1
|
Physical Approaches to Prevent and Treat Bacterial Biofilm. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 12:antibiotics12010054. [PMID: 36671255 PMCID: PMC9854850 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) presents several clinical challenges. This is in large part due to the formation of biofilm which can make infection eradication exceedingly difficult. Following an extensive literature search, this review surveys a variety of non-pharmacological methods of preventing and/or treating biofilm within the body and how they could be utilized in the treatment of PJI. Special attention has been paid to physical strategies such as heat, light, sound, and electromagnetic energy, and their uses in biofilm treatment. Though these methods are still under study, they offer a potential means to reduce the morbidity and financial burden related to multiple stage revisions and prolonged systemic antibiotic courses that make up the current gold standard in PJI treatment. Given that these options are still in the early stages of development and offer their own strengths and weaknesses, this review offers an assessment of each method, the progress made on each, and allows for comparison of methods with discussion of future challenges to their implementation in a clinical setting.
Collapse
|
2
|
Bongaerts GPA, Williams RM, van der Wielen MWJ, Feiters MC. (Photo-)chemical roadmap to strategic antimicrobial photodynamic and photothermal therapies. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424622500493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
3
|
Chakraborty N, Jha D, Roy I, Kumar P, Gaurav SS, Marimuthu K, Ng OT, Lakshminarayanan R, Verma NK, Gautam HK. Nanobiotics against antimicrobial resistance: harnessing the power of nanoscale materials and technologies. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:375. [PMID: 35953826 PMCID: PMC9371964 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the spasmodic increment in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), world is on the verge of “post-antibiotic era”. It is anticipated that current SARS-CoV2 pandemic would worsen the situation in future, mainly due to the lack of new/next generation of antimicrobials. In this context, nanoscale materials with antimicrobial potential have a great promise to treat deadly pathogens. These functional materials are uniquely positioned to effectively interfere with the bacterial systems and augment biofilm penetration. Most importantly, the core substance, surface chemistry, shape, and size of nanomaterials define their efficacy while avoiding the development of AMR. Here, we review the mechanisms of AMR and emerging applications of nanoscale functional materials as an excellent substitute for conventional antibiotics. We discuss the potential, promises, challenges and prospects of nanobiotics to combat AMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayanika Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Diksha Jha
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Indrajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, 110007, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailendra Singh Gaurav
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Kalisvar Marimuthu
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore, 308442, Singapore.,Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), 308433, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Oon-Tek Ng
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore, 308442, Singapore.,Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), 308433, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Ocular Infections and Anti-Microbials Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore. .,Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore. .,Academic Clinical Program in Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Navin Kumar Verma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore. .,National Skin Centre, Singapore, 308205, Singapore.
| | - Hemant K Gautam
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kirakci K, Kubáňová M, Přibyl T, Rumlová M, Zelenka J, Ruml T, Lang K. A Cell Membrane Targeting Molybdenum-Iodine Nanocluster: Rational Ligand Design toward Enhanced Photodynamic Activity. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5076-5083. [PMID: 35293732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of singlet oxygen photosensitizers, which target specific cellular organelles, constitutes a pertinent endeavor to optimize the efficiency of photodynamic therapy. Targeting of the cell membrane eliminates the need for endocytosis of drugs that can lead to toxicity, intracellular degradation, or drug resistance. In this context, we utilized copper-free click chemistry to prepare a singlet oxygen photosensitizing complex, made of a molybdenum-iodine nanocluster stabilized by triazolate apical ligands. In phosphate-buffered saline, the complex formed nanoaggregates with a positive surface charge due to the protonatable amine function of the apical ligands. These nanoaggregates targeted cell membranes and caused an eminent blue-light phototoxic effect against HeLa cells at nanomolar concentrations, inducing apoptotic cell death, while having no dark toxicity at physiologically relevant concentrations. The properties of this complex were compared to those of a negatively charged parent complex to highlight the dominant effect of the nature of apical ligands on biological properties of the nanocluster. These two complexes also exerted (photo)antibacterial effects on several pathogenic strains in the form of planktonic cultures and biofilms. Overall, we demonstrated that the rational design of apical ligands toward cell membrane targeting leads to enhanced photodynamic efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kubáňová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Přibyl
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Zelenka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Lang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kustov AV, Smirnova NL, Privalov OA, Moryganova TM, Strelnikov AI, Morshnev PK, Koifman OI, Lyubimtsev AV, Kustova TV, Berezin DB. Transurethral Resection of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Tumors Combined with Fluorescence Diagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy with Chlorin e 6-Type Photosensitizers. J Clin Med 2021; 11:233. [PMID: 35011974 PMCID: PMC8745686 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common disease with a high recurrence rate. In order to improve the treatment of superficial bladder tumors, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of transurethral resection (TURB) followed by fluorescence diagnosis (FD) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) with chlorin e6 photosensitizers (PSs), viz. "Fotoran e6" and "Fotoditazin". It was found that both PSs generated singlet oxygen and revealed moderate affinity toward the lipid-like compartment. Between November 2018 and October 2020, 12 patients with verified non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) were treated by TURB combined with FD and PDT. Eight patients received "Fotoran e6" intravenously, while four patients received intravesical PSs. The patient ages were between 31 and 79 years, with a median age of 64.5 years (mean 61.3 ± 14.2). The total light dose was 150 J/cm2 for the local irradiation of the tumor bed with a red light at the λ = 660 nm wavelength, and 10-25 J/cm2 were additionally delivered for diffuse irradiation of the entire bladder mucosa. At the median follow-up period of 24 months (mean 24.5 ± 5.4 months, range 16-35 months), 11 patients remained tumor-free. One 79-year-old patient developed a recurrence without progression to the muscle layer. This pilot study shows that the TURB + FD + PDT technique is an effective and safe option for the first-line treatment of superficial bladder tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Kustov
- United Physicochemical Centre of Solutions, G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (ISC RAS), 153045 Ivanovo, Russia; (N.L.S.); (P.K.M.)
