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da Costa Menezes PVM, Silva AA, Mito MS, Mantovanelli GC, Stulp GF, Wagner AL, Constantin RP, Baldoqui DC, Silva RG, Oliveira do Carmo AA, de Souza LA, de Oliveira Junior RS, Araniti F, Abenavoli MR, Ishii-Iwamoto EL. Morphogenic responses and biochemical alterations induced by the cover crop Urochloa ruziziensis and its component protodioscin in weed species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:857-873. [PMID: 34237604 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Urochloa ruziziensis, a cover plant used in no-till systems, can suppress weeds in the field through their chemical compounds, but the mode of action of these compounds is still unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a saponin-rich butanolic extract from U. ruziziensis straw (BfUr) and one of its components, protodioscin on an eudicot Ipomoea grandifolia and a monocot Digitaria insularis weed. The anatomy and the morphology of the root systems and several parameters related to energy metabolism and antioxidant defense systems were examined. The IC50 values for the root growth inhibition by BfUr were 108 μg mL-1 in D. insularis and 230 μg mL-1 in I. grandifolia. The corresponding values for protodioscin were 34 μg mL-1 and 54 μg mL-1. I. grandifolia exhibited higher ROS-induced peroxidative damage in its roots compared with D. insularis. In the roots of both weeds, the BfUr and protodioscin induced a reduction in the meristematic and elongation zones with a precocious appearance of lateral roots, particularly in I. grandifolia. The roots also exhibited features of advanced cell differentiation in the vascular cylinder. These alterations were similar to stress-induced morphogenic responses (SIMRs), which are plant adaptive strategies to survive in the presence of toxicants. At concentrations above their IC50 values, the BfUr or protodioscin strongly inhibited the development of both weeds. Such findings demonstrated that U. ruziziensis mulches may contribute to the use of natural and renewable weed control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriano Antonio Silva
- Center of Biological Sciences and Nature, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
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2
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Chiocchio I, Mandrone M, Tomasi P, Marincich L, Poli F. Plant Secondary Metabolites: An Opportunity for Circular Economy. Molecules 2021; 26:495. [PMID: 33477709 PMCID: PMC7831927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moving toward a more sustainable development, a pivotal role is played by circular economy and a smarter waste management. Industrial wastes from plants offer a wide spectrum of possibilities for their valorization, still being enriched in high added-value molecules, such as secondary metabolites (SMs). The current review provides an overview of the most common SM classes (chemical structures, classification, biological activities) present in different plant waste/by-products and their potential use in various fields. A bibliographic survey was carried out, taking into account 99 research articles (from 2006 to 2020), summarizing all the information about waste type, its plant source, industrial sector of provenience, contained SMs, reported bioactivities, and proposals for its valorization. This survey highlighted that a great deal of the current publications are focused on the exploitation of plant wastes in human healthcare and food (including cosmetic, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and food additives). However, as summarized in this review, plant SMs also possess an enormous potential for further uses. Accordingly, an increasing number of investigations on neglected plant matrices and their use in areas such as veterinary science or agriculture are expected, considering also the need to implement "greener" practices in the latter sector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Mandrone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (I.C.); (P.T.); (L.M.); (F.P.)
