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Anashkina AA, Simonenko SY, Orlov YL, Petrushanko IY. Glutathione Non-Covalent Binding Sites on Hemoglobin and Major Glutathionylation Target betaCys93 Are Conservative among Both Hypoxia-Sensitive and Hypoxia-Tolerant Mammal Species. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:53. [PMID: 38203223 PMCID: PMC10778717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracellular tripeptide glutathione is an important agent of cell survival under hypoxia. Glutathione covalently binds to SH groups of hemoglobin cysteine residues, protecting them from irreversible oxidation, and changes its affinity to oxygen. Reduced glutathione (GSH) can also form a noncovalent complex with hemoglobin. Previously, we showed that hemoglobin tetramer has four noncovalent binding sites of glutathione GSH molecules inside, two of which are released during hemoglobin transition to deoxy form. In this study, we characterized the conserved cysteine residues and residues of noncovalent glutathione binding sites in the sequences of a number of hypoxia-tolerant and hypoxia-sensitive mammals. The solvent accessibility of all HbA and HbB residues in oxy and deoxy forms was analyzed. The alpha subunit of all species considered was shown to have no conserved cysteines, whereas the beta subunit contains Cys93 residue, which is conserved across species and whose glutathionylation changes the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen 5-6-fold. It was found that the key residues of noncovalent glutathione binding sites in both alpha and beta subunits are absolutely conserved in all species considered, suggesting a common mechanism of hemoglobin redox regulation for both hypoxia-sensitive and hypoxia-tolerant mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A. Anashkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sergey Yu. Simonenko
- Biotechnology Division, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave., 354340 Sirius, Russia;
| | - Yuriy L. Orlov
- Digital Health Institute, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Irina Yu. Petrushanko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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2
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Waseem A, Rashid S, Rashid K, Khan MA, Khan R, Haque R, Seth P, Raza SS. Insight into the transcription factors regulating Ischemic Stroke and Glioma in Response to Shared Stimuli. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 92:102-127. [PMID: 37054904 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke and glioma are the two leading causes of patient mortality globally. Despite physiological variations, 1 in 10 people who have an ischemic stroke go on to develop brain cancer, most notably gliomas. In addition, glioma treatments have also been shown to increase the risk of ischemic strokes. Stroke occurs more frequently in cancer patients than in the general population, according to traditional literature. Unbelievably, these events share multiple pathways, but the precise mechanism underlying their co-occurrence remains unknown. Transcription factors (TFs), the main components of gene expression programmes, finally determine the fate of cells and homeostasis. Both ischemic stroke and glioma exhibit aberrant expression of a large number of TFs, which are strongly linked to the pathophysiology and progression of both diseases. The precise genomic binding locations of TFs and how TF binding ultimately relates to transcriptional regulation remain elusive despite a strong interest in understanding how TFs regulate gene expression in both stroke and glioma. As a result, the importance of continuing efforts to understand TF-mediated gene regulation is highlighted in this review, along with some of the primary shared events in stroke and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshi Waseem
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
| | - Sumaiya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Rashid
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521
| | | | - Rehan Khan
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City,Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya -824236, India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana-122052, India
| | - Syed Shadab Raza
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
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3
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Transcription Factors with Targeting Potential in Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073720. [PMID: 35409080 PMCID: PMC8998804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas portray a large and heterogeneous group of CNS tumors, encompassing a wide range of low- to high-grade tumors, as defined by histological and molecular characteristics. The identification of signature mutations and other molecular abnormalities has largely impacted tumor classification, diagnosis, and therapy. Transcription factors (TFs) are master regulators of gene expression programs, which ultimately shape cell fate and homeostasis. A variety of TFs have been detected to be aberrantly expressed in brain tumors, being highly implicated in critical pathological aspects and progression of gliomas. Herein, we describe a selection of oncogenic (GLI-1/2/3, E2F1–8, STAT3, and HIF-1/2) and tumor suppressor (NFI-A/B, TBXT, MYT1, and MYT1L) TFs that are deregulated in gliomas and are subsequently associated with tumor development, progression, and migratory potential. We further discuss the current targeting options against these TFs, including chemical (Bortezomib) and natural (Plumbagin) compounds, small molecules, and inhibitors, and address their potential implications in glioma therapy.
