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Makowska K, Fagundes KRC, Gonkowski S. Influence of bisphenol A and its analog bisphenol S on cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide-positive enteric neurons in the mouse gastrointestinal tract. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1234841. [PMID: 37675141 PMCID: PMC10477371 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1234841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in large quantities for the production of plastics and is present in various everyday objects. It penetrates living organisms and shows multidirectional adverse influence on many internal organs. For this reason, BPA is often replaced in plastic production by other substances. One of them is bisphenol S (BPS), whose effects on the enteric nervous system (ENS) have not been explained. Methods Therefore, the present study compares the influence of BPA and BPS on the number of enteric neurons immunoreactive to cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide located in the ENS of the stomach, jejunum and colon with the use of double immunofluorescence method. Results The obtained results have shown that both bisphenols studied induced an increase in the number of CART-positive enteric neurons, and the severity of changes depended on the type of enteric ganglion, the dose of bisphenols and the segment of the digestive tract. The most visible changes were noted in the myenteric ganglia in the colon. Moreover, in the colon, the changes submitted by BPS are more noticeable than those observed after BPA administration. In the stomach and jejunum, bisphenol-induced changes were less visible, and changes caused by BPS were similar or less pronounced than those noted under the impact of BPA, depending on the segment of the gastrointestinal tract and ganglion type studied. Discussion The results show that BPS affects the enteric neurons containing CART in a similar way to BPA, and the BPS impact is even stronger in the colon. Therefore, BPS is not neutral for the gastrointestinal tract and ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kainã R. C. Fagundes
- Laboratório de Morfofisiologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Lei Z, Lei P, Guo J, Wang Z. Recent advances in nanomaterials-based optical and electrochemical aptasensors for detection of cyanotoxins. Talanta 2022; 248:123607. [PMID: 35661001 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The existence of cyanotoxins poses serious threats to human health, it is highly desirable to develop specific and sensitive methods for rapid detection of cyanotoxins in food and water. Due to the distinct advantages of aptamer including high specificity, good stability and easy preparation, various aptamer-based sensors (aptasensors) have been proposed to promote the detection of cyanotoxins. In this review, we summarize recent advance in optical and electrochemical aptasensors for cyanotoxins sensing by integrating with versatile nanomaterials or innovative sensing strategies, such as colorimetric aptasensors, fluorescent aptasensors, surface enhancement Raman spectroscopy-based aptasensors, voltammetric aptasensors, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based aptasensors and photoelectrochemical aptasensors. We highlight the accomplishments and advancements of aptasensors with improved performance. Furthermore, the current challenges and future prospects in cyanotoxins detection are discussed from our perspectives, which we hope to provide more ideas for future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lei
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Peng Lei
- Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510316, PR China
| | - Jingfang Guo
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, PR China.
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Razdan S, Adler J, Barua D, Barua S. Multifunctional Biofilter to Effectively Remove Toxins. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Miller TR, Beversdorf LJ, Weirich CA, Bartlett SL. Cyanobacterial Toxins of the Laurentian Great Lakes, Their Toxicological Effects, and Numerical Limits in Drinking Water. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E160. [PMID: 28574457 PMCID: PMC5484110 DOI: 10.3390/md15060160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous phototrophic bacteria that inhabit diverse environments across the planet. Seasonally, they dominate many eutrophic lakes impacted by excess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) forming dense accumulations of biomass known as cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms or cyanoHABs. Their dominance in eutrophic lakes is attributed to a variety of unique adaptations including N and P concentrating mechanisms, N₂ fixation, colony formation that inhibits predation, vertical movement via gas vesicles, and the production of toxic or otherwise bioactive molecules. While some of these molecules have been explored for their medicinal benefits, others are potent toxins harmful to humans, animals, and other wildlife known as cyanotoxins. In humans these cyanotoxins affect various tissues, including the liver, central and peripheral nervous system, kidneys, and reproductive organs among others. They induce acute effects at low doses in the parts-per-billion range and some are tumor promoters linked to chronic diseases such as liver and colorectal cancer. The occurrence of cyanoHABs and cyanotoxins in lakes presents challenges for maintaining safe recreational aquatic environments and the production of potable drinking water. CyanoHABs are a growing problem in the North American (Laurentian) Great Lakes basin. This review summarizes information on the occurrence of cyanoHABs in the Great Lakes, toxicological effects of cyanotoxins, and appropriate numerical limits on cyanotoxins in finished drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Lucas J Beversdorf
