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Lu J, Yan S, Xue Z. Biosynthesis and functions of triterpenoids in cereals. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00211-X. [PMID: 38788922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triterpenoids are versatile secondary metabolites with a diverse array of physiological activities, possessing valuable pharmacological effects and influencing the growth and development of plants. As more triterpenoids in cereals are unearthed and characterized, their biological roles in plant growth and development are gaining recognition. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review provides an overview of the structures, biosynthetic pathways, and diverse biological functions of triterpenoids identified in cereals. Our goal is to establish a basis for further exploration of triterpenoids with novel structures and functional activities in cereals, and to facilitate the potential application of triterpenoids in grain breeding, thus accelerating the development of superior grain varieties. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF THE REVIEW This review consolidates information on various triterpenoid skeletons and derivatives found in cereals, and summarizes the pivotal enzyme genes involved, including oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) and other triterpenoid modifying enzymes like cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, and acyltransferase. Triterpenoid-modifying enzymes exhibit specificity towards catalytic sites within triterpenoid skeletons, generating a diverse array of functional triterpenoid derivatives. Furthermore, triterpenoids have been shown to significantly impact the nutritional value, yield, disease resistance, and stress response of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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2
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Lei L, Gordon SP, Liu L, Sade N, Lovell JT, Rubio Wilhelmi MDM, Singan V, Sreedasyam A, Hestrin R, Phillips J, Hernandez BT, Barry K, Shu S, Jenkins J, Schmutz J, Goodstein DM, Thilmony R, Blumwald E, Vogel JP. The reference genome and abiotic stress responses of the model perennial grass Brachypodium sylvaticum. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 14:jkad245. [PMID: 37883711 PMCID: PMC10755203 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Perennial grasses are important forage crops and emerging biomass crops and have the potential to be more sustainable grain crops. However, most perennial grass crops are difficult experimental subjects due to their large size, difficult genetics, and/or their recalcitrance to transformation. Thus, a tractable model perennial grass could be used to rapidly make discoveries that can be translated to perennial grass crops. Brachypodium sylvaticum has the potential to serve as such a model because of its small size, rapid generation time, simple genetics, and transformability. Here, we provide a high-quality genome assembly and annotation for B. sylvaticum, an essential resource for a modern model system. In addition, we conducted transcriptomic studies under 4 abiotic stresses (water, heat, salt, and freezing). Our results indicate that crowns are more responsive to freezing than leaves which may help them overwinter. We observed extensive transcriptional responses with varying temporal dynamics to all abiotic stresses, including classic heat-responsive genes. These results can be used to form testable hypotheses about how perennial grasses respond to these stresses. Taken together, these results will allow B. sylvaticum to serve as a truly tractable perennial model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lei
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sean P Gordon
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lifeng Liu
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nir Sade
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - John T Lovell
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | | | - Vasanth Singan
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Avinash Sreedasyam
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Rachel Hestrin
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeremy Phillips
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bryan T Hernandez
- Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shengqiang Shu
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jerry Jenkins
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - David M Goodstein
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Roger Thilmony
- Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John P Vogel
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Nunes TDG, Berg LS, Slawinska MW, Zhang D, Redt L, Sibout R, Vogel JP, Laudencia-Chingcuanco D, Jesenofsky B, Lindner H, Raissig MT. Regulation of hair cell and stomatal size by a hair cell-specific peroxidase in the grass Brachypodium distachyon. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1844-1854.e6. [PMID: 37086717 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The leaf epidermis is the outermost cell layer forming the interface between plants and the atmosphere that must both provide a robust barrier against (a)biotic stressors and facilitate carbon dioxide uptake and leaf transpiration.1 To achieve these opposing requirements, the plant epidermis developed a wide range of specialized cell types such as stomata and hair cells. Although factors forming these individual cell types are known,2,3,4,5 it is poorly understood how their number and size are coordinated. Here, we identified a role for BdPRX76/BdPOX, a class III peroxidase, in regulating hair cell and stomatal size in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. In bdpox mutants, prickle hair cells were smaller and stomata were longer. Because stomatal density remained unchanged, the negative correlation between stomatal size and density was disrupted in bdpox and resulted in higher stomatal conductance and lower intrinsic water-use efficiency. BdPOX was exclusively expressed in hair cells, suggesting that BdPOX cell-autonomously promotes hair cell size and indirectly restricts stomatal length. Cell-wall autofluorescence and lignin stainings indicated a role for BdPOX in the lignification or crosslinking of related phenolic compounds at the hair cell base. Ectopic expression of BdPOX in the stomatal lineage increased phenolic autofluorescence in guard cell (GC) walls and restricted stomatal elongation in bdpox. Together, we highlight a developmental interplay between hair cells and stomata that optimizes epidermal functionality. We propose that cell-type-specific changes disrupt this interplay and lead to compensatory developmental defects in other epidermal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago D G Nunes
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lea S Berg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena W Slawinska
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dan Zhang
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonie Redt
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Sibout
- UR1268 BIA (Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages), INRAE, Nantes 44300, France
| | - John P Vogel
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Barbara Jesenofsky
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Lindner
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael T Raissig
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland.