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4
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Basile AJ, Kirkton SD, Hedrick MS, Carey HV, Sweazea KL. Defining comparative physiology: results from an online survey and systematic review. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R938-R944. [PMID: 33882704 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00220.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
August Krogh's 1929 principle is referenced as the cornerstone of comparative physiology (CP). However, there are diverse views as to what type of research falls under the CP approach. This study had three aims: 1) determine how CP is defined through an online survey (OS) of physiologists and a systematic review (SR), 2) put forth an updated definition of CP by summarizing OS and SR results, and 3) outline the numerous CP research approaches. Professional physiology societies (n = 54) were invited to share the OS with their members, and a SR was conducted, which yielded 197 and 70 definitions, respectively. The three most common words in descending order in the OS definitions were "different," "animals," and "species" and in the SR definitions, "animals," "species," and "organisms." The three most prevalent themes from the OS and SR definitions were comparing/differences/diversity across species (78% and 51%, respectively), response to the environment/ecology (28% and 43%, respectively), and included evolution or adaptation (24% and 60%, respectively). Ten research approaches were identified, which include broad comparison (i.e., many species generalization), specific comparison (e.g., 2 species; for traits that are different, exaggerated, extreme, missing, or not induced), or comparison while considering evolution (i.e., evolutionary physiology), ecology (i.e., ecophysiology), or human physiology/medicine. Only 5% and 33% of OS and SR definitions described or mentioned Krogh's principle. In conclusion, CP can best be defined as a compilation of research approaches that utilize different types of comparisons to elucidate physiological mechanisms and not simply comparing physiologies as the name implies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Basile
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - S D Kirkton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Union College, Schenectady, New York
| | - M S Hedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, California
| | - H V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - K L Sweazea
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
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5
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Steckbauer A, Klein SG, Duarte CM. Additive impacts of deoxygenation and acidification threaten marine biota. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5602-5612. [PMID: 32583519 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Deoxygenation in coastal and open-ocean ecosystems rarely exists in isolation but occurs concomitantly with acidification. Here, we first combine meta-data of experimental assessments from across the globe to investigate the potential interactive impacts of deoxygenation and acidification on a broad range of marine taxa. We then characterize the differing degrees of deoxygenation and acidification tested in our dataset using a ratio between the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide (pO2 /pCO2 ) to assess how biological processes change under an extensive, yet diverse range of pO2 and pCO2 conditions. The dataset comprised 375 experimental comparisons and revealed predominantly additive but variable effects (91.7%, additive; 6.0%, synergistic; and 2.3%, antagonistic) of the dual stressors, yielding negative impacts across almost all responses examined. Our data indicate that the pO2 /pCO2 -ratio offers a simplified metric to characterize the extremity of the concurrent stressors and shows that more severe impacts occurred when ratios represented more extreme deoxygenation and acidification conditions. Importantly, our analysis highlights the need to assess the concurrent impacts of deoxygenation and acidification on marine taxa and that assessments considering the impact of O2 depletion alone will likely underestimate the impacts of deoxygenation events and their ecosystem-wide consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Steckbauer
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shannon G Klein
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Mattiasen EG, Kashef NS, Stafford DM, Logan CA, Sogard SM, Bjorkstedt EP, Hamilton SL. Effects of hypoxia on the behavior and physiology of kelp forest fishes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3498-3511. [PMID: 32153086 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Forecasts from climate models and oceanographic observations indicate increasing deoxygenation in the global oceans and an elevated frequency and intensity of hypoxic events in the coastal zone, which have the potential to affect marine biodiversity and fisheries. Exposure to low dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions may have deleterious effects on early life stages in fishes. This study aims to identify thresholds to hypoxia while testing behavioral and physiological responses of two congeneric species of kelp forest fish to four DO levels, ranging from normoxic to hypoxic (8.7, 6.0, 4.1, and 2.2 mg O2 /L). Behavioral tests identified changes in exploratory behavior and turning bias (lateralization), whereas physiological tests focused on determining changes in hypoxia tolerance (pCrit), ventilation rates, and metabolic rates, with impacts on the resulting capacity for aerobic activity. Our findings indicated that copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus) and blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) express sensitivity to hypoxia; however, the strength of the response differed between species. Copper rockfish exhibited reduced absolute lateralization and increased escape time at the lowest DO levels, whereas behavioral metrics for blue rockfish did not vary with oxygen level. Both species exhibited decreases in aerobic scope (as a function of reduced maximum metabolic rate) and increases in ventilation rates to compensate for decreasing oxygen levels. Blue rockfish had a lower pCrit and stronger acclimation response compared to copper rockfish. The differences expressed by each species suggest that acclimatization to changing ocean conditions may vary, even among related species that recruit to the same kelp forest habitat, leading to winners and losers under future ocean conditions. Exposure to hypoxia can decrease individual physiological fitness through metabolic and aerobic depression and changes to anti-predator behavior, with implications for the outcome of ecological interactions and the management of fish stocks in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neosha S Kashef
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - David M Stafford
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl A Logan
- California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Sogard
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Eric P Bjorkstedt
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Department of Fisheries Biology, Humboldt State University, Trinidad, CA, USA
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7
