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Analysis of Monocyte Recruitment During Inflammation by Intravital Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2608:451-467. [PMID: 36653722 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2887-4_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes play essential roles in the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes that take place during an immune response, acting both within the vascular network and interstitially. Monocytes are activated, mobilized, and recruited in response to an inflammatory stimulus or different forms of tissue injury. The recruitment of circulating monocytes to the inflamed tissue is essential to resolving the injury.Monocyte recruitment is a multistep process that begins with a decrease in rolling velocity, is followed by adhesion to the endothelium and crawling over the luminal vessel surface, and culminates in monocyte transmigration into the surrounding tissue. Intravital microscopy is a powerful visualization tool for the study of leukocyte behavior and function, intercellular interactions, cell trafficking, and recruitment in pathological and physiological conditions. This modality is therefore widely used for the detailed analysis of the immune response to multiple insults and the molecular mechanisms underlying monocyte interactions within the vascular system in vivo. This chapter describes a protocol for the use of intravital microscopy to analyze monocyte recruitment from the blood vessel to the inflammatory site.
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Scheele CLGJ, Herrmann D, Yamashita E, Celso CL, Jenne CN, Oktay MH, Entenberg D, Friedl P, Weigert R, Meijboom FLB, Ishii M, Timpson P, van Rheenen J. Multiphoton intravital microscopy of rodents. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:89. [PMID: 37621948 PMCID: PMC10449057 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00168-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are heterogeneous with respect to cellular and non-cellular components and in the dynamic interactions between these elements. To study the behaviour and fate of individual cells in these complex tissues, intravital microscopy (IVM) techniques such as multiphoton microscopy have been developed to visualize intact and live tissues at cellular and subcellular resolution. IVM experiments have revealed unique insights into the dynamic interplay between different cell types and their local environment, and how this drives morphogenesis and homeostasis of tissues, inflammation and immune responses, and the development of various diseases. This Primer introduces researchers to IVM technologies, with a focus on multiphoton microscopy of rodents, and discusses challenges, solutions and practical tips on how to perform IVM. To illustrate the unique potential of IVM, several examples of results are highlighted. Finally, we discuss data reproducibility and how to handle big imaging data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colinda L. G. J. Scheele
- Laboratory for Intravital Imaging and Dynamics of Tumor Progression, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Herrmann
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Department, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erika Yamashita
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Department of Life Sciences and Centre for Hematology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Sir Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Craig N. Jenne
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maja H. Oktay
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Franck L. B. Meijboom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Sustainable Animal Stewardship, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Faculty of Humanities, Ethics Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Department, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Vaghela R, Arkudas A, Horch RE, Hessenauer M. Actually Seeing What Is Going on - Intravital Microscopy in Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:627462. [PMID: 33681162 PMCID: PMC7925911 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.627462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy (IVM) study approach offers several advantages over in vitro, ex vivo, and 3D models. IVM provides real-time imaging of cellular events, which provides us a comprehensive picture of dynamic processes. Rapid improvement in microscopy techniques has permitted deep tissue imaging at a higher resolution. Advances in fluorescence tagging methods enable tracking of specific cell types. Moreover, IVM can serve as an important tool to study different stages of tissue regeneration processes. Furthermore, the compatibility of different tissue engineered constructs can be analyzed. IVM is also a promising approach to investigate host reactions on implanted biomaterials. IVM can provide instant feedback for improvising tissue engineering strategies. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the requirements and applications of different IVM approaches. First, we will discuss the history of IVM development, and then we will provide an overview of available optical modalities including the pros and cons. Later, we will summarize different fluorescence labeling methods. In the final section, we will discuss well-established chronic and acute IVM models for different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Vaghela
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Arkudas
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Hessenauer
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
