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Wu T, Dong Y, Yang X, Mo L, You Y. Crosstalk between lncRNAs and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in lung cancers: From cancer progression to therapeutic response. Noncoding RNA Res 2024; 9:667-677. [PMID: 38577016 PMCID: PMC10987302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is considered to have the highest mortality rate around the world. Because there are no early diagnostic signs or efficient clinical alternatives, distal metastasis and increasing numbers of recurrences are a challenge in the clinical management of LC. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently been recognized as a critical regulator involved in the progression and treatment response to LC. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been shown to influence LC occurrence and progress. Therefore, discovering connections between Wnt signaling pathway and lncRNAs may offer new therapeutic targets for improving LC treatment and management. In this review, the purpose of this article is to present possible therapeutic approaches by reviewing particular relationships, key processes, and molecules associated to the beginning and development of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine/Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - YiRan Dong
- Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine/Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - XinZhi Yang
- Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine/Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Liang Mo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yong You
- Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine/Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
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He Z, Xu Y, Rao Z, Zhang Z, Zhou J, Zhou T, Wang H. The role of α7-nAChR-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway in lung cancer induced by nicotine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169604. [PMID: 38157907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Nicotine enters the environment mainly through human activity, as well as natural sources. This review article examines the increasing evidence implicating nicotine in the initiation and progression of lung cancer. Moreover, it primarily focuses on elucidating the activation mechanism of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB, also known as AKT) signaling pathway, regulated by α7 subtype nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR), in relation to the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of lung cancer cells induced by nicotine, as well as nicotine-mediated anti-apoptotic effects. This process involves PI3K/AKT phosphorylated-B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins, PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), PI3K/AKT/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/cellular-mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (c-Met)-induced PI3K/AKT and PI3K/AKT activated-hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways. In addition, we also deliberated on the related challenges and upcoming prospects within this field. These lay the foundation for further study on nicotine, lung tumorigenesis, and PI3K/AKT related molecular mechanisms. This work has the potential to significantly contribute to the treatment and prognosis of gastric cancer in smokers. Besides, the crucial significance of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in multiple molecular pathways also suggests that its target antagonists may inhibit the development and progression of lung cancer, providing a possible new perspective for solving the problem of nicotine-promoted lung cancer. The emerging knowledge about the carcinogenic mechanisms of nicotine action should be considered during the environmental assessment of tobacco and other nicotine-containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan He
- School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 461 Ba Yi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 461 Ba Yi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Chongqing Research Institute of Nanchang University, Tai Bai Road, Tongnan, Chongqing 402679, PR China
| | - Yuqin Xu
- School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 461 Ba Yi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 461 Ba Yi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Chongqing Research Institute of Nanchang University, Tai Bai Road, Tongnan, Chongqing 402679, PR China
| | - Zihan Rao
- School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 461 Ba Yi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 461 Ba Yi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Chongqing Research Institute of Nanchang University, Tai Bai Road, Tongnan, Chongqing 402679, PR China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 461 Ba Yi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 461 Ba Yi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Chongqing Research Institute of Nanchang University, Tai Bai Road, Tongnan, Chongqing 402679, PR China
| | - Jianming Zhou
- School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 461 Ba Yi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 461 Ba Yi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Chongqing Research Institute of Nanchang University, Tai Bai Road, Tongnan, Chongqing 402679, PR China
| | - Tong Zhou
- School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 461 Ba Yi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 461 Ba Yi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Chongqing Research Institute of Nanchang University, Tai Bai Road, Tongnan, Chongqing 402679, PR China
| | - Huai Wang
- School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 461 Ba Yi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 461 Ba Yi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Chongqing Research Institute of Nanchang University, Tai Bai Road, Tongnan, Chongqing 402679, PR China.
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Cooper KL, Liu R, Zhou X. Particulate arsenic trioxide induces higher DNA damage and reactive oxygen species than soluble arsenite in lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 457:116320. [PMID: 36403797 PMCID: PMC11010727 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Environmental arsenic exposure is associated with lung cancer. Arsenic is the first substance known to cause lung cancer by two distinct routes, ingestion and inhalation, in the forms of soluble arsenite and particulate arsenic trioxide, respectively. In comparison to significant progresses in research on mechanisms for lung carcinogenesis of arsenic ingestion, inhalation arsenic exposure route in particulate form and its lung carcinogenic mechanisms are relatively under-investigated. Fundamentally, it remains unclear whether particulate arsenic exposure is in a dissolved form and whether particulate exposure yields higher damage. Utilizing dynamic laser scattering, particulate arsenic trioxide exposure in cellular system was confirmed to be in particulate form instead of dissolved form. Using immunofluorescence, particulate arsenic trioxide was demonstrated to generate dramatically higher oxidative DNA damage and strand break, as well as significantly higher superoxide, in lung epithelial cell lines such as BEAS-2B, HSAEC1-KT, and SAE, comparing to soluble arsenite exposure at similar or lower concentration. This study demonstrated that particulate arsenic trioxide exposure yields higher damage in lung epithelial cells, and indicated that inhalation route of particulate arsenic exposure plays an important role in lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Cooper
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 905 Vassar Drive NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States of America
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 905 Vassar Drive NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States of America
| | - Xixi Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 905 Vassar Drive NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States of America.