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Plasman M, Bautista A, McCUE MD, DÍaz DE LA Vega-PÉrez AH. Resting metabolic rates increase with elevation in a mountain-dwelling lizard. Integr Zool 2020; 15:363-374. [PMID: 32306560 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Individuals that inhabit broad elevational ranges may experience unique environmental challenges. Because temperature decreases with increased elevation, the ectotherms living at high elevations have to manage limited activity time and high thermoregulatory effort. The resting metabolic rate (RMR) of a postabsorptive animal is related to its total energy requirements as well as many other fitness traits. Mesquite lizards (Sceloporus grammicus) living on La Malinche Volcano, Mexico, inhabit a wide elevational range with some populations apparently thriving above the tree line. We measured the RMR of lizards from different elevations (i.e., 2,600, 3,200, and 4,100 m) at four ecologically relevant temperatures (i.e., 15, 25, 30, and 35 °C) and found that RMR of mesquite lizards increased with temperature and body mass. More importantly, lizards from the high-elevation population had mass specific RMR that was higher at all temperatures. While the higher RMRs of high-elevation populations imply higher metabolic costs at a given temperature these lizards were also smaller. Both of these traits may allow these high elevation populations to thrive in the face of the thermal challenges imposed by their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Plasman
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Amando Bautista
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | | | - Aníbal H DÍaz DE LA Vega-PÉrez
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología-Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
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8
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Borowiec BG, Hoffman RD, Hess CD, Galvez F, Scott GR. Interspecific variation in hypoxia tolerance and hypoxia acclimation responses in killifish from the family Fundulidae. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb209692. [PMID: 31988166 PMCID: PMC7044458 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.209692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a pervasive stressor in aquatic environments, and both phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptation could shape the ability to cope with hypoxia. We investigated evolved variation in hypoxia tolerance and the hypoxia acclimation response across fundulid killifishes that naturally experience different patterns of hypoxia exposure. We compared resting O2 consumption rate (ṀO2 ), and various indices of hypoxia tolerance [critical O2 tension (Pcrit), regulation index (RI), O2 tension (PO2 ) at loss of equilibrium (PLOE) and time to LOE (tLOE) at 0.6 kPa O2] in Fundulus confluentus, Fundulus diaphanus, Fundulus heteroclitus, Fundulus rathbuni, Lucania goodei and Lucania parva We examined the effects of chronic (28 days) exposure to constant hypoxia (2 kPa) or nocturnal intermittent hypoxia (12 h normoxia:12 h hypoxia) in a subset of species. Some species exhibited a two-breakpoint model in ṀO2 caused by early, modest declines in ṀO2 in moderate hypoxia. We found that hypoxia tolerance varied appreciably across species: F. confluentus was the most tolerant (lowest PLOE and Pcrit, longest tLOE), whereas F. rathbuni and F. diaphanus were the least tolerant. However, there was not a consistent pattern of interspecific variation for different indices of hypoxia tolerance, with or without taking phylogenetic relatedness into account, probably because these different indices are underlain by partially distinct mechanisms. Hypoxia acclimation generally improved hypoxia tolerance, but the magnitude of plasticity and responsiveness to different hypoxia patterns varied interspecifically. Our results therefore suggest that hypoxia tolerance is a complex trait that is best appreciated by considering multiple indices of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan D Hoffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Chelsea D Hess
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Fernando Galvez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
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Garduño Paz MV, Méndez Sánchez JF, Burggren W, García Martínez JLA. Metabolic rate and hypoxia tolerance in Girardinichthys multiradiatus (Pisces: Goodeidae), an endemic fish at high altitude in tropical Mexico. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 239:110576. [PMID: 31526846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The darkedged splitfin (Amarillo fish), Girardinichthys multiradiatus is a vulnerable endemic fish species inhabiting central Mexico's high altitude Upper Lerma Basin, where aquatic hypoxia is exacerbated by low barometric pressures (lower PO2s), large aquatic oxygen changes, poor aquatic systems management and urban, agricultural and industrial pollution. The respiratory physiology of G. multiradiatus under such challenging conditions is unknown - therefore the main goal of the present study was to determine metabolic rates and hypoxia tolerance to elucidate possible physiological adaptations allowing this fish to survive high altitude and increasingly eutrophic conditions. Fish came from two artificial reservoirs - San Elías and Ex Hacienda - considered refuges for this species. Both reservoirs showed high dial PO2 variation, with hypoxic conditions before midday and after 20:00 h, ~4 h of normoxia (15 kPa) from 16:00-20:00, and ~4 h of hyperoxia (16-33 kPa) from 12:00-16:00. Standard metabolic rate at 20 ± 0.5 °C of larvae from Ex Hacienda was significantly higher than those from San Elías, but these differences disappeared in juveniles and adults. Metabolic rate at 20 ± 0.5 °C for adults was 9.8 ± 0.1 SEM μmol O2/g/h. The metabolic scaling exponent for adults was 0.58 for San Elías fish and 0.83 for Ex Hacienda fish, indicating possible ecological effects on this variable. Post-larval fish in Ex Hacienda and all stages in San Elias site showed considerable hypoxia tolerance, with PCrit mean values ranging from 1.9-3.1 kPa, lower than those of many tropical fish at comparable temperatures. Collectively, these data indicate that G. multiradiatus is well adapted for the hypoxia associated with their high-altitude habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Vanessa Garduño Paz
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca km 14.5, CP 50200 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - José Fernando Méndez Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca km 14.5, CP 50200 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Warren Burggren
- Developmental Physiology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311277, Denton, TX 76203-5017, United States of America
| | - José Luis Antonio García Martínez
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca km 14.5, CP 50200 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
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Sánchez-García MA, Zottoli SJ, Roberson LM. Hypoxia Has a Lasting Effect on Fast-Startle Behavior of the Tropical Fish Haemulon plumieri. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2019; 237:48-62. [PMID: 31441698 DOI: 10.1086/704337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities and climate change have resulted in an increase of hypoxic conditions in nearshore ecosystems worldwide. Depending on the persistence of a hypoxic event, the survival of aquatic animals can be compromised. Temperate fish exposed to hypoxia display a reduction in the probability of eliciting startle responses thought to be important for escape from predation. Here we examine the effect of hypoxia on the probability of eliciting fast-startle responses (fast-starts) of a tropical fish, the white grunt (Haemulon plumieri), and whether hypoxia has a prolonged impact on behavior once the fish are returned to normoxic conditions. White grunts collected from the San Juan Bay Estuary in Puerto Rico were exposed to an oxygen concentration of 2.5 mg L-1 (40% dissolved oxygen). We found a significant reduction in auditory-evoked fast-starts that lasted for at least 24 hours after fish were returned to normoxic conditions. Accessibility to the neuronal networks that underlie startle responses was an important motivator for this study. Mauthner cells are identifiable neurons found in most fish and amphibians, and these cells are known to initiate fast-starts in teleost fishes. The assumption that most of the short-latency responses in this study are Mauthner cell initiated provided the impetus to characterize the white grunt Mauthner cell. The identification of the cell provides a first step in understanding how low oxygen levels may impact a single cell and its circuit and the behavior it initiates.
