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Crouzet A, Lopez N, Riss Yaw B, Lepelletier Y, Demange L. The Millennia-Long Development of Drugs Associated with the 80-Year-Old Artificial Intelligence Story: The Therapeutic Big Bang? Molecules 2024; 29:2716. [PMID: 38930784 PMCID: PMC11206022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The journey of drug discovery (DD) has evolved from ancient practices to modern technology-driven approaches, with Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerging as a pivotal force in streamlining and accelerating the process. Despite the vital importance of DD, it faces challenges such as high costs and lengthy timelines. This review examines the historical progression and current market of DD alongside the development and integration of AI technologies. We analyse the challenges encountered in applying AI to DD, focusing on drug design and protein-protein interactions. The discussion is enriched by presenting models that put forward the application of AI in DD. Three case studies are highlighted to demonstrate the successful application of AI in DD, including the discovery of a novel class of antibiotics and a small-molecule inhibitor that has progressed to phase II clinical trials. These cases underscore the potential of AI to identify new drug candidates and optimise the development process. The convergence of DD and AI embodies a transformative shift in the field, offering a path to overcome traditional obstacles. By leveraging AI, the future of DD promises enhanced efficiency and novel breakthroughs, heralding a new era of medical innovation even though there is still a long way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Crouzet
- UMR 8038 CNRS CiTCoM, Team PNAS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Cité, 4 Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
- W-MedPhys, 128 Rue la Boétie, 75008 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Lopez
- W-MedPhys, 128 Rue la Boétie, 75008 Paris, France
- ENOES, 62 Rue de Miromesnil, 75008 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche «Institut de Physique Théorique (IPhT)» CEA-CNRS, UMR 3681, Bat 774, Route de l’Orme des Merisiers, 91191 St Aubin-Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benjamin Riss Yaw
- UMR 8038 CNRS CiTCoM, Team PNAS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Cité, 4 Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Yves Lepelletier
- W-MedPhys, 128 Rue la Boétie, 75008 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, 24 Boulevard Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Normal Hematopoiesis and Hematological Disorders: Therapeutical Implications, 24 Boulevard Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Luc Demange
- UMR 8038 CNRS CiTCoM, Team PNAS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Cité, 4 Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
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Garaci E, Paci M, Matteucci C, Costantini C, Puccetti P, Romani L. Phenotypic drug discovery: a case for thymosin alpha-1. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1388959. [PMID: 38903817 PMCID: PMC11187271 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1388959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic drug discovery (PDD) involves screening compounds for their effects on cells, tissues, or whole organisms without necessarily understanding the underlying molecular targets. PDD differs from target-based strategies as it does not require knowledge of a specific drug target or its role in the disease. This approach can lead to the discovery of drugs with unexpected therapeutic effects or applications and allows for the identification of drugs based on their functional effects, rather than through a predefined target-based approach. Ultimately, disease definitions are mostly symptom-based rather than mechanism-based, and the therapeutics should be likewise. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in PDD due to its potential to address the complexity of human diseases, including the holistic picture of multiple metabolites engaging with multiple targets constituting the central hub of the metabolic host-microbe interactions. Although PDD presents challenges such as hit validation and target deconvolution, significant achievements have been reached in the era of big data. This article explores the experiences of researchers testing the effect of a thymic peptide hormone, thymosin alpha-1, in preclinical and clinical settings and discuss how its therapeutic utility in the precision medicine era can be accommodated within the PDD framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurizio Paci
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Matteucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- San Raffaele Sulmona, L’Aquila, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Rayala R, Chaudhari P, Bunnell A, Roberts B, Chakrabarti D, Nefzi A. Parallel Synthesis of Piperazine Tethered Thiazole Compounds with Antiplasmodial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17414. [PMID: 38139243 PMCID: PMC10743568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiazole and piperazine are two important heterocyclic rings that play a prominent role in nature and have a broad range of applications in agricultural and medicinal chemistry. Herein, we report the parallel synthesis of a library of diverse piperazine-tethered thiazole compounds. The reaction of piperazine with newly generated 4-chloromethyl-2-amino thiazoles led to the desired piperazine thiazole compounds with high purities and good overall yields. Using a variety of commercially available carboxylic acids, the parallel synthesis of a variety of disubstituted 4-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)thiazol-2-amine derivatives is described. the screening of the compounds led to the identification of antiplasmodial compounds that exhibited interesting antimalarial activity, primarily against the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant Dd2 strain. The hit compound 2291-61 demonstrated an antiplasmodial EC50 of 102 nM in the chloroquine-resistant Dd2 strain and a selectivity of over 140.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanjaneyulu Rayala
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (R.R.); (P.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Prakash Chaudhari
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (R.R.); (P.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Ashley Bunnell
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (R.R.); (P.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Bracken Roberts
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (B.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Debopam Chakrabarti
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (B.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Adel Nefzi
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (R.R.); (P.C.); (A.B.)