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Soulhat C, Wehbi H, Fierlej Y, Berquin P, Girin T, Hilson P, Bouchabké-Coussa O. Fast-track transformation and genome editing in Brachypodium distachyon. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:31. [PMID: 36991448 PMCID: PMC10053978 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even for easy-to-transform species or genotypes, the creation of transgenic or edited plant lines remains a significant bottleneck. Thus, any technical advance that accelerates the regeneration and transformation process is welcome. So far, methods to produce Brachypodium distachyon (Bd) transgenics span at least 14 weeks from the start of tissue culture to the recovery of regenerated plantlets. RESULTS We have previously shown that embryogenic somatic tissues grow in the scutellum of immature zygotic Bd embryos within 3 days of in vitro induction with exogenous auxin and that the development of secondary embryos can be initiated immediately thereafter. Here, we further demonstrate that such pluripotent reactive tissues can be genetically transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens right after the onset of somatic embryogenesis. In brief, immature zygotic embryos are induced for callogenesis for one week, co-cultured with Agrobacterium for three days, then incubated on callogenesis selective medium for three weeks, and finally transferred on selective regeneration medium for up to three weeks to obtain plantlets ready for rooting. This 7-to-8-week procedure requires only three subcultures. Its validation includes the molecular and phenotype characterization of Bd lines carrying transgenic cassettes and novel CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutations in two independent loci coding for nitrate reductase enzymes (BdNR1 and BdNR2). CONCLUSIONS With a short callogenesis stage and streamlined in vitro regeneration following co-cultivation with Agrobacterium, transgenic and edited T0 Bd plantlets can be produced in about 8 weeks, a gain of one to two months compared to previously published methods, with no reduction in transformation efficiency and at lower costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Soulhat
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Houssein Wehbi
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Yannick Fierlej
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Patrick Berquin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Thomas Girin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Pierre Hilson
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Oumaya Bouchabké-Coussa
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France.