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Martos-Sitcha JA, Simó-Mirabet P, de Las Heras V, Calduch-Giner JÀ, Pérez-Sánchez J. Tissue-Specific Orchestration of Gilthead Sea Bream Resilience to Hypoxia and High Stocking Density. Front Physiol 2019; 10:840. [PMID: 31354511 PMCID: PMC6635561 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different O2 levels (normoxia: 75–85% O2 saturation; moderate hypoxia: 42–43% O2 saturation) and stocking densities (LD: 9.5, and HD: 19 kg/m3) were assessed on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in a 3-week feeding trial. Reduced O2 availability had a negative impact on feed intake and growth rates, which was exacerbated by HD despite of the improvement in feed efficiency. Blood physiological hallmarks disclosed the enhancement in O2-carrying capacity in fish maintained under moderate hypoxia. This feature was related to a hypo-metabolic state to cope with a chronic and widespread environmental O2 reduction, which was accompanied by a differential regulation of circulating cortisol and growth hormone levels. Customized PCR-arrays were used for the simultaneous gene expression profiling of 34–44 selected stress and metabolic markers in liver, white skeletal muscle, heart, and blood cells. The number of differentially expressed genes ranged between 22 and 19 in liver, heart, and white skeletal muscle to 5 in total blood cells. Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) explained [R2Y(cum)] and predicted [Q2Y(cum)] up to 95 and 65% of total variance, respectively. The first component (R2Y = 0.2889) gathered fish on the basis of O2 availability, and liver and cardiac genes on the category of energy sensing and oxidative metabolism (cs, hif-1α, pgc1α, pgc1β, sirts 1-2-4-5-6-7), antioxidant defense and tissue repair (prdx5, sod2, mortalin, gpx4, gr, grp-170, and prdx3) and oxidative phosphorylation (nd2, nd5, and coxi) highly contributed to this separation. The second component (R2Y = 0.2927) differentiated normoxic fish at different stocking densities, and the white muscle clearly promoted this separation by a high over-representation of genes related to GH/IGF system (ghr-i, igfbp6b, igfbp5b, insr, igfbp3, and igf-i). The third component (R2Y = 0.2542) discriminated the effect of stocking density in fish exposed to moderate hypoxia by means of hepatic fatty acid desaturases (fads2, scd1a, and scd1b) and muscle markers of fatty acid oxidation (cpt1a). All these findings disclose the different contribution of analyzed tissues (liver ≥ heart > muscle > blood) and specific genes to the hypoxic- and crowding stress-mediated responses. This study will contribute to better explain and understand the different stress resilience of farmed fish across individuals and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Paula Simó-Mirabet
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Verónica de Las Heras
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
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12
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Jiang Z, Gao B, Lei F, Qu Y. Population genomics reveals that refugial isolation and habitat change lead to incipient speciation in the Ground tit. ZOOL SCR 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Bin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Fumin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yanhua Qu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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Borowiec BG, McClelland GB, Rees BB, Scott GR. Distinct metabolic adjustments arise from acclimation to constant hypoxia and intermittent hypoxia in estuarine killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). J Exp Biol 2018; 221:221/23/jeb190900. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.190900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Many fish experience daily cycles of hypoxia in the wild, but the physiological strategies for coping with intermittent hypoxia are poorly understood. We examined how killifish adjust O2 supply and demand during acute hypoxia, and how these responses are altered after prolonged acclimation to constant or intermittent patterns of hypoxia exposure. We acclimated killifish to normoxia (∼20 kPa O2), constant hypoxia (2 kPa) or intermittent cycles of nocturnal hypoxia (12 h:12 h normoxia:hypoxia) for 28 days, and then compared whole-animal O2 consumption rates (ṀO2) and tissue metabolites during exposure to 12 h of hypoxia followed by reoxygenation in normoxia. Normoxia-acclimated fish experienced a pronounced 27% drop in ṀO2 during acute hypoxia, and modestly increased ṀO2 upon reoxygenation. They strongly recruited anaerobic metabolism during acute hypoxia, indicated by lactate accumulation in plasma, muscle, liver, brain, heart and digestive tract, as well as a transient drop in intracellular pH, and they increased hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α protein abundance in muscle. Glycogen, glucose and glucose-6-phosphate levels suggested that glycogen supported brain metabolism in hypoxia, while the muscle used circulating glucose. Acclimation to constant hypoxia caused a stable ∼50% decrease in ṀO2 that persisted after reoxygenation, with minimal recruitment of anaerobic metabolism, suggestive of metabolic depression. By contrast, fish acclimated to intermittent hypoxia maintained sufficient O2 transport to support normoxic ṀO2, modestly recruited lactate metabolism and increased ṀO2 dramatically upon reoxygenation. Both groups of hypoxia-acclimated fish had similar glycogen, ATP, intracellular pH and HIF-1α levels as normoxic controls. We conclude that different patterns of hypoxia exposure favour distinct strategies for matching O2 supply and O2 demand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant B. McClelland
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Bernard B. Rees
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Graham R. Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4K1