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Chelsea A Weirich
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Sarah L Bartlett
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
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Watson SB, Zastepa A, Boyer GL, Matthews E. Algal bloom response and risk management: On-site response tools. Toxicon 2017; 129:144-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Rodriguez I, Fraga M, Alfonso A, Guillebault D, Medlin L, Baudart J, Jacob P, Helmi K, Meyer T, Breitenbach U, Holden NM, Boots B, Spurio R, Cimarelli L, Mancini L, Marcheggiani S, Albay M, Akcaalan R, Köker L, Botana LM. Monitoring of freshwater toxins in European environmental waters by using novel multi-detection methods. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:645-654. [PMID: 27505279 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the quality of freshwater is an important issue for public health. In the context of the European project μAqua, 150 samples were collected from several waters in France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Turkey for 2 yr. These samples were analyzed using 2 multitoxin detection methods previously developed: a microsphere-based method coupled to flow-cytometry, and an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. The presence of microcystins, nodularin, domoic acid, cylindrospermopsin, and several analogues of anatoxin-a (ATX-a) was monitored. No traces of cylindrospermopsin or domoic acid were found in any of the environmental samples. Microcystin-LR and microcystin-RR were detected in 2 samples from Turkey and Germany. In the case of ATX-a derivatives, 75% of samples contained mainly H2 -ATX-a and small amounts of H2 -homoanatoxin-a, whereas ATX-a and homoanatoxin-a were found in only 1 sample. These results confirm the presence and wide distribution of dihydro derivatives of ATX-a toxins in European freshwaters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:645-654. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Maria Fraga
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Linda Medlin
- Microbia Environnement, Observatoire Océanologique, France
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, Observatoire Océanologique Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Julia Baudart
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, Observatoire Océanologique Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Jacob
- Centre de Recherche de Saint Maurice, Veolia Recherche et Innovation Immeuble le Dufy, St. Maurice, France
| | - Karim Helmi
- Centre de Recherche de Saint Maurice, Veolia Recherche et Innovation Immeuble le Dufy, St. Maurice, France
| | - Thomas Meyer
- MariLim Aquatic Research, Schoenkirchen, Germany
| | | | - Nicholas M Holden
- School of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bas Boots
- School of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roberto Spurio
- Laboratory of Genetics, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Lucia Cimarelli
- Laboratory of Genetics, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Laura Mancini
- Environmental, Quality and Fishfarm Unit, Environment & Primary Prevention Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Marcheggiani
- Environmental, Quality and Fishfarm Unit, Environment & Primary Prevention Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Meric Albay
- Fisheries Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Latife Köker
- Fisheries Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Luis M Botana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Lee J, Lee S, Jiang X. Cyanobacterial Toxins in Freshwater and Food: Important Sources of Exposure to Humans. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2017; 8:281-304. [PMID: 28245155 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030216-030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A recent ecological study demonstrated a significant association between an increased risk of nonalcoholic liver disease mortality and freshwater cyanobacterial blooms. Moreover, previous epidemiology studies highlighted a relationship between cyanotoxins in drinking water with liver cancer and damage and colorectal cancer. These associations identified cyanobacterial blooms as a global public health and environmental problem, affecting freshwater bodies that are important sources for drinking water, agriculture, and aquafarms. Furthermore, as a result of climate change, it is expected that our freshwater environments will become more favorable for producing harmful blooms that produce various cyanotoxins. Food is an important source of cyanotoxin exposure to humans, but it has been less addressed. This paper synthesizes information from the studies that have investigated cyanotoxins in freshwater and food on a global scale. We also review and summarize the health effects and exposure routes of cyanotoxins and candidates for cyanotoxin treatment methods that can be applied to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; .,Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; .,Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
| | - Xuewen Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
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O'Neill K, Musgrave IF, Humpage A. Extended Low-Dose Exposure to Saxitoxin Inhibits Neurite Outgrowth in Model Neuronal Cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 120:390-397. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie O'Neill
- Discipline of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Ian F. Musgrave
- Discipline of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Andrew Humpage
- Australian Water Quality Centre; South Australian Water Corporation; Adelaide SA Australia