The physical integrity of endothelial cells (ECs) lining the blood vessels regulates the inflammatory response. Both innate immunity and inflammatory disorders hinge on the EC-neutrophil interaction. Neutrophil binding, rolling, and migrating along and between ECs is associated with vascular permeability. In this issue of the JCI, Owen-Woods et al. tracked neutrophils in vivo in venules of mouse striated muscle and revealed how endothelial permeability can affect neutrophil trafficking. Strikingly, many neutrophils that migrated between EC junctions were able to rejoin the blood circulation. Further, the chemokine and neutrophil chemoattractant, CXCL1, drove this reverse transendothelial migration (rTEM). This paradigm-shifting study provides a mechanism for distal organ damage as well as an explanation for sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Marki
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and.,Institute of Engineering in Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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Piqueras L, Sanz MJ. Angiotensin II and leukocyte trafficking: New insights for an old vascular mediator. Role of redox-signaling pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:38-54. [PMID: 32057992 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and activation of the immune system are key molecular and cellular events in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension-induced target-organ damage, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Angiotensin II (Ang-II) is the main effector peptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin system. Beyond its role as a potent vasoconstrictor and regulator of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis, Ang-II is intimately involved in the development of vascular lesions in cardiovascular diseases through the activation of different immune cells. The migration of leukocytes from circulation to the arterial subendothelial space is a crucial immune response in lesion development that is mediated through a sequential and coordinated cascade of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesive interactions involving an array of cell adhesion molecules present on target leukocytes and endothelial cells and the generation and release of chemoattractants that activate and guide leukocytes to sites of emigration. In this review, we outline the key events of Ang-II participation in the leukocyte recruitment cascade, the underlying mechanisms implicated, and the corresponding redox-signaling pathways. We also address the use of inhibitor drugs targeting the effects of Ang-II in the context of leukocyte infiltration in these cardiovascular pathologies, and examine the clinical data supporting the relevance of blocking Ang-II-induced vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Piqueras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria-Jesus Sanz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease and the predominant cause of heart attack and ischemic stroke. Despite the well-known sexual dimorphism in the incidence and complications of atherosclerosis, there are relatively limited data in the clinical and preclinical literature to rigorously address mechanisms underlying sex as a biological variable in atherosclerosis. In multiple histological and imaging studies, overall plaque burden and markers of inflammation appear to be greater in men than women and are predictive of cardiovascular events. However, while younger women are relatively protected from cardiovascular disease, by the seventh decade, the incidence of myocardial infarction in women ultimately surpasses that of men, suggesting an interaction between sex and age. Most preclinical studies in animal atherosclerosis models do not examine both sexes, and even in those that do, well-powered direct statistical comparisons for sex as an independent variable remain rare. This article reviews the available data. Overall, male animals appear to have more inflamed yet smaller plaques compared to female animals. Plaque inflammation is often used as a surrogate end point for plaque vulnerability in animals. The available data support the notion that rather than plaque size, plaque inflammation may be more relevant in assessing sex-specific mechanisms since the findings correlate with the sex difference in ischemic events and mortality and thus may be more reflective of the human condition. Overall, the number of preclinical studies directly comparing plaque inflammation between the sexes is extremely limited relative to the vast literature exploring atherosclerosis mechanisms. Failure to include both sexes and to address age in mechanistic atherosclerosis studies are missed opportunities to uncover underlying sex-specific mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms driving sex as a biological variable in atherosclerotic disease is critical to future precision medicine strategies to mitigate what is still the leading cause of death of men and women worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Man
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Joshua A. Beckman
- Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Iris Z. Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
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De Niz M, Carvalho T, Penha-Gonçalves C, Agop-Nersesian C. Intravital imaging of host-parasite interactions in organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13201. [PMID: 32149435 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections with protozoan and helminthic parasites affect multiple organs in the mammalian host. Imaging pathogens in their natural environment takes a more holistic view on biomedical aspects of parasitic infections. Here, we focus on selected organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities most commonly affected by parasites. Parasitic infections of these organs are often associated with severe medical complications or have health implications beyond the infected individual. Intravital imaging has provided a more dynamic picture of the host-parasite interplay and contributed not only to our understanding of the various disease pathologies, but has also provided fundamental insight into the biology of the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana De Niz