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Herskind AEJ, Nørgaard B. Gender representation in drug development studies for diabetes mellitus. A systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2023; 17:102815. [PMID: 37413814 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last 20 years, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased drastically, and so has the number of associated medicine and drug development studies. Despite knowing that men and women respond differently to DM medicines, biological gender differences still tend not to be prioritized during medicine development. OBJECTIVE This study examined gender representation in medicine development studies for DM. METHOD We conducted a systematic review, and in February 2022, we searched EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database), MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) and PubMed using a block search strategy. Randomized controlled studies (RCTs) including people diagnosed with DM (any type) aged 18-65 years were included. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trial 2010 checklist was applied to assess the studies' reported quality. The results are presented in a narrative synthesis. RESULTS Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. On average, women represented 31.4% of study participants, and similarly, for each trial phase, women were less represented than men. CONCLUSION This review showed an unequal gender representation in drug development studies for DM, with women and men representing 31.4% and 68.6% of the study participants, respectively, in the included studies. However, gender differences in medical drug studies might be due to specific exclusion criteria, participants' behaviour toward attending in medicine development or the law in the country of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birgitte Nørgaard
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej9, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
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Hellinger R, Sigurdsson A, Wu W, Romanova EV, Li L, Sweedler JV, Süssmuth RD, Gruber CW. Peptidomics. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2023; 3:25. [PMID: 37250919 PMCID: PMC7614574 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-023-00205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are biopolymers, typically consisting of 2-50 amino acids. They are biologically produced by the cellular ribosomal machinery or by non-ribosomal enzymes and, sometimes, other dedicated ligases. Peptides are arranged as linear chains or cycles, and include post-translational modifications, unusual amino acids and stabilizing motifs. Their structure and molecular size render them a unique chemical space, between small molecules and larger proteins. Peptides have important physiological functions as intrinsic signalling molecules, such as neuropeptides and peptide hormones, for cellular or interspecies communication, as toxins to catch prey or as defence molecules to fend off enemies and microorganisms. Clinically, they are gaining popularity as biomarkers or innovative therapeutics; to date there are more than 60 peptide drugs approved and more than 150 in clinical development. The emerging field of peptidomics comprises the comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of the suite of peptides in a biological sample (endogenously produced, or exogenously administered as drugs). Peptidomics employs techniques of genomics, modern proteomics, state-of-the-art analytical chemistry and innovative computational biology, with a specialized set of tools. The complex biological matrices and often low abundance of analytes typically examined in peptidomics experiments require optimized sample preparation and isolation, including in silico analysis. This Primer covers the combination of techniques and workflows needed for peptide discovery and characterization and provides an overview of various biological and clinical applications of peptidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Hellinger
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnar Sigurdsson
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wenxin Wu
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elena V Romanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Christian W Gruber
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zhu KF, Yuan C, Du YM, Sun KL, Zhang XK, Vogel H, Jia XD, Gao YZ, Zhang QF, Wang DP, Zhang HW. Applications and prospects of cryo-EM in drug discovery. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:10. [PMID: 36872349 PMCID: PMC9986049 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery is a crucial part of human healthcare and has dramatically benefited human lifespan and life quality in recent centuries, however, it is usually time- and effort-consuming. Structural biology has been demonstrated as a powerful tool to accelerate drug development. Among different techniques, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is emerging as the mainstream of structure determination of biomacromolecules in the past decade and has received increasing attention from the pharmaceutical industry. Although cryo-EM still has limitations in resolution, speed and throughput, a growing number of innovative drugs are being developed with the help of cryo-EM. Here, we aim to provide an overview of how cryo-EM techniques are applied to facilitate drug discovery. The development and typical workflow of cryo-EM technique will be briefly introduced, followed by its specific applications in structure-based drug design, fragment-based drug discovery, proteolysis targeting chimeras, antibody drug development and drug repurposing. Besides cryo-EM, drug discovery innovation usually involves other state-of-the-art techniques such as artificial intelligence (AI), which is increasingly active in diverse areas. The combination of cryo-EM and AI provides an opportunity to minimize limitations of cryo-EM such as automation, throughput and interpretation of medium-resolution maps, and tends to be the new direction of future development of cryo-EM. The rapid development of cryo-EM will make it as an indispensable part of modern drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong-Fu Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Chuang Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yong-Ming Du