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Oliveira M, Serrano I, Van Harten S, Bessa LJ, Bernardo F, da Costa PM. Fecal contamination of wastewater treatment plants in Portugal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14671-14675. [PMID: 27236442 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reutilization of effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for non-potable applications is increasing due to the reduction of sustainable water resources. These products mostly come from municipal WWTP and also from slaughterhouses effluents. The microbiological certification of these products is mandatory before their discharge into the environment. This study evaluates if the treatment applied in WWTP to municipal waters or to poultry slaughterhouse effluents distributed over the Portuguese continental territory is efficient in reducing the microbiological risk associated with the reutilization of those wastewaters and sludges. Fecal indicators Escherichia coli and enterococci were evaluated in 42 and 24 wastewater samples from 14 municipal WWTP and 8 poultry slaughterhouse treatment plants, respectively, by the conventional culture method and a rapid Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. Bacterial enumeration in inflow water from most WWTP was rather high (generally >10(5) cells/ml), for both E. coli and Enterococcus spp., and the bacterial quantification by FISH was generally higher than enumeration by the conventional culture method. In both types of treatment plants studied, bacterial load from effluents and sludges was not statistically different from the inflows, indicating that the treatment applied seems to be equally unable to reduce the microbiological load of the effluents. These findings may jeopardize the safe reuse of treated wastewaters in agriculture and the quality of the water environment. Therefore, products like water, sewage sludge, and biosolids originated from the municipal and slaughterhouse WWTP studied should not be reutilized, and effluents treatment should be urgently reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA/Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Isa Serrano
- CIISA/Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia Van Harten
- CIISA/Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lucinda J Bessa
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Bernardo
- CIISA/Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Martins da Costa
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
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Lin CJ, Wade TJ, Sams EA, Dufour AP, Chapman AD, Hilborn ED. A Prospective Study of Marine Phytoplankton and Reported Illness Among Recreational Beachgoers in Puerto Rico, 2009. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:477-83. [PMID: 26383636 PMCID: PMC4829982 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blooms of marine phytoplankton may adversely affect human health. The potential public health impact of low-level exposures is not well established, and few prospective cohort studies of recreational exposures to marine phytoplankton have been conducted. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association between phytoplankton cell counts and subsequent illness among recreational beachgoers. METHODS We recruited beachgoers at Boquerón Beach, Puerto Rico, during the summer of 2009. We conducted interviews at three time points to assess baseline health, water activities, and subsequent illness. Daily water samples were quantitatively assayed for phytoplankton cell count. Logistic regression models, adjusted for age and sex, were used to assess the association between exposure to three categories of phytoplankton concentration and subsequent illness. RESULTS During 26 study days, 15,726 individuals successfully completed all three interviews. Daily total phytoplankton cell counts ranged from 346 to 2,012 cells/mL (median, 712 cells/mL). The category with the highest (≥ 75th percentile) total phytoplankton cell count was associated with eye irritation [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.66], rash (OR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.57), and earache (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.77). In phytoplankton group-specific analyses, the category with the highest Cyanobacteria counts was associated with respiratory illness (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.67), rash (OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.66), eye irritation (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.62), and earache (OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.93). CONCLUSIONS We found associations between recreational exposure to marine phytoplankton and reports of eye irritation, respiratory illness, and rash. We also found that associations varied by phytoplankton group, with Cyanobacteria having the strongest and most consistent associations. CITATION Lin CJ, Wade TJ, Sams EA, Dufour AP, Chapman AD, Hilborn ED. 2016. A prospective study of marine phytoplankton and reported illness among recreational beachgoers in Puerto Rico, 2009. Environ Health Perspect 124:477-483; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409558.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J. Lin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy J. Wade
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Sams
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alfred P. Dufour
- Microbial Chemical Environmental Assessment Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth D. Hilborn
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to E.D. Hilborn, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Public Health Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Mail Code: 58A, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA. Telephone: (919) 966-0658.
