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Zorrilla JG, Cárdenas DM, Rial C, Molinillo JM, Varela RM, Masi M, Macías FA. Bioprospection of Phytotoxic Plant-Derived Eudesmanolides and Guaianolides for the Control of Amaranthus viridis, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Lolium perenne Weeds. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:1797-1810. [PMID: 38206382 PMCID: PMC10811690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The phytotoxicities of a selection of eudesmanolides and guaianolides, including natural products and new derivatives obtained by semisynthesis from plant-isolated sesquiterpene lactones, were evaluated in bioassays against three weeds of concern in agriculture (Amaranthus viridis L., Echinochloa crus-galli L., and Lolium perenne L.). Both eudesmanolides and guaianolides were active against the root and shoot growth of all the species, with the eudesmanolides generally showing improved activities. The IC50 values obtained for the herbicide employed as positive control (on root and shoot growth, respectively, A. viridis: 27.8 and 85.7 μM; E. crus-galli: 167.5 and 288.2 μM; L. perenne: 99.1 and 571.4 μM) were improved in most of the cases. Structure-activity relationships were discussed, finding that hydroxylation of the A-ring and C-13 as well as the position, number, and orientation of the hydroxyl groups and the presence of an unsaturated carbonyl group can significantly influence the level of phytotoxicity. γ-Cyclocostunolide was the most active compound in the series, followed by others such as dehydrozaluzanin C and α-cyclocostunolide (outstanding their IC50 values on A. viridis)─natural products that can therefore be suggested as models for herbicide development if further research indicates effectiveness on a larger scale and environmental safety in ecotoxicological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús G. Zorrilla
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Institute
of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, C/Avenida República Saharaui,
7, 11510 Puerto
Real, Spain
| | - David M. Cárdenas
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Institute
of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, C/Avenida República Saharaui,
7, 11510 Puerto
Real, Spain
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Institute
of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, C/Avenida República Saharaui,
7, 11510 Puerto
Real, Spain
| | - José M.G. Molinillo
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Institute
of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, C/Avenida República Saharaui,
7, 11510 Puerto
Real, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Institute
of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, C/Avenida República Saharaui,
7, 11510 Puerto
Real, Spain
| | - Marco Masi
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Institute
of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, C/Avenida República Saharaui,
7, 11510 Puerto
Real, Spain
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Rodríguez-Mejías FJ, Mottaghipisheh J, Schwaiger S, Kiss T, Csupor D, Varela RM, Macías FA. Allelopathic studies with furanocoumarins isolated from Ducrosia anethifolia. In vitro and in silico investigations to protect legumes, rice and grain crops. Phytochemistry 2023; 215:113838. [PMID: 37648046 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Six different furanocoumarins were isolated from the aerial parts of Ducrosia anethifolia and tested in vitro for plant cell elongation in etiolated wheat coleoptile. They were also tested for their ability to control three different weeds: ribwort plantain, annual ryegrass, and common purslane. These compounds exhibited strong inhibition of plant cell elongation. In the case of (+)-heraclenin, the IC50 was lower than 20 μM, indicating a better inhibition than the positive control Logran®. Computational experiments for docking and molecular dynamics revealed for the investigated furanocoumarins bearing an epoxide moiety an improved fitting and stronger interaction with the auxin-like TIR1 ubiquitin ligase. Furthermore, the formed inhibition complex remained also stable during dynamic evaluation. Bidental interaction at the active site, along with an extended hydrogen-bond lifetime, explained the enhanced activity of the epoxides. The in vitro weed bioassay results showed that Plantago lanceolata was the most affected weed for germination, root, and shoot development. In addition, (+)-heraclenin displayed better inhibition values than positive control even at 300 μM concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Rodríguez-Mejías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, CCB, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Javad Mottaghipisheh
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, CCB, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria; Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, CCB, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tivadar Kiss
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dezső Csupor
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szikra u. 8, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
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Murillo-Pineda M, Coto-Cid JM, Romero M, Zorrilla JG, Chinchilla N, Medina-Calzada Z, Varela RM, Juárez-Soto Á, Macías FA, Reales E. Effects of Sesquiterpene Lactones on Primary Cilia Formation (Ciliogenesis). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:632. [PMID: 37999495 PMCID: PMC10675014 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs), plant-derived metabolites with broad spectra of biological effects, including anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory, hold promise for drug development. Primary cilia, organelles extending from cell surfaces, are crucial for sensing and transducing extracellular signals essential for cell differentiation and proliferation. Their life cycle is linked to the cell cycle, as cilia assemble in non-dividing cells of G0/G1 phases and disassemble before entering mitosis. Abnormalities in both primary cilia (non-motile cilia) and motile cilia structure or function are associated with developmental disorders (ciliopathies), heart disease, and cancer. However, the impact of SLs on primary cilia remains unknown. This study evaluated the effects of selected SLs (grosheimin, costunolide, and three cyclocostunolides) on primary cilia biogenesis and stability in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Confocal fluorescence microscopy was employed to analyze the effects on primary cilia formation (ciliogenesis), primary cilia length, and stability. The effects on cell proliferation were evaluated by flow cytometry. All SLs disrupted primary cilia formation in the early stages of ciliogenesis, irrespective of starvation conditions or cytochalasin-D treatment, with no effect on cilia length or cell cycle progression. Interestingly, grosheimin stabilized and promoted primary cilia formation under cilia homeostasis and elongation treatment conditions. Thus, SLs have potential as novel drugs for ciliopathies and tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Murillo-Pineda
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Department of Urology, University Hospital of Jerez de la Frontera, 11407 Jerez, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (M.R.); (Z.M.-C.); (Á.J.-S.)
| | - Juan M. Coto-Cid
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (J.G.Z.); (N.C.); (R.M.V.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - María Romero
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Department of Urology, University Hospital of Jerez de la Frontera, 11407 Jerez, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (M.R.); (Z.M.-C.); (Á.J.-S.)
| | - Jesús G. Zorrilla
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (J.G.Z.); (N.C.); (R.M.V.)
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Nuria Chinchilla
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (J.G.Z.); (N.C.); (R.M.V.)
| | - Zahara Medina-Calzada
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Department of Urology, University Hospital of Jerez de la Frontera, 11407 Jerez, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (M.R.); (Z.M.-C.); (Á.J.-S.)
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (J.G.Z.); (N.C.); (R.M.V.)
| | - Álvaro Juárez-Soto
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Department of Urology, University Hospital of Jerez de la Frontera, 11407 Jerez, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (M.R.); (Z.M.-C.); (Á.J.-S.)
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (J.G.Z.); (N.C.); (R.M.V.)
| | - Elena Reales
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Department of Urology, University Hospital of Jerez de la Frontera, 11407 Jerez, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (M.R.); (Z.M.-C.); (Á.J.-S.)
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (J.G.Z.); (N.C.); (R.M.V.)
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Mejías FR, He S, Varela RM, Molinillo JM, Barba-Bon A, Nau WM, Macías FA. Stability and p Ka Modulation of Aminophenoxazinones and Their Disulfide Mimics by Host-Guest Interaction with Cucurbit[7]uril. Direct Applications in Agrochemical Wheat Models. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:480-487. [PMID: 36548787 PMCID: PMC9837879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous solubility and stability often limit the application of aminophenoxazinones and their sulfur mimics as promising agrochemicals in a sustainable agriculture inspired by allelopathy. This paper presents a solution to the problem using host-guest complexation with cucurbiturils (CBn). Computational studies show that CB7 is the most suitably sized homologue due to its strong affinity for guest molecules and its high water solubility. Complex formation has been studied by direct titrations monitored using UV-vis spectroscopy, finding a preferential interaction with protonated aminophenoxazinone species with high binding affinities (CB7·APOH+, Ka = (1.85 ± 0.37) × 106 M-1; CB7·DiS-NH3+, Ka = (3.91 ± 0.53) × 104 M-1; and DiS-(NH3+)2, Ka= (1.27 ± 0.42) × 105 M-1). NMR characterization and stability analysis were also performed and revealed an interesting pKa modulation and stabilization by cucurbiturils (2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one (APO), pKa = 2.94 ± 0.30, and CB7·APO, pKa = 4.12 ± 0.15; 2,2'-disulfanediyldianiline (DiS-NH2), pKa = 2.14 ± 0.09, and CB7·DiS-NH2, pKa = 3.26 ± 0.09), thus favoring applications in different kinds of crop soils. Kinetic studies have demonstrated the stability of the CB7·APO complex at different pH media for more than 90 min. An in vitro bioassay with etiolated wheat coleoptiles showed that the bioactivity of APO and DiS-NH2 is enhanced upon complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco
J. R. Mejías
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui 7, Puerto Real11510, Spain
- Department
of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University
Bremen, Campus Ring 1, Bremen28759, Germany
| | - Suhang He
- Department
of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University
Bremen, Campus Ring 1, Bremen28759, Germany
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui 7, Puerto Real11510, Spain
| | - José M.