| | - Nataliya L. Smirnova
- United Physicochemical Centre of Solutions, G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (ISC RAS), 153045 Ivanovo, Russia; (N.L.S.); (P.K.M.)
| | - Oleg A. Privalov
- Ivanovo Regional Clinical Hospital (IRCH), 153000 Ivanovo, Russia; (O.A.P.); (T.M.M.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Tatyana M. Moryganova
- Ivanovo Regional Clinical Hospital (IRCH), 153000 Ivanovo, Russia; (O.A.P.); (T.M.M.); (A.I.S.)
- Department of Faculty Surgery and Urology, Ivanovo State Medical Academy (ISMA), 153012 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Alexander I. Strelnikov
- Ivanovo Regional Clinical Hospital (IRCH), 153000 Ivanovo, Russia; (O.A.P.); (T.M.M.); (A.I.S.)
- Department of Faculty Surgery and Urology, Ivanovo State Medical Academy (ISMA), 153012 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Philipp K. Morshnev
- United Physicochemical Centre of Solutions, G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (ISC RAS), 153045 Ivanovo, Russia; (N.L.S.); (P.K.M.)
- Institute of Macroheterocyclic Compounds, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT), 153012 Ivanovo, Russia; (O.I.K.); (A.V.L.); (T.V.K.); (D.B.B.)
| | - Oscar I. Koifman
- Institute of Macroheterocyclic Compounds, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT), 153012 Ivanovo, Russia; (O.I.K.); (A.V.L.); (T.V.K.); (D.B.B.)
| | - Alex V. Lyubimtsev
- Institute of Macroheterocyclic Compounds, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT), 153012 Ivanovo, Russia; (O.I.K.); (A.V.L.); (T.V.K.); (D.B.B.)
| | - Tatyana V. Kustova
- Institute of Macroheterocyclic Compounds, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT), 153012 Ivanovo, Russia; (O.I.K.); (A.V.L.); (T.V.K.); (D.B.B.)
| | - Dmitry B. Berezin
- Institute of Macroheterocyclic Compounds, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT), 153012 Ivanovo, Russia; (O.I.K.); (A.V.L.); (T.V.K.); (D.B.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cruz A, Condinho M, Carvalho B, Arraiano CM, Pobre V, Pinto SN. The Two Weapons against Bacterial Biofilms: Detection and Treatment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1482. [PMID: 34943694 PMCID: PMC8698905 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are defined as complex aggregates of bacteria that grow attached to surfaces or are associated with interfaces. Bacteria within biofilms are embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix made of polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins. It is recognized that bacterial biofilms are responsible for the majority of microbial infections that occur in the human body, and that biofilm-related infections are extremely difficult to treat. This is related with the fact that microbial cells in biofilms exhibit increased resistance levels to antibiotics in comparison with planktonic (free-floating) cells. In the last years, the introduction into the market of novel compounds that can overcome the resistance to antimicrobial agents associated with biofilm infection has slowed down. If this situation is not altered, millions of lives are at risk, and this will also strongly affect the world economy. As such, research into the identification and eradication of biofilms is important for the future of human health. In this sense, this article provides an overview of techniques developed to detect and imaging biofilms as well as recent strategies that can be applied to treat biofilms during the several biofilm formation steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cruz
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuel Condinho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.C.); (B.C.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Beatriz Carvalho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.C.); (B.C.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Cecília M. Arraiano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.C.); (B.C.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Vânia Pobre
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.C.); (B.C.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Sandra N. Pinto
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou Y, Wang B, Wang Q, Tang L, Zou P, Zeng Z, Zhang H, Gong L, Li W. Protective Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Lac16 on Clostridium perfringens Infection-Associated Injury in IPEC-J2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212388. [PMID: 34830269 PMCID: PMC8620398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) causes intestinal injury through overgrowth and the secretion of multiple toxins, leading to diarrhea and necrotic enteritis in animals, including pigs, chickens, and sheep. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) Lac16 on C. perfringens infection-associated injury in intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The results showed that L. plantarum Lac16 significantly inhibited the growth of C. perfringens, which was accompanied by a decrease in pH levels. In addition, L. plantarum Lac16 significantly elevated the mRNA expression levels of host defense peptides (HDPs) in IPEC-J2 cells, decreased the adhesion of C. perfringens to IPEC-J2 cells, and attenuated C. perfringens-induced cellular cytotoxicity and intestinal barrier damage. Furthermore, L. plantarum Lac16 significantly suppressed C. perfringens-induced gene expressions of proinflammatory cytokines and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in IPEC-J2 cells. Moreover, L. plantarum Lac16 preincubation effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of p65 caused by C. perfringens infection. Collectively, probiotic L. plantarum Lac16 exerts protective effects against C. perfringens infection-associated injury in IPEC-J2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Peng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zihan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Huihua Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China;