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Wang M, Wu S, Guo J, Liao Z, Yang Y, Chen F, Zhu R. Immobilization and migration of arsenic during the conversion of microbially induced calcium carbonate to hydroxylapatite. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125261. [PMID: 33550133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coprecipitation with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) could decrease the bioavailability of arsenic (As). However, in a phosphate-rich environment, some CaCO3 will be converted to hydroxylapatite (HAP). Currently, the behavior of carbonate-bound As during conversion is unclear. Therefore, we prepared bio-induced CaCO3 in an As solution and converted it to HAP. The results showed that a high concentration of arsenate promoted vaterite precipitation and the conversion of CaCO3 to HAP. The dissolution data verified the low solubility of As in HAP, though its As-bearing CaCO3 precursor released up to 88.19% As during the conversion. Furthermore, HPLC-ICP-MS data showed partial oxidation of arsenite to arsenate, suggesting that CaCO3 and HAP's structure favored the incorporation of arsenate. Our results demonstrated that the stability of heavy metal-bearing CaCO3 should be considered, and the role of HAP in the immobilization of heavy metals such as As should not be overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, 511 Kehua Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Shijun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, 511 Kehua Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jianan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, 511 Kehua Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Zisheng Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, 511 Kehua Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, 511 Kehua Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanrong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, 511 Kehua Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Runliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, 511 Kehua Street, 510640 Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Dietary intake and tissue levels of carotenoids have been associated with a reduced risk of several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity, brain-related diseases and some types of cancer. However, intervention trials with isolated carotenoid supplements have mostly failed to confirm the postulated health benefits. It has thereby been speculated that dosing, matrix and synergistic effects, as well as underlying health and the individual nutritional status plus genetic background do play a role. It appears that our knowledge on carotenoid-mediated health benefits may still be incomplete, as the underlying mechanisms of action are poorly understood in relation to human relevance. Antioxidant mechanisms - direct or via transcription factors such as NRF2 and NF-κB - and activation of nuclear hormone receptor pathways such as of RAR, RXR or also PPARs, via carotenoid metabolites, are the basic principles which we try to connect with carotenoid-transmitted health benefits as exemplified with described common diseases including obesity/diabetes and cancer. Depending on the targeted diseases, single or multiple mechanisms of actions may play a role. In this review and position paper, we try to highlight our present knowledge on carotenoid metabolism and mechanisms translatable into health benefits related to several chronic diseases.
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Zhai H, Pan T, Yang H, Wang H, Wang Y. Cadmium induces A549 cell migration and invasion by activating ERK. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1793-1799. [PMID: 31410139 PMCID: PMC6676085 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an established carcinogen that is involved in the progression of lung cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying this Cd-induced process have yet to be fully elucidated. The present study explored the potential roles of phosphorylated (p)-ERK in the Cd-induced migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. An MTT assay was performed to evaluate cell viability whilst western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were used to detect the expression of protein and mRNA, respectively. Migration and invasion assays were performed to assess cell migratory and invasive abilities. The results demonstrated that exposure to Cd increased the expression of p-ERK in A549 cells. Cd also enhanced the migration and invasion of A549 cells, which could be blocked via U0126 treatment (an inhibitor of mitogen activated protein kinase). In addition, it was identified that Cd-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 mRNA was mediated by p-ERK. In conclusion, the present findings indicated that Cd induced A549 cell migration and invasion by activating ERK, and it was hypothesized that p-ERK could serve as a target in the clinical treatment of Cd-induced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Teng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Haiyu Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan 450016, P.R. China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan 450016, P.R. China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
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7
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El-Naggar NEA, Hamouda RA, Mousa IE, Abdel-Hamid MS, Rabei NH. Statistical optimization for cadmium removal using Ulva fasciata biomass: Characterization, immobilization and application for almost-complete cadmium removal from aqueous solutions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12456. [PMID: 30127459 PMCID: PMC6102212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a global heavy metal pollutant. Marine green algae were used as efficient, low cost and eco-friendly biosorbent for cadmium ions removal from aqueous solutions. Plackett-Burman design was applied to determine the most significant factors for maximum cadmium removal from aqueous solutions using dry Ulva fasciata biomass. The most significant factors affecting cadmium removal process were further optimized by the face centered central composite design. The results indicated that 4 g of dry Ulva fasciata biomass was found to successfully remove 99.96% of cadmium from aqueous solution under the conditions of 200 mg/L of initial cadmium concentration at pH 5, 25 °C for 60 min of contact time with static condition. Dry Ulva fasciata biomass samples before and after cadmium biosorption were analyzed using SEM, EDS and FTIR. Furthermore, the immobilized biomass in sodium alginate-beads removed 99.98% of cadmium from aqueous solution at an initial concentration of 200 mg/L after 4 h which is significantly higher than that for control using sodium alginate beads without incorporation of the algal biomass (98.19%). Dry biomass of Ulva fasciata was proven to be cost-effective and efficient to eliminate heavy metals especially cadmium from aquatic effluents and the process is feasible, reliable and eco-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura El-Ahmady El-Naggar
- Department of Bioprocess Development, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ragaa A Hamouda
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, 22857, Menoufyia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim E Mousa
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, 22857, Menoufyia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Marwa S Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, 22857, Menoufyia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Nashwa H Rabei
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, 22857, Menoufyia Governorate, Egypt
