1
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A pilot clinical trial testing topical resiquimod and a xenopeptide as immune adjuvants for a melanoma vaccine targeting MART-1. Melanoma Res 2020; 29:420-427. [PMID: 30520800 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine that could expand melanoma-specific T cells might reduce the risk of recurrence of resected melanoma and could provide an alternative or adjunct to standard immunotherapy options. We tested the safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine coupling a melanoma-associated peptide with a xenogenic peptide (to promote epitope spreading) and/or resiquimod (to activate antigen-presenting cells). HLA-A2-positive patients with resected stage II, III, and IV melanoma were assigned to treatment on one of three schedules. All patients received three subcutaneous doses of the peptide MART-1a mixed with Montanide. In addition, patients on schedule 1 received the xenoantigen peptide Gag267-274, patients on schedule 2 received topical resiquimod, and patients on schedule 3 received both Gag267-274 and resiquimod. Blood samples were tested for the frequency of antigen-specific T cells by tetramer assay, as well as immune cell subtypes and plasma cytokine levels. Patients enrolled from October 2012 to December 2014, with 10 patients enrolling to each schedule. The most common adverse events were injection site reaction (26 patients) and fatigue (15 patients). Tetramer analysis revealed antigen-specific responses (defined as doubling of MART-1a-specific T cells from pretreatment to post-treatment) in 20, 60, and 40% of patients treated on schedules 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Vaccine treatment consisting of MART-1a peptide, Gag267-274, Montanide, and topical resiquimod was well-tolerated. The addition of the Gag267-274 xenoantigen was not associated with an increase in the response to MART-1a, whereas use of topical resiquimod was associated with a higher frequency of MART-1a-specific T-cell responses that did not meet statistical significance.
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2
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Huseby Kelcher AM, Atanga PA, Gamez JD, Cumba Garcia LM, Teclaw SJ, Pavelko KD, Macura SI, Johnson AJ. Brain atrophy in picornavirus-infected FVB mice is dependent on the H-2D b class I molecule. FASEB J 2017; 31:2267-2275. [PMID: 28188174 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601055r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Brain atrophy is a common feature of numerous neurologic diseases in which the role of neuroinflammation remains ill-defined. In this study, we evaluated the contribution of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules to brain atrophy in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-infected transgenic FVB mice that express the Db class I molecule. FVB/Db and wild-type FVB mice were evaluated for changes in neuroinflammation, virus clearance, neuropathology, and development of brain atrophy via T2-weighted MRI and subsequent 3-dimensional volumetric analysis. Significant brain atrophy and hippocampal neuronal loss were observed in TMEV-infected FVB/Db mice, but not in wild-type FVB mice. Brain atrophy was observed at 1 mo postinfection and persisted through the 4-mo observation period. Of importance, virus-infected FVB/Db mice elicited a strong CD8 T-cell response toward the immunodominant Db-restricted TMEV-derived peptide, VP2121-130, and cleared TMEV from the CNS. In addition, immunofluorescence revealed CD8 T cells near virus-infected neurons; therefore, we hypothesize that class I restricted CD8 T-cell responses promote development of brain atrophy. This model provides an opportunity to analyze the contribution of immune cells to brain atrophy in a system where persistent virus infection and demyelination are not factors in long-term neuropathology.-Huseby Kelcher, A. M., Atanga, P. A., Gamez, J. D., Cumba Garcia, L. M., Teclaw, S. J., Pavelko, K. D., Macura, S. I., Johnson. A. J. Brain atrophy in picornavirus-infected FVB mice is dependent on the H-2Db class I molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M Huseby Kelcher
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pascal A Atanga
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Gamez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Luz M Cumba Garcia
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kevin D Pavelko
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Slobodan I Macura
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Core Facility, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; .,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Agius M, Meng X, Chin P, Grinspan A, Hashmonay R. Fingolimod therapy in early multiple sclerosis: an efficacy analysis of the TRANSFORMS and FREEDOMS studies by time since first symptom. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:446-51. [PMID: 24684973 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The phase 3 TRANSFORMS and FREEDOMS studies established the efficacy of fingolimod in reducing multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses and magnetic resonance imaging lesions compared with intramuscular (IM) interferon (IFN) β-1a and placebo over 12 and 24 months, respectively. METHODS To investigate the efficacy of fingolimod at the approved 0.5 mg dose in patients early in the MS disease course, post hoc subgroup analyses of TRANSFORMS (n = 272) and FREEDOMS (n = 217) data were conducted in patients who experienced their first MS symptom <3 years before randomization. RESULTS Fingolimod 0.5 mg reduced annualized relapse rate by 73.4% (P = 0.0002) versus IFNβ-1a IM and by 67.4% (P < 0.0001) versus placebo in patients with <3 years since first symptom; respective reductions were 45.4% and 51.4% in subgroups of patients with ≥3 years since first symptom. For patients with <3 years since their first symptom, significantly fewer new/newly enlarged T2 lesions were observed with fingolimod versus IFNβ-1a IM (mean number, 1.94 vs. 2.95; P = 0.036) or placebo (4.1 vs. 10.7; P < 0.001); the mean number of gadolinium-enhancing T1 lesions was significantly reduced versus placebo (0.3 vs. 1.1; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Fingolimod 0.5 mg is highly effective in reducing relapses and MRI activity in patients early in the MS disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Agius