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Lozano‐Jaramillo M, McCracken KG, Cadena CD. Neutral and functionally important genes shed light on phylogeography and the history of high-altitude colonization in a widespread New World duck. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6515-6528. [PMID: 30038753 PMCID: PMC6053577 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogeographic studies often infer historical demographic processes underlying species distributions based on patterns of neutral genetic variation, but spatial variation in functionally important genes can provide additional insights about biogeographic history allowing for inferences about the potential role of adaptation in geographic range evolution. Integrating data from neutral markers and genes involved in oxygen (O2)-transport physiology, we test historical hypotheses about colonization and gene flow across low- and high-altitude regions in the Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis), a widely distributed species in the New World. Using multilocus analyses that for the first time include populations from the Colombian Andes, we also examined the hypothesis that Ruddy Duck populations from northern South America are of hybrid origin. We found that neutral and functional genes appear to have moved into the Colombian Andes from both North America and southern South America, and that high-altitude Colombian populations do not exhibit evidence of adaptation to hypoxia in hemoglobin genes. Therefore, the biogeographic history of Ruddy Ducks is likely more complex than previously inferred. Our new data raise questions about the hypothesis that adaptation via natural selection to high-altitude conditions through amino acid replacements in the hemoglobin protein allowed Ruddy Ducks to disperse south along the high Andes into southern South America. The existence of shared genetic variation with populations from both North America and southern South America as well as private alleles suggests that the Colombian population of Ruddy Ducks may be of old hybrid origin. This study illustrates the breadth of inferences one can make by combining data from nuclear and functionally important loci in phylogeography, and underscores the importance of complete range-wide sampling to study species history in complex landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lozano‐Jaramillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de VertebradosDepartamento de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad de Los AndesBogotáColombia
- Wageningen University & Research Animal Breeding and GenomicsWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Kevin G. McCracken
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MiamiCoral GablesFlorida
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of MiamiMiamiFlorida
- Human Genetics and GenomicsHussman Institute for Human GenomicsUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFlorida
- Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska MuseumUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska
| | - Carlos Daniel Cadena
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de VertebradosDepartamento de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad de Los AndesBogotáColombia
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Cadiz L, Servili A, Quazuguel P, Madec L, Zambonino-Infante JL, Mazurais D. Early exposure to chronic hypoxia induces short- and long-term regulation of hemoglobin gene expression in European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28646037 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) inhabits coastal waters and may be exposed to hypoxia at different life stages, requiring physiological and behavioral adaptation. In the present study, we attempted to determine whether regulation of hemoglobin (Hb) gene expression plays a role in the physiological response to chronic moderate hypoxia in whole larvae and hematopoietic tissues (head kidney and spleen) of juveniles. We also tested the hypothesis that hypoxia exposure at the larval stage could induce a long-term effect on the regulation of Hb gene expression. For this purpose, D. labrax were exposed to a non-lethal hypoxic condition (40% air saturation) at the larval stage from 28 to 50 days post-hatching (dph) and/or at the juvenile stage from 196 to 296 dph. Data obtained from larvae indicate that hypoxia induced a subtype-specific regulation of Hb gene expression, with a significant decrease of MN-Hbα3, MN-Hbβ4 and MN-Hbβ5 and increase of MN-Hbα2, LA-Hbα1 and LA-Hbβ1 transcript levels. Hypoxia did not induce regulation of Hb gene expression in juveniles, except in the head kidney for those that experienced hypoxia at the larval stage. The latter exhibited a significant hypoxia-induced stimulation of MN-Hbα2, LA-Hbα1 and LA-Hbβ1 gene expression, associated with stimulation of the PHD-3 gene involved in the hypoxia-inducible factor oxygen-sensing pathway. We conclude that subtype- and stage-specific regulation of Hb gene expression plays a role in the physiological response of D. labrax to cope with hypoxia and that early exposure to low oxygen concentration has a long-term effect on this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cadiz
- Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR (UMR 6539), 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Arianna Servili
- Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR (UMR 6539), 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Patrick Quazuguel
- Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR (UMR 6539), 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Lauriane Madec
- Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR (UMR 6539), 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - José-Luis Zambonino-Infante
- Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR (UMR 6539), 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - David Mazurais
- Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR (UMR 6539), 29280 Plouzané, France
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Graham AM, Presnell JS. Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) transcription factor family expansion, diversification, divergence and selection in eukaryotes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179545. [PMID: 28614393 PMCID: PMC5470732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) transcription factors are crucial for regulating a variety of cellular activities in response to oxygen stress (hypoxia). In this study, we determine the evolutionary history of HIF genes and their associated transactivation domains, as well as perform selection and functional divergence analyses across their four characteristic domains. Here we show that the HIF genes are restricted to metazoans: At least one HIF-α homolog is found within the genomes of non-bilaterians and bilaterian invertebrates, while most vertebrate genomes contain between two and six HIF-α genes. We also find widespread purifying selection across all four characteristic domain types, bHLH, PAS, NTAD, CTAD, in HIF-α genes, and evidence for Type I functional divergence between HIF-1α, HIF-2α /EPAS, and invertebrate HIF genes. Overall, we describe the evolutionary histories of the HIF transcription factor gene family and its associated transactivation domains in eukaryotes. We show that the NTAD and CTAD domains appear de novo, without any appearance outside of the HIF-α subunits. Although they both appear in invertebrates as well as vertebrate HIF- α sequences, there seems to have been a substantial loss across invertebrates or were convergently acquired in these few lineages. We reaffirm that HIF-1α is phylogenetically conserved among most metazoans, whereas HIF-2α appeared later. Overall, our findings can be attributed to the substantial integration of this transcription factor family into the critical tasks associated with maintenance of oxygen homeostasis and vascularization, particularly in the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie M. Graham