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3
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Feitoza RBB, Varela RM, Torres A, Molinillo JMG, Lima HRP, Moraes LFD, Da Cunha M, Macías FA. Evaluation of the Phytotoxicity of Urochloa humidicola Roots by Bioassays and Microscopic Analysis. Characterization of New Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4851-4864. [PMID: 32259440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides are a key element in agriculture but they do cause environmental problems and natural alternatives are being sought. In this context, invasive plants could provide an as yet unexplored source for the development of future herbicides. Urochloa humidicola has great invasive potential in Brazilian environments as it hampers the establishment of other plants. The phytotoxicity of U. humidicola root extracts has been evaluated, and the major components have been identified. The phytotoxicity of the extract was assessed in the wheat coleoptile assay on seeds of troublesome weeds and on Anadenanthera colubrina, a tree species used in ecological restoration programs. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity, and the most affected weeds were E. crus-galli, M. maximus, and A. viridis with the latter weed more affected by the extract than by the herbicide Logran. Microscopic ultrastructural analysis of A. colubrina roots indicated possible signals of cell death. Seven compounds were identified in the ethyl acetate extract of which one diterpene and four saponins are new. Six of these compounds were tested in the wheat coleoptile bioassay. The most active were diterpene 1 and saponins 2, 3, and 6. The phytotoxic activity of U. humidicola explains the issues observed in ecological restoration with A. colubrina in the presence of Urochloa species, and its effect on weeds reinforces its potential use in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B B Feitoza
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Grupo de Alelopatía, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ascensión Torres
- Grupo de Alelopatía, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Grupo de Alelopatía, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Helena R P Lima
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Luiz F D Moraes
- EMBRAPA Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Agrobiologia, 23891-000, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Maura Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Grupo de Alelopatía, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Trdá L, Janda M, Macková D, Pospíchalová R, Dobrev PI, Burketová L, Matušinsky P. Dual Mode of the Saponin Aescin in Plant Protection: Antifungal Agent and Plant Defense Elicitor. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1448. [PMID: 31850004 PMCID: PMC6893899 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Being natural plant antimicrobials, saponins have potential for use as biopesticides. Nevertheless, their activity in plant-pathogen interaction is poorly understood. We performed a comparative study of saponins' antifungal activities on important crop pathogens based on their effective dose (EC50) values. Among those saponins tested, aescin showed itself to be the strongest antifungal agent. The antifungal effect of aescin could be reversed by ergosterol, thus suggesting that aescin interferes with fungal sterols. We tested the effect of aescin on plant-pathogen interaction in two different pathosystems: Brassica napus versus (fungus) Leptosphaeria maculans and Arabidopsis thaliana versus (bacterium) Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). We analyzed resistance assays, defense gene transcription, phytohormonal production, and reactive oxygen species production. Aescin activated B. napus defense through induction of the salicylic acid pathway and oxidative burst. This defense response led finally to highly efficient plant protection against L. maculans that was comparable to the effect of fungicides. Aescin also inhibited colonization of A. thaliana by Pst DC3000, the effect being based on active elicitation of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent immune mechanisms and without any direct antibacterial effect detected. Therefore, this study brings the first report on the ability of saponins to trigger plant immune responses. Taken together, aescin in addition to its antifungal properties activates plant immunity in two different plant species and provides SA-dependent resistance against both fungal and bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Trdá
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Lucie Trdá, ;
| | - Martin Janda
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Department Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Denisa Macková
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Romana Pospíchalová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petre I. Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Matušinsky
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agrotest Fyto, Ltd, Kroměrˇíž, Czechia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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Stavropoulou MI, Angelis A, Aligiannis N, Kalpoutzakis E, Mitakou S, Duke SO, Fokialakis N. Phytotoxic triterpene saponins from Bellis longifolia, an endemic plant of Crete. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 144:71-77. [PMID: 28892660 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In a study of 62 plant species of the Cretan flora for their phytotoxic activity, plants were extracted successively with CH2Cl2, MeOH and H2O. Phytotoxicity evaluation of the 240 extracts was performed against Lactuca sativa L. and Agrostis stolonifera L.. The MeOH extract of Bellis longifolia was the most phytotoxic. Bioassay-guided fractionation revealed that a fraction consisting mainly of saponins was the most effective. Separation of the saponins was performed using initially a step-gradient Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC). Investigation of the active fraction led to the isolation and structure elucidation of three previously undescribed triterpene saponins, 3-O-β-D-fucopyranosyl polygalacic acid, 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-fucopyranosyl polygalacic acid and 3-O-β-D-fucopyranosyl-2α,3β,23-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, which were present as the main phytotoxic compounds of the methanol extract. Two triterpenes, polygalacic acid and bellisonic acid and four kaempferol glucosides, as well as chlorogenic acid were also isolated. 3-O-β-D-fucopyranosyl polygalacic acid and 3-O-β-D-fucopyranosyl-2α,3β,23-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid had phytotoxic activity similar to some commercial herbicides (IC50 values of ca. 25 μM) against duckweed (Lemna paucicostata).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Stavropoulou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Apostolis Angelis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Nektarios Aligiannis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Kalpoutzakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Sofia Mitakou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Stephen O Duke
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Natural Products Research, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Nikolas Fokialakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece.