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Kai-Lei Sun
- Center for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077 China
| | - Xiao-Kang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Brain Information, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Horst Vogel
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Xu-Dong Jia
- State Key Lab for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Yuan-Zhu Gao
- Cryo-EM Facility Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Qin-Fen Zhang
- State Key Lab for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Da-Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000 Guangdong China
| | - Hua-Wei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
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Santa Maria JP, Wang Y, Camargo LM. Perspective on the challenges and opportunities of accelerating drug discovery with artificial intelligence. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 3:1121591. [PMID: 36909937 PMCID: PMC9997711 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2023.1121591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John P Santa Maria
- Data and Translational Sciences, UCB Biosciences Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yuan Wang
- Data and Translational Sciences, UCB Biosciences Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
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Mhazo AT, Maponga CC. Framing access to essential medicines in the context of Universal Health Coverage: a critical analysis of health sector strategic plans from eight countries in the WHO African region. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1390. [PMID: 36419062 PMCID: PMC9682662 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Framing affects how issues are understood and portrayed. This profoundly shapes the construction of social problems and how policy options are considered. While access to essential medicines (ATM) in the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region is often framed as a societal problem, there is dominance of medical and technically oriented approaches to analyze and remedy the situation. Hence, the systematic application of social science approaches, such as framing theory, remains under-explored. Through a framing analysis of National Strategic Plans (NSPs) from eight countries, this study explores the applicability and potential usefulness of framing theory to analyze essential medicines policies. METHODS We inductively coded the relevant NSP textual fragments using the qualitative content analysis software ATLAS.ti.22. Benford and Snow's conceptualization of framing was used to organize the coded data into three frames: diagnostic (problems), prognostic (solutions) and motivational (values and ideological). RESULTS The following five diagnostic frames were dominant or in-frame: medicine unavailability, ineffective regulation, weak supply chain management, proliferation of counterfeit (substandard or falsified) medicines and use of poor quality medicines. Diagnostic frames related to financing, affordability, efficiency and corruption were given limited coverage or out of frame. Prognostic frames corresponded with how these problems were framed. Whilst Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and its guiding principles was the dominant motivational frame, we identified some frame discordance between the global discourse and national level policies. CONCLUSIONS Social science approaches such as framing analysis are applicable and useful to systematically analyze essential medicine aspects. By applying framing theory, we revealed that ATM aspects in the eight countries we analyzed are more often characterized in relation to availability at the expense of affordability which undermines UHC. We conclude that whilst UHC is a strong motivational frame to guide ATM aspects, it is insufficient to inform a comprehensive approach to address the problems related to ATM at country level. To effectively advance ATM, concerned actors need to realize such limitation and endeavor to gain a deeper understanding of how problems are framed and agendas are set at country level, the processes through which ideas and knowledge become policies, including the political demands, incentives and trade-offs facing decision-makers in selecting policy priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison T. Mhazo
- grid.415722.70000 0004 0598 3405Ministry of Health, Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU), Private Bag 65, Area 3, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Charles C. Maponga