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Luo CL, Xu ZG, Chen H, Ji J, Wang YH, Hu W, Wang K, Zhang WW, Yuan CH, Wang FB. LncRNAs and EGFRvIII sequestered in TEPs enable blood-based NSCLC diagnosis. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:1449-1459. [PMID: 29922089 PMCID: PMC5997181 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s164227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue biopsy-based cancer diagnosis has limitations because of the fact that tumor tissues are in constant evolution and extremely heterogeneous. The current study was aimed to examine whether tumor-educated blood platelets (TEPs) might be a potential all-in-one source for blood-based cancer diagnostics to overcome the limitations of conventional cancer biopsy. Methods In the present study, we evaluated the expression pattern of MAGI2 antisense RNA 3 (MAGI2-AS3) and ZNFX1 antisense RNA 1 (ZFAS1) in both plasma and platelets of 101 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated to evaluate their diagnostic potential. In addition, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations were detected in DNA and RNA samples of platelets for companion diagnostics. Results Our results showed that the levels of MAGI2-AS3 and ZFAS1 in both plasma and platelets of NSCLC patients were significantly downregulated than those in healthy controls. A positive correlation of long noncoding RNA expression was observed between platelets and plasma (r=0.738 for MAGI2-AS3, r=0.751 for ZFAS1, respectively). By ROC analysis, we found that molecular interrogation of MAGI2-AS3 and ZFAS1 in TEPs and plasma can offer valuable diagnostic performance for NSCLC patients (area under the ROC curve [AUC]MAGI2-AS3= 0.853/0.892, and AUCZFAS1=0.780/0.744 for diagnosing adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma cases from controls, respectively). Clinicopathologic characteristic analysis further revealed that MAGI2-AS3 level significantly correlated with tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) stage (p=0.001 in TEPs, p=0.003 in plasma), lymph-node metastasis (p=0.016 in TEPs, p=0.023 in plasma), and distant metastasis (p=0.045 in TEPs, p=0.045 in plasma), while ZFAS1 level was only correlated with TNM stage (p=0.005 in TEPs, p=0.044 in plasma). Furthermore, EGFRvIII RNA existed in both TEPs and plasma, but EGFR intracellular mutations cannot be detected in DNA of TEPs isolated from NSCLC. Conclusion Our data suggested that TEP is a promising source for NSCLC diagnosis and companion diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Liang Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gao Xu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Hui Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Wu-Wen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Hui Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fu-Bing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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He X, Zhang C, Shi C, Lu Q. Meta-analysis of mRNA expression profiles to identify differentially expressed genes in lung adenocarcinoma tissue from smokers and non-smokers. Oncol Rep 2018; 39:929-938. [PMID: 29328493 PMCID: PMC5802042 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to other types of lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma patients with a history of smoking have a poor prognosis during the treatment of lung cancer. How lung adenocarcinoma-related genes are differentially expressed between smoker and non-smoker patients has yet to be fully elucidated. We performed a meta-analysis of four publicly available microarray datasets related to lung adenocarcinoma tissue in patients with a history of smoking using R statistical software. The top 50 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in smoking vs. non‑smoking patients are shown using heat maps. Additionally, we conducted KEGG and GO analyses. In addition, we performed a PPI network analysis for 8 genes that were selected during a previous analysis. We identified a total of 2,932 DEGs (1,806 upregulated, 1,126 downregulated) and five genes (CDC45, CDC20, ANAPC7, CDC6, ESPL1) that may link lung adenocarcinoma to smoking history. Our study may provide new insights into the complex mechanisms of lung adenocarcinoma in smoking patients, and our novel gene expression signatures will be useful for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona He
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Chao Shi
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Quqin Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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10
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Gnagnarella P, Caini S, Maisonneuve P, Gandini S. Carcinogenicity of High Consumption of Meat and Lung Cancer Risk Among Non-Smokers: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Nutr Cancer 2017; 70:1-13. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1374420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Gnagnarella
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Saverio Caini
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Patrick Maisonneuve
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Gandini
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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11
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Ansari J, Yun JW, Kompelli AR, Moufarrej YE, Alexander JS, Herrera GA, Shackelford RE. The liquid biopsy in lung cancer. Genes Cancer 2017; 7:355-367. [PMID: 28191282 PMCID: PMC5302037 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of lung cancer has significantly increased over the last century, largely due to smoking, and remains the most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. This is often due to lung cancer first presenting at late stages and a lack of curative therapeutic options at these later stages. Delayed diagnoses, inadequate tumor sampling, and lung cancer misdiagnoses are also not uncommon due to the limitations of the tissue biopsy. Our better understanding of the tumor microenvironment and the systemic actions of tumors, combined with the recent advent of the liquid biopsy, may allow molecular diagnostics to be done on circulating tumor markers, particularly circulating tumor DNA. Multiple liquid biopsy molecular methods are presently being examined to determine their efficacy as surrogates to the tumor tissue biopsy. This review will focus on new liquid biopsy technologies and how they may assist in lung cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Ansari
- Feist Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Jungmi W Yun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan S Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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12
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Zhang JW, Yu WJ, Sheng XM, Chang FH, Bai TY, Lv XL, Wang G, Liu SZ. Association of CYP2E1 and NAT2 polymorphisms with lung cancer susceptibility among Mongolian and Han populations in the Inner Mongolian region. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:9203-10. [PMID: 25422202 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.21.9203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore associations of CYP2E1 and NAT2 polymorphisms with lung cancer susceptibility among Mongolian and Han populations in the Inner Mongolian region. MATERIALS AND METHODS CYP2E1 and NAT2 polymorphisms were detected by PCR-RFLP in 930 lung cancer patients and 1000 controls. RESULTS (1) Disequilibrium of the distribution of NAT2 polymorphism was found in lung cancer patients among Han and Mongolian populations (p=0.031). (2) Lung cancer risk was higher in individuals with c1, D allele of CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI, DraI polymorphisms and slow acetylation of NAT2 (c1 compared with c2, OR=1.382, 95%CI: 1.178- 1.587, p=0.003; D compared with C, OR=1.241, 95%CI: 1.053-1.419, P<0.001; slow acetylation compared with rapid acetylation, OR=1.359, 95%CI:1.042-1.768, p=0.056) (3) Compared with c2/c2 and rapid acetylation, c1/c1 together with slow acetylation synergetically increased risk of lung cancer 2.83 fold. (4) Smokers with CYP2E1 c1/c1, DD, and NAT2 slow acetylation have 2.365, 1.916, 1.841 fold lung cancer risk than others with c2/c2, CC and NAT2 rapid acetylation, respectively. (5) Han smokers with NAT2 slow acetylation have 1.974 fold lung cancer risk than others with rapid acetylation. CONCLUSIONS Disequilibrium distribution of NAT2 polymorphism was found in lung cancer patients among Han and Mongolian populations. Besides, Han smokers with NAT2 slow acetylation may have higher lung cancer risk compared with rapid acetylation couterparts. CYP2E1 c1/ c1, DD and NAT2 slow acetylation, especially combined with smoking, contributes to the development of lung cancer. CYP2E1 c1/c1 or DD genotype and NAT2 slow acetylation have strong synergistic action in increasing lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Pharmaceutical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China E-mail :
