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Onkhonova G, Gudymo A, Kosenko M, Marchenko V, Ryzhikov A. Quantitative measurement of influenza virus transmission in animal model: an overview of current state. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1359-1366. [PMID: 37975001 PMCID: PMC10643727 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus transmission is a crucial factor in understanding the spread of the virus within populations and developing effective control strategies. Studying the transmission patterns of influenza virus allows for better risk assessment and prediction of disease outbreaks. By monitoring the spread of the virus and identifying high-risk populations and geographic areas, it is possible to allocate resources more effectively, implement timely interventions, and provide targeted healthcare interventions to diminish the burden of influenza virus on vulnerable populations. Theoretical models of virus transmission are used to study and simulate of influenza virus spread within populations. These models aim to capture the complex dynamics of transmission, including factors such as population size, contact patterns, infectiousness, and susceptibility. Animal models serve as valuable tools for studying the dynamics of influenza virus transmission. This article presents a brief overview of existing research on the qualitative and quantitative study of influenza virus transmission in animal models. We discuss the methodologies employed, key insights gained from these studies, and their relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Onkhonova
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Andrei Gudymo
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Maksim Kosenko
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Vasiliy Marchenko
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Alexander Ryzhikov
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
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Nguyen TQ, Rollon R, Choi YK. Animal Models for Influenza Research: Strengths and Weaknesses. Viruses 2021; 13:1011. [PMID: 34071367 PMCID: PMC8228315 DOI: 10.3390/v13061011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains one of the most significant public health threats due to its ability to cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although understanding of influenza viruses has greatly increased in recent years, shortcomings remain. Additionally, the continuous mutation of influenza viruses through genetic reassortment and selection of variants that escape host immune responses can render current influenza vaccines ineffective at controlling seasonal epidemics and potential pandemics. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in the understanding of influenza viruses and a corresponding need to develop novel universal vaccines and therapeutic treatments. Investigation of viral pathogenesis, transmission mechanisms, and efficacy of influenza vaccine candidates requires animal models that can recapitulate the disease. Furthermore, the choice of animal model for each research question is crucial in order for researchers to acquire a better knowledge of influenza viruses. Herein, we reviewed the advantages and limitations of each animal model-including mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, swine, felines, canines, and non-human primates-for elucidating influenza viral pathogenesis and transmission and for evaluating therapeutic agents and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Quyen Nguyen
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (T.-Q.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Rare Rollon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (T.-Q.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (T.-Q.N.); (R.R.)
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Edmans M, McNee A, Porter E, Vatzia E, Paudyal B, Martini V, Gubbins S, Francis O, Harley R, Thomas A, Burt R, Morgan S, Fuller A, Sewell A, Charleston B, Bailey M, Tchilian E. Magnitude and Kinetics of T Cell and Antibody Responses During H1N1pdm09 Infection in Inbred Babraham Pigs and Outbred Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604913. [PMID: 33603740 PMCID: PMC7884753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used the pig, a large natural host animal for influenza with many physiological similarities to humans, to characterize αβ, γδ T cell and antibody (Ab) immune responses to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus infection. We evaluated the kinetic of virus infection and associated response in inbred Babraham pigs with identical MHC (Swine Leucocyte Antigen) and compared them to commercial outbred animals. High level of nasal virus shedding continued up to days 4 to 5 post infection followed by a steep decline and clearance of virus by day 9. Adaptive T cell and Ab responses were detectable from days 5 to 6 post infection reaching a peak at 9 to 14 days. γδ T cells produced cytokines ex vivo at day 2 post infection, while virus reactive IFNγ producing γδ T cells were detected from day 7 post infection. Analysis of NP tetramer specific and virus specific CD8 and CD4 T cells in blood, lung, lung draining lymph nodes, and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) showed clear differences in cytokine production between these tissues. BAL contained the most highly activated CD8, CD4, and γδ T cells producing large amounts of cytokines, which likely contribute to elimination of virus. The weak response in blood did not reflect the powerful local lung immune responses. The immune response in the Babraham pig following H1N1pdm09 influenza infection was comparable to that of outbred animals. The ability to utilize these two swine models together will provide unparalleled power to analyze immune responses to influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Edmans
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Adam McNee
