiel MP, Paulous S, Garcìa-Nicolàs O, Summerfield A, Charneau P, Desprès P. A Lentiviral Vector Expressing Japanese Encephalitis Virus-like Particles Elicits Broad Neutralizing Antibody Response in Pigs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004081. [PMID: 26437302 PMCID: PMC4593544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the major cause of viral encephalitis in Southeast Asia. Vaccination of domestic pigs has been suggested as a “one health” strategy to reduce viral disease transmission to humans. The efficiency of two lentiviral TRIP/JEV vectors expressing the JEV envelope prM and E glycoproteins at eliciting protective humoral response was assessed in a mouse model and piglets. Methodology/Principal Findings A gene encoding the envelope proteins prM and E from a genotype 3 JEV strain was inserted into a lentiviral TRIP vector. Two lentiviral vectors TRIP/JEV were generated, each expressing the prM signal peptide followed by the prM protein and the E glycoprotein, the latter being expressed either in its native form or lacking its two C-terminal transmembrane domains. In vitro transduction of cells with the TRIP/JEV vector expressing the native prM and E resulted in the efficient secretion of virus-like particles of Japanese encephalitis virus. Immunization of BALB/c mice with TRIP/JEV vectors resulted in the production of IgGs against Japanese encephalitis virus, and the injection of a second dose one month after the prime injection greatly boosted antibody titers. The TRIP/JEV vectors elicited neutralizing antibodies against JEV strains belonging to genotypes 1, 3, and 5. Immunization of piglets with two doses of the lentiviral vector expressing JEV virus-like particles led to high titers of anti-JEV antibodies, that had efficient neutralizing activity regardless of the JEV genotype tested. Conclusions/Significance Immunization of pigs with the lentiviral vector expressing JEV virus-like particles is particularly efficient to prime antigen-specific humoral immunity and trigger neutralizing antibody responses against JEV genotypes 1, 3, and 5. The titers of neutralizing antibodies elicited by the TRIP/JEV vector are sufficient to confer protection in domestic pigs against different genotypes of JEV and this could be of a great utility in endemic regions where more than one genotype is circulating. Japanese encephalitis virus is the etiologic agent of the most medically important viral encephalitis in South Asia with thousands of deaths per year. The virus is maintained in an enzootic cycle between Culex mosquitoes and amplifying vertebrate hosts, such as wild boars and pigs. Vaccination of domestic pigs has been suggested as a strategy to reduce viral disease transmission to humans, in line with the now-called “One Health” concept. Lentiviral gene transfer vectors represent a novel vaccination platform with an unprecedented ability to induce robust humoral immunity in various animal species. In our study, we demonstrated that immunization of pigs with a recombinant lentiviral vector expressing virus-like particles of Japanese encephalitis virus is particularly efficient at eliciting specific humoral immunity. The titers of neutralizing antibodies elicited by the lentiviral vector are sufficient to confer protection in domestic pigs against the different genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus observed in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meret Ricklin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Souque
- Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvie Paulous
- Interactions Moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (PC); (PD)
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Interactions Moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (PC); (PD)
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16
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Okello AL, Burniston S, Conlan JV, Inthavong P, Khamlome B, Welburn SC, Gilbert J, Allen J, Blacksell SD. Prevalence of Endemic Pig-Associated Zoonoses in Southeast Asia: A Review of Findings from the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:1059-1066. [PMID: 25802431 PMCID: PMC4426289 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing intensification of pork production in southeast Asia necessitates an urgent requirement to better understand the dual impact of pig-associated zoonotic disease on both pig production and human health in the region. Sharing porous borders with five countries and representing many regional ethnicities and agricultural practices, the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) appears well placed to gauge the levels of pig-associated zoonoses circulating in the wider region. Despite this, little is known about the true impact of zoonotic pathogens such as leptospirosis, Trichinella, hepatitis E virus (HEV), Japanese encephalitis (JE), and Taenia solium on human health and livestock production in the country. A comprehensive review of the published prevalences of these five pig-associated zoonoses in Lao PDR has demonstrated that although suspicion remains high of their existence in pig reservoirs across the country, epidemiological data are scarce; only 31 epidemiological studies have been undertaken on these diseases in the past 25 years. A greater understanding of the zoonoses prevalence and subsequent risks associated with pork production in the southeast Asian region could help focus public health and food safety interventions at key points along the value chain, benefiting both livestock producers and the broader animal and human health systems in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Okello