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Takser L, Benachour N, Husk B, Cabana H, Gris D. Cyanotoxins at low doses induce apoptosis and inflammatory effects in murine brain cells: Potential implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:180-189. [PMID: 28959538 PMCID: PMC5615428 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins have been shown to be highly toxic for mammalian cells, including brain cells. However, little is known about their effect on inflammatory pathways. This study investigated whether mammalian brain and immune cells can be a target of certain cyanotoxins, at doses approximating those in the guideline levels for drinking water, either alone or in mixtures. We examined the effects on cellular viability, apoptosis and inflammation signalling of several toxins on murine macrophage-like RAW264.7, microglial BV-2 and neuroblastoma N2a cell lines. We tested cylindrospermopsin (CYN), microcystin-LR (MC-LR), and anatoxin-a (ATX-a), individually as well as their mixture. In addition, we studied the neurotoxins β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and its isomer 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB), as well as the mixture of both. Cellular viability was determined by the MTT assay. Apoptosis induction was assessed by measuring the activation of caspases 3/7. Cell death and inflammation are the hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, our final step was to quantify the expression of a major proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α by ELISA. Our results show that CYN, MC-LR and ATX-a, but not BMAA and DAB, at low doses, especially when present in a mixture at threefold less concentrations than individual compounds are 3–15 times more potent at inducing apoptosis and inflammation. Our results suggest that common cyanotoxins at low doses have a potential to induce inflammation and apoptosis in immune and brain cells. Further research of the neuroinflammatory effects of these compounds in vivo is needed to improve safety limit levels for cyanotoxins in drinking water and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Takser
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Quebec, Canada
| | - Nora Benachour
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Quebec, Canada
| | - Barry Husk
- BlueLeaf Inc., 310 Chapleau Street, Drummondville, J2B 5E9 Quebec, Canada
| | - Hubert Cabana
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Gris
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Quebec, Canada
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Melegari SP, de Carvalho Pinto CRS, Moukha S, Creppy EE, Matias WG. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Cell Death Induced In Vitro by Saxitoxin in Mammalian Cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1189-1200. [PMID: 26436995 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1072069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the cyanotoxin saxitoxin (STX) is a neurotoxin and induces ecological changes in aquatic environments, a potential risk to public and environmental health exists. However, data on STX-mediated cytotoxic and genotoxic effects are still scare. In order to gain a better understanding of the effects of this toxin, the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of STX was examined in two mammalian cell lines. Neuro 2A (N2A), a neuroblastoma mouse cell line, and Vero cell line, derived from Vero green monkey kidney cells, were exposed to several concentrations of STX ranging from 0.5 to 64 nM to determine cell viability, induction of apoptosis (DNA fragmentation assay), and formation of micronuclei (MN) (cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay; CBMN) following 24 h of incubation. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values for STX calculated in cell viability tests were 1.01 nM for N2A and 0.82 nM for Vero cells. With increasing STX concentration there was evidence of DNA fragmentation indicating apoptosis induction in Vero cells with a 50% increase in DNA fragmentation compared to control at the highest STX concentration tested (3 nM). The results demonstrated no significant changes in the frequency of micronucleated binucleated cells in N2A and Vero cells exposed to STX, indicating the absence of genotoxicity under these test conditions. There was no apparent cellular necrosis as evidenced by a lack of formation of multinucleated cells. In conclusion, data reported herein demonstrate that STX produced death of both cell types tested through an apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia P Melegari
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
| | - Cátia R S de Carvalho Pinto
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
| | - Serge Moukha
- b UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques , Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux , Bordeaux Cedex , France
- c INRA-Centre de Recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine , Unité de Mycologie et de Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex , France