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Nie SP, Chen H, Zhuang MQ, Lu M. Anti-diabetic medications do not influence risk of lung cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:6863-9. [PMID: 25169538 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.16.6863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several preclinical and observational studies have shown that anti-diabetic medications (ADMs) may modify the risk of lung cancer. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the effect of metformin, sulfonylureas (SUs), thiazolidinediones (TZDs), and insulin on the risk of lung cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a systematic search of Pubmed and Web of Science, up to August 20, 2013. We also searched the Conference Proceedings Citation Index (CPCI) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for abstracts from major meetings. Fixed or random effect pooled measures were selected based on heterogeneity among studies, which was evaluated using Q test and the I2 of Higgins and Thompson. Meta-regression was used to explore the sources of between-study heterogeneity. Publication bias was analyzed by Begg's funnel plot and Egger's regression test. Associations were assessed by odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS A total of 15 studies (11 cohort, 4 case-control) were included in this meta-analysis. In observational studies no significant association between metformin (n=11 studies; adjusted OR=0.99, 95%CI: 0.87-1.12), SUs (n=5 studies; adjusted OR=0.98, 95%CI: 0.79-1.22), or TZDs (n=7 studies; adjusted OR=0.92, 95%CI: 0.75-1.13), insulin (n=6 studies; adjusted OR=1.13, 95%CI: 0.79-1.62) use and risk of developing lung cancer was noted. There was considerable inherent heterogeneity between studies not explained by study design, setting, or location. CONCLUSIONS Meta-analysis of existing studies does not support a protective or harmful association between ADMs use and risk of lung cancer in patients with DM. There was considerable heterogeneity across studies, and future, well-designed, prospective studies would be required for better understanding of any association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Nie
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China E-mail :
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14
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Yang L, Lu X, Deng J, Zhou Y, Huang D, Qiu F, Yang X, Yang R, Fang W, Ran P, Zhong N, Zhou Y, Fang S, Lu J. Risk factors shared by COPD and lung cancer and mediation effect of COPD: two center case–control studies. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 26:11-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Huffnagle IM, Joyner A, Rumble B, Hysa S, Rudel D, Hvastkovs EG. Dual electrochemical and physiological apoptosis assay detection of in vivo generated nickel chloride induced DNA damage in Caenorhabditis elegans. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8418-24. [PMID: 25048399 DOI: 10.1021/ac502007g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental nickel exposure is known to cause allergic reactions, respiratory illness, and may be responsible for some forms of cancer in humans. Nematodes are an excellent model organism to test for environmental toxins, as they are prevalent in many different environments. Nickel exposure has previously been shown to impact nematode life processes. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes exposed to NiCl2 featured high levels of programmed cell death (PCD) in a concentration-dependent manner as measured by counting apoptotic corpses in the nematode germ line. A green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter transgene was used that highlights cell corpse engulfment by fluorescence microscopy. Analysis of the reporter in a p53 mutant strain putatively indicates that the PCDs are a result of genomic DNA damage. In order to assay the potential genotoxic actions of NiCl2, DNA was extracted from nematodes exposed to increasing concentrations of NiCl2 and electrochemically assayed. In vivo damaged DNA was immobilized on pyrolytic graphite electrodes using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. Square-wave voltammograms were obtained in the presence of redox mediator, ruthenium trisbipyridine (Ru(bpy)3(2+)), that catalytically oxidizes guanines in DNA. Oxidative peak currents were shown to increase as a function of NiCl2 exposure, which further suggests that the extracted DNA from nematodes exposed to the nickel was damaged. This report demonstrates that our electrochemical biosensor can detect damage at lower Ni concentrations than our physiological PCD assay and that the results are predictive of physiological responses at higher concentrations. Thus, a biological model for toxicity and animal disease can be assayed using an electrochemical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Huffnagle
- Department of Biology, and ‡Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
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Cress WD, Chiappori A, Santiago P, Muñoz-Antonia T. Lung cancer mutations and use of targeted agents in Hispanics. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2014; 9:225-32. [PMID: 25626064 PMCID: PMC4441412 DOI: 10.2174/1574887110666150127103555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hispanic/Latinos (H/L) are expected to grow to over 24% of the USA population by 2050 and lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death among H/L men. Due to the information that is becoming available via genetic testing, lung cancer molecular profiling is allowing for increasing application of personalized lung cancer therapies. However, to benefit the most people, development of these therapies and genetic tests must include research on as many racial and ethnic groups as possible. The purpose of this review is to bring attention to the fact that the mutations driving lung cancer in H/Ls differ in frequency and nature relative to the non-Hispanic White (WNH) majority that dominate current databases and participate in clinical trials that test new therapies. Clinical trials using new agents targeting genetic alterations (driver mutations) in lung cancer have demonstrated significant improvements in patient outcomes (for example, gefitinib, erlotinib or crizotinib for lung adenocarcinomas harboring EGFR mutations or EML4-ALK fusions, respectively). The nature and frequencies of some lung cancer driver mutations have been shown to be considerably different among racial and ethnic groups. This is particularly true for H/Ls. For example, several reports suggest a dramatic shift in the mutation pattern from predominantly KRAS in a WNH population to predominantly EGFR in multiple H/L populations. However, these studies are limited, and the effects of racial and ethnic differences on the incidence of mutations in lung cancer remain incompletely understood. This review serves as a call to address this problem.
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Hensing T, Chawla A, Batra R, Salgia R. A personalized treatment for lung cancer: molecular pathways, targeted therapies, and genomic characterization. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 799:85-117. [PMID: 24292963 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8778-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a heterogeneous, complex, and challenging disease to treat. With the arrival of genotyping and genomic profiling, our simple binary division of lung cancer into non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is no longer acceptable. In the past decade and with the advent of personalized medicine, multiple advances have been made in understanding the underlying biology and molecular mechanisms of lung cancer. Lung cancer is no longer considered a single disease entity and is now being subdivided into molecular subtypes with dedicated targeted and chemotherapeutic strategies. The concept of using information from a patient's tumor to make therapeutic and treatment decisions has revolutionized the landscape for cancer care and research in general.Management of non-small-cell lung cancer, in particular, has seen several of these advances, with the understanding of activating mutations in EGFR, fusion genes involving ALK, rearrangements in ROS-1, and ongoing research in targeted therapies for K-RAS and MET. The next era of personalized treatment for lung cancer will involve a comprehensive genomic characterization of adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma, and small-cell carcinoma into various subtypes. Future directions will involve incorporation of molecular characteristics and next generation sequencing into screening strategies to improve early detection, while also having applications for joint treatment decision making in the clinics with patients and practitioners. Personalization of therapy will involve close collaboration between the laboratory and the clinic. Given the heterogeneity and complexity of lung cancer treatment with respect to histology, tumor stage, and genomic characterization, mind mapping has been developed as one of many tools which can assist physicians in this era of personalized medicine. We attempt to utilize the above tool throughout this chapter, while reviewing lung cancer epidemiology, lung cancer treatment, and the genomic characterization of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hensing