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Veteran's Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA
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4
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Ni Choileain S, Astier AL. CD46 plasticity and its inflammatory bias in multiple sclerosis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 59:49-59. [PMID: 21267793 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Known as a link to the adaptive immune system, a complement regulator, a "pathogen magnet" and more recently as an inducer of autophagy, CD46 is the human receptor that refuses to be put in a box. This review summarizes the current roles of CD46 during immune responses and highlights the role of CD46 as both a promoter and attenuator of the immune response. In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), CD46 responses are overwhelmingly pro-inflammatory with notable defects in cytokine and chemokine production. Understanding the role of CD46 as an inflammatory regulator is a distant goal considering the darkness in which its regulatory mechanisms reside. Further research into the regulation of CD46 expression through its internalization and processing will undoubtedly extend our knowledge of how the balance is tipped in favor of inflammation in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Ni Choileain
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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5
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Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used animal model of the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. EAE is initiated by immunization with myelin antigens in adjuvant or by adoptive transfer of myelin-specific T cells, resulting in inflammatory infiltrates and demyelination in the central nervous system. Induction of EAE in rodents typically results in ascending flaccid paralysis with inflammation primarily targeting the spinal cord. This protocol describes passive induction of EAE by adoptive transfer of T cells isolated from mice primed with myelin antigens into naïve mice. The advantages of using this method versus active induction of EAE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn M Stromnes
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Box 357650, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195-7650, USA
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6
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Abstract
This protocol details a method to actively induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely used animal model for studies of multiple sclerosis. EAE is induced by stimulating T-cell-mediated immunity to myelin antigens. Active induction of EAE is accomplished by immunization with myelin antigens emulsified in adjuvant. This protocol focuses on induction of EAE in mice; however, the same principles apply to EAE induction in other species. EAE in rodents is manifested typically as ascending flaccid paralysis with inflammation targeting the spinal cord. However, more diverse clinical signs can occur in certain strain/antigen combinations in rodents and in other species, reflecting increased inflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn M Stromnes
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Box 357650, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195-7650, USA
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7
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Silver PB, Agarwal RK, Su SB, Suffia I, Grajewski RS, Luger D, Chan CC, Mahdi RM, Nickerson JM, Caspi RR. Hydrodynamic vaccination with DNA encoding an immunologically privileged retinal antigen protects from autoimmunity through induction of regulatory T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 179:5146-58. [PMID: 17911600 PMCID: PMC2761821 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The eye is an immunologically privileged organ whose Ags serve as targets for experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), a model for human uveitis. We used a hydrodynamic i.v. injection of naked DNA to express the uveitogenic retinal Ag interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) in the periphery, thus revoking its immune-privileged status. IRBP was expressed in the liver within hours of administration of as little as 10 microg of IRBP-DNA. Vaccinated mice were highly protected from EAU induced by immunization with IRBP for at least 10 wk after vaccination. Protection was partial in a reversal protocol. Mechanistic studies revealed specific hyporesponsiveness to IRBP without immune deviation, no evidence for apoptosis either by the Fas- or Bcl-2-regulated (mitochondrial) pathway and apparent lack of dependence on CD8(+) cells, IL-10, or TGF-beta. In contrast, depletion of CD25(+) cells after vaccination and before challenge markedly abrogated protection. IRBP-specific CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells could be cultured from vaccinated mice and transferred protection to unvaccinated, EAU-challenged recipients. In vitro characterization of these cells revealed that they are Ag specific, anergic, express FoxP3, CTLA-4, and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR, and suppress by contact. Thus, expression of IRBP in the periphery by DNA vaccination results in tolerance that acts at least in part through induction of IRBP-specific, FoxP3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. DNA vaccination may offer a new approach to Ag-specific therapy of uveitis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Eye Proteins/administration & dosage
