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Cerra M, Cecco L, Montella M, Tuccillo F, Bonelli P, Botti G. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Human Breast Cancer: Comparison with Steroid Receptors and other Prognostic Factors. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 10:136-42. [PMID: 8551055 DOI: 10.1177/172460089501000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status and various prognostic factors was investigated in 70 human breast cancer specimens. Epidermal growth factor receptor was determined by radioligand binding assay, standardized by the EORTC Receptor Study Group, using hydroxyapatite to separate receptor-bound and free ligand. The percentage of EGFR positivity was 80% when the cutoff was set at 5 fmol/mg of membrane protein; this percentage was among the highest hitherto reported. Regression analysis of EGFR versus ER and PR levels confirmed an inverse relationship between EGFR and ER (p = 0.022) as well as between EGFR and PR (p = 0.024). Univariate analysis of the EGFR data stratified according to steroid hormone receptor status showed EGFR to be negatively associated with ER and PR. No association was found between EGFR and menopausal status, axillary lymph node involvement, tumor size, and differentiation grade. A direct association between EGFR status and Ki-67 positive cell rate could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cerra
- Biochemistry Department, National Cancer Institute Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
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2
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Glaros S, Atanaskova N, Zhao C, Skafar DF, Reddy KB. Activation Function-1 Domain of Estrogen Receptor Regulates the Agonistic and Antagonistic Actions of Tamoxifen. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:996-1008. [PMID: 16455819 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiestrogen tamoxifen has been widely used for decades as selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator for ERalpha-positive breast tumors. Tamoxifen significantly reduces tumor recurrence by binding to the activation function-2 (AF-2) domain of the ER. Acquired resistance to tamoxifen in breast cancer patients is a serious therapeutic problem. Antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer often shows increased expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family members, EGFR and ErbB2. In this report we now show that overexpression of EGFR or activated AKT-2 in MCF-7 cells leads to phosphorylation of Ser167 in the AF-1 domain of ERalpha, enhanced ER-amplified in breast cancer 1 (ER:AIB1) interaction in the presence of tamoxifen, and resistance to tamoxifen. In contrast, transfection of activated MAPK kinase, an immediate upstream activator of MAPK (ERK 1 and 2) into MCF-7 cells leads to phosphorylation of Ser118 in the AF-1 domain of ERalpha, inhibition of ER-amplified in breast cancer 1 (ER:AIB1) interaction in the presence of Tam, and maintenance of sensitivity to tamoxifen. Inhibition of AKT by short inhibitory RNA blocked Ser167 phosphorylation in ER and restored tamoxifen sensitivity. However, maximum sensitivity to tamoxifen was observed when both AKT and MAPK were inhibited. Taken together, these data demonstrate that different phosphorylation sites in the AF-1 domain of ERalpha regulate the agonistic and antagonistic actions of tamoxifen in human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Glaros
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, and The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Stoica GE, Franke TF, Moroni M, Mueller S, Morgan E, Iann MC, Winder AD, Reiter R, Wellstein A, Martin MB, Stoica A. Effect of estradiol on estrogen receptor-alpha gene expression and activity can be modulated by the ErbB2/PI 3-K/Akt pathway. Oncogene 2003; 22:7998-8011. [PMID: 12970748 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and heregulin-beta1 (HRG-beta1), can modulate the expression and activity of the estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K)/Akt pathway in the ER-alpha-positive breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Estradiol can also rapidly activate PI 3-K/Akt in these cells (nongenomic effect). The recent study examines whether Akt is involved in the ER-alpha regulation by estradiol (genomic effect). Stable transfection of parental MCF-7 cells with a dominant-negative Akt mutant, as well as the PI 3-K inhibitors wortmannin and LY 294,002, blocked the effect of estradiol on ER-alpha expression and activity by 70-80 and 55-63%, respectively. Stable transfection of MCF-7 cells with a constitutively active Akt mimicked the effect of estradiol. The changes in ER-alpha expression and activity were abrogated in response to estradiol by an arginine to cysteine mutation in the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of Akt (R25C), suggesting the involvement of this amino acid in the interaction between Akt and ER-alpha. Experiments employing selective ErbB inhibitors demonstrate that the effect of estradiol on ER-alpha expression and activity is mediated by ErbB2 and not by EGFR. Moreover, anchorage-dependent and -independent growth assays, cell cycle and membrane ruffling analyses showed that Akt exerts estrogen-like activity on cell growth and membrane ruffling and that a selective ErbB2 inhibitor, but not anti-ErbB2 antibodies directed to the extracellular domain, can block these effects. In the presence of constitutively active Akt, tamoxifen only partially inhibits cell growth. In contrast, in cells stably transfected with either a dominant-negative Akt or with R25C-Akt, as well as in