| | - Li Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China;
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (W.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ziental D, Mlynarczyk DT, Czarczynska-Goslinska B, Lewandowski K, Sobotta L. Photosensitizers Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation against Fungi. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112883. [PMID: 34835655 PMCID: PMC8621466 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Superficial and systemic fungal infections are essential problems for the modern health care system. One of the challenges is the growing resistance of fungi to classic antifungals and the constantly increasing cost of therapy. These factors force the scientific world to intensify the search for alternative and more effective methods of treatment. This paper presents an overview of new fungal inactivation methods using Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT). The results of research on compounds from the groups of phenothiazines, xanthanes, porphyrins, chlorins, porphyrazines, and phthalocyanines are presented. An intensive search for a photosensitizer with excellent properties is currently underway. The formulation based on the existing ones is also developed by combining them with nanoparticles and common antifungal therapy. Numerous studies indicate that fungi do not form any specific defense mechanism against PACT, which deems it a promising therapeutic alternative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ziental
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Konrad Lewandowski
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Lukasz Sobotta
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.Z.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Roudbary M, Vahedi-Shahandashti R, Santos ALSD, Roudbar Mohammadi S, Aslani P, Lass-Flörl C, Rodrigues CF. Biofilm formation in clinically relevant filamentous fungi: a therapeutic challenge. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:197-221. [PMID: 34358430 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1950121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are highly-organized microbial communities attached to a biotic or an abiotic surface, surrounded by an extracellular matrix secreted by the biofilm-forming cells. The majority of fungal pathogens contribute to biofilm formation within tissues or biomedical devices, leading to serious and persistent infections. The clinical significance of biofilms relies on the increased resistance to conventional antifungal therapies and suppression of the host immune system, which leads to invasive and recurrent fungal infections. While different features of yeast biofilms are well-described in the literature, the structural and molecular basis of biofilm formation of clinically related filamentous fungi has not been fully addressed. This review aimed to address biofilm formation in clinically relevant filamentous fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Roudbary
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Department of General Microbiology, Microbiology Institute Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | | | - Peyman Aslani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Okamoto I, Miyaji H, Miyata S, Shitomi K, Sugaya T, Ushijima N, Akasaka T, Enya S, Saita S, Kawasaki H. Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Photodynamic Activities of Lysozyme-Au Nanoclusters/Rose Bengal Conjugates. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9279-9290. [PMID: 33842797 PMCID: PMC8028138 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) utilizes reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen (1O2) and free radicals via photosensitizers, which are light and light-sensitive agents, to reduce bacterial infections. It has been utilized as a treatment for dental diseases in place of antibiotic therapies. However, aPDT does not always cause the desired therapeutic effect due to the instability of organic photosensitizers and the formation of bacterial biofilms. To promote the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of aPDT, we have proposed a lysozyme (Lys)-gold nanoclusters (Au NCs)/rose bengal (Lys-Au NCs/RB) conjugate as a novel photosensitizer. This conjugate was found to effectively impede the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria when exposed to white light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation. The photoexcited Lys-Au NCs/RB showed significantly higher antibacterial activity than photoexcited Lys-Au NCs or RB alone. The synergistic effect is a result of the combination of Lys (an antibacterial protein) and enhanced 1O2 generation related to resonance energy transfer (RET) in the Au NCs/RB conjugate. Photoexcited Lys-Au NCs/RB increased the effects of aPDT in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the photoexcited Lys-Au NCs/RB successfully decreased Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. However, in contrast, it did not have a negative effect on the proliferation, adhesion, or spread of mammalian cells, indicating low cytotoxicity. Lys-Au NCs/RB is a novel photosensitizer with low cytotoxicity that is capable of bacterial inactivation and the suppression of biofilm formation, and could help to improve dental treatments in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichie Okamoto
- Department
of Periodontology and Endodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Miyaji
- Department
of Periodontology and Endodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan
| | - Saori Miyata
- Department
of Periodontology and Endodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan
| | - Kanako Shitomi
- Division