G. Molinillo
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui 7, Puerto Real11510, Spain
| | - Andrea Barba-Bon
- Department
of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University
Bremen, Campus Ring 1, Bremen28759, Germany
| | - Werner M. Nau
- Department
of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University
Bremen, Campus Ring 1, Bremen28759, Germany
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui 7, Puerto Real11510, Spain
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de la Calle ME, Cabrera G, Linares-Pineda T, Cantero D, Molinillo JMG, Varela RM, Valle A, Bolívar J. Automatable downstream purification of the benzohydroxamic acid D-DIBOA from a biocatalytic synthesis. N Biotechnol 2022; 72:48-57. [PMID: 36155894 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herbicides play a vital role in agriculture, contributing to increased crop productivity by minimizing weed growth, but their low degradability presents a threat to the environment and human health. Allelochemicals, such as DIBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4 H)-one), are secondary metabolites released by certain plants that affect the survival or growth of other organisms. Although these metabolites have an attractive potential for use as herbicides, their low natural production is a critical hurdle. Previously, the synthesis of the biologically active analog D-DIBOA (4-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one) was achieved, using an engineered E. coli strain as a whole-cell biocatalyst, capable of transforming a precursor compound into D-DIBOA and exporting it into the culture medium, although it cannot be directly applied to crops. Here a chromatographic method to purify D-DIBOA from this cell culture medium without producing organic solvent wastes is described. The purification of D-DIBOA from a filtered culture medium to the pure compound could also be automated. Biological tests with the purified compound on weed models showed that it has virtually the same activity than the chemically synthesized D-DIBOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena de la Calle
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; Institute of Viticulture and Agri-Food Research (IVAGRO)-International Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Gema Cabrera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; Institute of Viticulture and Agri-Food Research (IVAGRO)-International Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Teresa Linares-Pineda
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Domingo Cantero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; Institute of Viticulture and Agri-Food Research (IVAGRO)-International Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Antonio Valle
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Jorge Bolívar
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
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Cárdenas DM, Bajsa‐Hirschel J, Cantrell CL, Rial C, Varela RM, Molinillo JMG, Macías FA. Evaluation of the phytotoxic and antifungal activity of C 17 -sesquiterpenoids as potential biopesticides. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:4240-4251. [PMID: 35709310 PMCID: PMC9540635 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural products are a promising source for the development of new pesticides with alternative mechanisms of action. In this study, we evaluated the phytotoxic and antifungal activity of a novel family of natural C17 -sesquiterpenoids and performed a study of the effect caused by the elimination of the α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone system and its importance to their biological activity. RESULTS Many tested compounds exhibited a strong phytotoxic activity. Lappalone and pertyolide B were the most potent molecules from the tested group. Lappalone displayed a strong inhibition profile against selected weed species, reaching a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) value of 5.0 μm against Echinochloa crus-galli L. shoot and 5.7 μm against the germination rate of Amaranthus viridis L., as well as a good stimulation of the germination of Phelipanche ramosa L. Pertyolide B demonstrated excellent inhibition against Amaranthus viridis L. (IC50 : 56.7, 70.3 and 24.0 μm against the root and shoot growth, and germination rate, respectively) and Allium cepa L. (representative of the Liliaceae family, with IC50 values of 25.3 and 64.4 μm against root and shoot growth). Regarding the antifungal activity, pertyolide B presented significant activity against Colletotrichum fragareae and Fusarium oxysporum with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 6.6 μg μL-1 . CONCLUSION The bioassays revealed that frequently the presence of the α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone system is not essential for the bioactivities of sesquiterpene lactones, and suggest that C17 -sesquiterpenoids may function through a different mechanism of action not related to the widely assumed Michael addition. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Cárdenas
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of ScienceUniversity of CadizCádizSpain
| | - Joanna Bajsa‐Hirschel
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service, UniversityOxfordMSUSA
| | - Charles L. Cantrell
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service, UniversityOxfordMSUSA
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of ScienceUniversity of CadizCádizSpain
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of ScienceUniversity of CadizCádizSpain
| | - José M. G. Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of ScienceUniversity of CadizCádizSpain
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of ScienceUniversity of CadizCádizSpain
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Mejías F, Fernández IP, Rial C, Varela RM, Molinillo JM, Calvino JJ, Trasobares S, Macías FA. Encapsulation of Cynara Cardunculus Guaiane-type Lactones in Fully Organic Nanotubes Enhances Their Phytotoxic Properties. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:3644-3653. [PMID: 35289164 PMCID: PMC8972271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The encapsulation of bioactive natural products has emerged as a relevant tool for modifying the poor physicochemical properties often exhibited by agrochemicals. In this regard, natural guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Cynara cardunculus L. have been encapsulated in a core/shell nanotube@agrochemical system. Monitoring of the F and O signals in marked sesquiterpenes confirmed that the compound is present in the nanotube cavity. These structures were characterized using scanning transmission electron microscopy-X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry techniques, which revealed the spatial layout relationship and confirmed encapsulation of the sesquiterpene lactone derivative. In addition, biological studies were performed with aguerin B (1), cynaropicrin (2), and grosheimin (3) on the inhibition of germination, roots, and shoots in weeds (Phalaris arundinacea L., Lolium perenne L., and Portulaca oleracea L.). Encapsulation of lactones in nanotubes gives better results than those for the nonencapsulated compounds, thereby reinforcing the application of fully organic nanotubes for the sustainable use of agrochemicals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco
J.R. Mejías
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), School of Science, University of
Cádiz, Campus
CEIA3, C/ República Saharaui, 7, Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510, Spain
| | - Inmaculada P. Fernández
- Departamento
de Ciencia de Los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica
y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510, Spain
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), School of Science, University of
Cádiz, Campus
CEIA3, C/ República Saharaui, 7, Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), School of Science, University of
Cádiz, Campus
CEIA3, C/ República Saharaui, 7, Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510, Spain
| | - José M.G. Molinillo
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), School of Science, University of
Cádiz, Campus
CEIA3, C/ República Saharaui, 7, Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510, Spain
| | - José J. Calvino
- Departamento
de Ciencia de Los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica
y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510, Spain
| | - Susana Trasobares
- Departamento
de Ciencia de Los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica
y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510, Spain
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), School of Science, University of
Cádiz, Campus
CEIA3, C/ República Saharaui, 7, Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510, Spain
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Marro N, Lidoy J, Chico MÁ, Rial C, García J, Varela RM, Macías FA, Pozo MJ, Janoušková M, López-Ráez JA. Strigolactones: New players in the nitrogen-phosphorus signalling interplay. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:512-527. [PMID: 34719040 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are among the most important macronutrients for plant growth and development, and the most widely used as fertilizers. Understanding how plants sense and respond to N and P deficiency is essential to optimize and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Strigolactones (SLs) are phytohormones acting as modulators and sensors of plant responses to P deficiency. In the present work, we assess the potential role of SLs in N starvation and in the N-P signalling interplay. Physiological, transcriptional and metabolic responses were analysed in wild-type and SL-deficient tomato plants grown under different P and N regimes, and in plants treated with a short-term pulse of the synthetic SL analogue 2'-epi-GR24. The results evidence that plants prioritize N over P status by affecting SL biosynthesis. We also show that SLs modulate the expression of key regulatory genes of phosphate and nitrate signalling pathways, including the N-P integrators PHO2 and NIGT1/HHO. The results support a key role for SLs as sensors during early plant responses to both N and phosphate starvation and mediating the N-P signalling interplay, indicating that SLs are involved in more physiological processes than so far proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Marro
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier Lidoy
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Chico
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CeiA3), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan García
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CeiA3), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CeiA3), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - María J Pozo
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Martina Janoušková
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Juan A López-Ráez
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
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9
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Cárdenas D, Rial C, Varela RM, Molinillo JM, Macías FA. Synthesis of Pertyolides A, B, and C: A Synthetic Procedure to C 17-Sesquiterpenoids and a Study of Their Phytotoxic Activity. J Nat Prod 2021; 84:2295-2302. [PMID: 34369759 PMCID: PMC8638260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
C17-sesquiterpenoids are a group of natural products that have been recently discovered. These compounds have the peculiarity of lacking the α,β-methylene butyrolactone system, which is known to be quite relevant for many of the biological activities reported for sesquiterpene lactones. Unfortunately, the biological interest of C17-sesquiterpenoids has not been studied in-depth, mainly due to the poor isolation yields in which they can be obtained from natural sources. Therefore, in order to allow a deeper study of these novel molecules, we have worked out a synthetic pathway that provides C17-sesquiterpenoids in enough quantities from easily accessible sesquiterpene lactones to enable a more thorough investigation of their bioactivities. With this synthesis method, we have successfully synthesized, for the first time, three natural C17-sesquiterpenoids, pertyolides A, B, and C, with good overall yields. Furthermore, we have also evaluated their phytotoxicity against etiolated wheat coleoptiles and corroborated that pertyolides B and C present strong phytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David
M. Cárdenas
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M.
G. Molinillo
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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10
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Anese S, Rial C, Varela RM, Torres A, Molinillo JM, Macías FA. Search of New Tools for Weed Control Using Piptocarpha rotundifolia, a Dominant Species in the Cerrado. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:8684-8694. [PMID: 34328733 PMCID: PMC8638263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Piptocarpha rotundifolia (Less.) Baker stands out as one of the species with the highest frequency, density, and relative dominance in the Cerrado formations. However, no phytochemical studies have been carried out with this species to date. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic activity of P. rotundifolia leaves in the search of new environmentally friendly tools for weed control. Thus, a wheat coleoptile and phytotoxic bioassay, using relevant agricultural weeds, was used to identify the most active extracts and fractions. The subsequent purification process allowed the isolation of 11 compounds, the phytotoxicity of which was evaluated in terms of wheat coleoptile elongation and with the most sensitive weeds. Piptocarphin A was found to be the major compound and the most active. To confirm its phytotoxic potential, the effect on Ipomea grandifolia grown in a hydroponic culture and on metaxylem cells was studied. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the inhibitory activity displayed by P. rotundifolia leaf extract is mainly due to the presence of piptocarphin A. The phytotoxicity shown by P. rotundifolia leaf extract, and the isolated compounds, on weeds could provide new tools for weed control in agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simoni Anese
- Federal
Institute of Education, Science and Technology
of Mato Grosso, Campus
Campo Novo do Parecis, MT 235 Km 12, Campo
Novo do Parecis, MT 78360-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui no 7, Puerto Real, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui no 7, Puerto Real, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Ascensión Torres
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui no 7, Puerto Real, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - José M.