parental cells in the presence of a selective ErbB2 inhibitor, the effect of estradiol on anchorage-dependent and -independent cell growth was inhibited by 50-75 and 100%, respectively. Dominant-negative Akt inhibited membrane ruffling by 54%; however, R25C-Akt did not have any effect, suggesting that kinase activity plays an important role in this process. Scatchard analysis demonstrated a 67% reduction in estrogen-binding capacity in cells transfected with constitutively active Akt. No change in binding affinity of estradiol to the receptor was observed upon transfection with either Akt mutant. Taken together, our results suggest that estradiol treatment results in binding to membrane ER-alpha and interaction with a heterodimer containing ErbB2, leading to tyrosine phosphorylation. This results in the activation of PI 3-K and Akt. Akt, in turn, may interact with nuclear ER-alpha, altering its expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald E Stoica
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
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Kamer AR, Krebs L, Hoghooghi SA, Liebow C. Proliferative and apoptotic responses in cancers with special reference to oral cancer. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2000; 10:58-78. [PMID: 10759427 DOI: 10.1177/10454411990100010301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study of signal transduction pathways for mechanisms of apoptosis and proliferation has significantly advanced our understanding of human cancer, subsequently leading to more effective treatments. Discoveries of growth factors and oncogenes, especially those that function through phosphorylation on tyrosine residues, have greatly benefited our appreciation of the biology of cancer. The regulation of proliferation and apoptosis through phosphorylation via tyrosine kinases and phosphatases is discussed, as well as the contributions of other systems, such as serine and threonine kinases and phosphatases. Receptors with seven-transmembrane domains, steroid hormones, genes, and "death domains" will also be discussed. This review attempts to compare the regulation of the growth of normal tissues and cancers with an effort to highlight the current knowledge of these factors in the growth regulation of oral/oropharyngeal cancers. Despite the strides made in our understanding of growth regulation in human cancers, the study of oral/oropharyngeal cancer specifically lags behind. More research must be done to further our understanding of oral cancer biology, if we are to develop better, more effective treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Kamer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14214, USA
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5
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Shi YE, Liu Y. Stromal-epithelial interaction in type IV collagenase expression and activation: The role in cancer metastasis. EXS 1995; 74:215-34. [PMID: 8527896 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9070-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y E Shi
- Department of Pediatrics and Pathology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, N.Y. 11042, USA
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Bano M, Kidwell WR, Dickson RB. MDGF1: a multifunctional growth factor in human milk and human breast cancer. Cancer Treat Res 1994; 71:193-208. [PMID: 7946948 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2592-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Bano
- Department of Cell Biology, Lombardi Cancer Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
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7
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Dickson RB, Salomon DS, Lippman ME. Tyrosine kinase receptor--nuclear protooncogene interactions in breast cancer. Cancer Treat Res 1993; 61:249-73. [PMID: 1360236 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3500-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
In summary, evidence is beginning to accumulate in support of a major role for tyrosine kinase receptors (and their activating growth factors) and steroid hormones and their receptors in normal development and differentiation of the mammary gland. A point of intersection of their mechanisms of action in growth control appears to be the induction of nuclear protooncogenes such as c-myc. When c-myc is amplified, as it is in many breast cancers, EGF and FGF receptor tyrosine kinase action becomes transforming, not simply mitogenic. A source of the transforming factors could be either stromal or epithelial. This mechanism could function early in the progression of breast cancer. c-erbB-2 and EGF receptor overexpression and amplification, when they occur, appear to render tumors even more malignant and of especially poor prognosis. These mechanisms could function late in the progression of breast cancer. Transgenic mouse studies have begun to echo these themes. They have established that a growth factor (TGF-alpha) and its receptor (EGF receptor), which appear to be important in normal mouse and human proliferation and gland development, and a protooncogene (c-myc), commonly amplified and overexpressed in human and mouse breast cancer, can each contribute to mammary carcinogenesis. The mechanisms of the two are likely to be distinct. myc is likely to be acting as a tumor initiator in combination with normal proliferative factors, whereas TGF-alpha is likely to be acting as a hyperproliferative (promotional) factor in combination with a normal background of mutational events. The role of unmutated but amplified erbB-2 in the transgenic mouse is not yet known.