of Periodontology and Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu-cho, Ishikari-gun, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sugaya
- Department
of Periodontology and Endodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan
| | - Natsumi Ushijima
- Support
Section for Education and Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University,
N13 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Akasaka
- Department
of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan
| | - Satoshi Enya
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials
and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8689, Japan
| | - Satoshi Saita
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials
and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8689, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials
and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8689, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Warrier A, Mazumder N, Prabhu S, Satyamoorthy K, Murali TS. Photodynamic therapy to control microbial biofilms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102090. [PMID: 33157331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms thrive in well-organized biofilm ecosystems. Biofilm-associated cells typically show increased resistance to antibiotics and contribute significantly to treatment failure. This has prompted investigations aimed at developing advanced and novel antimicrobial approaches that could effectively overcome the shortcomings associated with conventional antibiotic therapy. Studies are ongoing to develop effective curative strategies ranging from the use of peptides, small molecules, nanoparticles to bacteriophages, sonic waves, and light energy targeting various structural and physiological aspects of biofilms. In photodynamic therapy, a light source of a specific wavelength is used to irradiate non-toxic photosensitizers such as tetrapyrroles, synthetic dyes or, naturally occurring compounds to generate reactive oxygen species that can exert a lethal effect on the microbe especially by disrupting the biofilm. The photosensitizer preferentially binds to and accumulates in the microbial cells without causing any damage to the host tissue. Currently, photodynamic therapy is increasingly being used for the treatment of oral caries and dental plaque, chronic wound infections, infected diabetic foot ulcers, cystic fibrosis, chronic sinusitis, implant device-associated infections, etc. This approach is recognized as safe, as it is non-toxic and minimally invasive, making it a reliable, realistic, and promising therapeutic strategy for reducing the microbial burden and biofilm formation in chronic infections. In this review article, we discuss the current and future potential strategies of utilizing photodynamic therapy to extend our ability to impede and eliminate biofilms in various medical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Warrier
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudharshan Prabhu
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Thokur Sreepathy Murali
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cwalinski T, Polom W, Marano L, Roviello G, D’Angelo A, Cwalina N, Matuszewski M, Roviello F, Jaskiewicz J, Polom K. Methylene Blue-Current Knowledge, Fluorescent Properties, and Its Future Use. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3538. [PMID: 33147796 PMCID: PMC7693951 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue is a fluorescent dye discovered in 1876 and has since been used in different scientific fields. Only recently has methylene blue been used for intraoperative fluorescent imaging. Here, the authors review the emerging role of methylene blue, not only as a dye used in clinical practice, but also as a fluorophore in a surgical setting. We discuss the promising potential of methylene blue together with the challenges and limitations among specific surgical techniques. A literature review of PubMed and Medline was conducted based on the historical, current and future usage of methylene blue within the field of medicine. We reviewed not only the current usage of methylene blue, but we also tried to grasp its' function as a fluorophore in five main domains. These domains include the near-infrared imaging visualization of ureters, parathyroid gland identification, pancreatic tumors imaging, detection of breast cancer tumor margins, as well as breast cancer sentinel node biopsy. Methylene blue is used in countless clinical procedures with a relatively low risk for patients. Usage of its fluorescent properties is still at an early stage and more pre-clinical, as well as clinical research, must be performed to fully understand its potentials and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Cwalinski
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (T.C.); (J.J.)
| | - Wojciech Polom
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (W.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Luigi Marano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Unit of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, University of Siena, 53-100 Siena, Italy; (L.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Giandomenico Roviello
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Alberto D’Angelo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Natalia Cwalina
- Department of Pediatrics Ascension St. John Children’s Hospital, Detroit, MI 48236, USA;
| | - Marcin Matuszewski
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (W.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Franco Roviello
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Unit of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, University of Siena, 53-100 Siena, Italy; (L.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Janusz Jaskiewicz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (T.C.); (J.J.)