- Eye Proteins/genetics
- Eye Proteins/immunology
- Humans
- Injections, Jet
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Retinol-Binding Proteins/administration & dosage
- Retinol-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Retinol-Binding Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Uveitis/genetics
- Uveitis/immunology
- Uveitis/prevention & control
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis B. Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
| | - Rajeev K. Agarwal
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
| | - Shao-Bo Su
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
| | - Isabelle Suffia
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
| | - Rafael S. Grajewski
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
| | - Dror Luger
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
| | - Rashid M. Mahdi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Rachel R. Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
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8
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Cipriani B, Chen L, Hiromatsu K, Knowles H, Raine CS, Battistini L, Porcelli SA, Brosnan CF. Upregulation of group 1 CD1 antigen presenting molecules in guinea pigs with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: an immunohistochemical study. Brain Pathol 2006; 13:1-9. [PMID: 12580540 PMCID: PMC8095807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2003.tb00001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, group 1 CD1 glycoproteins present foreign and self lipid and glycolipid antigens to T-cells. Homologues of these molecules are not found in mice or rats but are present in guinea pigs (GPs). We examined CD1 and MHC class II expression in the central nervous system (CNS) of GPs sensitized for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. In normal GPs and the uninflamed CNS, low-level MHC class II (MHC II) immunoreactivity occurred on vascular elements, meningeal macrophages and parenchymal microglial cells, whereas immunoreactivity for CD1 was absent. In the inflamed CNS, the majority of infiltrating cells were MHC II+ and microglia showed increased expression. CD1 immunoreactivity was detected on astrocytes and subsets of inflammatory cells Including B cells and macrophages. Minimal CD1 and MHC II co-expression was noted on inflammatory cells or glia. We conclude that group 1 CD1 molecules are strongly upregulated in the inflamed CNS on subsets of cells distinct from the majority of MHC II bearing cells. The expression of CD1 proteins in such lesions broadens the potential repertoire of antigens recognized at these sites and highlights the value of the GP as a model for studies of the relevance of CD1 molecules in host defense and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cipriani
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Lanfen Chen
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Kenji Hiromatsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Current Address: Department of Parasitology, Miyazaki Medical College, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Heather Knowles
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Cedric S. Raine
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Luca Battistini
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Scientifico Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCs, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Celia F. Brosnan
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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9
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Rodriguez M, Zoecklein L, Gamez JD, Pavelko KD, Papke LM, Nakane S, Howe C, Radhakrishnan S, Hansen MJ, David CS, Warrington AE, Pease LR. STAT4- and STAT6-signaling molecules in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. FASEB J 2005; 20:343-5. [PMID: 16352646 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4650fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that an environmental factor (possibly a virus) acquired early in life may trigger multiple sclerosis (MS). The virus may remain dormant in the central nervous system but then becomes activated in adulthood. All existing models of MS are characterized by inflammation or demyelination that follows days after virus infection or antigen inoculation. While investigating the role of CD4+ T cell responses following Theiler's virus infection in mice deficient in STAT4 or STAT6, we discovered a model in which virus infection was followed by demyelination after a very prolonged incubation period. STAT4-/- mice were resistant to demyelination for 180 days after infection, but developed severe demyelination after this time point. Inflammatory cells and up-regulation of Class I and Class II MHC antigens characterized these lesions. Virus antigen was partially controlled during the early chronic phase of the infection even though viral RNA levels remained high throughout infection. Demyelination correlated with the appearance of virus antigen expression. Bone marrow reconstitution experiments indicated that the mechanism of the late onset demyelination was the result of the STAT4-/- immune system. Thus, virus infection of STAT4-/- mice results in a model that may allow for dissection of the immune events predisposing to late-onset demyelination in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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10