G. Molinillo
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui no 7, Puerto Real, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui no 7, Puerto Real, Cadiz 11510, Spain
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11
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Vela F, Anese S, Varela RM, Torres A, Molinillo JMG, Macías FA. Bioactive Diterpenes from the Brazilian Native Plant ( Moquiniastrum pulchrum) and Their Application in Weed Control. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154632. [PMID: 34361785 PMCID: PMC8348793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Even today, weeds continue to be a considerable problem for agriculture. The application of synthetic herbicides produces serious environmental consequences, and crops suffer loss of their activity due to the appearance of new resistant weed biotypes. Our aim is to develop new effective natural herbicides that improve the problem of resistance and do not harm the environment. This work is focused on a bioassay-guided isolation and the characterization of natural products present in Moquiniastrum pulchrum leaves with phytotoxic activity and its preliminary application in weeds. Moquiniastrum pulchrum was selected for two reasons: it is an abundant species in the Cerrado region (the second most important ecosystem in Brazil, after the Amazon)—the explanation behind its being a dominant species is a major focus of interest—and it has traditional employment in folk medicine. Six major compounds were isolated in this plant: one flavone and five diterpenes, two of which are described for the first time in the literature. Four of the six compounds exhibited phytotoxic activity in the bioassays performed. The results confirmed the phytotoxic potential of this plant, which had not been investigated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Vela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui #7, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (F.V.); (J.M.G.M.); (F.A.M.)
| | - Simoni Anese
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso—Campus Campo Novo do Parecis, MT 235 Km 12, Campo Novo do Parecis 78360-000, Brazil;
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui #7, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (F.V.); (J.M.G.M.); (F.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.V.); (A.T.); Tel.: +34-956-01-27-90 (R.M.V. & A.T.); Fax: +34-956-01-62-88 (R.M.V. & A.T.)
| | - Ascensión Torres
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui #7, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (F.V.); (J.M.G.M.); (F.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.V.); (A.T.); Tel.: +34-956-01-27-90 (R.M.V. & A.T.); Fax: +34-956-01-62-88 (R.M.V. & A.T.)
| | - José M. G. Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui #7, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (F.V.); (J.M.G.M.); (F.A.M.)
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui #7, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (F.V.); (J.M.G.M.); (F.A.M.)
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12
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Zorrilla JG, Rial C, Cabrera D, Molinillo JMG, Varela RM, Macías FA. Pharmacological Activities of Aminophenoxazinones. Molecules 2021; 26:3453. [PMID: 34200139 PMCID: PMC8201375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminophenoxazinones are degradation products resulting from the metabolism of different plant species, which comprise a family of natural products well known for their pharmacological activities. This review provides an overview of the pharmacological properties and applications proved by these compounds and their structural derivatives during 2000-2021. The bibliography was selected according to our purpose from the references obtained in a SciFinder database search for the Phx-3 structure (the base molecule of the aminophenoxazinones). Compounds Phx-1 and Phx-3 are among the most studied, especially as anticancer drugs for the treatment of gastric and colon cancer, glioblastoma and melanoma, among others types of relevant cancers. The main information available in the literature about their mechanisms is also described. Similarly, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic activities are presented, including species related directly or indirectly to significant diseases. Therefore, we present diverse compounds based on aminophenoxazinones with high potential as drugs, considering their levels of activity and few adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.G.Z.); (C.R.); (D.C.); (J.M.G.M.); (R.M.V.)
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13
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Mejías FR, Trasobares S, Varela RM, Molinillo JM, Calvino JJ, Macías FA. One-Step Encapsulation of ortho-Disulfides in Functionalized Zinc MOF. Enabling Metal-Organic Frameworks in Agriculture. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:7997-8005. [PMID: 33577306 PMCID: PMC8637546 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Application of natural products as new green agrochemicals with low average lifetime, low concentration doses, and safety is both complex and expensive due to chemical modification required to obtain desirable physicochemical properties. Transport, aqueous solubility, and bioavailability are some of the properties that have been improved using functionalized metal-organic frameworks based on zinc for the encapsulation of bioherbicides (ortho-disulfides). An in situ method has been applied to achieve encapsulation, which, in turn, led to an improvement in water solubility by more than 8 times after 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin HP-β-CD surface functionalization. High-resolution high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HR HAADF-STEM) and integrated differential phase contrast (iDPC) imaging techniques were employed to verify the success of the encapsulation procedure and crystallinity of the sample. Inhibition studies on principal weeds that infect rice, corn, and potato crops gave results that exceed those obtained with the commercial herbicide Logran. This finding, along with a short synthesis period, i.e., 2 h at 25 °C, make the product an example of a new generation of natural-product-based herbicides with direct applications in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco
J. R. Mejías
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/República Saharaui, 7, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Susana Trasobares
- Departamento
de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica
y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/República Saharaui, 7, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/República Saharaui, 7, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M.
G. Molinillo
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/República Saharaui, 7, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - José J. Calvino
- Departamento
de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica
y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/República Saharaui, 7, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy
Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules
(INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/República Saharaui, 7, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
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14
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Mejías FJR, Durán AG, Zorrilla JG, Varela RM, Molinillo JMG, Valdivia MM, Macías FA. Acyl Derivatives of Eudesmanolides To Boost their Bioactivity: An Explanation of Behavior in the Cell Membrane Using a Molecular Dynamics Approach. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1297-1307. [PMID: 33300672 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Semisynthetic analogs of natural products provide an important approach to obtain safer and more active drugs and they can also have enhanced physicochemical properties such as persistence, cross-membrane processes and bioactivity. Acyl derivatives of different natural product families, from sesquiterpene lactones to benzoxazinoids, have been synthesized and tested in our laboratories. These compounds were evaluated against tumoral and nontumoral cell lines to identify selective derivatives with a reduced negative impact upon application. The mode of action of these compounds was analyzed by anti-caspase-3 assays and molecular dynamics simulations with cell membrane re-creation were also carried out. Aryl derivatives of eudesmanolide stand out from the other compounds and are better than current anticancer drugs such as etoposide in terms of selectivity and activity. Computational studies provide evidence that lipophilicity plays a key role and the 4-fluorobenzoyl derivative can pass easily through the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J R Mejías
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Alexandra G Durán
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jesús G Zorrilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Manuel M Valdivia
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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15
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Scavo A, Rial C, Molinillo JMG, Varela RM, Mauromicale G, Macı As FA. Effect of Shading on the Sesquiterpene Lactone Content and Phytotoxicity of Cultivated Cardoon Leaf Extracts. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:11946-11953. [PMID: 33052675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The work described here follows on from a previous study focused on the influence of the genotype and harvest time on the sesquiterpene lactone (STL) profile of Cynara cardunculus L. leaf extracts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect that 60% plant shading in cultivated cardoon (C. cardunculus var. altilis) leaf extracts harvested in winter and spring had on the composition of STLs and the phytotoxicity. The phytotoxicity of leaf extracts was evaluated by assessing wheat coleoptile elongation along with seed germination and the root and shoot length of the weeds Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Portulaca oleracea L. Shading increased the production of STLs in spring, and this effect correlated positively with the phytotoxic activity. The induction of shading can therefore be used to modulate STL concentrations and their phytotoxic potential in cultivated cardoon leaves for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Scavo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, via Valdisavoia, 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui n° 7, Puerto Real, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui n° 7, Puerto Real, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui n° 7, Puerto Real, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Giovanni Mauromicale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, via Valdisavoia, 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Francisco Antonio Macı As
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui n° 7, Puerto Real, Cadiz 11510, Spain
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16
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Zorrilla JG, Cala A, Rial C, R Mejías FJ, Molinillo JMG, Varela RM, Macías FA. Synthesis of Active Strigolactone Analogues Based on Eudesmane- and Guaiane-Type Sesquiterpene Lactones. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:9636-9645. [PMID: 32794743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are natural products that are exuded by plants and stimulate parasitic weed germination. Their use in herbicides is limited since they are produced in small quantities, but the synthesis of bioactive analogues provides an alternative source. In this work, eleven analogues have been synthesized. Among them, nine compounds belong to a novel family named eudesmanestrigolactones. The procedure is short (3-6 steps), the starting materials are isolated on a multigram scale, and global yields are up to 8%, which significantly enhance isolated yields. In bioassay, the compounds germinated high percentages of Phelipanche ramosa, Orobanche cumana, and Orobanche crenata seeds, even at nanogram doses (100 nM). Bioactivity was stereochemistry-dependent, and it was discussed in terms of the presence and geometry of the enol ether, orientation of the butenolide, and unsaturation of ring A. The reported compounds provide a set of readily obtained allelochemicals with potential applications as preventive herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús G Zorrilla
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/Republica Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Cala