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tânia Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Esteban S, Clemente C, Koziol A, Gonzalo P, Rius C, Martínez F, Linares PM, Chaparro M, Urzainqui A, Andrés V, Seiki M, Gisbert JP, Arroyo AG. Endothelial MT1-MMP targeting limits intussusceptive angiogenesis and colitis via TSP1/nitric oxide axis. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10862. [PMID: 31793743 PMCID: PMC7005619 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological angiogenesis contributes to cancer progression and chronic inflammatory diseases. In inflammatory bowel disease, the microvasculature expands by intussusceptive angiogenesis (IA), a poorly characterized mechanism involving increased blood flow and splitting of pre-existing capillaries. In this report, mice lacking the protease MT1-MMP in endothelial cells (MT1iΔEC ) presented limited IA in the capillary plexus of the colon mucosa assessed by 3D imaging during 1% DSS-induced colitis. This resulted in better tissue perfusion, preserved intestinal morphology, and milder disease activity index. Combined in vivo intravital microscopy and lentiviral rescue experiments with in vitro cell culture demonstrated that MT1-MMP activity in endothelial cells is required for vasodilation and IA, as well as for nitric oxide production via binding of the C-terminal fragment of MT1-MMP substrate thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) to CD47/αvβ3 integrin. Moreover, TSP1 levels were significantly higher in serum from IBD patients and in vivo administration of an anti-MT1-MMP inhibitory antibody or a nonamer peptide spanning the αvβ3 integrin binding site in TSP1 reduced IA during mouse colitis. Our results identify MT1-MMP as a new actor in inflammatory IA and a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Esteban
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Cristina Clemente
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Agnieszka Koziol
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Pilar Gonzalo
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Cristina Rius
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER‐CV)MadridSpain
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Bioinformatics UnitCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Pablo M Linares
- Gastroenterology UnitHospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS‐IP)Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER‐EHD)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - María Chaparro
- Gastroenterology UnitHospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS‐IP)Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER‐EHD)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Ana Urzainqui
- Immunology DepartmentFIB‐Hospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER‐CV)MadridSpain
| | - Motoharu Seiki
- Division of Cancer Cell ResearchInstitute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Javier P Gisbert
- Gastroenterology UnitHospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS‐IP)Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER‐EHD)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Alicia G Arroyo
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
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Zhang Y, Zhao J, He Z, Shi S, Liang C, Wu Z. Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill Improves Peripheral Microvascular Blood Flow via Cystathionine-γ-Lyase. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:6313-6321. [PMID: 31437131 PMCID: PMC6716298 DOI: 10.12659/msm.916266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the protective effects of Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill (STP) in improving peripheral microvascular dysfunction in mice and to explore the involved mechanism. Material/Methods A peripheral microvascular dysfunction model was established by combined myocardial infarction (MI) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in mice. Then, the mice were randomized into a model group (n=10) or an STP group (n=10), which were treated with normal saline and STP, respectively. The cremaster muscle microvascular blood flow velocity and numbers of leukocytes adherent to the venular wall were evaluated before and after drug intervention. We assessed the expression of adhesion molecule CD11b and related transcript factor FOXO1 in leukocytes, cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) mRNA expression in the cremaster muscle, and mitochondrial DNA copy numbers. Results Compared with those of control mice, the cremaster microvascular blood flow velocity, cremaster CSE expression, and mitochondrial DNA copy number in mice from the model group were significantly lower and leukocyte adhesion and CD11b and FOXO1 expression were significantly higher. Intervention with STP could significantly increase the cremaster microvascular flow velocity (0.480±0.010 mm/s vs. 0.075±0.005 mm/s), mRNA expression of cremaster CSE, and mitochondrial DNA copy number, but it inhibited leukocyte adhesion and decreased leukocyte CD11b and FOXO1 expression. Conclusions STP significantly improved peripheral microcirculation, in which increased CSE expression might be the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanda Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiqing He