| | - Karol Polom
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (T.C.); (J.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gomez S, Tsung A, Hu Z. Current Targets and Bioconjugation Strategies in Photodynamic Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer. Molecules 2020; 25:E4964. [PMID: 33121022 PMCID: PMC7662882 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) are emerging, non/minimally invasive techniques for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Both techniques require a photosensitizer and light to visualize or destroy cancer cells. However, a limitation of conventional, non-targeted PDT is poor selectivity, causing side effects. The bioconjugation of a photosensitizer to a tumor-targeting molecule, such as an antibody or a ligand peptide, is a way to improve selectivity. The bioconjugation strategy can generate a tumor-targeting photosensitizer conjugate specific for cancer cells, or ideally, for multiple tumor compartments to improve selectivity and efficacy, such as cancer stem cells and tumor neovasculature within the tumor microenvironment. If successful, such targeted photosensitizer conjugates can also be used for specific visualization and detection of cancer cells and/or tumor angiogenesis (an early event in tumorigenesis) with the hope of an early diagnosis of cancer. The purpose of this review is to summarize some current promising target molecules, e.g., tissue factor (also known as CD142), and the currently used bioconjugation strategies in PDT and PDD, with a focus on newly developed protein photosensitizers. These are genetically engineered photosensitizers, with the possibility of generating a fusion protein photosensitizer by recombinant DNA technology for both PDT and PDD without the need of chemical conjugation. We believe that providing an overview of promising targets and bioconjugation strategies will aid in driving research in this field forward towards more effective, less toxic, and non- or minimally invasive treatment and diagnosis options for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Gomez
- The James-Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Surgical Oncology Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.G.); (A.T.)
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 370 W 9th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- The James-Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Surgical Oncology Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Zhiwei Hu
- The James-Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Surgical Oncology Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.G.); (A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dharmaratne P, Sapugahawatte DN, Wang B, Chan CL, Lau KM, Lau CB, Fung KP, Ng DK, Ip M. Contemporary approaches and future perspectives of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A systematic review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112341. [PMID: 32505848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causing skin and soft tissue infections in both the community and healthcare settings challenges the limited options of effective antibiotics and motivates the search for alternative therapeutic solutions, such as antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). While many publications have described the promising anti-bacterial activities of PDT in vitro, its applications in vivo and in the clinic have been very limited. This limited availability may in part be due to variabilities in the selected photosensitizing agents (PS), the variable testing conditions used to examine anti-bacterial activities and their effectiveness in treating MRSA infections. We thus sought to systematically review and examine the evidence from existing studies on aPDT associated with MRSA and to critically appraise its current state of development and areas to be addressed in future studies. In 2018, we developed and registered a review protocol in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with registration No: CRD42018086736. Three bibliographical databases were consulted (PUBMED, MEDLINE, and EMBASE), and a total of 113 studies were included in this systematic review based on our eligibility criteria. Many variables, such as the use of a wide range of solvents, pre-irradiation times, irradiation times, light sources and light doses, have been used in the methods reported by researchers, which significantly affect the inter-study comparability and results. On another note, new approaches of linking immunoglobulin G (IgG), antibodies, efflux pump inhibitors, and bacteriophages with photosensitizers (PSs) and the incorporation of PSs into nano-scale delivery systems exert a direct effect on improving aPDT. Enhanced activities have also been achieved by optimizing the physicochemical properties of the PSs, such as the introduction of highly lipophilic, poly-cationic and site-specific modifications of the compounds. However, few in vivo studies (n = 17) have been conducted to translate aPDT into preclinical studies. We anticipate that further standardization of the experimental conditions and assessing the efficacy in vivo would allow this technology to be further applied in preclinical trials, so that aPDT would develop to become a sustainable, alternative therapeutic option against MRSA infection in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanga Dharmaratne
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China.
| | | | - Baiyan Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China.
| | - Chung Lap Chan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kit-Man Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.
| | - Clara Bs Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kwok Pui Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China; CUHK-Zhejiang University Joint Laboratory on Natural Products and Toxicology Research, China.