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/Republica Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/Republica Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco J R Mejías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/Republica Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/Republica Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/Republica Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/Republica Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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17
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Rial C, Tomé S, Varela RM, Molinillo JMG, Macías FA. Phytochemical Study of Safflower Roots (Carthamus tinctorius) on the Induction of Parasitic Plant Germination and Weed Control. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:871-880. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Gamir J, Torres-Vera R, Rial C, Berrio E, de Souza Campos PM, Varela RM, Macías FA, Pozo MJ, Flors V, López-Ráez JA. Exogenous strigolactones impact metabolic profiles and phosphate starvation signalling in roots. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:1655-1668. [PMID: 32222984 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are important ex-planta signalling molecules in the rhizosphere, promoting the association with beneficial microorganisms, but also affecting plant interactions with harmful organisms. They are also plant hormones in-planta, acting as modulators of plant responses under nutrient-deficient conditions, mainly phosphate (Pi) starvation. In the present work, we investigate the potential role of SLs as regulators of early Pi starvation signalling in plants. A short-term pulse of the synthetic SL analogue 2'-epi-GR24 promoted SL accumulation and the expression of Pi starvation markers in tomato and wheat under Pi deprivation. 2'-epi-GR24 application also increased SL production and the expression of Pi starvation markers under normal Pi conditions, being its effect dependent on the endogenous SL levels. Remarkably, 2'-epi-GR24 also impacted the root metabolic profile under these conditions, promoting the levels of metabolites associated to plant responses to Pi limitation, thus partially mimicking the pattern observed under Pi deprivation. The results suggest an endogenous role for SLs as Pi starvation signals. In agreement with this idea, SL-deficient plants were less sensitive to this stress. Based on the results, we propose that SLs may act as early modulators of plant responses to P starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Gamir
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
- Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Rocío Torres-Vera
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CeiA3), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Estefanía Berrio
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro M de Souza Campos
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Micorrizas y Sustentabilidad Agroambiental (CIMYSA-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CeiA3), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CeiA3), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - María J Pozo
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Victor Flors
- Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan A López-Ráez
- Group of Mycorrhizas, Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
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Feitoza RBB, Varela RM, Torres A, Molinillo JMG, Lima HRP, Moraes LFD, Da Cunha M, Macías FA. Evaluation of the Phytotoxicity of Urochloa humidicola Roots by Bioassays and Microscopic Analysis. Characterization of New Compounds. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:4851-4864. [PMID: 32259440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides are a key element in agriculture but they do cause environmental problems and natural alternatives are being sought. In this context, invasive plants could provide an as yet unexplored source for the development of future herbicides. Urochloa humidicola has great invasive potential in Brazilian environments as it hampers the establishment of other plants. The phytotoxicity of U. humidicola root extracts has been evaluated, and the major components have been identified. The phytotoxicity of the extract was assessed in the wheat coleoptile assay on seeds of troublesome weeds and on Anadenanthera colubrina, a tree species used in ecological restoration programs. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity, and the most affected weeds were E. crus-galli, M. maximus, and A. viridis with the latter weed more affected by the extract than by the herbicide Logran. Microscopic ultrastructural analysis of A. colubrina roots indicated possible signals of cell death. Seven compounds were identified in the ethyl acetate extract of which one diterpene and four saponins are new. Six of these compounds were tested in the wheat coleoptile bioassay. The most active were diterpene 1 and saponins 2, 3, and 6. The phytotoxic activity of U. humidicola explains the issues observed in ecological restoration with A. colubrina in the presence of Urochloa species, and its effect on weeds reinforces its potential use in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B B Feitoza
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Grupo de Alelopatía, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ascensión Torres
- Grupo de Alelopatía, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Grupo de Alelopatía, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Helena R P Lima
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Luiz F D Moraes
- EMBRAPA Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Agrobiologia, 23891-000, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Maura Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Grupo de Alelopatía, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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20
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Mejías FJR, Trasobares S, López-Haro M, Varela RM, Molinillo JMG, Calvino JJ, Macías FA. In Situ Eco Encapsulation of Bioactive Agrochemicals within Fully Organic Nanotubes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:41925-41934. [PMID: 31633337 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Agrochemical encapsulation agents used up to now are commonly based on polymeric compounds or metal particles, but the employment of other natural products such as host structures has not been tackled in detail. In the work reported here, fully organic nanotubes composed of human bile acid (lithocholic acid) have been synthesized. These nanotubes were employed to encapsulate potential disulfide herbicide mimics that have previously shown relevant inhibitory activity against weeds. The three-dimensional chemical information from scanning transmission electron microscope analytical tomography with subnanometer scale resolution convincingly demonstrates for the first time the occurrence of efficient encapsulation within a fully organic nanotube of different organic molecules with activity as herbicides. The encapsulation was achieved in a one-pot synthesis, in an aqueous environment and under in situ conditions without using any marker or coating with contrast materials, which renders the process greener than those routinely used. The nanotubes allow complete water solubilization, with an encapsulation percentage of up to 78% in all of the herbicide compounds. Furthermore, nanotubes showed a flattened arrangement due to the host-guest interaction. The synthetic approach represents a step forward in solving the key problem of the quite limited solubility of natural agrochemicals in aqueous environments. In addition, the process presents a breakthrough in the use of natural products produced by the human body as encapsulating agents, which expands possible future applications. The preliminary docking approach clarifies that the 2o01 transmembrane transport protein seems to be the prior channel of the organic nanotube in the delivery process to vegetable cells. The etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay demonstrated that the encapsulated herbicides have improved the bioactivity of free compounds, keeping 60% of inhibition of the weed at least for every disulfide, a requisite for their fruitful application as agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J R Mejías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science , University of Cádiz , C/República Saharaui, 7 , 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz , Spain
| | - Susana Trasobares
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Cádiz , 11510 Cádiz , Spain
| | - Miguel López-Haro
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Cádiz , 11510 Cádiz , Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science , University of Cádiz , C/República Saharaui, 7 , 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz , Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science , University of Cádiz , C/República Saharaui, 7 , 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz , Spain
| | - José J Calvino
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Cádiz , 11510 Cádiz , Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science , University of Cádiz , C/República Saharaui, 7 , 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz , Spain
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21
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de Souza Campos PM, Cornejo P, Rial C, Borie F, Varela RM, Seguel A, López-Ráez JA. Phosphate acquisition efficiency in wheat is related to root:shoot ratio, strigolactone levels, and PHO2 regulation. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:5631-5642. [PMID: 31359044 PMCID: PMC6812720 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphorus (Pi) fertilizers are expected to become scarce in the near future; so, breeding for improved Pi acquisition-related root traits would decrease the need for fertilizer application. This work aimed to decipher the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the differences between two commercial wheat cultivars (Crac and Tukan) with contrasting Pi acquisition efficiencies (PAE). For that, four independent experiments with different growth conditions were conducted. When grown under non-limiting Pi conditions, both cultivars performed similarly. Crac was less affected by Pi starvation than Tukan, presenting higher biomass production, and an enhanced root development, root:shoot ratio, and root efficiency for Pi uptake under this condition. Higher PAE in Crac correlated with enhanced expression of the Pi transporter genes TaPht1;2 and TaPht1;10. Crac also presented a faster and higher modulation of the IPS1-miR399-PHO2 pathway upon Pi starvation. Interestingly, Crac showed increased levels of strigolactones, suggesting a direct relationship between this phytohormone and plant P responses. Based on these findings, we propose that higher PAE of the cultivar Crac is associated with an improved P signalling through a fine-tuning modulation of PHO2 activity, which seems to be regulated by strigolactones. This knowledge will help to develop new strategies for improved plant performance under P stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M de Souza Campos
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Micorrizas y Sustentabilidad Agroambiental (CIMYSA-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Pablo Cornejo
- Centro de Investigación en Micorrizas y Sustentabilidad Agroambiental (CIMYSA-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Fernando Borie
- Centro de Investigación en Micorrizas y Sustentabilidad Agroambiental (CIMYSA-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile, Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Alex Seguel
- Centro de Investigación en Micorrizas y Sustentabilidad Agroambiental (CIMYSA-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Juan Antonio López-Ráez
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
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22