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic; Department of Hygiene and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Burniston S, Okello AL, Khamlome B, Inthavong P, Gilbert J, Blacksell SD, Allen J, Welburn SC. Cultural drivers and health-seeking behaviours that impact on the transmission of pig-associated zoonoses in Lao People's Democratic Republic. Infect Dis Poverty 2015; 4:11. [PMID: 25973203 PMCID: PMC4430026 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig rearing is an important income source in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), with many smallholder farmers using traditional free-range pig production systems. Despite the potentially significant health risks posed by pig production regarding pig-associated zoonoses, information on the sociocultural drivers of these zoonoses is significantly lacking. This review summarises the existing sociocultural knowledge on eight pig-associated zoonoses suspected to be endemic in Southeast Asia: brucellosis, Q fever (Coxiella burnetii), trichinellosis, hepatitis E virus, leptospirosis, Japanese encephalitis, Streptococcus suis and Taenia solium taeniasis-cysticercosis. It summarises current knowledge on these diseases grouped according to their clinical manifestations in humans to highlight the propensity for underreporting. A literature search was conducted across multiple databases for publications from 1990 to the present day related to the eight pig-associated zoonoses and the risk and impact connected with them, with Lao PDR as a case study. Many of these pig-associated zoonoses have similar presentations and are often diagnosed as clinical syndromes. Misdiagnosis and underreporting are, therefore, substantial and emphasise the need for more robust diagnostics and appropriate surveillance systems. While some reports exist in other countries in the region, information is significantly lacking in Lao PDR with existing information coming mainly from the capital, Vientiane. The disease burden imposed by these zoonoses is not only characterised by morbidity and mortality, but directly impacts on livelihoods through income reduction and production losses, and indirectly through treatment costs and lost work opportunities. Other factors crucial to understanding and controlling these diseases are the influence of ethnicity and culture on food-consumption practices, pig rearing and slaughter practices, hygiene and sanitation, health-seeking behaviours and, therefore, risk factors for disease transmission. Published information on the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of people regarding pig zoonoses and their risk factors is also extremely limited in Lao PDR and the broader Southeast Asian region. The need for more transdisciplinary research, using a One Health approach, in order to understand the underlining social determinants of health and their impacts on health-seeking behaviours, disease transmission and, ultimately, disease reporting, cannot be more emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Burniston
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary, Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Anna L Okello
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary, Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK ; CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), Regional Programme, 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong, Victoria 3219 Australia
| | - Boualam Khamlome
- Department for Communicable Disease Control (DCDC), Ministry of Health, Thadeua Road, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Phouth Inthavong
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ban Sithan Nua, Luang Prabang Road, Sikhottabong District, Vientiane, 7042 Lao PDR
| | - Jeffrey Gilbert
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Asia Programme, Kabete, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, 30709-00100 Kenya
| | - Stuart D Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithee Road, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand ; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
| | - John Allen
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), Regional Programme, 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong, Victoria 3219 Australia
| | - Susan C Welburn
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary, Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
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18
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Tarantola A, Goutard F, Newton P, de Lamballerie X, Lortholary O, Cappelle J, Buchy P. Estimating the burden of Japanese encephalitis virus and other encephalitides in countries of the mekong region. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2533. [PMID: 24498443 PMCID: PMC3907313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse aetiologies of viral and bacterial encephalitis are widely recognized as significant yet neglected public health issues in the Mekong region. A robust analysis of the corresponding health burden is lacking. We retrieved 75 articles on encephalitis in the region published in English or in French from 1965 through 2011. Review of available data demonstrated that they are sparse and often derived from hospital-based studies with significant recruitment bias. Almost half (35 of 75) of articles were on Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) alone or associated with dengue. In the Western Pacific region the WHO reported 30,000-50,000 annual JEV cases (15,000 deaths) between 1966 and 1996 and 4,633 cases (200 deaths) in 2008, a decline likely related to the introduction of JEV vaccination in China, Vietnam, or Thailand since the 1980s. Data on dengue, scrub typhus and rabies encephalitis, among other aetiologies, are also reviewed and discussed. Countries of the Mekong region are undergoing profound demographic, economic and ecological change. As the epidemiological aspects of Japanese encephalitis (JE) are transformed by vaccination in some countries, highly integrated expert collaborative research and objective data are needed to identify and prioritize the human health, animal health and economic burden due to JE and other pathogens associated with encephalitides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavie Goutard
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Département ES, Unité AGIRs, Montpellier, France
| | - Paul Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR and Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Université René Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker Pasteur, IHU Imagine, Labex IBEID, Paris, France
| | - Julien Cappelle
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Département ES, Unité AGIRs, Montpellier, France
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