- grid.13001.330000 0004 0572 0760Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, P. O. Box A178, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Tastan Bishop Ö, Mutemi Musyoka T, Barozi V. Allostery and missense mutations as intermittently linked promising aspects of modern computational drug discovery. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Insights into the genetic basis of human disease are helping to address some of the key challenges in new drug development including the very high rates of failure. Here we review the recent history of an emerging, genomics-assisted approach to pharmaceutical research and development, and its relationship to Mendelian randomization (MR), a well-established analytical approach to causal inference. We demonstrate how human genomic data linked to pharmaceutically relevant phenotypes can be used for (1) drug target identification (mapping relevant drug targets to diseases), (2) drug target validation (inferring the likely effects of drug target perturbation), (3) evaluation of the effectiveness and specificity of compound-target engagement (inferring the extent to which the effects of a compound are exclusive to the target and distinguishing between on-target and off-target compound effects), and (4) the selection of end points in clinical trials (the diseases or conditions to be evaluated as trial outcomes). We show how genomics can help identify indication expansion opportunities for licensed drugs and repurposing of compounds developed to clinical phase that proved safe but ineffective for the original intended indication. We outline statistical and biological considerations in using MR for drug target validation (drug target MR) and discuss the obstacles and challenges for scaled applications of these genomics-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amand F Schmidt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Health Data Research UK, London NW1 2BE, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Finan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Health Data Research UK, London NW1 2BE, United Kingdom
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Pentland BT, Yoo Y, Recker J, Kim I. From Lock-In to Transformation: A Path-Centric Theory of Emerging Technology and Organizing. ORGANIZATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2021.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We offer a path-centric theory of emerging technology and organizing that addresses a basic question. When does emerging technology lead to transformative change? A path-centric perspective on technology focuses on the patterns of actions afforded by technology in use. We identify performing and patterning as self-reinforcing mechanisms that shape patterns of action in the domain of emerging technology and organizing. We use a dynamic simulation to show that performing and patterning can lead to a wide range of trajectories, from lock-in to transformation, depending on how emerging technology in use influences the pattern of action. When emerging technologies afford new actions that can be flexibly recombined to generate new paths, decisive transformative effects are more likely. By themselves, new affordances are not likely to generate transformation. We illustrate this theory with examples from the practice of pharmaceutical drug discovery. The path-centric perspective offers a new way to think about generativity and the role of affordances in organizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Pentland
- Broad College of Business, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Youngjin Yoo
- Department of Design & Innovation, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Jan Recker
- Hamburg Business School, University of Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inkyu Kim
- Broad College of Business, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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12
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Mali SN, Pandey A. Multiple QSAR and molecular modelling for identification of potent human adenovirus inhibitors. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gohil N, Bhattacharjee G, Singh V. Synergistic bactericidal profiling of prodigiosin extracted from Serratia marcescens in combination with antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104508. [PMID: 32956792 PMCID: PMC7499092 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is on the rise and the situation has been worsening with each passing day, which is evident from the outpouring number of reports about how more and more pathogens are becoming resistant to even the third and fourth generations of antibiotics. Lately, combination therapies or drug synergy have been giving promising results in curbing infections since it delineates its action on multiple aspects as compared to monotherapies. In this study, we used prodigiosin, a bacterial pigment endowed with magnificent biological properties, in combination with six antibiotics to study its effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Chromobacterium violaceum. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of prodigiosin against the test organisms was determined and a checkerboard assay of prodigiosin with various antibiotic combinations was performed with an aim to abate antimicrobial resistance. MIC and MBC of prodigiosin was obtained in the range of 4–16 μg/mL, which was lower than that of most test antibiotics. Coupling prodigiosin with other test antibiotics exhibited an excellent synergy profile against all test organisms and the effects were reported to be either synergistic or additive. In the case of S. aureus and C. violaceum, all combinations were found to be synergic, and remarkably for S. aureus, FBC index was reported to be as low as ≤0.25 with all of the test antibiotics. Therefore, it is deduced that prodigiosin augments and intensifies the action of antibiotics, and results in a double-whammy against the MDR strains. Prodigiosin showed excellent bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and C. violaceum. Prodigiosin in combination with antibiotics exhibited synergic effect in majority of the cases against all test pathogens. For S. aureus, prodigiosin-antibiotic combinations showed excellent synergic effect with an FBC index as low as ≤0.25. Prodigiosin augments the action of antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.