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jason S. Presnell
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
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17
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Genetic responses to seasonal variation in altitudinal stress: whole-genome resequencing of great tit in eastern Himalayas. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14256. [PMID: 26404527 PMCID: PMC4585896 DOI: 10.1038/srep14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Species that undertake altitudinal migrations are exposed to a considerable seasonal variation in oxygen levels and temperature. How they cope with this was studied in a population of great tit (Parus major) that breeds at high elevations and winters at lower elevations in the eastern Himalayas. Comparison of population genomics of high altitudinal great tits and those living in lowlands revealed an accelerated genetic selection for carbohydrate energy metabolism (amino sugar, nucleotide sugar metabolism and insulin signaling pathways) and hypoxia response (PI3K-akt, mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways) in the high altitudinal population. The PI3K-akt, mTOR and MAPK pathways modulate the hypoxia-inducible factors, HIF-1α and VEGF protein expression thus indirectly regulate hypoxia induced angiogenesis, erythropoiesis and vasodilatation. The strategies observed in high altitudinal great tits differ from those described in a closely related species on the Tibetan Plateau, the sedentary ground tit (Parus humilis). This species has enhanced selection in lipid-specific metabolic pathways and hypoxia-inducible factor pathway (HIF-1). Comparative population genomics also revealed selection for larger body size in high altitudinal great tits.
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18
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Kozlovsky DY, Branch CL, Pravosudov VV. Elevation-Related Differences in Parental Risk-Taking Behavior are Associated with Cognitive Variation in Mountain Chickadees. Ethology 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dovid Y. Kozlovsky
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Ecology; Evolution and Conservation Biology; University of Nevada; Reno NV USA
| | - Carrie L. Branch
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Ecology; Evolution and Conservation Biology; University of Nevada; Reno NV USA
| | - Vladimir V. Pravosudov
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Ecology; Evolution and Conservation Biology; University of Nevada; Reno NV USA
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19
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Elevation-related differences in female mate preference in mountain chickadees: are smart chickadees choosier? Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Gutiérrez-Pinto N, McCracken KG, Alza L, Tubaro P, Kopuchian C, Astie A, Cadena CD. The validity of ecogeographical rules is context-dependent: testing for Bergmann's and Allen's rules by latitude and elevation in a widespread Andean duck. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gutiérrez-Pinto
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de Vertebrados; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad de los Andes; Apartado 4976 Bogotá Colombia
| | - Kevin G. McCracken
- Department of Biology; 1301 Memorial Dr.; University of Miami; Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
- Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries; 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway; Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences; Miami FL 33149 USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska Museum; Department of Biology and Wildlife; 902 N. Koyukuk Drive Fairbanks AK 99775 USA
| | - Luis Alza
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska Museum; Department of Biology and Wildlife; 902 N. Koyukuk Drive Fairbanks AK 99775 USA
- Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad (CORBIDI); Calle Santa Rita 105, Surco Lima Perú
| | - Pablo Tubaro
- División Ornitología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ (MACN-CONICET); Av. Angel Gallardo 470 Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Cecilia Kopuchian
- División Ornitología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ (MACN-CONICET); Av. Angel Gallardo 470 Buenos Aires Argentina
- Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL-CONICET); Ruta 5 Km 2.5 Corrientes Argentina
| | - Andrea Astie
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas (CCT Mendoza-CONICET); Av. Ruiz Leal s/n Parque General San Martín Mendoza Argentina
| | - Carlos Daniel Cadena
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de Vertebrados; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad de los Andes; Apartado 4976 Bogotá Colombia
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21
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Rezende EL, Diniz-Filho JAF. Phylogenetic analyses: comparing species to infer adaptations and physiological mechanisms. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:639-74. [PMID: 23728983 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Comparisons among species have been a standard tool in animal physiology to understand how organisms function and adapt to their surrounding environment. During the last two decades, conceptual and methodological advances from different fields, including evolutionary biology and systematics, have revolutionized the way comparative analyses are performed, resulting in the advent of modern phylogenetic statistical methods. This development stems from the realization that conventional analytical methods assume that observations are statistically independent, which is not the case for comparative data because species often resemble each other due to shared ancestry. By taking evolutionary history explicitly into consideration, phylogenetic statistical methods can account for the confounding effects of shared ancestry in interspecific comparisons, improving the reliability of standard approaches such as regressions or correlations in comparative analyses. Importantly, these methods have also enabled researchers to address entirely new evolutionary questions, such as the historical sequence of events that resulted in current patterns of form and function, which can only be studied with a phylogenetic perspective. Here, we provide an overview of phylogenetic approaches and their importance for studying the evolution of physiological processes and mechanisms. We discuss the conceptual framework underlying these methods, and explain when and how phylogenetic information should be employed. We then outline the difficulties and limitations inherent to comparative approaches and discuss potential problems researchers may encounter when designing a comparative study. These issues are illustrated with examples from the literature in which the incorporation of phylogenetic information has been useful, or even crucial, for inferences on how species evolve and adapt to their surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico L Rezende