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Zhang D, Spiegelhalder RP, Abrash EB, Nunes TDG, Hidalgo I, Anleu Gil MX, Jesenofsky B, Lindner H, Bergmann DC, Raissig MT. Opposite polarity programs regulate asymmetric subsidiary cell divisions in grasses. eLife 2022; 11:e79913. [PMID: 36537077 PMCID: PMC9767456 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Grass stomata recruit lateral subsidiary cells (SCs), which are key to the unique stomatal morphology and the efficient plant-atmosphere gas exchange in grasses. Subsidiary mother cells (SMCs) strongly polarise before an asymmetric division forms a SC. Yet apart from a proximal polarity module that includes PANGLOSS1 (PAN1) and guides nuclear migration, little is known regarding the developmental processes that form SCs. Here, we used comparative transcriptomics of developing wild-type and SC-less bdmute leaves in the genetic model grass Brachypodium distachyon to identify novel factors involved in SC formation. This approach revealed BdPOLAR, which forms a novel, distal polarity domain in SMCs that is opposite to the proximal PAN1 domain. Both polarity domains are required for the formative SC division yet exhibit various roles in guiding pre-mitotic nuclear migration and SMC division plane orientation, respectively. Nonetheless, the domains are linked as the proximal domain controls polarisation of the distal domain. In summary, we identified two opposing polarity domains that coordinate the SC division, a process crucial for grass stomatal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Emily B Abrash
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Tiago DG Nunes
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Inés Hidalgo
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Barbara Jesenofsky
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Heike Lindner
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Michael T Raissig
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of BernBernSwitzerland
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6
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Zhang S, Daniels DA, Ivanov S, Jurgensen L, Müller LM, Versaw WK, Harrison MJ. A genetically encoded biosensor reveals spatiotemporal variation in cellular phosphate content in Brachypodium distachyon mycorrhizal roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1817-1831. [PMID: 35274313 PMCID: PMC9790424 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is accompanied by alterations to root cell metabolism and physiology, and to the pathways of orthophosphate (Pi) entry into the root, which increase with Pi delivery to cortical cells via arbuscules. How AM symbiosis influences the Pi content and Pi response dynamics of cells in the root cortex and epidermis is unknown. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based Pi biosensors, we mapped the relative cytosolic and plastidic Pi content of Brachypodium distachyon mycorrhizal root cells, analyzed responses to extracellular Pi and traced extraradical hyphae-mediated Pi transfer to colonized cells. Colonized cortical cells had a higher cytosolic Pi content relative to noncolonized cortical and epidermal cells, while plastidic Pi content was highest in cells at the infection front. Pi application to the entire mycorrhizal root resulted in transient changes in cytosolic Pi that differed in direction and magnitude depending on cell type and arbuscule status; cells with mature arbuscules showed a substantial transient increase in cytosolic Pi while those with collapsed arbuscules showed a decrease. Directed Pi application to extraradical hyphae resulted in measurable changes in cytosolic Pi of colonized cells 18 h after application. Our experiments reveal that cells within a mycorrhizal root vary in Pi content and Pi response dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute533 Tower RoadIthacaNY14853USA
| | | | - Sergey Ivanov
- Boyce Thompson Institute533 Tower RoadIthacaNY14853USA
| | | | | | - Wayne K. Versaw
- Department of BiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
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7
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Ding Y, Gardiner DM, Powell JJ, Colgrave ML, Park RF, Kazan K. Adaptive defence and sensing responses of host plant roots to fungal pathogen attack revealed by transcriptome and metabolome analyses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3526-3544. [PMID: 34591319 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant root-produced constitutive and inducible defences inhibit pathogenic microorganisms within roots and in the rhizosphere. However, regulatory mechanisms underlying host responses during root-pathogen interactions are largely unexplored. Using the model species Brachypodium distachyon (Bd), we studied transcriptional and metabolic responses altered in Bd roots following challenge with Fusarium graminearum (Fg), a fungal pathogen that causes diseases in diverse organs of cereal crops. Shared gene expression patterns were found between Bd roots and spikes during Fg infection associated with the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). Overexpression of BdMYB78, an up-regulated transcription factor, significantly increased root resistance during Fg infection. We show that Bd roots recognize encroaching Fg prior to physical contact by altering transcription of genes associated with multiple cellular processes such as reactive oxygen species and cell development. These changes coincide with altered levels of secreted host metabolites detected by an untargeted metabolomic approach. The secretion of Bd metabolites was suppressed by Fg as enhanced levels of defence-associated metabolites were found in roots during pre-contact with a Fg mutant defective in host perception and the ability to cause disease. Our results help to understand root defence strategies employed by plants, with potential implications for improving the resistance of cereal crops to soil pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- The Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Donald M Gardiner