| | - Dennis Kp Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maya R, Ladeira LLC, Maya JEP, Mail LMG, Bussadori SK, Paschoal MAB. The Combination of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy and Photobiomodulation Therapy for the Treatment of Palatal Ulcers: A Case Report. J Lasers Med Sci 2020; 11:228-233. [PMID: 32273968 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2020.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: One of the unexpected side effects of the Haas type palatal expander is ulcers progressing to necrotic lesions in the palatal area due to poor hygiene. The use of antibiotic therapy is mandatory. However, long periods of healing/pain and the need for a systemic host response with the aid of metabolization, especially in children, are issues that should be taken into account in the management of this type of injury. Since phototherapy modalities (antimicrobial photodynamic therapy [aPDT] and photobiomodulation therapy [PBMT]) are able to enhance and accelerate the healing process and reduce the bacterial load, this case report aimed to describe the use of the above-mentioned therapies to treat palatal ulcers occurring during orthodontic expansion. Case Report: The patient, a 10-year-old boy, with a chief complaint of bleeding and continuous pain in the region of his expander was verified on a follow-up visit. After a dental examination, the expander was removed and two necrotic lesions which were in contact with the acrylic part of the tooth-tissue expander were found in the palatal region. The proposal was to use one aPDT session with methylene blue followed by 4 sessions of PBMT with a red laser diode. On the 5th day, reorganized tissue was verified, with the absence of bleeding, swelling, and pain. On the 20th day of follow-up, the area showed no signs of inflammation, healthy tissue without any pathological clinical symptoms, and complete wound healing. Conclusion: The concomitant use of PBMT and aPDT therapies may be considered feasible as an adjunct treatment to manage palatal ulcers resulting from the incorrect use of tooth-tissue types of expanders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Maya
- Florence Institute of Superior Teaching, São Luís - MA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Benini Paschoal
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Galo ÍDC, Carvalho JA, Santos JLMC, Braoios A, Prado RP. The ineffectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the absence of preincubation of the microorganisms in the photosensitizer. FISIOTERAPIA EM MOVIMENTO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-5918.033.ao04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: Considering its potential as an alternative therapy to combat multiresistant bacteria, photodynamic therapy has been improved and better studied in recent years, and determining its optimized application patterns is important. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the action of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy mediated by methylene blue in the absence of preincubation of infectious agents in the photosensitizer. Method: Standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used, which was or was not submitted to two methylene blue concentrations (0.1 μg/mL and 500 mg/mL) applied alone or in combination with a variety of red laser emission parameters (660 nm); in both cases, the streak was performed immediately after mixing between the photosensitizer and the solution containing the bacteria. Results: In the dishes with only methylene blue application neither antibacterial was produced, nor inhibition at the application points of the photodynamic therapy in the case of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, in the cultures of Staphylococcus aureus in which laser emission was associated with the concentration of 500 mg/mL of the photosensitizer, inhibition was present at the laser application points. Conclusion: The time of exposure to the photosensitizer prior to the application of phototherapy seems to be an essential factor for the optimized action of photodynamic therapy, especially in the case of Gram-negative bacteria.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mei L, Zhu S, Yin W, Chen C, Nie G, Gu Z, Zhao Y. Two-dimensional nanomaterials beyond graphene for antibacterial applications: current progress and future perspectives. Theranostics 2020; 10:757-781. [PMID: 31903149 PMCID: PMC6929992 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The marked augment of drug-resistance to traditional antibiotics underlines the crying need for novel replaceable antibacterials. Research advances have revealed the considerable sterilization potential of two-dimension graphene-based nanomaterials. Subsequently, two-dimensional nanomaterials beyond graphene (2D NBG) as novel antibacterials have also demonstrated their power for disinfection due to their unique physicochemical properties and good biocompatibility. Therefore, the exploration of antibacterial mechanisms of 2D NBG is vital to manipulate antibacterials for future applications. Herein, we summarize the recent research progress of 2D NBG-based antibacterial agents, starting with a detailed introduction of the relevant antibacterial mechanisms, including direct contact destruction, oxidative stress, photo-induced antibacterial, control drug/metallic ions releasing, and the multi-mode synergistic antibacterial. Then, the effect of the physicochemical properties of 2D NBG on their antibacterial activities is also discussed. Additionally, a summary of the different kinds of 2D NBG is given, such as transition-metal dichalcogenides/oxides, metal-based compounds, nitride-based nanomaterials, black phosphorus, transition metal carbides, and nitrides. Finally, we rationally analyze the current challenges and new perspectives for future study of more effective antibacterial agents. This review not only can help researchers grasp the current status of 2D NBG antibacterials, but also may catalyze breakthroughs in this fast-growing field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linqiang Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenyan Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gao X, Yin H, Sun J. Preoperative irrigation and vacuum sealing drainage with antibiotic-containing drainage fluid of foot and ankle wounds improves outcome of reconstructive skin flap surgery. J Orthop Surg Res 2019; 14:374. [PMID: 31747959 PMCID: PMC6869274 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives By observing the infection and soft