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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McCRACKEN KG, BARGER CP, BULGARELLA M, JOHNSON KP, SONSTHAGEN SA, TRUCCO J, VALQUI TH, WILSON RE, WINKER K, SORENSON MD. Parallel evolution in the major haemoglobin genes of eight species of Andean waterfowl. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:3992-4005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Scott GR, Richards JG, Milsom WK. Control of respiration in flight muscle from the high-altitude bar-headed goose and low-altitude birds. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R1066-74. [PMID: 19657102 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00241.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bar-headed geese fly at altitudes of up to 9,000 m on their biannual migration over the Himalayas. To determine whether the flight muscle of this species has evolved to facilitate exercise at high altitude, we compared the respiratory properties of permeabilized muscle fibers from bar-headed geese and several low-altitude waterfowl species. Respiratory capacities were assessed for maximal ADP stimulation (with single or multiple inputs to the electron transport system) and cytochrome oxidase excess capacity (with an exogenous electron donor) and were generally 20-40% higher in bar-headed geese when creatine was present. When respiration rates were extrapolated to the entire pectoral muscle mass, bar-headed geese had a higher mass-specific aerobic capacity. This may represent a surplus capacity that counteracts the depressive effects of hypoxia on mitochondrial respiration. However, there were no differences in activity for mitochondrial or glycolytic enzymes measured in homogenized muscle. The [ADP] leading to half-maximal stimulation (K(m)) was approximately twofold higher in bar-headed geese (10 vs. 4-6 microM), and, while creatine reduced K(m) by 30% in this species, it had no effect on K(m) in low-altitude birds. Mitochondrial creatine kinase may therefore contribute to the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation in flight muscle of bar-headed geese, which could promote efficient coupling of ATP supply and demand. However, this was not based on differences in creatine kinase activity in isolated mitochondria or homogenized muscle. The unique differences in bar-headed geese existed without prior exercise or hypoxia exposure and were not a result of phylogenetic history, and may, therefore, be important evolutionary specializations for high-altitude flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Scott
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Mandic M, Todgham AE, Richards JG. Mechanisms and evolution of hypoxia tolerance in fish. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:735-44. [PMID: 18996831 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of an organism to acquire O(2) from its environment is key to survival and can play an important role in dictating a species' ecological distribution. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to show a tight, phylogenetically independent correlation between hypoxia tolerance, traits involved in dictating O(2) extraction capacity and the distribution of a group of closely related fish species, sculpins from the family Cottidae, along the nearshore marine environment. Sculpins with higher hypoxia tolerance, measured as low critical O(2) tensions (P(crit)), inhabit the O2 variable intertidal zones, while species with lower hypoxia tolerance inhabit the more O(2) stable subtidal zone or freshwater. Hypoxia tolerance is phylogenetically independently associated with an enhanced O(2) extraction capacity, with three principal components accounting for 75 per cent of the variation in P(crit): routine O(2) consumption rate; mass-specific gill surface area; and whole blood haemoglobin (Hb)- O(2)-binding affinity (P(50)). Variation in whole blood Hb-O(2)P(50) is strongly correlated with the intrinsic O(2)-binding properties of the purified Hb while the differences in the concentration of the allosteric Hb modulators, ATP and GTP, provide a Hb system with substantial plasticity for survival in a highly O(2) variable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Mandic
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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25
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Kilgore DL, Boggs DF, Kilgore TJ, Colby C, Williams BR, Bavis RW. Ventilatory and metabolic responses of burrowing owls, Athene cunicularia, to moderate and extreme hypoxia: Analysis of the hypoxic ventilatory threshold vs. hemoglobin oxygen affinity relationship in birds. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 150:247-57. [PMID: 17561426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We measured ventilation, oxygen consumption and blood gases in burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) breathing moderate and extreme hypoxic gas mixtures to determine their hypoxic ventilatory threshold (HVT) and to assess if they, like other birds and mammals, exhibit a relationship between HVT and hemoglobin O2 affinity (P(50)) of their blood. An earlier report of an attenuated ventilatory responsiveness of this species to hypoxia was enigmatic given the low O2 affinity (high P(50)) of burrowing owl hemoglobin. In the current study, burrowing owls breathing 11% and 9% O2 showed a significantly elevated total ventilation. The arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) at which ventilation is elevated above normoxic values in burrowing owls was 58 mm Hg. This threshold value conforms well to expectations based on the high P(50) of their hemoglobin and the HVT vs. P(50) relationship for birds developed in this study. Correcting for phylogenetic relatedness in the multi-species analysis had no effect on the HVT vs. P(50) relationship. Also, because burrowing owls in this study did not show a hypometabolic response at any level of hypoxia (even at 9% O2); HVT described in terms of percent change in oxygen convection requirement is identical to that based on ventilation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delbert L Kilgore
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA.