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Powell
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle L Colgrave
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robert F Park
- The Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Petrik DL, Tryfona T, Dupree P, Anderson CT. BdGT43B2 functions in xylan biosynthesis and is essential for seedling survival in Brachypodium distachyon. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00216. [PMID: 32342027 PMCID: PMC7181411 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is the predominant hemicellulose in the primary cell walls of grasses, but its synthesis and interactions with other wall polysaccharides are complex and incompletely understood. To probe xylan biosynthesis, we generated CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and amiRNA knockdown lines of BdGT43B2, an ortholog of the wheat TaGT43-4 xylan synthase scaffolding protein in the IRX14 clade, in Brachypodium distachyon. Knockout of BdGT43B2 caused stunting and premature death in Brachypodium seedlings. Immunofluorescence labeling of xylans was greatly reduced in homozygous knockout BdGT43B2 mutants, whereas cellulose labeling was unchanged or slightly increased. Biochemical analysis showed reductions in digestible xylan in knockout mutant walls, and cell size was smaller in knockout leaves. BdGT43B2 knockdown plants appeared morphologically normal as adults, but showed slight reductions in seedling growth and small decreases in xylose content in isolated cell walls. Immunofluorescence labeling of xylan and cellulose staining was both reduced in BdGT43B2 knockdown plants. Together, these data indicate that BdGT43B2 functions in the synthesis of a form of xylan that is required for seedling growth and survival in Brachypodium distachyon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Petrik
- Department of BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
- Molecular BiologyNortheastern State UniversityTahlequahOklahoma
| | | | - Paul Dupree
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Yu G, Wang J, Miao L, Xi M, Wang Q, Wang K. Optimization of Mature Embryo-Based Tissue Culture and Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation in Model Grass Brachypodium distachyon. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5448. [PMID: 31683725 PMCID: PMC6862288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation is well established in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. However, most protocols employ immature embryos because of their better regenerative capacity. A major problem associated with the immature embryo system is that they are available only during a limited time window of growing plants. In this study, we have developed an optimized Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation protocol that utilizes mature embryos. We have adopted seed shearing and photoautotrophic rooting (PR) in callus induction and root regeneration, respectively, with evident significant improvement in these aspects. We have also revealed that the newly developed chemical inducer Fipexide (FPX) had the ability to induce callus, shoots, and roots. By comparison, we have demonstrated that FPX shows higher efficiency in shoot generation than other frequently used chemicals in our mature embryo-based system. In addition, we demonstrated that the age of embryogenetic callus severely affects the transformation efficiency (TE), with the seven-week-old embryogenetic callus having the highest TE reaching 52.6%, which is comparable with that in immature embryo transformation. The new methodologies reported here will advance the development and utilization of Brachypodium as a new model system for grass genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Jianyong Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China/Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Li Miao
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Mengli Xi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China/Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiongli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
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10
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Chen F, Liu Q, P Vogel J, Wu J. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Brachypodium distachyon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:e20088. [PMID: 30861331 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon is an excellent model system for the grasses and has been adopted as a research organism by many laboratories around the world. It has all of the biological traits required for a model system, including small stature, short life cycle, small genome, simple growth requirements, and a close relationship to major crop plants (cereals). In addition, numerous resources have been developed for working with this species, including genome sequences for many lines, sequenced mutant collections, and a large, freely available germplasm collection. Fortunately, among grasses B. distachyon is one of the most easily transformed species, an absolute necessity for a model system. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the preferred method to transform plants because it usually results in simple insertions of target DNA. In this article, we describe a method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the inbred B. distachyon lines Bd21 and Bd21-3. Embryogenic callus induced from immature embryos is co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1 or Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 18r12v. Hygromycin and paromomycin are used as selective agents, with comparable transformation efficiencies (defined as the percentage of co-cultivated callus that produce transgenic plants) of 40% to 70%. It takes 20 to 30 weeks to obtain T1 seeds starting from the initial step of dissecting out immature embryos. This protocol has been shown to be efficient and facile in several studies that resulted in the creation of over 22,000 T-DNA mutants. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - John P Vogel