tissue defect on the wound surface of the foot and ankle, this paper attempts to explore the effect of preoperative irrigation and vacuum sealing drainage with antibiotic-containing drainage fluid (abPI-VSD) on the bacterial quantity and the local inflammatory response at the flap, and further to provide a basis for applying this technique before a reconstructive skin flap surgery of foot and ankle wounds. Methods Seventy-five patients were randomly divided into two groups, and all surgeries were done by one physician. The flap reconstructions were done to 31 cases with the abPI-VSD being used (group A); the flap reconstructions were done to the rest 44 cases after wound cleaning using antibiotic irrigation solution without the use of the abPI-VSD (group B). Quantitative bacteriology was made to group A before and after the use of abPI-VSD; quantitative bacteriology was made to group B before and after wound cleaning. Then, the reconstructive skin flap surgery was done. After the surgeries, the time of local inflammatory response at the flap in both groups were recorded. The measured bacterial quantity was evaluated in logarithm and by t test. Results The bacterial quantity was 3.2 ± 1.9 × 107 cfu/g in group A before the use of abPI-VSD and 2.3 ± 2.0 × 107 in group B (P > 0.05) before debridement. The bacterial quantity was 1.2 ± 2.0 × 104 cfu/g in group A after abPI-VSD and was 2.9 ± 4.0 × 106 in group B after wound cleaning (P < 0.05). The time of postoperative inflammatory response in the flap was 8 ± 2.5 days in group A and 13 ± 3.4 days in group B (P < 0.05). Conclusions abPI-VSD can distinctly reduce the bacterial quantity on the surface of the wound, provide a good condition of tissue bed for the flap reconstruction, and effectively control the local inflammatory response at the flap and hence improve the survival quality of the flap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Qingdao University, Qingdao City, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailei Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, No.971 Hospital of the People Liberation Army, 22 Min-Jiang Rd, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jixia Sun
- Department of foot and hand trauma surgery, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, City, 266071, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fu TK, Ng SK, Chen YE, Lee YC, Demeter F, Herczeg M, Borbás A, Chiu CH, Lan CY, Chen CL, Chang MDT. Rhamnose Binding Protein as an Anti-Bacterial Agent-Targeting Biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17060355. [PMID: 31207891 PMCID: PMC6628293 DOI: 10.3390/md17060355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 80% of infectious bacteria form biofilm, which is a bacterial cell community surrounded by secreted polysaccharides, proteins and glycolipids. Such bacterial superstructure increases resistance to antimicrobials and host defenses. Thus, to control these biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria requires antimicrobial agents with novel mechanisms or properties. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, is a model strain to study biofilm development and correlation between biofilm formation and infection. In this study, a recombinant hemolymph plasma lectin (rHPLOE) cloned from Taiwanese Tachypleus tridentatus was expressed in an Escherichia coli system. This rHPLOE was shown to have the following properties: (1) Binding to P. aeruginosa PA14 biofilm through a unique molecular interaction with rhamnose-containing moieties on bacteria, leading to reduction of extracellular di-rhamnolipid (a biofilm regulator); (2) decreasing downstream quorum sensing factors, and inhibiting biofilm formation; (3) dispersing the mature biofilm of P. aeruginosa PA14 to improve the efficacies of antibiotics; (4) reducing P. aeruginosa PA14 cytotoxicity to human lung epithelial cells in vitro and (5) inhibiting P. aeruginosa PA14 infection of zebrafish embryos in vivo. Taken together, rHPLOE serves as an anti-biofilm agent with a novel mechanism of recognizing rhamnose moieties in lipopolysaccharides, di-rhamnolipid and structural polysaccharides (Psl) in biofilms. Thus rHPLOE links glycan-recognition to novel anti-biofilm strategies against pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Kai Fu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Simpson Biotech Co., Ltd., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Sim-Kun Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-En Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Chuan Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, ML 21218, USA.
| | - Fruzsina Demeter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary (F.D.).
| | - Mihály Herczeg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary (F.D.).
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary (F.D.).
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Yu Lan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Chyi-Liang Chen
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Margaret Dah-Tsyr Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tan Y, Cheng Q, Yang H, Li H, Gong N, Liu D, Wu J, Lei X. Effects of ALA-PDT on biofilm structure, virulence factor secretion, and QS in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
21
|
Jiang S, Ma BC, Huang W, Kaltbeitzel A, Kizisavas G, Crespy D, Zhang KAI, Landfester K. Visible light active nanofibrous membrane for antibacterial wound dressing. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2018; 3:439-446. [PMID: 32254131 DOI: 10.1039/c8nh00021b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wound infections, especially due to the emergence of multidrug resistance in bacteria, require the urgent development of alternative antibacterial therapies. Here, we developed a new class of hydrogel nanofibrous membranes that show visible light-induced disinfection. The presented photocatalytic disinfection is based on the generation of reactive singlet oxygen from a conjugated microporous polymer upon visible light irradiation. Therefore, sustained protection of the wound area can be provided in the presence of visible light. Fabrication of the photoactive wound dressing consists of first synthesizing photoactive conjugated microporous polymer nanoparticles by miniemulsion polymerization and subsequently embedding the nanoparticles in polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel nanofibers by colloid-electrospinning. The fibers were then crosslinked in glutaraldehyde/HCl vapor to be water-insoluble. This nanoparticle-in-nanofiber structure allows for