| | - Edmond E Creppy
- b UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques , Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux , Bordeaux Cedex , France
| | - William G Matias
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
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Olivares Rubio HF, Martínez-Torres ML, Nájera-Martínez M, Dzul-Caamal R, Domínguez-López ML, García-Latorre E, Vega-López A. Biomarkers involved in energy metabolism and oxidative stress response in the liver of Goodea gracilis Hubbs and Turner, 1939 exposed to the microcystin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa LB85 strain. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1113-1124. [PMID: 24639371 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Goodea gracilis is an endemic fish that only habitats in some water bodies of Central Mexico that are contaminated with cyanobacteria-producing microcystins (MC); however, a lack of information on this topic prevails. With the aim to generate the first approximation about the physiological changes elicited by cyanobacterium that produce MC congeners in this fish species, specimens born in the laboratory was exposed for 96 h to cell densities of 572.5, 1145, 2290, 4580, and 9160 × 10(6) cells of Microcystis aeruginosa strain LB85/L, and a set of novel endpoint related to hepatic gluconeogenesis (ADH/LDH) and pro-oxidant forces O2., H2 O2 ) in addition to biomarkers of oxidative damage and antioxidant response was evaluated in the liver. Results suggest that high inhibition of protein serine/threonine phosphatase (PP) may trigger many metabolic processes, such as those related to hepatic gluconeogenesis (ADH/LDH) and pro-oxidant O2⋅, H2 O2 , TBARS, ROOH, RC=O) as well as antioxidant (SOD, CAT, GPx) response to oxidative stress. Particularly, we observed that inhibition of LDH and PP, and H2 O2 increase and TBARS production were the key damages induced by high densities of M. aeruginosa. However, changes between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism related with ROS metabolism and ADH/LDH balance are apparently an acclimation of this fish species to exposure to cyanobacteria or their MCs. Fish species living in environments potentially contaminated with cyanobacteria or their MCs possess mechanisms of acclimation that allow them to offset the damage induced, even in the case of fish that have never been exposed to MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo F Olivares Rubio
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, CP 07839, México, DF, México
| | - M Lysset Martínez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, CP 07839, México, DF, México
| | - Minerva Nájera-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, CP 07839, México, DF, México
| | - Ricardo Dzul-Caamal
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, CP 07839, México, DF, México
| | - María Lilia Domínguez-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, CP 11340, México, DF, México
| | - Ethel García-Latorre
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, CP 11340, México, DF, México
| | - Armando Vega-López
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, CP 07839, México, DF, México
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Health-based cyanotoxin guideline values allow for cyanotoxin-based monitoring and efficient public health response to cyanobacterial blooms. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:457-77. [PMID: 25664510 PMCID: PMC4344635 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7020457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human health risks from cyanobacterial blooms are primarily related to cyanotoxins that some cyanobacteria produce. Not all species of cyanobacteria can produce toxins. Those that do often do not produce toxins at levels harmful to human health. Monitoring programs that use identification of cyanobacteria genus and species and enumeration of cyanobacterial cells as a surrogate for cyanotoxin presence can overestimate risk and lead to unnecessary health advisories. In the absence of federal criteria for cyanotoxins in recreational water, the Oregon Health Authority (OHA) developed guideline values for the four most common cyanotoxins in Oregon’s fresh waters (anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, microcystins, and saxitoxins). OHA developed three guideline values for each of the cyanotoxins found in Oregon. Each of the guideline values is for a specific use of cyanobacteria-affected water: drinking water, human recreational exposure and dog recreational exposure. Having cyanotoxin guidelines allows OHA to promote toxin-based monitoring (TBM) programs, which reduce the number of health advisories and focus advisories on times and places where actual, rather than potential, risks to health exist. TBM allows OHA to more efficiently protect public health while reducing burdens on local economies that depend on water recreation-related tourism.