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26
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Harper SL, Reiber CL. Metabolic, respiratory and cardiovascular responses to acute and chronic hypoxic exposure in tadpole shrimp Triops longicaudatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 209:1639-50. [PMID: 16621945 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic exposure experienced during sensitive developmental periods can shape adult physiological capabilities and define regulatory limits. Tadpole shrimp were reared under normoxic (19-21 kPa O(2)), moderate (10-13 kPa O(2)) or severe (1-3 kPa O(2)) hypoxic conditions to investigate the influence of developmental oxygen partial pressure (P(O(2))) on adult metabolic, respiratory and cardiovascular physiology. Developmental P(O(2)) had no effect on metabolic rate or metabolic response to hypoxic exposure in adults. All rearing groups decreased O(2) consumption as water P(O(2)) decreased. Heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output were independent of P(O(2)) down to 5 kPa O(2) in all rearing groups. Below this, cardiac output was maintained only in tadpole shrimp reared under severe hypoxic conditions. The enhanced ability to maintain cardiac output was attributed to an increase in hemoglobin concentration and O(2)-binding affinity in those animals. Oxygen-delivery potential was also significantly higher in the group reared under severe hypoxic conditions (1,336 microl O(2) min(-1)) when compared with the group reared under normoxic conditions (274 microl O(2) min(-1)). Differences among the rearing groups that were dependent on hemoglobin were not considered developmental effects because hemoglobin concentration could be increased within seven days of hypoxic exposure independent of developmental P(O(2)). Hypoxia-induced hemoglobin synthesis may be a compensatory mechanism that allows tadpole shrimp to regulate O(2) uptake and transport in euryoxic (O(2) variable) environments. The results of this study indicate that increased hemoglobin concentration, increased O(2)-binding affinity and transient decreases in metabolic demand may account for tadpole shrimp hypoxic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Environmental Health Sciences Center, 1011 ALS, Corvallis, 97331, USA.
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27
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Powell FL, Shams H, Hempleman SC, Mitchell GS. Breathing in thin air: acclimatization to altitude in ducks. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2004; 144:225-35. [PMID: 15556105 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2004.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We measured ventilation (VI) and arterial blood gases in Pekin ducks during acclimatization to 3800 m altitude for 1-90 days. Four experimental series were conducted over 4 years using both natural altitude and a hypobaric chamber. PaCO2 decreased to 3.5 Torr, relative to the value measured during acute hypoxia after 1 day and remained at this level for up to 90 days. However, PaO2 did not increase. Arterial pH showed an unexpected metabolic alkalosis during the first hours at altitude but after 3 days, a metabolic acidosis partially compensated the respiratory alkalosis and pHa was constant thereafter. When normoxia was restored after hypoxia, PaCO2 was 5.5 Torr less than the original normoxic control value, but PaO2 was not increased. VI showed variable changes during acclimatization but if metabolic rate was constant in our study, as reported by others, then effective parabronchial V(VP) increased during acclimatization. Increased VP tends to restore PaO2 toward normoxic levels and decreases adverse effects of gas exchange limitation, which apparently increased during acclimatization in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L Powell
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0623, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Comparative physiology has proven a powerful approach to our understanding of how animals function under hypoxic conditions and to identifying potential adaptations to environmental oxygen levels. This review considers the potential for using a similar comparative approach with functional genomics to understand the genetic basis of such physiological processes and evolutionary adaptations. Comparative functional genomics is currently limited by genome data, which are available for only a few model organisms. However, comparative studies between model organisms of the same species having slightly different genomes (e.g., in-bred strains of laboratory rodents, transgenic mice, and consomic rats) demonstrate the types of results, as well as the analytical challenges, that are possible if comparative functional genomics is applied to more species. Results from wild and domestic animal studies suggest new models to investigate physiological and evolutionary responses to oxygen levels with functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L Powell
- Department of Medicine and White Mountain Research Station, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92037-0623, USA.
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