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Porter
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Vatzia
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Basu Paudyal
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Martini
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Ore Francis
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Harley
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Thomas
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Burt
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Morgan
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Mick Bailey
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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T Cell Immunity against Influenza: The Long Way from Animal Models Towards a Real-Life Universal Flu Vaccine. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020199. [PMID: 33525620 PMCID: PMC7911237 DOI: 10.3390/v13020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current flu vaccines rely on the induction of strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, which leaves the population vulnerable to drifted seasonal or newly emerged pandemic strains. Therefore, universal flu vaccine approaches that induce broad immunity against conserved parts of influenza have top priority in research. Cross-reactive T cell responses, especially tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract, provide efficient heterologous immunity, and must therefore be a key component of universal flu vaccines. Here, we review recent findings about T cell-based flu immunity, with an emphasis on tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract of humans and different animal models. Furthermore, we provide an update on preclinical and clinical studies evaluating T cell-evoking flu vaccines, and discuss the implementation of T cell immunity in real-life vaccine policies.
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McNee A, Smith TRF, Holzer B, Clark B, Bessell E, Guibinga G, Brown H, Schultheis K, Fisher P, Ramos S, Nunez A, Bernard M, Graham S, Martini V, Chrun T, Xiao Y, Kash JC, Taubenberger JK, Elliott S, Patel A, Beverley P, Rijal P, Weiner DB, Townsend A, Broderick KE, Tchilian E. Establishment of a Pig Influenza Challenge Model for Evaluation of Monoclonal Antibody Delivery Platforms. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:648-660. [PMID: 32591390 PMCID: PMC7372317 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
mAbs are a possible adjunct to vaccination and drugs in treatment of influenza virus infection. However, questions remain whether small animal models accurately predict efficacy in humans. We have established the pig, a large natural host animal for influenza, with many physiological similarities to humans, as a robust model for testing mAbs. We show that a strongly neutralizing mAb (2-12C) against the hemagglutinin head administered prophylactically at 15 mg/kg reduced viral load and lung pathology after pandemic H1N1 influenza challenge. A lower dose of 1 mg/kg of 2-12C or a DNA plasmid-encoded version of 2-12C reduced pathology and viral load in the lungs but not viral shedding in nasal swabs. We propose that the pig influenza model will be useful for testing candidate mAbs and emerging delivery platforms prior to human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam McNee
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barbara Holzer
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Becky Clark
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Bessell
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alejandro Nunez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Matthieu Bernard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tiphany Chrun
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Yongli Xiao
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3203
| | - John C Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3203
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3203
| | - Sarah Elliott
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Ami Patel
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Peter Beverley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Pramila Rijal
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Alain Townsend
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elma Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom;
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Wong J, Layton D, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ. Improving immunological insights into the ferret model of human viral infectious disease. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:535-546. [PMID: 31583825 PMCID: PMC6800307 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are a well-established model for studying both the pathogenesis and transmission of human respiratory viruses and evaluation of antiviral vaccines. Advanced immunological studies would add substantial value to the ferret models of disease but are hindered by the low number of ferret-reactive reagents available for flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Nevertheless, progress has been made to understand immune responses in the ferret model with a limited set of ferret-specific reagents and assays. This review examines current immunological insights gained from the ferret model across relevant human respiratory diseases, with a focus on influenza viruses. We highlight key knowledge gaps that need to be bridged to advance the utility of ferrets for immunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Wong
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Daniel Layton
- CSIRO Health and BiosecurityAustralian Animal Health LaboratoriesGeelongVic.Australia
| | - Adam K. Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious DiseasesAlfred Hospital and Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
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