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Nebo L, Varela RM, Fernandes JB, Palma M. Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Ricinine from Ricinus communis Leaves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100438. [PMID: 31581463 PMCID: PMC6826910 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The alkaloid ricinine (3-cyano-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone) is found in different parts of the Ricinus communis plant and is known to possess several bioactive properties, including strong antioxidant activity. In this study, a new microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was developed for the recovery of ricinine from R. communis leaves. The extraction variables studied were extraction temperature (between 125 °C and 175 °C), microwave power (between 500 W and 1000 W), extraction time (between 5 min and 15 min), extraction solvent (between 10% and 90% of EtOAc in MeOH), and solvent-to-sample ratio (between 25:1 mL and 50:1 mL of solvent per gram of the sample). On studying the effects of extraction variables, both solvent and liquid-to-solid ratio were found to exhibit the highest effects on ricinine recovery. A fast (15 min) microwave-assisted extraction method was developed (high temperatures can be applied because the stability of ricinine is proven in the literature), allowing for the recovery of ricinine from R. communis leaves. The study revealed that R. communis leaves had almost 1.5 mg g−1 (dried weight) of ricinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Nebo
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos SP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas, INBIO, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
| | - João B Fernandes
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos SP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Miguel Palma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, Instituto de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria, IVAGRO, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
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23
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Chinchilla N, Santana A, Varela RM, Fronczek FR, Molinillo JMG, Macías FA. Preparation and Phytotoxicity Evaluation of 11,13-Dehydro seco-Guaianolides. J Nat Prod 2019; 82:2501-2508. [PMID: 31464436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
11,13-Dehydro seco-guaianolides, a particular type of sesquiterpene lactones, were synthesized from the commercially available α-santonin (11) using a facile strategy involving a high-yielding photochemical reaction. Natural products 10 and 17 from Artemisia gorgonum were synthesized in good yields. Specifically, compound 10 was obtained in five steps with an overall yield of 17%. The sesquiterpene lactones were tested in the etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay, and the most active compounds were assayed on standard target species. Guaianolide 13 showed the highest phytotoxic activities when compared with the known herbicide Logran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Chinchilla
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO) , University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui, s/n , 11510 Puerto Real ( Cádiz ), Spain
| | - Alejandro Santana
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO) , University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui, s/n , 11510 Puerto Real ( Cádiz ), Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO) , University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui, s/n , 11510 Puerto Real ( Cádiz ), Spain
| | - Frank R Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO) , University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui, s/n , 11510 Puerto Real ( Cádiz ), Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO) , University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui, s/n , 11510 Puerto Real ( Cádiz ), Spain
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24
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Cala A, Zorrilla JG, Rial C, Molinillo JMG, Varela RM, Macías FA. Easy Access to Alkoxy, Amino, Carbamoyl, Hydroxy, and Thiol Derivatives of Sesquiterpene Lactones and Evaluation of Their Bioactivity on Parasitic Weeds. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:10764-10773. [PMID: 31487158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety of sesquiterpene lactones is a key unit for their bioactivity. As a consequence, modifications of these compounds have been focused on this fragment. In the work reported here, two sesquiterpene lactones, namely, dehydrocostuslactone and β-cyclocostunolide, a eudesmanolide obtained by controlled cyclization of costunolide, were chosen for modification by Michael addition at C-13. On applying this reaction to both compounds, it was possible to introduce the functional groups alkoxy, amino, carbamoyl, hydroxy, and thiol to give products in good to high yields, depending on the base and solvent employed. In particular, the introduction of a thiol group at C-13 in both compounds was achieved with outstanding yields (>90%) and this is unprecedented for these sesquiterpene lactones. The bioactivities of the products were evaluated on etiolated wheat coleoptile elongation and germination of seeds of parasitic weeds, with significant activity observed on Orobanche cumana and Phelipanche ramosa. The structure-activity relationships are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cala
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science , University of Cadiz , C/Republica Saharaui, 7 , 11510 Puerto Real , Cádiz , Spain
| | - Jesús G Zorrilla
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science , University of Cadiz , C/Republica Saharaui, 7 , 11510 Puerto Real , Cádiz , Spain
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science , University of Cadiz , C/Republica Saharaui, 7 , 11510 Puerto Real , Cádiz , Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science , University of Cadiz , C/Republica Saharaui, 7 , 11510 Puerto Real , Cádiz , Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science , University of Cadiz , C/Republica Saharaui, 7 , 11510 Puerto Real , Cádiz , Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science , University of Cadiz , C/Republica Saharaui, 7 , 11510 Puerto Real , Cádiz , Spain
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25
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Valverde Malaver CL, Colmenares Dulcey AJ, Rial C, Varela RM, Molinillo JMG, Macías FA, Isaza Martínez JH. Hydrolysable Tannins and Biological Activities of Meriania hernandoi and Meriania nobilis (Melastomataceae). Molecules 2019; 24:E746. [PMID: 30791447 PMCID: PMC6412690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A bio-guided study of leaf extracts allowed the isolation of two new macrobicyclic hydrolysable tannins, namely merianin A (1) and merianin B (2), and oct-1-en-3-yl β-xylopyranosyl-(1"-6')-β-glucopyranoside (3) from Meriania hernandoi, in addition to 11 known compounds reported for the first time in the Meriania genus. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. The bioactivities of the compounds were determined by measuring the DPPH radical scavenging activity and by carrying out antioxidant power assays (FRAP), etiolated wheat coleoptile assays and phytotoxicity assays on the standard target species Lycopersicum esculentum W. (tomato). Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited the best free radical scavenging activities, with FRS50 values of 2.0 and 1.9 µM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Julia Colmenares Dulcey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, Universidad del Valle, GIPNA, Cali 760032, Colombia.
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Universidad de Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510-Puerto Real (Cadiz), Spain.
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Universidad de Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510-Puerto Real (Cadiz), Spain.
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Universidad de Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510-Puerto Real (Cadiz), Spain.
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Universidad de Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510-Puerto Real (Cadiz), Spain.
| | - José Hipólito Isaza Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, Universidad del Valle, GIPNA, Cali 760032, Colombia.
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26
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Rial C, Varela RM, Molinillo JMG, López-Ráez JA, Macías FA. A new UHPLC-MS/MS method for the direct determination of strigolactones in root exudates and extracts. Phytochem Anal 2019; 30:110-116. [PMID: 30280444 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strigolactones (SLs) are the most representative germination stimulants for seeds of root parasitic plants, and they show activity even at concentrations below 10-10 M. The low amounts of stimulants produced by the host and their rapid degradability make it crucial to develop analytical methods with very low limits of quantification. OBJECTIVE To develop a sensitive and validated analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of seven SLs [7-oxoorobanchyl acetate (1), solanacol (2), orobanchol (4), strigol (5), fabacyl acetate (6), orobanchyl acetate (7), and 5-deoxystrigol (8)]. METHODS SLs were analysed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), with (±)-GR24 (3) employed as internal standard (IS). Validation was based on selectivity, linearity, precision of the peak areas (repeatability and intermediate precision), detection and quantification limits, and stability. RESULTS A simple, rapid and reliable UHPLC-MS/MS method has been validated for the routine analysis of seven SLs and has been successfully applied to quantify them in exudates and extracts from tomato roots (Solanum lycopersicum). The limits of quantifications range from 0.05 μg/L for 5-deoxystrigol to 0.96 μg/L for solanacol. CONCLUSION The method provides a useful tool for research in all the fields related to SLs, both for studies related to their function as hormones, and signalling molecules in the rhizosphere, without sample preparation required for extracts and root exudates in less than 11 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Juan A López-Ráez
- Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
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Ahrazem O, Diretto G, Argandoña Picazo J, Fiore A, Rubio-Moraga Á, Rial C, Varela RM, Macías FA, Castillo R, Romano E, Gómez-Gómez L. The Specialized Roles in Carotenogenesis and Apocarotenogenesis of the Phytoene Synthase Gene Family in Saffron. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:249. [PMID: 30886624 PMCID: PMC6409354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Crocus sativus stigmas are the main source of crocins, which are glucosylated apocarotenoids derived from zeaxanthin cleavage that give saffron its red color. Phytoene synthase (PSY) mediates the first committed step in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Four PSY genes encoding functional enzymes were isolated from saffron. All the proteins were localized in plastids, but the expression patterns of each gene, CsPSY1a, CsPSY1b, CsPSY2, and CsPSY3, in different saffron tissues and during the development of the stigma showed different tissue specialization. The CsPSY2 transcript was primarily detected in the stigmas where it activates and stimulates the accumulation of crocins, while its expression was very low in other tissues. In contrast, CsPSY1a and CsPSY1b were mainly expressed in the leaves, but only CsPSY1b showed stress-light regulation. Interestingly, CsPSY1b showed differential expression of two alternative splice variants, which differ in the intron retention at their 5' UTRs, resulting in a reduction in their expression levels. In addition, the CsPSY1a and CsPSY1b transcripts, together with the CsPSY3 transcript, were induced in roots under different stress conditions. The CsPSY3 expression was high in the root tip, and its expression was associated with mycorrhizal colonization and strigolactone production. CsPSY3 formed a separate branch to the stress-specific Poaceae homologs but was closely related to the dicot PSY3 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Javier Argandoña Picazo
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Alessia Fiore
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Ángela Rubio-Moraga
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Elena Romano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- *Correspondence: Lourdes Gómez-Gómez,
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Rial C, Gómez E, Varela RM, Molinillo JMG, Macías FA. Ecological Relevance of the Major Allelochemicals in Lycopersicon esculentum Roots and Exudates. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:4638-4644. [PMID: 29673247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stigmasterol, bergapten, and α-tomatine were isolated from tomato roots. The preliminary phytotoxic activities of stigmasterol and α-tomatine were evaluated in a wheat-coleoptile bioassay, and α-tomatine was more active than stigmasterol. To confirm its phytotoxic activity, α-tomatine was tested on Lactuca sativa and two weeds ( Lolium perenne and Echinochloa crus-galli), and it was active in all cases. The stimulatory activities of α-tomatine and stigmasterol on parasitic-plant germination were also evaluated, and α-tomatine was found to be active on Phelipanche ramosa, a parasitic plant of tomato. α-Tomatine was identified in root exudates by LC-MS/MS. This confirms that α-tomatine is exuded by roots into the environment, where it could act as both an allelochemical and a stimulator of P. ramosa, a parasitic plant of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science , University of Cadiz , Calle República Saharaui no. 7 , 11510 Puerto Real , Cadiz , Spain