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Zhang GX, Yu S, Gran B, Li J, Calida D, Ventura E, Chen X, Rostami A. T cell and antibody responses in remitting–relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in (C57BL/6×SJL) F1 mice. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 148:1-10. [PMID: 14975581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2003] [Revised: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To characterize T cell and antibody responses in remitting-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (RR-EAE), we compared myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced RR-EAE in C57BL/6 (B6) x SJL (F1) mice and chronic-progressive EAE (CP-EAE) in B6 mice at week 8 p.i. when clinical scores were comparable. Although these two strains exhibited similar inflammation/demyelination pattern and MOG-induced T cell responses, RR-EAE mice produced significantly higher levels of anti-MOG IgG1/IgG2a antibodies. Further, lymphocytes of RR-EAE mice proliferated vigorously to the secondary epitope myelin basic protein (MBP) 1-11. These results support a potential involvement of anti-MOG antibodies and epitope spreading in T cell responses in the development of MOG-induced RR-EAE model.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Antibodies/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Histological Techniques
- Immunization/methods
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/etiology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/etiology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/pathology
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Myelin Basic Protein/toxicity
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 and Walnut Street, Suite 310, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5083, USA
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11
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Abstract
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) represent an extensive but relatively poorly described cell population within the gastrointestinal tract. Accumulating data suggest that EGCs represent the morphological and functional equivalent of CNS astrocytes within the enteric nervous system (ENS). The EGC network has trophic and protective functions toward enteric neurons and is fully implicated in the integration and the modulation of neuronal activities. Moreover, EGCs seem to be active elements of the ENS during intestinal inflammatory and immune responses, sharing with astrocytes the ability to act as antigen-presenting cells and interacting with the mucosal immune system via the expression of cytokines and cytokine receptors. Transgenic mouse systems have demonstrated that specific ablation of EGC by chemical ablation or autoimmune T-cell targeting induces an intestinal pathology that shows similarities to the early intestinal immunopathology of Crohn's disease. EGCs may also share with astrocytes the ability to regulate tissue integrity, thereby postulating that similar interactions to those observed for the blood-brain barrier may also be partly responsible for regulating mucosal and vascular permeability in the gastrointestinal tract. Disruption of the EGC network in Crohn's disease patients may represent one possible cause for the enhanced mucosal permeability state and vascular dysfunction that are thought to favor mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Cabarrocas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U546, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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12
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Chesler DA, Reiss CS. The role of IFN-gamma in immune responses to viral infections of the central nervous system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002; 13:441-54. [PMID: 12401479 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(02)00044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-gamma, is not only a marker of T(H)1 CD4, CD8 and natural killer (NK) cells, it is also a critical antiviral mediator which is central to the elimination of viruses from the CNS. In this review, we describe IFN-gamma, its receptor, signal transduction from receptor engagement, and antiviral downstream mediators. We demonstrate that although neurons are post-mitotic and non-renewing, they respond to IFN-gamma in a fashion similar to peripheral fibroblasts or lymphocytes. We have illustrated this review with details about studies on the role(s) of IFN-gamma in the pathogenesis of measles virus (MV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infections of the CNS. For VSV infection, IFN-gamma signals through Jaks 1 and 2 and STAT1 to activate (interferon regulatory factor) IRF-1; although viral protein synthesis is inhibited, PKR is not a critical mediator in the antiviral response to VSV in murine neurons. In contrast, induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) type 1 and its production of nitric oxide is essential in the elimination of viruses from neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Chesler
- Department of Biology, New York University, 1009 Main Building, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
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