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California.,University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Jiajie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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Mamedes-Rodrigues TC, Batista DS, Vieira NM, Matos EM, Fernandes D, Nunes-Nesi A, Cruz CD, Viccini LF, Nogueira FTS, Otoni WC. Regenerative potential, metabolic profile, and genetic stability of Brachypodium distachyon embryogenic calli as affected by successive subcultures. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:655-667. [PMID: 29080994 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon, a model species for forage grasses and cereal crops, has been used in studies seeking improved biomass production and increased crop yield for biofuel production purposes. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is the morphogenetic pathway that supports in vitro regeneration of such species. However, there are gaps in terms of studies on the metabolic profile and genetic stability along successive subcultures. The physiological variables and the metabolic profile of embryogenic callus (EC) and embryogenic structures (ES) from successive subcultures (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, and 360-day-old subcultures) were analyzed. Canonical discriminant analysis separated EC into three groups: 60, 90, and 120 to 240 days. EC with 60 and 90 days showed the highest regenerative potential. EC grown for 90 days and submitted to SE induction in 2 mg L-1 of kinetin-supplemented medium was the highest ES producer. The metabolite profiles of non-embryogenic callus (NEC), EC, and ES submitted to principal component analysis (PCA) separated into two groups: 30 to 240- and 360-day-old calli. The most abundant metabolites for these groups were malonic acid, tryptophan, asparagine, and erythrose. PCA of ES also separated ages into groups and ranked 60- and 90-day-old calli as the best for use due to their high levels of various metabolites. The key metabolites that distinguished the ES groups were galactinol, oxaloacetate, tryptophan, and valine. In addition, significant secondary metabolites (e.g., caffeoylquinic, cinnamic, and ferulic acids) were important in the EC phase. Ferulic, cinnamic, and phenylacetic acids marked the decreases in the regenerative capacity of ES in B. distachyon. Decreased accumulations of the amino acids aspartic acid, asparagine, tryptophan, and glycine characterized NEC, suggesting that these metabolites are indispensable for the embryogenic competence in B. distachyon. The genetic stability of the regenerated plants was evaluated by flow cytometry, showing that ploidy instability in regenerated plants from B. distachyon calli is not correlated with callus age. Taken together, our data indicated that the loss of regenerative capacity in B. distachyon EC occurs after 120 days of subcultures, demonstrating that the use of EC can be extended to 90 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Mamedes-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - D S Batista
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - N M Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Núcleo de Análises de Biomoléculas-NUBIOMOL, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - E M Matos
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - D Fernandes
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - A Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - C D Cruz
- Laboratório de Bioinformática/BIOAGRO, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 35670-900, Brazil
| | - L F Viccini
- Laboratório de Genética e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, Brazil
| | - F T S Nogueira
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Desenvolvimento Vegetal (LGMDV), Universidade de São Paulo / ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - W C Otoni
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Gill US, Serrani-Yarce JC, Lee HK, Mysore KS. Tissue Culture (Somatic Embryogenesis)-Induced Tnt1 Retrotransposon-Based Mutagenesis in Brachypodium distachyon. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1667:57-63. [PMID: 29039003 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7278-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon is a model grass species for economically important cereal crops. Efforts are in progress to develop useful functional genomic resources in Brachypodium. A tobacco retrotransposon, Tnt1, has been used successfully in recent past to generate insertional mutagenesis in several dicot plant species. Tnt1 retrotransposon replicates, transposes, and inserts at multiple random genomic locations in the plant genome. Transposition occurs only during somatic embryogenesis but not during seed transmission. We developed Brachypodium transgenic plants that can express the Tnt1 element. Here, we describe an efficient tissue culture-based approach to generate Tnt1 insertional mutant population using transgenic Brachypodium line expressing the Tnt1 retrotransposon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upinder S Gill
- Noble Research Institute, LLC., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Juan C Serrani-Yarce