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, NorthShore University Health System, Kellogg Cancer Center, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA,
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18
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Person RJ, Tokar EJ, Xu Y, Orihuela R, Olive Ngalame NN, Waalkes MP. Chronic cadmium exposure in vitro induces cancer cell characteristics in human lung cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:281-8. [PMID: 23811327 PMCID: PMC3863781 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a known human lung carcinogen. Here, we attempt to develop an in vitro model of cadmium-induced human lung carcinogenesis by chronically exposing the peripheral lung epithelia cell line, HPL-1D, to a low level of cadmium. Cells were chronically exposed to 5 μM cadmium, a noncytotoxic level, and monitored for acquired cancer characteristics. By 20 weeks of continuous cadmium exposure, these chronic cadmium treated lung (CCT-LC) cells showed marked increases in secreted MMP-2 activity (3.5-fold), invasion (3.4-fold), and colony formation in soft agar (2-fold). CCT-LC cells were hyperproliferative, grew well in serum-free media, and overexpressed cyclin D1. The CCT-LC cells also showed decreased expression of the tumor suppressor genes p16 and SLC38A3 at the protein levels. Also consistent with an acquired cancer cell phenotype, CCT-LC cells showed increased expression of the oncoproteins K-RAS and N-RAS as well as the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition marker protein Vimentin. Metallothionein (MT) expression is increased by cadmium, and is typically overexpressed in human lung cancers. The major MT isoforms, MT-1A and MT-2A were elevated in CCT-LC cells. Oxidant adaptive response genes HO-1 and HIF-1A were also activated in CCT-LC cells. Expression of the metal transport genes ZNT-1, ZNT-5, and ZIP-8 increased in CCT-LC cells culminating in reduced cadmium accumulation, suggesting adaptation to the metal. Overall, these data suggest that exposure of human lung epithelial cells to cadmium causes acquisition of cancer cell characteristics. Furthermore, transformation occurs despite the cell's ability to adapt to chronic cadmium exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Person
- Inorganic Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Erik J. Tokar
- Inorganic Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Inorganic Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ruben Orihuela
- Inorganic Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ntube N. Olive Ngalame
- Inorganic Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael P. Waalkes
- Inorganic Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Rudel D, Douglas CD, Huffnagle IM, Besser JM, Ingersoll CG. Assaying environmental nickel toxicity using model nematodes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77079. [PMID: 24116204 PMCID: PMC3792034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nickel exposure results in allergic reactions, respiratory conditions, and cancer in humans and rodents, the ramifications of excess nickel in the environment for animal and human health remain largely undescribed. Nickel and other cationic metals travel through waterways and bind to soils and sediments. To evaluate the potential toxic effects of nickel at environmental contaminant levels (8.9-7,600 µg Ni/g dry weight of sediment and 50-800 µg NiCl2/L of water), we conducted assays using two cosmopolitan nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus. We assayed the effects of both sediment-bound and aqueous nickel upon animal growth, developmental survival, lifespan, and fecundity. Uncontaminated sediments were collected from sites in the Midwestern United States and spiked with a range of nickel concentrations. We found that nickel-spiked sediment substantially impairs both survival from larval to adult stages and adult longevity in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, while aqueous nickel showed no adverse effects on either survivorship or longevity, we observed a significant decrease in fecundity, indicating that aqueous nickel could have a negative impact on nematode physiology. Intriguingly, C. elegans and P. pacificus exhibit similar, but not identical, responses to nickel exposure. Moreover, P. pacificus could be tested successfully in sediments inhospitable to C. elegans. Our results add to a growing body of literature documenting the impact of nickel on animal physiology, and suggest that environmental toxicological studies could gain an advantage by widening their repertoire of nematode species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rudel
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chandler D. Douglas
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ian M. Huffnagle
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John M. Besser
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher G. Ingersoll
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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Hendryx M, Luo J. Cancer hospitalizations in rural-urban areas in relation to carcinogenic discharges from Toxics Release Inventory facilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2012; 23:155-169. [PMID: 22838640 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.708919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines whether carcinogenic pollutants discharged from US Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) facilities are related to cancer hospitalization rates among the general population in rural and urban areas. We analyzed cancer hospitalizations (N = 440,061) across 20 states to find age- and sex-adjusted population cancer hospitalization rates. Multiple regression models were used to determine whether cancer hospitalization rates at the county level (N = 1102 counties) were associated with higher levels of carcinogenic discharges from TRI facilities, controlling for other risks. Significantly higher hospitalization rates were found in relation to higher TRI discharges for several cancer types that varied from urban to rural setting. Carcinogenic discharges from TRI facilities were associated with excess inpatient cancer treatment costs of $902.8 million in 2009. Future research may strive to move beyond ecological designs to examine cancer risks from TRI releases to better our understanding of cancer etiology and to establish appropriate environmental safeguards as indicated by the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hendryx
- Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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21
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Against Lung Cancer Cells: To Be, or Not to Be, That Is the Problem. LUNG CANCER INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2012:659365. [PMID: 26316936 PMCID: PMC4437407 DOI: 10.1155/2012/659365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke and radioactive radon gas impose a high risk for lung cancer. The radon-derived ionizing radiation and some components of cigarette smoke induce oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Respiratory lung cells are subject to the ROS that causes DNA breaks, which subsequently bring about DNA mutagenesis and are intimately linked with carcinogenesis. The damaged cells by oxidative stress are often destroyed through the active apoptotic pathway. However, the ROS also perform critical signaling functions in stress responses, cell survival, and cell proliferation. Some molecules enhance radiation-induced tumor cell killing via the reduction in DNA repair levels. Hence the DNA repair levels may be a novel therapeutic modality in overcoming drug resistance in lung cancer. Either survival or apoptosis, which is determined by the balance between DNA damage and DNA repair levels, may lender the major problems in cancer therapy. The purpose of this paper is to take a closer look at risk factor and at therapy modulation factor in lung cancer relevant to the ROS.