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Garibo D, Flores C, Cetó X, Prieto-Simón B, Del Valle M, Caixach J, Diogène J, Campàs M. Inhibition equivalency factors for microcystin variants in recombinant and wild-type protein phosphatase 1 and 2A assays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:10652-60. [PMID: 24870287 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, protein phosphatase inhibition assays (PPIAs) have been used to evaluate the performance of recombinant PP1 and recombinant and wild-type PP2As. The enzymes have been compared using microcystins-LR (MC-LR) as a model cyanotoxin. Whereas PP2ARec provides a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.1 μg/L, PP1Rec and PP2AWild provide LODs of 0.6 and 0.5 μg/L, respectively, lower than the guideline value proposed by the World Health Organization (1 μg/L). The inhibitory potencies of seven MC variants (-LR, -RR, -dmLR, -YR, -LY, -LW and -LF) have been evaluated, resulting on 50 % inhibition coefficient (IC50) values ranging from 1.4 to 359.3 μg/L depending on the MC variant and the PP. The PPIAs have been applied to the determination of MC equivalent contents in a natural cyanobacterial bloom and an artificially contaminated sample, with multi-MC profiles. The inhibition equivalency factors (IEFs) have been applied to the individual MC quantifications determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and the estimated MC-LR equivalent content has been compared to PPIA results. PPIAs have demonstrated to be applicable as MC screening tools for environmental applications and to protect human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Garibo
- IRTA, Carretera de Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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Fraga M, Vilariño N, Louzao MC, Rodríguez LP, Alfonso A, Campbell K, Elliott CT, Taylor P, Ramos V, Vasconcelos V, Botana LM. Multi-detection method for five common microalgal toxins based on the use of microspheres coupled to a flow-cytometry system. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 850:57-64. [PMID: 25441160 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater and brackish microalgal toxins, such as microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, paralytic toxins, anatoxins or other neurotoxins are produced during the overgrowth of certain phytoplankton and benthic cyanobacteria, which includes either prokaryotic or eukaryotic microalgae. Although, further studies are necessary to define the biological role of these toxins, at least some of them are known to be poisonous to humans and wildlife due to their occurrence in these aquatic systems. The World Health Organization (WHO) has established as provisional recommended limit 1μg of microcystin-LR per liter of drinking water. In this work we present a microsphere-based multi-detection method for five classes of freshwater and brackish toxins: microcystin-LR (MC-LR), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin-a (ANA-a), saxitoxin (STX) and domoic acid (DA). Five inhibition assays were developed using different binding proteins and microsphere classes coupled to a flow-cytometry Luminex system. Then, assays were combined in one method for the simultaneous detection of the toxins. The IC50's using this method were 1.9±0.1μg L(-1) MC-LR, 1.3±0.1μg L(-1) CYN, 61±4μg L(-1) ANA-a, 5.4±0.4μg L(-1) STX and 4.9±0.9μg L(-1) DA. Lyophilized cyanobacterial culture samples were extracted using a simple procedure and analyzed by the Luminex method and by UPLC-IT-TOF-MS. Similar quantification was obtained by both methods for all toxins except for ANA-a, whereby the estimated content was lower when using UPLC-IT-TOF-MS. Therefore, this newly developed multiplexed detection method provides a rapid, simple, semi-quantitative screening tool for the simultaneous detection of five environmentally important freshwater and brackish toxins, in buffer and cyanobacterial extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fraga
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Laura P Rodríguez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657, United States
| | - Vítor Ramos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal
| | - Vítor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Faltermann S, Zucchi S, Kohler E, Blom JF, Pernthaler J, Fent K. Molecular effects of the cyanobacterial toxin cyanopeptolin (CP1020) occurring in algal blooms: global transcriptome analysis in zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 149:33-9. [PMID: 24561424 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Higher water temperatures due to climate change combined with eutrophication of inland waters promote cyanobacterial blooms. Some of the cyanobacteria produce toxins leading to drinking water contamination and fish poisoning on a global scale. Here, we focused on the molecular effects of the cyanobacterial oligopeptide cyanopeptolin CP1020, produced by Microcystis and Planktothrix strains, by means of whole-genome transcriptomics. Exposure of 72 hpf old zebrafish embryos for 96 h to 100 and 1,000 μg/L CP1020 resulted in differential transcriptional alteration of 396 and 490 transcripts (fold change ≥ 2), respectively, of which 68 gene transcripts were common. These belong to genes related to various important biological and physiological pathways. Most clearly affected were pathways related to DNA damage recognition and repair, circadian rhythm and response to light. Validation by RT-qPCR showed dose-dependent transcriptional alterations of genes belonging to DNA damage and repair and regulation of circadian rhythm. This leads to the hypothesis that CP1020 acts on DNA and has neurotoxic activity. This transcriptome analysis leads to the identification of novel and unknown molecular effects of this cyanobacterial toxin, including neurotoxicity, which may have important consequences for humans consuming contaminated drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Faltermann