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Role of secondary metabolites of wild marigold in suppression of Johnson grass and Sun spurge. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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Scognamiglio M, D'Abrosca B, Fiumano V, Chambery A, Severino V, Tsafantakis N, Pacifico S, Esposito A, Fiorentino A. Oleanane saponins from Bellis sylvestris Cyr. and evaluation of their phytotoxicity on Aegilops geniculata Roth. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 84:125-134. [PMID: 22959224 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Six oleanane saponins were isolated for the first time from leaves of Bellis sylvestris Cyr., the southern daisy. Their structures were established by the extensive use of 2D-NMR experiments, including COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC, CIGAR, H2BC, and HSQC-TOCSY, along with Q-TOF HRMS² analysis. All of the compounds are constituted by bayogenin as aglycone, and characterized by the presence of an oligosaccharide moiety, consisting of two to four sugar unities esterified at the C-28 carboxyl carbon. One of the isolated compounds is a bisdesmoside containing an additional sugar moiety at the C-3 carbon. The phytotoxic activity assayed against Aegilops geniculata Roth., a coexisting test species, has been evaluated revealing that all the compounds, at the highest concentrations, showed strong phytotoxicity against the leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Scognamiglio
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
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Coelho GC, Gnoatto SB, Bassani VL, Schenkel EP. Quantification of Saponins in Extractive Solution of Mate Leaves (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.). J Med Food 2010; 13:439-43. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Ceni Coelho
- Departamento de Biologia e Química, Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Ijuí
| | - Simone B. Gnoatto
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Valquíria L. Bassani
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eloir Paulo Schenkel
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Confalonieri M, Cammareri M, Biazzi E, Pecchia P, Fevereiro MPS, Balestrazzi A, Tava A, Conicella C. Enhanced triterpene saponin biosynthesis and root nodulation in transgenic barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) expressing a novel beta-amyrin synthase (AsOXA1) gene. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009; 7:172-82. [PMID: 19055609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Triterpene saponins are a group of bioactive compounds abundant in the genus Medicago, and have been studied extensively for their biological and pharmacological properties. In this article, we evaluated the effects of the ectopic expression of AsOXA1 cDNA from Aster sedifolius on the production of triterpene saponins in barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.). AsOXA1 cDNA encodes beta-amyrin synthase, a key enzyme involved in triterpene saponin biosynthesis. One of the four transgenic lines expressing AsOXA1 accumulated significantly larger amounts of some triterpenic compounds in leaf and root than did control plants. In particular, the leaf exhibited significantly higher levels of bayogenin, medicagenic acid and zanhic acid. The amounts of medicagenic acid and zanhic acid, which represent the core of the M. truncatula leaf saponins, were 1.7 and 2.1 times higher, respectively, than the amounts extracted from the control line. In root, the production of bayogenin, hederagenin, soyasapogenol E and 2beta-hydroxyoleanolic acid was increased significantly. The increase in the total amounts of triterpenic compounds observed in the leaves of transgenic lines correlated with the AsOXA1 expression level. Interestingly, the plants expressing AsOXA1 showed, under different growth conditions, improved nodulation when compared with the control line. Nodulation enhancement was also accompanied by a significant change in the soyasapogenol B content. Our results indicate that the ectopic expression of AsOXA1 in barrel medic leads to a greater accumulation of triterpene saponins and enhanced root nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Confalonieri
- C.R.A. - Centro di Ricerca per le Produzioni Foraggere e Lattiero Casearie, Viale Piacenza 29, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
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10
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Effects of Alfalfa Saponins onIn VitroPhysiological Activity of Soil and Rhizosphere Bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1300/j144v04n02_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zablotowicz RM, Hoagland RE, Wagner SC. Effect of saponins on the growth and activity of rhizosphere bacteria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 405:83-95. [PMID: 8910697 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0413-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Zablotowicz
- USDA-ARS, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
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