| | - Elisabeth Gómez
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science , University of Cadiz , Calle República Saharaui no. 7 , 11510 Puerto Real , Cadiz , Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science , University of Cadiz , Calle República Saharaui no. 7 , 11510 Puerto Real , Cadiz , Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science , University of Cadiz , Calle República Saharaui no. 7 , 11510 Puerto Real , Cadiz , Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science , University of Cadiz , Calle República Saharaui no. 7 , 11510 Puerto Real , Cadiz , Spain
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Nepomuceno M, Chinchilla N, Varela RM, Molinillo JM, Lacret R, Alves PL, Macias FA. Chemical evidence for the effect of Urochloa ruziziensis on glyphosate-resistant soybeans. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2071-2078. [PMID: 28345304 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean (Glycine max) is an important oleaginous legume that has been cultivated in new areas in Brazil, including pastures. Problems of reduced production yields have been reported by soybean growers when the crop is sown immediately after desiccation of pastures of Urochloa spp. using glyphosate. The objective of this work was to extract, isolate and identify the major chemicals from U. ruziziensis that have phytotoxic activity and to evaluate the possible relation between this effect and reduced soybean yield. RESULTS U. ruziziensis plants at the flowering stage were desiccated using glyphosate at 1.44 kg ha-1 . The plants were collected between five and ten days after treatment. Extracts of dried and ground shoots were obtained by sequential extraction with hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. The results of wheat coleoptile bioassays indicated that the methanol extract was more inhibitory than the dichloromethane extract regardless of glyphosate application. CONCLUSION Protodioscin, a steroidal saponin, was isolated from the extract as the major component and the activities of this compound were in good agreement with those found for the extract. The release of this compound into the soil is a plausible explanation for the decrease in production observed in transgenic soybean crop after desiccation of U. ruziziensis. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariluce Nepomuceno
- Department of Applied Biology to Agropecuary, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Nuria Chinchilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José Mg Molinillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rodney Lacret
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Pedro Lca Alves
- Department of Applied Biology to Agropecuary, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Macias
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
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Durán AG, Gutiérrez MT, Rial C, Torres A, Varela RM, Valdivia MM, Molinillo JMG, Skoneczny D, Weston LA, Macías FA. Bioactivity and quantitative analysis of isohexenylnaphthazarins in root periderm of two Echium spp.: E. plantagineum and E. gaditanum. Phytochemistry 2017. [PMID: 28633108 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Isohexenylnaphthazarins are commonly found in the root periderm of several Boraginaceous plants and are known for their broad range of biological activities. The work described herein concerns the biological activity of compounds from the roots of Echium plantagineum L. and Echium gaditanum Boiss (Boraginaceae) collected from field sites in southern Spain and Australia. Bioactivity was assessed using etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay and in vitro growth inhibitory activity in HeLa and IGROV-1 cells. The quantification of four isohexenylnaphthazarins (shikonin/alkannin, deoxyshikonin/deoxyalkannin, acetylshikonin/acetylalkannin and dimethylacrylshikonin/dimethylacrylalkannin) was performed by LC-MS/MS using juglone as internal standard. Correlation coefficient values for the activities and concentrations of these four analytes were in the linear range and were greater than 0.99. Acetylshikonin/acetylalkannin and dimethylacrylshikonin/dimethylacrylalkannin were present in the highest concentrations in extracts of both species. The results reveal that greatest overall inhibition was observed in both bioassays with E. gaditanum extracts. Strong correlations between time of collection, sampling location and bioactivity were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Durán
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - M Teresa Gutiérrez
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Ascensión Torres
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Manuel M Valdivia
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Dominik Skoneczny
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Leslie A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
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da Silva BP, Nepomuceno MP, Varela RM, Torres A, Molinillo JMG, Alves PLCA, Macías FA. Phytotoxicity Study on Bidens sulphurea Sch. Bip. as a Preliminary Approach for Weed Control. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:5161-5172. [PMID: 28605187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Farmers of the Franca region in Brazil observed that Bidens sulphurea was able to eliminate the Panicum maximum weed, which infected coffee plantations, without affecting the crop. In an effort to determine if the inhibitory effects observed were due to the presence of phytotoxic compounds from leaves and roots, a biodirected isolation and spectroscopic characterization has been carried out. The leaf dichloromethane and root acetone extracts were the most active, and the former appeared to be more phytotoxic to the target species, including four weeds. A total of 26 compounds were isolated from leaves and roots, and four of them are described here for the first time. The major compounds in the leaf extract are the sesquiterpene lactones costunolide, reynosin, and santamarine, and these showed marked inhibition. Amaranthus viridis and Panicum maximum were the most sensitive species of the weeds tested. These three phytotoxic lactones were also evaluated on A. viridis and P. maximum under hydroponic conditions. A. viridis was the most affected species with the three lactones, and santamarine was the most phytotoxic compound on both. This is the first time that the phytotoxicity of sesquiterpene lactones has been evaluated on hydroponic culture. The work described here is a preliminary approach for the use of B. sulphurea for weed control in agriculture, both as a cover crop and by use of its components as natural herbicide leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna P da Silva
- Department of Applied Biology to Agropecuary, São Paulo State University, UNESP , 14884-900 Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Mariluce P Nepomuceno
- Department of Applied Biology to Agropecuary, São Paulo State University, UNESP , 14884-900 Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), University of Cádiz , C/Avda. República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ascensión Torres
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), University of Cádiz , C/Avda. República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), University of Cádiz , C/Avda. República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Pedro L C A Alves
- Department of Applied Biology to Agropecuary, São Paulo State University, UNESP , 14884-900 Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), University of Cádiz , C/Avda. República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Rial C, García BF, Varela RM, Torres A, Molinillo JMG, Macías FA. The Joint Action of Sesquiterpene Lactones from Leaves as an Explanation for the Activity of Cynara cardunculus. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:6416-6424. [PMID: 27487046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The work described herein is a continuation of a previous study centered on the bioprospect of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) leaf extracts through the isolation of secondary metabolites with phytotoxic activity. Chromatographic fractionations of the ethyl acetate extract and spectroscopic analysis showed that the majority of the components were sesquiterpene lactones. Of these compounds, aguerin B, grosheimin, and cynaropicrin were very active on etiolated wheat coleoptile, standard target species, and weed growth. The joint action of binary mixtures of these three active sesquiterpene lactones and one nonactive compound (11,13-dihydroxy-8-desoxygrosheimin) was studied. The activities of fixed-ratio mixtures were assessed on wheat coleoptile. The results can be interpreted with respect to a reference model by considering dose-response analyses and isobolograms with linear regression analyses. A total of 17 binary mixtures at different levels of inhibition (ED25, ED50, and ED75) were studied, and predominantly they responded additively (25). Deviations from additivity included seven synergistic responses and two antagonistic responses. The joint action of major sesquiterpene lactones isolated from C. cardunculus can explain the activities observed in extracts and fractions. The results reported here reiterate the utility of the wheat coleoptile bioassay as a quick tool to detect potential synergistic effects in binary mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Benito F García
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Ascensión Torres
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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Candido LP, Varela RM, Torres A, Molinillo JMG, Gualtieri SCJ, Macías FA. Evaluation of the Allelopathic Potential of Leaf, Stem, and Root Extracts of Ocotea pulchella Nees et Mart. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1058-67. [PMID: 27482860 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increase in recent decades in herbicide research on the potential of native plants, current knowledge is considered to be low. Very few studies have been carried out on the chemical profile or the biological activity of the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) species. In the study reported here, the allelopathic activity of AcOEt and MeOH extracts of leaves, stems, and roots from Ocotea pulchella Nees was evaluated. The extracts were assayed on etiolated wheat coleoptiles. The AcOEt leaf extract was the most active and this was tested on standard target species (STS). Lycopersicon esculentum and Lactuca sativa were the most sensitive species in this test. A total of eleven compounds have been isolated and characterized. Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 6 have not been identified previously from O. pulchella and ocoteol (9) is reported for the first time in the literature. Eight compounds were tested on wheat coleoptile growth, and spathulenol, benzyl salicylate, and benzyl benzoate showed the highest activities. These compounds showed inhibitory activity on L. esculentum. The values obtained correspond to the activity exhibited by the extract and these compounds may therefore be responsible for the allelopathic activity shown by O. pulchella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lafayette P Candido
- Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, Av. Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, Monjolinho, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3) C/Republica Saharaui, no. 7, ES-11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz
| | - Ascensión Torres
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3) C/Republica Saharaui, no. 7, ES-11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3) C/Republica Saharaui, no. 7, ES-11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz
| | - Sonia C J Gualtieri
- Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, Av. Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, Monjolinho, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3) C/Republica Saharaui, no. 7, ES-11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz.