- Noble Research Institute, LLC., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Hee-Kyung Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Noble Research Institute, LLC., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
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13
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O'Connor DL, Elton S, Ticchiarelli F, Hsia MM, Vogel JP, Leyser O. Cross-species functional diversity within the PIN auxin efflux protein family. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29064367 PMCID: PMC5655145 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, development during flowering is coordinated by transport of the hormone auxin mediated by polar-localized PIN-FORMED1 (AtPIN1). However Arabidopsis has lost a PIN clade sister to AtPIN1, Sister-of-PIN1 (SoPIN1), which is conserved in flowering plants. We previously proposed that the AtPIN1 organ initiation and vein patterning functions are split between the SoPIN1 and PIN1 clades in grasses. Here we show that in the grass Brachypodium sopin1 mutants have organ initiation defects similar to Arabidopsis atpin1, while loss of PIN1 function in Brachypodium has little effect on organ initiation but alters stem growth. Heterologous expression of Brachypodium SoPIN1 and PIN1b in Arabidopsis provides further evidence of functional specificity. SoPIN1 but not PIN1b can mediate flower formation in null atpin1 mutants, although both can complement a missense allele. The behavior of SoPIN1 and PIN1b in Arabidopsis illustrates how membrane and tissue-level accumulation, transport activity, and interaction contribute to PIN functional specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Lee O'Connor
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Elton
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mon Mandy Hsia
- Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, United States
| | - John P Vogel
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, United States.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Ottoline Leyser
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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O'Connor DL, Elton S, Ticchiarelli F, Hsia MM, Vogel JP, Leyser O. Cross-species functional diversity within the PIN auxin efflux protein family. eLife 2017; 6:e31804. [PMID: 29064367 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31804.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, development during flowering is coordinated by transport of the hormone auxin mediated by polar-localized PIN-FORMED1 (AtPIN1). However Arabidopsis has lost a PIN clade sister to AtPIN1, Sister-of-PIN1 (SoPIN1), which is conserved in flowering plants. We previously proposed that the AtPIN1 organ initiation and vein patterning functions are split between the SoPIN1 and PIN1 clades in grasses. Here we show that in the grass Brachypodium sopin1 mutants have organ initiation defects similar to Arabidopsis atpin1, while loss of PIN1 function in Brachypodium has little effect on organ initiation but alters stem growth. Heterologous expression of Brachypodium SoPIN1 and PIN1b in Arabidopsis provides further evidence of functional specificity. SoPIN1 but not PIN1b can mediate flower formation in null atpin1 mutants, although both can complement a missense allele. The behavior of SoPIN1 and PIN1b in Arabidopsis illustrates how membrane and tissue-level accumulation, transport activity, and interaction contribute to PIN functional specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Lee O'Connor
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Elton
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mon Mandy Hsia
- Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, United States
| | - John P Vogel
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, United States
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Ottoline Leyser
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Hsia MM, O'Malley R, Cartwright A, Nieu R, Gordon SP, Kelly S, Williams TG, Wood DF, Zhao Y, Bragg J, Jordan M, Pauly M, Ecker JR, Gu Y, Vogel JP. Sequencing and functional validation of the JGI Brachypodium distachyon T-DNA collection. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:361-370. [PMID: 28432803 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to a large and growing collection of genomic and experimental resources, Brachypodium distachyon has emerged as a powerful experimental model for the grasses. To add to these resources we sequenced 21 165 T-DNA lines, 15 569 of which were produced in this study. This increased the number of unique insertion sites in the T-DNA collection by 21 078, bringing the overall total to 26 112. Thirty-seven per cent (9754) of these insertion sites are within genes (including untranslated regions and introns) and 28% (7217) are within 500 bp of a gene. Approximately 31% of the genes in the v.2.1 annotation have been tagged in this population. To demonstrate the utility of this collection, we phenotypically characterized six T-DNA lines with insertions in genes previously shown in other systems to be involved in cellulose biosynthesis, hemicellulose biosynthesis, secondary cell wall development, DNA damage repair, wax biosynthesis and chloroplast synthesis. In all cases, the phenotypes observed supported previous studies, demonstrating the utility of this collection for plant functional genomics. The Brachypodium T-DNA collection can be accessed at http://jgi.doe.gov/our-science/science-programs/plant-genomics/brachypodium/brachypodium-t-dna-collection/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mon Mandy Hsia
- USDA ARS Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710-1105, USA
| | - Ronan O'Malley
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Dr., Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Amy Cartwright