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14
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Friese A, Ursu A, Hochheimer A, Schöler HR, Waldmann H, Bruder JM. The Convergence of Stem Cell Technologies and Phenotypic Drug Discovery. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1050-1066. [PMID: 31231030 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell technologies and phenotypic screening shape the future of bioactive small-molecule discovery. In this review we analyze the impact of small-molecule phenotypic screens on drug discovery as well as on the investigation of human development and disease biology. We further examine the role of 3D spheroid/organoid structures, microfluidic systems, and miniaturized on-a-chip systems for future discovery strategies. In highlighting representative examples, we analyze how recent achievements can translate into future therapies. Finally, we discuss remaining challenges that need to be overcome for the adaptation of the next generation of screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Friese
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrei Ursu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Hochheimer
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, Institute for Stem Cell & Applied Regenerative Medicine Research, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany; Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Jan M Bruder
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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15
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Nozal V, Martinez A. Tau Tubulin Kinase 1 (TTBK1), a new player in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 161:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Gohil N, Ramírez-García R, Panchasara H, Patel S, Bhattacharjee G, Singh V. Book Review: Quorum Sensing vs. Quorum Quenching: A Battle With No End in Sight. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018. [PMCID: PMC5893790 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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17
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Ma J, Cao Q, McLeod SM, Ferguson K, Gao N, Breeze AL, Hu J. Target-based whole-cell screening by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4764-7. [PMID: 25693499 PMCID: PMC4471574 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An NMR-based approach marries the two traditional screening technologies (phenotypic and target-based screening) to find compounds inhibiting a specific enzymatic reaction in bacterial cells. Building on a previous study in which it was demonstrated that hydrolytic decomposition of meropenem in living Escherichia coli cells carrying New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase subclass 1 (NDM-1) can be monitored in real time by NMR spectroscopy, we designed a cell-based NMR screening platform. A strong NDM-1 inhibitor was identified with cellular IC50 of 0.51 μM, which is over 300-fold more potent than captopril, a known NDM-1 inhibitor. This new screening approach has great potential to be applied to targets in other cell types, such as mammalian cells, and to targets that are only stable or functionally competent in the cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhe Ma
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D BostonWaltham, Massachusetts 02451 (USA)
| | - Qing Cao
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D BostonWaltham, Massachusetts 02451 (USA)
| | - Sarah M McLeod
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D BostonWaltham, Massachusetts 02451 (USA)
| | - Keith Ferguson
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D BostonWaltham, Massachusetts 02451 (USA)
| | - Ning Gao
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D BostonWaltham, Massachusetts 02451 (USA)
| | - Alexander L Breeze
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley ParkMacclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG (UK)
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
| | - Jun Hu
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D BostonWaltham, Massachusetts 02451 (USA)
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18
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Ma J, Cao Q, McLeod SM, Ferguson K, Gao N, Breeze AL, Hu J. Target-Based Whole-Cell Screening by1H NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Follmann M, Griebenow N, Hahn MG, Hartung I, Mais FJ, Mittendorf J, Schäfer M, Schirok H, Stasch JP, Stoll F, Straub A. The chemistry and biology of soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators and activators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9442-62. [PMID: 23963798 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vasodilatory properties of nitric oxide (NO) have been utilized in pharmacotherapy for more than 130 years. Still today, NO-donor drugs are important in the management of cardiovascular diseases. However, inhaled NO or drugs releasing NO and organic nitrates are associated with noteworthy therapeutic shortcomings, including resistance to NO in some disease states, the development of tolerance during long-term treatment, and nonspecific effects, such as post-translational modification of proteins. The beneficial actions of NO are mediated by stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a heme-containing enzyme which produces the intracellular signaling molecule cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Recently, two classes of compounds have been discovered that amplify the function of sGC in a NO-independent manner, the so-called sGC stimulators and sGC activators. The most advanced drug, the sGC stimulator riociguat, has successfully undergone Phase III clinical trials for different forms of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Follmann
- Bayer Pharma Aktiengesellschaft, Global Drug Discovery, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany.