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Dickson RB, Johnson MD, el-Ashry D, Shi YE, Bano M, Zugmaier G, Ziff B, Lippman ME, Chrysogelos S. Breast cancer: influence of endocrine hormones, growth factors and genetic alterations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1993; 330:119-41. [PMID: 8368129 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2926-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R B Dickson
- Vincent T. Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C 20007
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9
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Dickson RB, Gottardis MM, Merlino GT. Molecular insights into breast cancer from transgenic mouse models. Bioessays 1991; 13:591-6. [PMID: 1663341 DOI: 10.1002/bies.950131109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We desperately need to know more of the biological details of the onset and progression of breast cancer. The disease is of startlingly high incidence (approaching 1 in 9 women), our current therapies for the disease are inadequate once it has metastasized, and the disease is characterized by excessive morbidity and mortality. Most of the growth and differentiation of the mammary gland occurs relatively late in life: during sexual maturation, and then cyclically during pregnancy and lactation. Normal as well as malignant growth is regulated by endocrine hormones as well as by local tissue factors, such as polypeptide growth factors. Cancer seems to progress as hyperplastic ductal or lobular epithelial growth, acquiring progressive genetic changes (including those of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes) leading to clonal outgrowths of progressively more malignant cells. The nature of proliferative controls and the relevant genetic changes are the subjects of the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Dickson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lombardi Cancer Research Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
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10
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Salomon DS, Ciardiello F, Valverius EM, Kim N. The role of ras gene expression and transforming growth factor alpha production in the etiology and progression of rodent and human breast cancer. Cancer Treat Res 1991; 53:107-57. [PMID: 1672074 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3940-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Basset P, Bellocq JP, Wolf C, Stoll I, Hutin P, Limacher JM, Podhajcer OL, Chenard MP, Rio MC, Chambon P. A novel metalloproteinase gene specifically expressed in stromal cells of breast carcinomas. Nature 1990; 348:699-704. [PMID: 1701851 DOI: 10.1038/348699a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 806] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A gene has been identified that is expressed specifically in stromal cells surrounding invasive breast carcinomas. On the basis of its sequence, the product of this gene, named stromelysin-3, is a new member of the family of metalloproteinase enzymes which degrade the extracellular matrix. The suggestion is that stromelysin-3 is one of the stroma-derived factors that have long been postulated to play an important part in progression of epithelial malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Basset
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Eucaryotes du CNRS, Unité 184 de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génie Génétique de l'INSERM, Strasbourg, France
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12
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Valverius EM, Velu T, Shankar V, Ciardiello F, Kim N, Salomon DS. Over-expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor in human breast cancer cells fails to induce an estrogen-independent phenotype. Int J Cancer 1990; 46:712-8. [PMID: 1698733 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910460427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An association exists in primary human breast tumors between high epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and a reduced number or even absence of estrogen receptors (ER). To determine whether an increase in EGFR expression might alter the estrogen responsiveness of an ER-positive human breast cancer cell line, ZR 75-1 cells were cotransfected with a plasmid containing the full-length cDNA for the human EGFR under the transcriptional control of the Harvey murine sarcoma virus (HaMSV) long terminal repeat (LTR) and with a pSV2neo plasmid. Two of the isolated G418-resistant clones were found to constitutively express EGFR levels 15- to 60-fold higher than those found on nontransfected ZR 75-1 cells. The EGFR in these clones were functionally normal since EGF could increase their autophosphorylation and since EGF could enhance the transphosphorylation of p185erbB-2. No change was seen in either the number or affinity of ER in these clones. In addition, the ability of estrogen to stimulate the anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth of these clones was not significantly modified. These results suggest that an increase in EGFR expression alone is not sufficient to induce a hormone-independent phenotype in vitro in human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Valverius
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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13
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Ciardiello F, Hynes N, Kim N, Valverius EM, Lippman ME, Salomon DS. Transformation of mouse mammary epithelial cells with the Ha-ras but not with the neu oncogene results in a gene dosage-dependent increase in transforming growth factor-alpha production. FEBS Lett 1989; 250:474-8. [PMID: 2568949 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) was demonstrated in two clones of NOG-8 mouse mammary epithelial cells, NOG-8 SR1 and NOG-8 SR2, that have been transformed by a v-Ha-ras oncogene. The amount of TGF alpha production in NOG-8 SR1 and NOG-8 SR2 cells was dependent on the level of p21ras expression in these clones, which directly correlated with their cloning efficiency in soft agar. There was also a decrease in the number of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors on the NOG-8 SR1 and NOG-8 SR2 cells that is proportional to the amount of TGF alpha secreted. These effects were specific for ras because neu-transformed NOG-8 cells grew in soft agar at a comparable level to NOG-8 SR2 cells yet did not show any increase in TGF alpha production or change in EGF receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ciardiello
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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