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Shanlan Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Baoshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Zonggui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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González-Ramos S, Paz-García M, Rius C, Del Monte-Monge A, Rodríguez C, Fernández-García V, Andrés V, Martínez-González J, Lasunción MA, Martín-Sanz P, Soehnlein O, Boscá L. Endothelial NOD1 directs myeloid cell recruitment in atherosclerosis through VCAM-1. FASEB J 2019; 33:3912-3921. [PMID: 30496704 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801231rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by vascular lipid retention and inflammation, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are important contributors in early stages of the disease. Given the implication of the intracellular PRR nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) in cardiovascular diseases, we investigated its contribution to early atherosclerosis. We evidenced NOD1 induction in atherosclerotic human and mouse tissues, predominantly in vascular endothelial cells. Accordingly, NOD1 genetic inactivation in Apoe-/- mice reduced not only atherosclerosis burden, but also monocyte and neutrophil accumulation in atheromata. Of note, in the presence of either peptidoglycan or oxidized LDLs, endothelial NOD1 triggered VCAM-1 up-regulation through the RIP2-NF-κB axis in an autocrine manner, enhancing firm adhesion of both sets of myeloid cells to the inflamed micro- and macrovasculature in vivo. Our data define a major proatherogenic role for endothelial NOD1 in early leukocyte recruitment to the athero-prone vasculature, thus introducing NOD1 as an innovative therapeutic target and potential prognostic molecule.-González-Ramos, S., Paz-García, M., Rius, C., del Monte-Monge, A., Rodríguez, C., Fernández-García, V., Andrés, V., Martínez-González, J., Lasunción, M. A., Martín-Sanz, P., Soehnlein, O., Boscá, L. Endothelial NOD1 directs myeloid cell recruitment in atherosclerosis through VCAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia González-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Paz-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rius
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Del Monte-Monge
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau- Instituto Catalán de Ciencias Cardiovasculares (ICCC), Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Fernández-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (CSIC-IIBB), Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Lasunción
- Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- German Center for Cardiovascular research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Scott BNV, Sarkar T, Kratofil RM, Kubes P, Thanabalasuriar A. Unraveling the host's immune response to infection: Seeing is believing. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:323-335. [PMID: 30776153 PMCID: PMC6849780 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri1218-503r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that understanding the interactions between the host and the pathogens that make us sick is critical for the prevention and treatment of disease. As antibiotics become increasingly ineffective, targeting the host and specific bacterial evasion mechanisms are becoming novel therapeutic approaches. The technology used to understand host‐pathogen interactions has dramatically advanced over the last century. We have moved away from using simple in vitro assays focused on single‐cell events to technologies that allow us to observe complex multicellular interactions in real time in live animals. Specifically, intravital microscopy (IVM) has improved our understanding of infection, from viral to bacterial to parasitic, and how the host immune system responds to these infections. Yet, at the same time it has allowed us to appreciate just how complex these interactions are and that current experimental models still have a number of limitations. In this review, we will discuss the advances in vivo IVM has brought to the study of host‐pathogen interactions, focusing primarily on bacterial infections and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney N V Scott
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tina Sarkar
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rachel M Kratofil
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ajitha Thanabalasuriar
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Microbial Sciences, MedImmune/AstraZeneca LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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miR-146a deficiency in hematopoietic cells is not involved in the development of atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198932. [PMID: 29902229 PMCID: PMC6002112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis involves activation of the IRAK1/TRAF6/NF-κB inflammatory cascade, which is negatively regulated by miR146a. Previous studies showed that the TT genotype of rs2431697, located near the miR-146a gene, drives lower miR-146a transcription and predicts adverse cardiovascular events in anticoagulated atrial fibrillation patients. Moreover, systemic miR-146a administration protects mice from atherosclerosis. Here we evaluated the ability of miR-146a expression in the hematopoietic component to regulate atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice (Ldlr-/-). Methods and results Lethally-irradiated Ldlr-/- mice transplanted with bone marrow from wild-type or miR-146a-null mice were fed an atherogenic diet for 8 and 20 weeks. Irak1, Traf6 and MIR146A expression were quantified in thoracic aorta by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Aortic plaque size and composition were characterized by Oil-Red staining and immunohistochemistry and leukocyte recruitment by intravital microscopy. Blood cell counts were similar in fat-fed Ldlr-/-mice with or without hematopoietic miR-146a expression. However, plasma cholesterol decreased in fat-fed Ldlr-/-mice transplanted with bone marrow deficient for miR-146a. Finally, aortic atherosclerosis burden and recruitment of leukocytes into the vessel wall were undistinguishable between the two groups, despite higher levels of Irak1 and Traf6 mRNA and protein in the aorta of fat-fed mice lacking hematopoietic miR-146a expression. Conclusions miR-146a deficiency exclusively in hematopoietic cells modulates cholesterol levels in plasma and the expression of its targets in the artery wall of fat-fed Ldlr-/- mice, but does not accelerate atherosclerosis. Atheroprotection upon systemic miR-146a administration may therefore be caused by specific effects on vascular cells.