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Torres A, Molinillo JMG, Varela RM, Casas L, Mantell C, Martínez de la Ossa EJ, Macías FA. Helikaurolides A-D with a Diterpene-Sesquiterpene Skeleton from Supercritical Fluid Extracts of Helianthus annuus L. var. Arianna. Org Lett 2016; 17:4730-3. [PMID: 26368065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Four novel compounds (1-4) with an unprecedented skeleton that combines a sesquiterpene lactone and a kaurane diterpene acid were isolated from Helianthus annuus L. var. Arianna extract, which was obtained under supercritical conditions. The structures of 1-4 were elucidated by NMR and MS analyses. The biosynthetic routes involve sesquiterpene lactones and kauranic acid, both of which were previously isolated from this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascensión Torres
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO) and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO) and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO) and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Lourdes Casas
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO) and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Casimiro Mantell
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO) and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Enrique J Martínez de la Ossa
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO) and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO) and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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El Marsni Z, Torres A, Varela RM, Molinillo JMG, Casas L, Mantell C, Martinez de la Ossa EJ, Macias FA. Isolation of Bioactive Compounds from Sunflower Leaves (Helianthus annuus L.) Extracted with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:6410-6421. [PMID: 26151222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The work described herein is a continuation of our initial studies on the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 of bioactive substances from Helianthus annuus L. var. Arianna. The selected SFE extract showed high activity in the wheat coleoptile bioassay, in Petri dish phytotoxicity bioassays, and in the hydroponic culture of tomato seeds. Chromatographic fractionations of the extracts and a spectroscopic analysis of the isolated compounds showed 52 substances belonging to 10 different chemical classes, which were mainly sesquiterpene lactones, diterpenes, and flavonoids. Heliannuol M (31), helivypolides K and L (36, 37), and helieudesmanolide B (38) are described for the first time in the literature. Metabolites have been tested in the etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay with good results in a noteworthy effect on germination. The most active compounds were also tested on tomato seeds, heliannuol A (30) and leptocarpin (45) being the most active, with values similar to those of the commercial herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouhir El Marsni
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology and ‡Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ascension Torres
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology and ‡Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology and ‡Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology and ‡Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Lourdes Casas
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology and ‡Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Casimiro Mantell
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology and ‡Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Enrique J Martinez de la Ossa
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology and ‡Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A Macias
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology and ‡Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Abstract
Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) is a dominant plant of the Asteraceae family, which suggests it produces allelochemicals that interfere with the development of surrounding plants. The study described herein was conducted to identify the compounds that have phytotoxic activity in T. diversifolia extracts. Ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves, stems, and roots showed significant inhibition of wheat coleoptile growth, and the leaf extract had similar inhibitory effects to a commercial herbicide. Fourteen compounds, 12 of which were sesquiterpene lactones, have been isolated. Two sesquiterpene lactones are reported for the first time and were isolated as an inseparable mixture of 8β-O-(2-methylbutyroyl)tirotundin (4) and 8β-O-(isovaleroyl)tirotundin (5). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis, including NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. The sesquiterpene lactones 1β-methoxydiversifolin (6), tagitinin A (7), and tagitinin C (8) were the major products identified. These compounds were active on etiolated wheat coleoptiles, seed germination, and the growth of STS and weeds. The phytotoxic activity shown by these sesquiterpene lactones indicates that they are the compounds responsible for the activity exhibited by the initial extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A F M Miranda
- ‡Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565905-São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa M Varela
- †Grupo de Alelopatía, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Instituto de Biomoleculas (INBIO), C/República Saharaui n, 7, 11510-Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ascension Torres
- †Grupo de Alelopatía, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Instituto de Biomoleculas (INBIO), C/República Saharaui n, 7, 11510-Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- †Grupo de Alelopatía, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Instituto de Biomoleculas (INBIO), C/República Saharaui n, 7, 11510-Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Sonia C J Gualtieri
- ‡Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565905-São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Macías
- †Grupo de Alelopatía, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Instituto de Biomoleculas (INBIO), C/República Saharaui n, 7, 11510-Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Nebo L, Varela RM, Molinillo JMG, Severino VGP, Sarria ALF, Cazal CM, Fernandes MFDG, Fernandes JB, Macías FA. Phytotoxicity of Triterpenes and Limonoids from the Rutaceae and Meliaceae. 5α,6β,8α,12α-Tetrahydro-28-norisotoonafolin – a Potent Phytotoxin from Toona ciliata. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Limonoids and triterpenes are the largest groups of secondary metabolites and have notable biological activities. Meliaceae and Rutaceae are known for their high diversity of metabolites, including limonoids, and are distinguished from other families due to the frequent occurrence of such compounds. The increased interest in crop protection associated with the diverse bioactivity of these compounds has made these families attractive in the search for new allelopathic compounds. In the study reported here we evaluated the bioactivity profiles of four triterpenes (1–4) and six limonoids (5–10) from Meliaceae and Rutaceae. The compounds were assessed in a wheat coleoptile bioassay and those that had the highest activities were tested on the standard target species Lepidium sativum (cress), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) and Allium cepa (onion). Limonoids showed phytotoxic activity and 5 α,6 β,8 α,12 α-tetrahydro-28-norisotoonafolin (10) and gedunin (5) were the most active, with bioactivity levels similar to, and in some cases better than, those of the commercial herbicide Logran. The results indicate that these products could also be allelochemicals involved in the ecological interactions of these plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Nebo
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13560-970 São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, (Cádiz), Spain
| | - José M. G. Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Vanessa G. P. Severino
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13560-970 São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - André L. F. Sarria
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13560-970 São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - Cristiane M. Cazal
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13560-970 São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13560-970 São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - João B. Fernandes
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13560-970 São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, (Cádiz), Spain
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Nebo L, Varela RM, Molinillo JMG, Severino VGP, Sarria ALF, Cazal CM, Fernandes MFDG, Fernandes JB, Macías FA. Phytotoxicity of triterpenes and limonoids from the Rutaceae and Meliaceae. 5α,6β,8α,12α-Tetrahydro-28-norisotoonafolin--a potent phytotoxin from Toona ciliata. Nat Prod Commun 2015; 10:17-20. [PMID: 25920211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Limonoids and triterpenes are the largest groups of secondary metabolites and have notable biological activities. Meliaceae and Rutaceae are known for their high diversity of metabolites, including limonoids, and are distinguished from other families due to the frequent occurrence of such compounds. The increased interest in crop protection associated with the diverse bioactivity of these compounds has made these families attractive in the search for new allelopathic compounds. In the study reported here we evaluated the bioactivity profiles of four triterpenes (1-4) and six limonoids (5-10) from Meliaceae and Rutaceae. The compounds were assessed in a wheat coleoptile bioassay and those that had the highest activities were tested on the standard target species Lepidinum sativum (cress), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) and Allium cepa (onion). Limonoids showed phytotoxic activity and 5α,6β,8α, 12α- tetrahydro-28-norisotoonafolin (10) and gedunin (5) were the most active, with bioactivity levels similar to, and in some cases better than, those of the commercial herbicide Logran. The results indicate that these products could also be allelochemicals involved in the ecological interactions of these plant species.
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Watanabe Y, Novaes P, Varela RM, Molinillo JMG, Kato-Noguchi H, Macías FA. Phytotoxic Potential ofOnopordum acanthiumL. (Asteraceae). Chem Biodivers 2014; 11:1247-55. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rial C, Novaes P, Varela RM, Molinillo JMG, Macias FA. Phytotoxicity of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) allelochemicals on standard target species and weeds. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:6699-706. [PMID: 24974850 DOI: 10.1021/jf501976h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a native plant to the Iberian Peninsula and the European Atlantic coast and invasive in American environments. Different solvents were used to perform cardoon extracts that were tested in phytotoxic bioassays. The ethyl acetate extract had the highest inhibitory activity so this was tested on the germination and growth of standard target species (lettuce, watercress, tomato, and onion) and weeds (barnyardgrass and brachiaria). The ethyl acetate extract was very active on root growth in both standard target species and weeds and it was therefore fractionated by chromatography. The spectroscopic data showed that the major compounds were sesquiterpene lactones. Aguerin B, grosheimin, and cynaropicrin were very active on etiolated wheat coleoptile, standard target species, and weed growth. The presence of these compounds explains the bioactivity of the ethyl acetate extract. The strong phytotoxicity of these compounds on important weeds shows the potential of these compounds as natural herbicide models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, INBIO Institute of Biomolecules, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), University of Cádiz , Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz Spain