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23
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Lai SW, Liao KF, Chen PC, Tsai PY, Hsieh DPH, Chen CC. Antidiabetes drugs correlate with decreased risk of lung cancer: a population-based observation in Taiwan. Clin Lung Cancer 2011; 13:143-8. [PMID: 22129971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of some forms of cancer has been found to be higher in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) than in the general population. The aim of this study was to examine, with sufficient statistical power, the association between DM and lung cancer and the impact of antidiabetes drugs on lung cancer risk in Taiwan. MATERIALS AND METHODS From a randomly selected data set of 1 million National Health Insurance (NHI) claims in Taiwan from 2000-2005, 19,624 cases (patients ≥ 20 years of age) of newly diagnosed DM were identified. From the same data set, 78,496 enrollees with no record of DM were selected as controls and were matched in sex and age to the first group. The incidence of newly diagnosed lung cancer was compared between patients with DM and controls for a period of 9 years (2000-2008). RESULTS The multivariate Cox model analysis showed a slightly increased hazard ratio (HR) of 1.05 of lung cancer in patients with DM, but the association was not statistically significant. However the use of antidiabetes drugs, such as metformin, thiazolidinediones, or alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, correlates with a decreased lung cancer risk of 39%-45%. A significant association was found between lung cancer risk and male sex (HR, 2.23), pulmonary tuberculosis (HR, 1.60), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR, 1.21), and age (HR, 1.07). CONCLUSION Patients with DM are not at increased risk for the development of lung cancer, but the use of antidiabetes drugs would considerably decrease the risk. In this cohort, male sex, age, pulmonary tuberculosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were all associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, consistent with findings in the literature and indicative of the validity of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Lai
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zhang X, Xiao T, Cheng S, Tong T, Gao Y. Cigarette smoke suppresses the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of OLC1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:753-7. [PMID: 21439932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The newly identified gene, overexpressed in lung cancer 1 (OLC1), is highly expressed as OLC1 protein in the tumor tissues of lung cancer patients with histories of cigarette smoking. However, the underlying mechanisms of how the gene is affected by cigarette smoke have been poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated how OLC1 is regulated in lung cancer cells by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). Compared to the controls, CSC treatment increased OLC1 protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner without affecting OLC1 mRNA levels in lung cancer cells. Ubiquitination of OLC1 protein was blocked upon CSC treatment. Biochemical analysis revealed that the ubiquitin E3 ligase anaphase promoting complex (APC) and its activators cell-division cycle protein 20 (CDC20) and cadherin-1 (CDH1) are responsible for the degradation of OLC1. However, upon introducing CSC the binding of OLC1 to the proteins CDC20, CDH1, and APC2 was impaired. These results demonstrate that CSC regulates OLC1 expression in lung cancer cells by compromising its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation through the ubiquitin E3 ligase APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
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Mollberg N, Surati M, Demchuk C, Fathi R, Salama AK, Husain AN, Hensing T, Salgia R. Mind-mapping for lung cancer: towards a personalized therapeutics approach. Adv Ther 2011; 28:173-94. [PMID: 21337123 PMCID: PMC3077059 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-010-0103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There were over 220,000 people diagnosed with lung cancer and over 160,000 people dying of lung cancer during 2010 alone in the United States. In order to arrive at better control, prevention, diagnosis, and therapeutics for lung cancer, we must be able to personalize the approach towards the disease. Mind-mapping has existed for centuries for physicians to properly think about various "flows" of personalized medicine. We include here the epidemiology, diagnosis, histology, and treatment of lung cancer-in particular, non-small cell lung cancer. As we have new molecular signatures for lung cancer, this is further detailed. This review is not meant to be a comprehensive review, but rather its purpose is to highlight important aspects of lung cancer diagnosis, management, and personalized treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mollberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, University of Illinois at Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - M Surati
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - C Demchuk
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - R Fathi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - AK Salama
- Department of Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center
| | - AN Husain
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago
| | - T Hensing
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Northshore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - R Salgia
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Sun Y, Ou Y, Cheng M, Ruan Y, van der Hoorn FA. Binding of nickel to testicular glutamate-ammonia ligase inhibits its enzymatic activity. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 78:104-15. [PMID: 21254280 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to nickel has been shown to cause damage to the testis in several animal models. It is not known if the testis expresses protein(s) that can bind nickel. To test this, we used a nickel-binding assay to isolate testicular nickel-binding proteins. We identified glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL) as a prominent nickel-binding protein by mass spectrometry. Protein analysis and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed that GLUL is expressed in the testis, predominantly in interstitial cells. We determined that GLUL has a higher affinity for nickel than for its regular co-factor manganese. We produced an enzymatically active, recombinant GLUL protein. Upon binding, nickel interferes with the manganese-catalyzed enzymatic activity of recombinant GLUL protein. We also determined that GLUL activity in testes of animals exposed to nickel sulfate is reduced. Our results identify testicular GLUL as the first testicular protein shown to be affected by nickel exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbiao Sun
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Hamm MP, Burstyn I. Estimating occupational beryllium exposure from compliance monitoring data. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2011; 66:75-86. [PMID: 24484364 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2010.511309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to beryllium is widespread and is a health risk. The objectives of this study were to develop plausible models to estimate occupational airborne beryllium exposure. Compliance monitoring data were obtained from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration for 12,148 personal measurements of beryllium exposure from 1979 to 2005. Industry codes were maintained as reported or collapsed based on the number of measurements per cell of a job-exposure matrix (JEM). Probability of exposure was predicted based on year, industry, job, and sampling duration. In these models, probability of exposure decreased over time, was highest in full-shift personal samples, and varied with industry and job. The probability of exposure was calculated using 6 JEMs, each providing similar rankings of the likelihood of non-negligible exposure to beryllium. These statistical models, with expert appraisal, are suitable for the assessment of the probability of elevated occupational exposure to beryllium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele P Hamm
- a Community and Occupational Medicine Program, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
