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Chen YC, Smith M, Ying YL, Makridakis M, Noonan J, Kanellakis P, Rai A, Salim A, Murphy A, Bobik A, Vlahou A, Greening DW, Peter K. Quantitative proteomic landscape of unstable atherosclerosis identifies molecular signatures and therapeutic targets for plaque stabilization. Commun Biol 2023; 6:265. [PMID: 36914713 PMCID: PMC10011552 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture leading to myocardial infarction is a major global health burden. Applying the tandem stenosis (TS) mouse model, which distinctively exhibits the characteristics of human plaque instability/rupture, we use quantitative proteomics to understand and directly compare unstable and stable atherosclerosis. Our data highlight the disparate natures and define unique protein signatures of unstable and stable atherosclerosis. Key proteins and pathway networks are identified such as the innate immune system, and neutrophil degranulation. The latter includes calprotectin S100A8/A9, which we validate in mouse and human unstable plaques, and we demonstrate the plaque-stabilizing effects of its inhibition. Overall, we provide critical insights into the unique proteomic landscape of unstable atherosclerosis (as distinct from stable atherosclerosis and vascular tissue). We further establish the TS model as a reliable preclinical tool for the discovery and testing of plaque-stabilizing drugs. Finally, we provide a knowledge resource defining unstable atherosclerosis that will facilitate the identification and validation of long-sought-after therapeutic targets and drugs for plaque stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Chen
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Meaghan Smith
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ya-Lan Ying
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Manousos Makridakis
- Proteomics Research Unit, Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jonathan Noonan
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Kanellakis
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alin Rai
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Agus Salim
- Department of Bioinformatics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Murphy
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Haematopoiseis and Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Proteomics Research Unit, Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - David W Greening
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Koay YC, Chen YC, Wali JA, Luk AWS, Li M, Doma H, Reimark R, Zaldivia MTK, Habtom HT, Franks AE, Fusco-Allison G, Yang J, Holmes A, Simpson SJ, Peter K, O’Sullivan JF. Plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide can be increased with 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' diets and do not correlate with the extent of atherosclerosis but with plaque instability. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:435-449. [PMID: 32267921 PMCID: PMC8599768 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The microbiome-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) has attracted major interest and controversy both as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in atherothrombosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma TMAO increased in mice on 'unhealthy' high-choline diets and notably also on 'healthy' high-fibre diets. Interestingly, TMAO was found to be generated by direct oxidation in the gut in addition to oxidation by hepatic flavin-monooxygenases. Unexpectedly, two well-accepted mouse models of atherosclerosis, ApoE-/- and Ldlr-/- mice, which reflect the development of stable atherosclerosis, showed no association of TMAO with the extent of atherosclerosis. This finding was validated in the Framingham Heart Study showing no correlation between plasma TMAO and coronary artery calcium score or carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), as measures of atherosclerosis in human subjects. However, in the tandem-stenosis mouse model, which reflects plaque instability as typically seen in patients, TMAO levels correlated with several characteristics of plaque instability, such as markers of inflammation, platelet activation, and intraplaque haemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS Dietary-induced changes in the microbiome, of both 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' diets, can cause an increase in the plasma level of TMAO. The gut itself is a site of significant oxidative production of TMAO. Most importantly, our findings reconcile contradictory data on TMAO. There was no direct association of plasma TMAO and the extent of atherosclerosis, both in mice and humans. However, using a mouse model of plaque instability we demonstrated an association of TMAO plasma levels with atherosclerotic plaque instability. The latter confirms TMAO as being a marker of cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Chin Koay
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yung-Chih Chen
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jibran A Wali
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison W S Luk
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mengbo Li
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hemavarni Doma
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rosa Reimark
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Habteab T Habtom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley E Franks
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Fusco-Allison
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jean Yang
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - John F O’Sullivan
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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9
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Karamariti E, Zhai C, Yu B, Qiao L, Wang Z, Potter CMF, Wong MM, Simpson RML, Zhang Z, Wang X, Del Barco Barrantes I, Niehrs C, Kong D, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Zhang C, Xu Q. DKK3 (Dickkopf 3) Alters Atherosclerotic Plaque Phenotype Involving Vascular Progenitor and Fibroblast Differentiation Into Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:425-437. [PMID: 29284609 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE DKK3 (dickkopf 3), a 36-kD secreted glycoprotein, has been shown to be involved in the differentiation of partially reprogrammed cells and embryonic stem cells to smooth muscle cells (SMCs), but little is known about its involvement in vascular disease. This study aims to assess the effects of DKK3 on atherosclerotic plaque composition. APPROACH AND RESULTS In the present study, we used a murine model of atherosclerosis (ApoE-/-) in conjunction with DKK3-/- and performed tandem stenosis of the carotid artery to evaluate atherosclerotic plaque development. We found that the absence of DKK3 leads to vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, because of a reduced number of SMCs and reduced matrix protein deposition, as well as increased hemorrhage and macrophage infiltration. Further in vitro studies revealed that DKK3 can induce differentiation of Sca1+ (stem cells antigen 1) vascular progenitors and fibroblasts into SMCs via activation of the TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β)/ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6) and Wnt signaling pathways. Finally, we assessed the therapeutic potential of DKK3 in mouse and rabbit models and found that DKK3 altered the atherosclerotic plaque content via increasing SMC numbers and reducing vascular inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Cumulatively, we provide the first evidence that DKK3 is a potent SMC differentiation factor, which might have a therapeutic effect in reducing intraplaque hemorrhage related to atherosclerotic plaque phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Karamariti
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Chungang Zhai
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Baoqi Yu
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Lei Qiao
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Zhihong Wang
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Claire M F Potter
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Mei Mei Wong
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Russell M L Simpson
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Xiaocong Wang
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Ivan Del Barco Barrantes
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Christof Niehrs
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Deling Kong
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Qiang Zhao
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Yun Zhang
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Yanhua Hu
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Cheng Zhang
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.).
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (E.K., B.Y., C.M.F.P., M.M.W., R.M.L.S., Z.Z., X.W., Y.H., Q.X.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C. Zhai, L.Q., Y.Z., C. Zhang); State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.); Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany (C.N.).
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