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Matsumoto S, Varela RM, Palma M, Molinillo JMG, Lima IS, Barroso CG, Macías FA. Bio-guided optimization of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of compounds from Annona glabra L. leaves using the etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay. Ultrason Sonochem 2014; 21:1578-1584. [PMID: 24556321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A bio-guided optimization of the extraction of bioactive components from Annona glabra leaves has been developed using the etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay as the control method. The optimization of an ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds using allelopathy results as target values has been carried out for the first time. A two-level fractional factorial experimental design was applied to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction. The solvent was the extraction variable that had the most marked effect on the resulting bioactivity of the extracts in the etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay. Extraction time, extraction temperature and the size of the ultrasonic probe also influenced the bioactivity of the extracts. A larger scale extraction was carried out in the next step in the allelopathic study, i.e., the isolation of compounds from the bioactive extract and chemical characterization by spectroscopic techniques, including NMR. Eight compounds were isolated and identified from the active extracts, namely two steroids (β-sistosterol and stigmasterol), five diterpenes with the kaurane skeleton (ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid, ent-19-methoxy-19-oxokauran-17-oic acid, annoglabasin B, ent-17-hydroxykaur-15-en-19-oic acid and ent-15β,16β-epoxy-17-hydroxy-kauran-19-oic acid) and the acetogenin asimicin. The most active compound was annoglabasin B, which showed inhibition with values of -95% at 10(-3) M, -87% at 5×10(-4) M and greater than -70% at 10(-4) M in the etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadao Matsumoto
- Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Miguel Palma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Inês S Lima
- Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmelo G Barroso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Novaes P, Imatomi M, Varela RM, Molinillo JMG, Lacret R, Gualtieri SCJ, Macías FA. Allelopathic potential of Rapanea umbellata leaf extracts. Chem Biodivers 2014; 10:1539-48. [PMID: 23939802 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The stressful conditions associated with the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) environment were supposed to favor higher levels of allelochemicals in Rapanea umbellata from this ecosystem. The allelopathic potential of R. umbellata leaf extracts was studied using the etiolated wheat coleoptile and standard phytotoxicity bioassays. The most active extract was selected to perform a bioassay-guided isolation, which allowed identifying lutein (1) and (-)-catechin (2) as potential allelochemicals. Finally, the general bioactivity of the two compounds was studied, which indicated that the presence of 1 might be part of the defense mechanisms of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Novaes
- Departamento de Botanica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos - São Paulo, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
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Macías FA, Santana A, Yamahata A, Varela RM, Fronczek FR, Molinillo JMG. Facile preparation of bioactive seco-guaianolides and guaianolides from Artemisia gorgonum and evaluation of their phytotoxicity. J Nat Prod 2012; 75:1967-73. [PMID: 23148700 DOI: 10.1021/np300639b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Commercially available santonin was used to synthesize seven sesquiterpene lactones using a facile strategy that involved a high-yielding photochemical reaction. Three natural products from Artemisia gorgonum were synthesized in good yields, and in the case of two compounds, absolute configurations were determined from X-ray quality crystals. The structures previously reported for these compounds were revised. Sesquiterpene lactones were tested using the etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay, and the most active compounds were assayed in standard target species. seco-Guaianolide (4) showed higher phytotoxic activities than the known herbicide Logran. This high activity could be due to the presence of a cyclopentenedione ring. These results suggest that compound 4 should be involved in defense of A. gorgorum, displaying a wide range of activities that allow proposing them as new leads for development of a natural herbicide model with a seco-guaianolide skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Cadiz , C/República Saharaui, s/n, 11510-Puerto Real, Spain
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Galindo JL, Macías M, Molinillo JM, Muñoz-Suano A, Torres A, Varela RM, García-Cozar F, Macías FA. SAR studies of epoxycurcuphenol derivatives on leukemia CT-CD4 cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6662-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Macías FA, Chinchilla N, Arroyo E, Varela RM, Molinillo JMG, Marín D. Multifunctionalised benzoxazinones in the systems Oryza sativa-Echinochloa crus-galli and Triticum aestivum-Avena fatua as natural-product-based herbicide leads. Pest Manag Sci 2010; 66:1137-1147. [PMID: 20628996 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fifteen novel derivatives of D-DIBOA, including aromatic ring modifications and the addition of side chains in positions C-2 and N-4, had previously been synthesised and their phytotoxicity on standard target species (STS) evaluated. This strategy combined steric, electronic, solubility and lipophilicity requirements to achieve the maximum phytotoxic activity. An evaluation of the bioactivity of these compounds on the systems Oryza sativa-Echinochloa crus-galli and Triticum aestivum-Avena fatua is reported here. RESULTS All compounds showed inhibition profiles on the two species Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and Avena fatua L. The most marked effects were caused by 6F-4Pr-D-DIBOA, 6F-4Val-D-DIBOA, 6Cl-4Pr-D-DIBOA and 6Cl-4Val-D-DIBOA. The IC(50) values for the systems Echinochloa crus-galli-Oryza sativa and Avena fatua-Triticum aestivum for all compounds were compared. The compound that showed the greatest selectivity for the system Echinochloa crus-galli-Oryza sativa was 8Cl-4Pr-D-DIBOA, which was 15 times more selective than the commercial herbicide propanil (Cotanil-35). With regard to the system Avena fatua-Triticum aestivum, the compounds that showed the highest selectivities were 8Cl-4Val-D-DIBOA and 6F-4Pr-D-DIBOA. The results obtained for 6F-4Pr-D-DIBOA are of great interest because of the high phytotoxicity to Avena fatua (IC(50) = 6 µM, r(2) = 0.9616). CONCLUSION The in vitro phytotoxicity profiles and selectivities shown by the compounds described here make them candidates for higher-level studies. 8Cl-4Pr-D-DIBOA for the system Echinochloa crus-galli-Oryza sativa and 6F-4Pr-D-DIBOA for Avena fatua-Triticum aestivum were the most interesting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Macías
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Llanos GG, Varela RM, Jiménez IA, Molinillo JMG, Macías FA, Bazzocchi IL. Metabolites from Withania aristata with potential phytotoxic activity. Nat Prod Commun 2010; 5:1043-7. [PMID: 20734937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of apocarotenoids (1-8) and one carotenoid (9) were isolated from the leaves of Withania aristata. In addition, the tetraacetylated apocarotenoid glucosides 10-12 were obtained by acetylation, with derivative 9-hydroxymegastigma-4,6E-dien-3-one 9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside tetraacetate (10) being described for the first time. The structures have been determined by spectroscopic and spectrometric means, mainly NMR and ESI-MS, and comparison with data reported in the literature. These metabolites were evaluated on a systematic phytotoxicity assay using the etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay. Compounds 1-3, 9 and 12 were further assayed for their phytotoxicity on the target species Lepidium sativum, Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicum esculentum and Allium cepa. Among the assayed compounds, lutein (9) showed the most significant values for phytotoxicity, followed by the non-glycosylated apocarotenoids (6S, 9R)-vomifoliol (1) and 9-hydroxymegastigma-4,6E-dien-3-one (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel G Llanos
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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47
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Llanos GG, Varela RM, Jiménez IA, Molinillo JMG, Macías FA, Bazzocchi IL. Metabolites from Withania aristata with Potential Phytotoxic Activity. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of apocarotenoids (1-8) and one carotenoid (9) were isolated from the leaves of Withania aristata. In addition, the tetraacetylated apocarotenoid glucosides 10-12 were obtained by acetylation, with derivative 9-hydroxymegastigma-4,6 E-dien-3-one 9- O-β-D-glucopyranoside tetraacetate (10) being described for the first time. The structures have been determined by spectroscopic and spectrometric means, mainly NMR and ESIMS, and comparison with data reported in the literature. These metabolites were evaluated on a systematic phytotoxicity assay using the etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay. Compounds 1-3, 9 and 12 were further assayed for their phytotoxicity on the target species Lepidium sativum, Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicum esculentum and Allium cepa. Among the assayed compounds, lutein (9) showed the most significant values for phytotoxicity, followed by the non-glycosylated apocarotenoids (6 S, 9 R)-vomifoliol (1) and 9-hydroxymegastigma-4,6 E-dien-3-one (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel G. Llanos
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Grupo de Alelopatía de Cádiz, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/ República Saharaui s/n, 11510-Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ignacio A. Jiménez
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - José M. G. Molinillo
- Grupo de Alelopatía de Cádiz, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/ República Saharaui s/n, 11510-Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Grupo de Alelopatía de Cádiz, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/ República Saharaui s/n, 11510-Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Isabel L. Bazzocchi
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Liazid A, Schwarz M, Varela RM, Palma M, Guillén DA, Brigui J, Macías FA, Barroso CG. Evaluation of various extraction techniques for obtaining bioactive extracts from pine seeds. Food and Bioproducts Processing 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Macías FA, Lacret R, Varela RM, Nogueiras C, Molinillo JMG. Isolation and phytotoxicity of terpenes from Tectona grandis. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:396-404. [PMID: 20237951 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A study was carried out on the allelopathic potential of four forest species, Tectona grandis, Aleurites fordii, Gliricidia sepium, and Maytenus buxifolia. The most active species, T. grandis, was selected to perform a phytochemical study. A new compound, abeograndinoic acid, was isolated, and elucidation of its structure showed that this compound has an unusual carbon skeleton. A further 21 known terpenoids-including 4 sesquiterpenoids, 8 diterpenes and 9 triterpenes-also were isolated. A biosynthetic scheme for the presence of the new compound is proposed. Bioactivity profiles that used etiolated wheat coleoptiles and phytotoxicity bioassays on the isolated compounds were conducted. The compounds that presented the highest phytotoxic activity are the diterpenes 9 (2-oxokovalenic acid) and 12 (19-hydroxyferruginol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Macías
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Barbero GF, Molinillo JMG, Varela RM, Palma M, Macías FA, Barroso CG. Application of Hansch's model to capsaicinoids and capsinoids: a study using the quantitative structure-activity relationship. A novel method for the synthesis of capsinoids. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:3342-9. [PMID: 20178388 DOI: 10.1021/jf9035029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe a synthetic approach for two families of compounds, the capsaicinoids and capsinoids, as part of a study of the quantitative relationship between structure and activity. A total of 14 capsaicinoids of increasing lateral chain lengths, from 2 to 16 carbon atoms, were synthesized. In addition, 14 capsinoids with identical lateral chains, as well as capsiate and dihydrocapsiate, have been synthesized, and a new method for the synthesis of these compounds has been developed. The yields range from 48.35 to 98.98%. It has been found that the synthetic capsaicinoids and capsinoids present a lipophilia similar to those of the natural compounds and present similar biological activity. The bioactivity of the synthetic capsaicinoids and capsinoids decreases proportionally to the degree of difference in lipophilia (higher or lower) compared to the natural compounds. Biological activity was determined using the etiolated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) coleoptiles bioassay and by comparing results of the synthesis with those presented by their counterpart natural compounds. The bioactivities found correlated directly to the lipophilic properties of the synthesized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo F Barbero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Cádiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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