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MT4-MMP deficiency increases patrolling monocyte recruitment to early lesions and accelerates atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:910. [PMID: 29500407 PMCID: PMC5834547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in vascular remodeling. Little is known about their immune regulatory role in atherosclerosis. Here we show that mice deficient for MT4-MMP have increased adherence of macrophages to inflamed peritonea, and larger lipid deposits and macrophage burden in atherosclerotic plaques. We also demonstrate that MT4-MMP deficiency results in higher numbers of patrolling monocytes crawling and adhered to inflamed endothelia, and the accumulation of Mafb+ apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM)+ macrophages at incipient atherosclerotic lesions in mice. Functionally, MT4-MMP-null Mafb+AIM+ peritoneal macrophages express higher AIM and scavenger receptor CD36, are more resistant to apoptosis, and bind acLDL avidly, all of which contribute to atherosclerosis. CCR5 inhibition alleviates these effects by hindering the enhanced recruitment of MT4-MMP-null patrolling monocytes to early atherosclerotic lesions, thus blocking Mafb+AIM+ macrophage accumulation and atherosclerosis acceleration. Our results suggest that MT4-MMP targeting may constitute a novel strategy to boost patrolling monocyte activity in early inflammation.
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Defective p27 phosphorylation at serine 10 affects vascular reactivity and increases abdominal aortic aneurysm development via Cox-2 activation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 116:5-15. [PMID: 29408196 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation at serine 10 (S10) is the major posttranslational modification of the tumor suppressor p27, and is reduced in both human and mouse atherosclerosis. Moreover, a lack of p27-phospho-S10 in apolipoprotein E-null mice (apoE-/-) leads to increased high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis associated with endothelial dysfunction and augmented leukocyte recruitment. In this study, we analyzed whether p27-phospho-S10 modulates additional endothelial functions and associated pathologies. Defective p27-phospho-S10 increases COX-2 activity in mouse aortic endothelial cells without affecting other key regulators of vascular reactivity, reduces endothelium-dependent dilation, and increases arterial contractility. Lack of p27-phospho-S10 also elevates aortic COX-2 expression and thromboxane A2 production, increases aortic lumen diameter, and aggravates angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm development in apoE-/- mice. All these abnormal responses linked to defective p27-phospho-S10 are blunted by pharmacological inhibition of COX-2. These results demonstrate that defective p27-phospho-S10 modifies endothelial behavior and promotes aneurysm formation via COX-2 activation.
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Secklehner J, Lo Celso C, Carlin LM. Intravital microscopy in historic and contemporary immunology. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:506-513. [PMID: 28366932 PMCID: PMC6095455 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss intravital microscopy of immune cells, starting from its historic origins to current applications in diverse organs. It is clear from a quantitative review of the literature that intravital microscopy is a key tool in both historic and contemporary immunological research, providing unique advances in our understanding of immune responses. We have chosen to focus this review on how intravital microscopy methodologies are used to image specific organs or systems and we present recent descriptions of fundamental immunological processes that could not have been achieved by other methods. The following target organs/systems are discussed in more detail: cremaster muscle, skin (ear and dorsal skin fold chamber), lymph node, liver, lung, mesenteric vessels, carotid artery, bone marrow, brain, spleen, foetus and lastly vessels of the knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Secklehner
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Campus, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Inflammation, Repair & Development, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1A 1AT, UK
| | - Leo M. Carlin
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Campus, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Inflammation, Repair & Development, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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