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20
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Follmann M, Griebenow N, Hahn MG, Hartung I, Mais FJ, Mittendorf J, Schäfer M, Schirok H, Stasch JP, Stoll F, Straub A. Chemie und Biologie der Stimulatoren und Aktivatoren der löslichen Guanylatcyclase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Zheng W, Thorne N, McKew JC. Phenotypic screens as a renewed approach for drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1067-73. [PMID: 23850704 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The significant reduction in the number of newly approved drugs in the past decade has been partially attributed to failures in discovery and validation of new targets. Evaluation of recently approved new drugs has revealed that the number of approved drugs discovered through phenotypic screens, an original drug screening paradigm, has exceeded those discovered through the molecular target-based approach. Phenotypic screening is thus gaining new momentum in drug discovery with the hope that this approach may revitalize drug discovery and improve the success rate of drug approval through the discovery of viable lead compounds and identification of novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA.
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22
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Abstract
The need for drugs with fewer side effects cannot be overemphasized. Today, most drugs modify the actions of enzymes, receptors, transporters and other molecules by directly binding to their active (orthosteric) sites. However, orthosteric site configuration is similar in several proteins performing related functions and this leads to a lower specificity of a drug for the desired protein. Consequently, such drugs may have adverse side effects. A new basis of drug discovery is emerging based on the binding of the drug molecules to sites away (allosteric) from the orthosteric sites. It is possible to find allosteric sites which are unique and hence more specific as targets for drug discovery. Of many available examples, two are highlighted here. The first is caloxins - a new class of highly specific inhibitors of plasma membrane Ca²⁺ pumps. The second concerns the modulation of receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which binds to 12 types of receptors. Exploitation of allosteric sites has led to the discovery of drugs which can selectively modulate the activation of only 1 (M1 muscarinic) out of the 12 different types of acetylcholine receptors. These drugs are being tested for schizophrenia treatment. It is anticipated that the drug discovery exploiting allosteric sites will lead to more effective therapeutic agents with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Grover
- Departments of Medicine and Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada
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23
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Ahmed V, Kumar J, Kumar M, Chauhan MB, Vij M, Ganguli M, Chauhan NS. Synthesis, characterization of penicillin G capped silver nanoconjugates to combat β-lactamase resistance in infectious microorganism. J Biotechnol 2013; 163:419-24. [PMID: 23305990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a novel strategy was adopted to synthesize, β lactamase resistant penicillin G molecules by using the unique properties of silver nanoparticles. Ascorbic acid-stabilized spherical monodispersed silver nanoparticles were prepared by a simple chemical reaction. The formation processes of the silver nanoparticles were investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Free amine groups were introduced on the surface of native silver nanoparticles by coating a uniform layer of polyaniline and this was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Functionalized silver nanoparticles were then grafted to the C3 carboxyl group of the β lactam ring of penicillin G in the presence of N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) with a conjugation yield of 213 μg mg⁻¹. These novel silver penicillin G nanoconjugates showed a very good growth inhibition against both non-resistant Escherichia coli (gram negative) as well as toward β lactam resistant, E. coli (gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasim Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
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