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Das AP, Singh S. Occupational health assessment of chromite toxicity among Indian miners. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2011; 15:6-13. [PMID: 21808494 PMCID: PMC3143520 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5278.82998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated concentration of hexavalent chromium pollution and contamination has contributed a major health hazard affecting more than 2 lakh mine workers and inhabitants residing in the Sukinda chromite mine of Odisha, India. Despite people suffering from several forms of ill health, physical and mental deformities, constant exposure to toxic wastes and chronic diseases as a result of chromite mining, there is a tragic gap in the availability of 'scientific' studies and data on the health hazards of mining in India. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Odisha State Pollution Control Board and the Odisha Voluntary Health Association data were used to compile the possible occupational health hazards, hexavalent chromium exposure and diseases among Sukinda chromite mines workers. Studies were reviewed to determine the routes of exposure and possible mechanism of chromium induced carcinogenicity among the workers. Our studies suggest all forms of hexavalent chromium are regarded as carcinogenic to workers however the most important routes of occupational exposure to Cr (VI) are inhalation and dermal contact. This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological and psychosocial occupational health hazards of chromite mining and associated metallurgical processes to monitor the mining environment as well as the miners exposed to these toxicants to foster a safe work environment. The authors anticipate that the outcome of this manuscript will have an impact on Indian chromite mining industry that will subsequently bring about improvements in work conditions, develop intervention experiments in occupational health and safety programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Prasad Das
- Centre of Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shikha Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Halasova E, Adamkov M, Matakova T, Kavcova E, Poliacek I, Singliar A. Lung cancer incidence and survival in chromium exposed individuals with respect to expression of anti-apoptotic protein survivin and tumor suppressor P53 protein. Eur J Med Res 2010; 15 Suppl 2:55-9. [PMID: 21147621 PMCID: PMC4360335 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-15-s2-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Workers chronically exposed to hexavalent chromium have elevated risk of lung cancer. Our study investigates the incidence of lung cancer types, age at onset of the disease, and survival time among chromium exposed workers with respect to the expression of anti-apoptotic p53 and pro-apoptotic survivin proteins. MATERIAL AND METHODS 67 chromium exposed workers and 104 male controls diagnosed with lung cancer were analyzed. The mean exposure time among workers was 16.7 ±10.0(SD) years (range 1- 41 years). To investigate the possible regulation of survivin by p53 we examined the expression of both proteins using immohistochemical visualization. RESULTS Chromium exposure significantly decreases the age of onset of the disease by 3.5 years (62.2 ±9.1 in the exposed group vs. 65.7 ±10.5 years in controls; P=0.018). Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) amounted for 25.4% of all cases in chromium exposed workers and for 16.3% in non-exposed individuals. The mean survival time in the exposed group was 9.0 ±12.7 vs. 12.1 ±21.9 months in controls, but this difference was not significant. Survivin was predominantly expressed in both cell nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas p53 was expressed in the nucleus. There was a negative correlation between survivin and p53 expression. A decreased intensity of expression and fewer cells positive for survivin was detected in SCLC compared with other types of lung cancer. p53 was expressed in 94.1% and survivin in 79.6% of the samples analyzed. CONCLUSION The study calls attention to decreased expression of survivin, as opposed to p53, in small cell lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Halasova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
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Mantha M, Jumarie C. Cadmium-induced hormetic effect in differentiated Caco-2 cells: ERK and p38 activation without cell proliferation stimulation. J Cell Physiol 2010; 224:250-61. [PMID: 20232314 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that enters the food chain. Following oral ingestion, the intestinal epithelium may in part protect against Cd toxicity but is also a target tissue. Using human enterocytic-like Caco-2 cells, we have previously shown differences in sensitivity to Cd according to the differentiation status. The present study focuses on Cd effects on differentiated cells. Concentration and time-dependent increases in MTT (3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay) activity were observed in post-confluent cultures exclusively, with a twofold maximal stimulation in 21-day-old cells exposed to 10 microM Cd for 24 h. No concomitant increase in [methyl-(3)H] thymidine incorporation was noted and Cd did not modify cell distribution in the cell-cycle phases. However, Cd-induced increase in MTT activity was inhibited by cycloheximine as well as by inhibitors of ERK1/2 and p38, but not by that of JNK. Consistently, Cd increased the levels of ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation. Inhibition of Ras-GTP or PI3K enhanced the stimulatory effect of Cd, whereas mTOR inhibition had no effect. Inhibition of G protein-phospholipase and PKC decreased MTT stimulation. These results show a hormesis-like stimulation of Cd on MTT activity in differentiated intestinal cells exclusively. This effect is not related to cell proliferation but more likely to increased protein synthesis which involves ERK1/2 and p38 cascades and possibly PLC-beta signaling pathways. Because growth-related differentiation of intestinal cells is linked to the selective and sequential activation of MAPKs, the impacts that these Cd-induced perturbations in signaling pathways may have on intestinal functions clearly deserve to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Mantha
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre TOXEN, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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蒋 婷, 宋 欢, 彭 夏, 严 丽, 余 敏, 刘 煜, 刘 浩, 刘 霏, 卢 铀. [A case-control study on non-smoking primary lung cancers in Sichuan, China]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2010; 13:511-6. [PMID: 20677651 PMCID: PMC6000713 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.05.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The incidence of lung cancer in non-smokers is increasing in recent years. The aim of this investigation is to explore main risk factors of non-smoking primary lung cancers in Sichuan province in order to provide more accurate data for clinical. METHODS One hundred and fourty-five non-smoking pairs of cases and 145 of controls were matched by age and sex. The patients were newly-diagnosed definitely as primary lung cancer at West China Hospital of Sichuan University from March to December 2009. RESULTS Seventeen exposure factors were explored as epidemic agents for non-smoking lung cancer in Sichuan by using univariate analysis; mutivariate conditional Logistic regression analysis showed that passive smoking, moved into newly renovated homes over the past 10 years, family cancer history from second/ third-degree relatives, lack of emotion regulation, heavy work pressure and poor quality of sleep were main risk agents for the non-smoking lung cancer incidence with OR 2.267 (95% CI: 1.231-4.177), 5.080 (95% CI: 1.632-15.817), 7.937 (95% CI: 1.815-34.705), 2.491 (95% CI: 1.230-4.738), 5.769 (95% CI: 2.030-16.396), 2.538 (95% CI: 1.277-4.861), respectively. While higher body mass index, eating fruit and vegetable and regular participating in physical exercise might be protective factors with OR 0.419 (95% CI: 0.226-0.779), 0.344 (95% CI: 0.155-0.762), 0.507 (95% CI: 0.274-0.937), respectively. CONCLUSION The occurrence of non-smoking primary lung cancer associated with a variety of exposure factors including passive smoking, history of exposure to harmful environmental, family cancer history, mental and psychological factors in Sichuan Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- 婷婷 蒋
- 610041 成都,四川大学华西医院胸部肿瘤科Department of Toracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 欢 宋
- 610041 成都,四川大学华西医院胸部肿瘤科Department of Toracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 夏莹 彭
- 610041 成都,四川大学华西临床医学院West China School of Clinical Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 丽波 严
- 610041 成都,四川大学华西临床医学院West China School of Clinical Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 敏 余
- 610041 成都,四川大学华西临床医学院West China School of Clinical Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 煜 刘
- 610041 成都,四川大学华西临床医学院West China School of Clinical Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 浩书 刘
- 610041 成都,四川大学华西临床医学院West China School of Clinical Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 霏霏 刘
- 610041 成都,四川大学华西临床医学院West China School of Clinical Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 铀 卢
- 610041 成都,四川大学华西医院胸部肿瘤科Department of Toracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