- University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Sara Zucchi
- University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Esther Kohler
- University of Zürich, Institute of Plant Biology, Limnological Station, Seestrasse 187, CH-8802 Kilchberg, Switzerland
| | - Judith F Blom
- University of Zürich, Institute of Plant Biology, Limnological Station, Seestrasse 187, CH-8802 Kilchberg, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Pernthaler
- University of Zürich, Institute of Plant Biology, Limnological Station, Seestrasse 187, CH-8802 Kilchberg, Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Weirich CA, Miller TR. Freshwater harmful algal blooms: toxins and children's health. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2014; 44:2-24. [PMID: 24439026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Massive accumulations of cyanobacteria (a.k.a. "blue-green algae"), known as freshwater harmful algal blooms (FHABs), are a common global occurrence in water bodies used for recreational purposes and drinking water purification. Bloom prevalence is increased due to anthropogenic changes in land use, agricultural activity, and climate change. These photosynthetic bacteria produce a range of toxic secondary metabolites that affect animals and humans at both chronic and acute dosages. Children are especially at risk because of their lower body weight, behavior, and toxic effects on development. Here we review common FHAB toxins, related clinical symptoms, acceptable concentrations in drinking water, case studies of children's and young adults' exposures to FHAB toxins through drinking water and food, methods of environmental and clinical detection in potential cases of intoxication, and best practices for FHAB prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A Weirich
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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Wang L, Wang X, Geng Z, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Wu J, Han X. Distribution of microcystin-LR to testis of male Sprague-Dawley rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:1555-1563. [PMID: 24150695 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a group of cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by naturally freshwater cyanobacteria. Among more than 90 identified analogues of microcystins, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most abundant and toxic. Our previous investigations indicated that MC-LR displays male reproductive toxicity, but the target of MC-LR in testes remains unclear. To this end, the present study is designed to elucidate whether microcystin-LR could be distributed to testes and explore the target cells in testes. In the in vivo study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with MC-LR at a dose of 300 μg/kg per day for 6 days. MC-LR was detected in testes, mainly within seminiferous tubules, which was further validated by Western blot. The concentrations of MC-LR were determined by LC-MS analysis, with a result of 0.0252 ± 0.0037 and 0.0056 ± 0.0012 μg/g dry weight in liver and testis respectively. In the in vitro study, Primary cultured spermatogonia, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells were exposed to MC-LR respectively, and MC-LR was observed to enter spermatogonia and Sertoli cells, but not Leydig cells. These results suggested that the reproductive toxicity of MC-LR were induced by its distribution in testis. Spermatogonia and Sertoli cells are important target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wang
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China
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20
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Roegner AF, Brena B, González-Sapienza G, Puschner B. Microcystins in potable surface waters: toxic effects and removal strategies. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:441-57. [PMID: 24038121 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In freshwater, harmful cyanobacterial blooms threaten to increase with global climate change and eutrophication of surface waters. In addition to the burden and necessity of removal of algal material during water treatment processes, bloom-forming cyanobacteria can produce a class of remarkably stable toxins, microcystins, difficult to remove from drinking water sources. A number of animal intoxications over the past 20 years have served as sentinels for widespread risk presented by microcystins. Cyanobacterial blooms have the potential to threaten severely both public health and the regional economy of affected communities, particularly those with limited infrastructure or resources. Our main objectives were to assess whether existing water treatment infrastructure provides sufficient protection against microcystin exposure, identify available options feasible to implement in resource-limited communities in bloom scenarios and to identify strategies for improved solutions. Finally, interventions at the watershed level aimed at bloom prevention and risk reduction for entry into potable water sources were outlined. We evaluated primary studies, reviews and reports for treatment options for microcystins in surface waters, potable water sources and treatment plants. Because of the difficulty of removal of microcystins, prevention is ideal; once in the public water supply, the coarse removal of cyanobacterial cells combined with secondary carbon filtration of dissolved toxins currently provides the greatest potential for protection of public health. Options for point of use filtration must be optimized to provide affordable and adequate protection for affected communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber F Roegner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Vilariño N, Louzao MC, Fraga M, Rodríguez LP, Botana LM. Innovative detection methods for aquatic algal toxins and their presence in the food chain. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7719-32. [PMID: 23820950 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Detection of aquatic algal toxins has become critical for the protection of human health. During the last 5 years, techniques such as optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors or fluorescent-microsphere-based assays have been developed for the detection of aquatic algal toxins, in addition to optimization of existing techniques, to achieve higher sensitivities, specificity, and speed or multidetection. New toxins have also been incorporated in the array of analytical and biological methods. The impact of the former innovation on this field is highlighted by recent changes in legal regulations, with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry becoming the official reference method for marine lipophilic toxins and replacing the mouse bioassay in many countries. This review summarizes the large international effort to provide routine testing laboratories with fast, sensitive, high-throughput, multitoxin, validated methods for the screening of seafood, algae, and water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain,
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Quantification of toxigenic Microcystis spp. in freshwaters by quantitative real-time PCR based on the microcystin synthetase A gene. J Microbiol 2013; 51:18-24. [PMID: 23456707 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A method to estimate the abundance of toxigenic Microcystis in environmental samples by using quantitative real-time PCR was developed and optimized. The basis of this method is the amplification of a highly conserved region of the mcyA gene within the microcystin synthetase gene cluster. Using this method, the average copy number of mcyA gene per cell in toxigenic Microcystis strains was estimated. The molecular markers and method developed in this study can be used to monitor toxigenic strains of Microcystis in Korean freshwaters, in which harmful cyanobacterial blooms are routinely found.
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Reverté L, Garibo D, Flores C, Diogène J, Caixach J, Campàs M. Magnetic particle-based enzyme assays and immunoassays for microcystins: from colorimetric to electrochemical detection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:471-478. [PMID: 23214443 DOI: 10.1021/es304234n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, magnetic particles (MPs) are used as supports for the immobilization of biorecognition molecules for the detection of microcystins (MCs). In one approach, a recombinant protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) has been conjugated to MPs via coordination chemistry, and MC-LR detection has been based on the inhibition of the enzyme activity. In the other approach, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against MC-LR has been conjugated to protein G-coated MPs, and a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunoparticle assay (ELIPA) has been then performed. Conjugation of biomolecules to MPs has been first checked, and after optimization, MC detection has been performed. The colorimetric PPIA with PP1-MP and the best ELIPA strategy have provided limits of detection (LOD) of 7.4 and 3.9 μg/L of MC-LR, respectively. The electrochemical ELIPA has decreased the LOD to 0.4 μg/L, value below the guideline recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The approaches have been applied to the analysis of a cyanobacterial culture and a natural bloom, and MC equivalent contents have been compared to those obtained by conventional assays and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results have demonstrated the viability of the use of MPs as biomolecule immobilization supports in biotechnological tools for MCs monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Reverté
- IRTA, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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Ferrão-Filho ADS, Soares MCS, de Magalhães VF, Azevedo SMFO. A rapid bioassay for detecting saxitoxins using a Daphnia acute toxicity test. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:2084-2093. [PMID: 20359802 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays using Daphnia pulex and Moina micrura were designed to detect cyanobacterial neurotoxins in raw water samples. Phytoplankton and cyanotoxins from seston were analyzed during 15 months in a eutrophic reservoir. Effective time to immobilize 50% of the exposed individuals (ET50) was adopted as the endpoint. Paralysis of swimming movements was observed between approximately 0.5-3 h of exposure to lake water containing toxic cyanobacteria, followed by an almost complete recovery of the swimming activity within 24 h after being placed in control water. The same effects were observed in bioassays with a saxitoxin-producer strain of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii isolated from the reservoir. Regression analysis showed significant relationships between ET50 vs. cell density, biomass and saxitoxins content, suggesting that the paralysis of Daphnia in lake water samples was caused by saxitoxins found in C. raciborskii. Daphnia bioassay was found to be a sensitive method for detecting fast-acting neurotoxins in natural samples, with important advantages over mouse bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysio da S Ferrão-Filho
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil.
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First evidence of “paralytic shellfish toxins” and cylindrospermopsin in a Mexican freshwater system, Lago Catemaco, and apparent bioaccumulation of the toxins in “tegogolo” snails (Pomacea patula catemacensis). Toxicon 2010; 55:930-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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