- USDA ARS Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710-1105, USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Dr., Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Rita Nieu
- USDA ARS Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710-1105, USA
| | - Sean P Gordon
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Dr., Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Sandra Kelly
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Unit 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Tina G Williams
- USDA ARS Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710-1105, USA
| | - Delilah F Wood
- USDA ARS Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710-1105, USA
| | - Yunjun Zhao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer Bragg
- USDA ARS Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710-1105, USA
| | - Mark Jordan
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Unit 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joseph R Ecker
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yong Gu
- USDA ARS Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710-1105, USA
| | - John P Vogel
- USDA ARS Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710-1105, USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Dr., Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Collier R, Bragg J, Hernandez BT, Vogel JP, Thilmony R. Use of Agrobacterium rhizogenes Strain 18r12v and Paromomycin Selection for Transformation of Brachypodium distachyon and Brachypodium sylvaticum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:716. [PMID: 27252729 PMCID: PMC4877385 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The genetic transformation of monocot grasses is a resource intensive process, the quality and efficiency of which is dependent in part upon the method of DNA introduction, as well as the ability to effectively separate transformed from wildtype tissue. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Brachypodium has relied mainly on Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1. Currently the antibiotic hygromycin B has been the selective agent of choice for robust identification of transgenic calli in Brachypodium distachyon and Brachypodium sylvaticum but few other chemicals have been shown to work as well for selection of transgenic Brachypodium cells in tissue culture. This study demonstrates that Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 18r12v and paromomycin selection can be successfully used for the efficient generation of transgenic B. distachyon and B. sylvaticum. Additionally we observed that the transformation rates were similar to or higher than those obtained with A. tumefaciens strain AGL1 and hygromycin selection. The A. rhizogenes strain 18r12v harboring the pARS1 binary vector and paromomycin selection is an effective means of generating transgenic Brachypodium plants. This novel approach will facilitate the transgenic complementation of T-DNA knockout mutants of B. distachyon which were created using hygromycin selection, as well as aid the implementation of more complex genome manipulation strategies which require multiple rounds of transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Collier
- Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, AlbanyCA, USA
| | - Jennifer Bragg
- Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, AlbanyCA, USA
| | - Bryan T. Hernandez
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, DavisCA, USA
| | - John P. Vogel
- Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, AlbanyCA, USA
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut CreekCA, USA
| | - Roger Thilmony
- Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, AlbanyCA, USA
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Shyu C, Brutnell TP. Growth-defence balance in grass biomass production: the role of jasmonates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4165-76. [PMID: 25711704 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Growth-defence balance is the selective partitioning of resources between biomass accumulation and defence responses. Although it is generally postulated that reallocation of limited carbon pools drives the antagonism between growth and defence, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this regulation. Jasmonates (JAs) are a group of oxylipins that are required for a broad range of responses from defence against insects to reproductive growth. Application of JAs to seedlings also leads to inhibited growth and repression of photosynthesis, suggesting a role for JAs in regulating growth-defence balance. The majority of JA research uses dicot models such as Arabidopsis and tomato, while understanding of JA biology in monocot grasses, which comprise most bioenergy feedstocks, food for human consumption, and animal feed, is limited. Interestingly, JA mutants of grasses exhibit unique phenotypes compared with well-studied dicot models. Gene expression analyses in bioenergy grasses also suggest roles for JA in rhizome development, which has not been demonstrated in Arabidopsis. In this review we summarize current knowledge of JA biology in panicoid grasses-the group that consists of the world's emerging bioenergy grasses such as switchgrass, sugarcane, Miscanthus, and sorghum. We discuss outstanding questions regarding the role of JAs in panicoid grasses, and highlight the importance of utilizing emerging grass models for molecular studies to provide a basis for engineering bioenergy grasses that can maximize biomass accumulation while efficiently defending against stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Shyu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
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