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The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and the lung. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:917108. [PMID: 20145712 PMCID: PMC2817378 DOI: 10.1155/2010/917108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface molecules. As a pattern-recognition receptor capable of binding a diverse range of ligands, it is typically expressed at low levels under normal physiological conditions in the majority of tissues. In contrast, the lung exhibits high basal level expression of RAGE localised primarily in alveolar type I (ATI) cells, suggesting a potentially important role for the receptor in maintaining lung homeostasis. Indeed, disruption of RAGE levels has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of pulmonary disorders including cancer and fibrosis. Furthermore, its soluble isoforms, sRAGE, which act as decoy receptors, have been shown to be a useful marker of ATI cell injury. Whilst RAGE undoubtedly plays an important role in the biology of the lung, it remains unclear as to the exact nature of this contribution under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Abstract
Since lung cancer is among the cancers with the highest incidence and has the highest mortality rate of cancer worldwide, the means of reducing its impact are urgently needed. Emerging evidence shows that physical activity plays an etiological role in lung cancer risk reduction. The majority of studies support the fact that total and recreational physical activity reduces lung cancer risk by 20-30% for women and 20-50% for men, and there is evidence of a dose-response effect. The biological mechanisms operating between physical activity and lung cancer are likely complex and influenced by many factors including inherited or acquired susceptibility genes, gender, smoking, and other environmental factors. Several plausible biological factors and mechanisms have been hypothesized linking physical activity to reduced lung cancer risk including: improved pulmonary function, reduced concentrations of carcinogenic agents in the lungs, enhanced immune function, reduced inflammation, enhanced DNA repair capacity, changes in growth factor levels and possible gene-physical activity interactions. Future research should target the possible subgroup effects and the biologic mechanisms that may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Emaus
- Division of Cancer Etiology, Department of Population Science, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
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Bilancia M, Fedespina A. Geographical clustering of lung cancer in the province of Lecce, Italy: 1992-2001. Int J Health Geogr 2009; 8:40. [PMID: 19570225 PMCID: PMC2718871 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-8-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The triennial mortality rates for lung cancer in the two decades 1981–2001 in the province of Lecce, Italy, are significantly higher than those for the entire region of Apulia (to which the Province of Lecce belongs) and the national reference rates. Moreover, analyzing the rates in the three-year periods 1993–95, 1996–98 and 1999–01, there is a dramatic increase in mortality for both males and females, which still remains essentially unexplained: to understand the extent of this phenomenon, it is worth noting that the standardized mortality rate for males in 1999–01 is equal to 13.92 per 10000 person-years, compared to a value of 6.96 for Italy in the 2000–2002 period. These data have generated a considerable concern in the press and public opinion, which with little scientific reasoning have sometimes identified suspected culprits of the risk excess (for example, the emission caused by a number of large industrial sites located in the provinces of Brindisi and Taranto, bordering the Province of Lecce). The objective of this paper is to study on a scientifically sound basis the spatial distribution of risk for lung cancer mortality in the province of Lecce. Our goal is to demonstrate that most of the previous explanations are not supported by data: to this end, we will follow a hybrid approach that combines both frequentist and Bayesian disease mapping methods. Furthermore, we define a new sequential algorithm based on a modified version of the Besag-York-Mollié (BYM) model, suitably modified to detect geographical clusters of disease. Results Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for lung cancer in the province of Lecce: For males, the relative risk (measured by means of SMR, i.e. the ratio between observed and expected cases in each area under internal standardization) was judged to be significantly greater than 1 in many municipal areas, the significance being evaluated under the null hypothesis of neutral risk on the ground of area-specific p-values (denoted by ρi); in addition, it was seen that high risk areas were not randomly distributed within the province, but showed a sharp clustering. The most perceptible cluster involved a collection of municipalities around the Maglie area (Istat code: 75039), while the association among the municipalities of Otranto, Poggiardo and Santa Cesarea Terme (Istat codes: 75057, 75061, 75072) was more ambiguous. For females, it was noteworthy the significant risk excess in the city of Lecce (Istat code: 75035), where an SMR of 1.83 and ρi < 0.01 have been registered. BYM model for the province of Lecce: For males, Bayes estimates of relative risks varied around an overall mean of 1.04 with standard deviation of 0.1, with a minimum of 0.77 and a maximum of 1.25. The posterior relative risks for females, although smoothed, showed more variation than for males, ranging form 0.74 to 1.65, around a mean of 0.90 with standard deviation 0.12. For males, 95% posterior credible intervals of relative risks included unity in every area, whereas significantly elevated risk of mortality was confirmed in the Lecce area for females (95% posterior CI: 1.33 – 2.00). BYM model for the whole Apulia: For males, internally standardized maps showed several high risk areas bordering the province of Lecce, belonging to the province of Brindisi, and the presence of a large high risk region, including the southern part of the province of Brindisi and the eastern and southern part of the Salento peninsula, in which an increasing trend in the north-south direction was found. Ecological correlation study with deprivation (Cadum Index): For males, posterior mean of the ecological regression coefficient β resulted to be 0.04 with 95% posterior credible interval equal to (-0.01, 0.08); similarly, β was estimated as equal to -0.03 for females (95% posterior credible interval: -0.16, 0.10). Moreover, there was some indication of nonlinearly increasing relative risk with increasing deprivation for higher deprivation levels. For females, it was difficult to postulate the existence of any association between risk and deprivation. Cluster detection: cluster detection based on a modified BYM model identified two large unexplained increased risk clusters in the central-eastern and southern part of the peninsula. Other secondary clusters, which raise several complex interpretation issues, are present. Conclusion Our results reduce the alleged role of the industrial facilities located around the province of Taranto: in particular, air pollution produced around the city of Taranto (which lies to the west of the province of Lecce) has been often identified as the main culprit of the mortality excess, a conclusion that was further supported by a recent study on the direction of prevailing winds on Salento. This hypothesis is contradicted by the finding that those municipalities that directly border on the province of Taranto (belonging to the so-called "Jonico-Salentina" band) are those that present low mortality rates (at least for males). In the same way, the responsibilities of energy production plants located in the province of Brindisi (Brindisi province lies to the north) appear to be of little relevance. For females, given the situation observed in the city of Lecce, and given the substantial increase in mortality observed in younger age classes, further investigation is required into the role played by changes in lifestyle, including greater net propensity to smoke that women have shown since the 80s onwards (a phenomenon which could be amplified in a city traditionally cultured and modern as Lecce, as the tobacco habit is a largely cultural phenomenon). For males, the presence of high levels of deprivation throughout the eastern and southern Salento is likely to play an important role: those with lower socio-economic status smoke more, and gender differences may be explained on the basis of the fact that in less developed areas women have less habit to tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking (and other harmful lifestyles), which are seen as purely masculine behaviour: research into the role of material deprivation and individual lifestyle differences between genders should be further developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bilancia
- Department of Statistical Sciences Carlo Cecchi, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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