a flexible combination of the properties of the nanoparticles and supporting nanofibers. The disinfecting properties of the membranes were evaluated with the inactivation of Escherichia coli K-12 and Bacillus subtilis as model systems of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as the inhibition of biofilm growth under irradiation of visible light. Cytotoxicity tests on fibroblast cells revealed a high cytocompatibility of the membranes. Furthermore, the good mechanical properties of the membranes allow for their facile removal after use and prevent the leakage of the embedded nanoparticles into the wound, making the photoactive hydrogel membranes a promising candidate for active wound dressing materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Munaweera I, Shaikh S, Maples D, Nigatu AS, Sethuraman SN, Ranjan A, Greenberg DE, Chopra R. Temperature-sensitive liposomal ciprofloxacin for the treatment of biofilm on infected metal implants using alternating magnetic fields. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 34:189-200. [PMID: 29498309 PMCID: PMC6034688 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1422028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Implants are commonly used as a replacement for damaged tissue. Many implants, such as pacemakers, chronic electrode implants, bone screws, and prosthetic joints, are made of or contain metal. Infections are one of the difficult to treat complications associated with metal implants due to the formation of biofilm, a thick aggregate of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by the bacteria. In this study, we treated a metal prosthesis infection model using a combination of ciprofloxacin-loaded temperature-sensitive liposomes (TSL) and alternating magnetic fields (AMF). AMF heating is used to disrupt the biofilm and release the ciprofloxacin-loaded TSL. The three main objectives of this study were to (1) investigate low- and high-temperature-sensitive liposomes (LTSLs and HTSLs) containing the antimicrobial agent ciprofloxacin for temperature-mediated antibiotic release, (2) characterise in vitro ciprofloxacin release and stability and (3) study the efficacy of combining liposomal ciprofloxacin with AMF against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms grown on metal washers. The release of ciprofloxacin from LTSL and HTSL was assessed in physiological buffers. Results demonstrated a lower transition temperature for both LTSL and HTSL formulations when incubated in serum as compared with PBS, with a more pronounced impact on the HTSLs. Upon combining AMF with temperature-sensitive liposomal ciprofloxacin, a 3 log reduction in CFU of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in biofilm was observed. Our initial studies suggest that AMF exposure on metal implants can trigger release of antibiotic from temperature sensitive liposomes for a potent bactericidal effect on biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imalka Munaweera
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sumbul Shaikh
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Danny Maples
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Adane S. Nigatu
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | | | - Ashish Ranjan
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - David E. Greenberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rajiv Chopra
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rahman SU, Mosca RC, Govindool Reddy S, Nunez SC, Andreana S, Mang TS, Arany PR. Learning from clinical phenotypes: Low-dose biophotonics therapies in oral diseases. Oral Dis 2018; 24:261-276. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- SU Rahman
- Oral Biology; School of Dental Medicine; University at Buffalo; Buffalo NY USA
| | - RC Mosca
- Oral Biology; School of Dental Medicine; University at Buffalo; Buffalo NY USA
- Energetic and Nuclear Research Institute; Radiation Technology Center; São Paulo Brazil
| | - S Govindool Reddy
- Oral Biology; School of Dental Medicine; University at Buffalo; Buffalo NY USA
| | - SC Nunez
- Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering; Universidade Brasil; São Paulo Brazil
| | - S Andreana
- Restorative and Implant Dentistry; School of Dental Medicine; University at Buffalo; Buffalo NY USA
| | - TS Mang
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; School of Dental Medicine; University at Buffalo; Buffalo NY USA
| | - PR Arany
- Oral Biology; School of Dental Medicine; University at Buffalo; Buffalo NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Miyata S, Miyaji H, Kawasaki H, Yamamoto M, Nishida E, Takita H, Akasaka T, Ushijima N, Iwanaga T, Sugaya T. Antimicrobial photodynamic activity and cytocompatibility of Au 25(Capt) 18 clusters photoexcited by blue LED light irradiation. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:2703-2716. [PMID: 28435253 PMCID: PMC5388257 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s131602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has beneficial effects in dental treatment. We applied captopril-protected gold (Au25(Capt)18) clusters as a novel photosensitizer for aPDT. Photoexcited Au clusters under light irradiation generated singlet oxygen (1O2). Accordingly, the antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of Au25(Capt)18 clusters under dental blue light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation were evaluated. 1O2 generation of Au25(Capt)18 clusters under blue LED irradiation (420–460 nm) was detected by a methotrexate (MTX) probe. The antimicrobial effects of photoexcited Au clusters (0, 5, 50, and 500 μg/mL) on oral bacterial cells, such as Streptococcus mutans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, were assessed by morphological observations and bacterial growth experiments. Cytotoxicity testing of Au clusters and blue LED irradiation was then performed against NIH3T3 and MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, the biological performance of Au clusters (500 μg/mL) was compared to an organic dye photosensitizer, methylene blue (MB; 10 and 100 μg/mL). We confirmed the 1O2 generation ability of Au25(Capt)18 clusters through the fluorescence spectra of oxidized MTX. Successful application of photoexcited Au clusters to aPDT was demonstrated by dose-dependent decreases in the turbidity of oral bacterial cells. Morphological observation revealed that application of Au clusters stimulated destruction of bacterial cell walls and inhibited biofilm formation. Aggregation of Au clusters around bacterial cells was fluorescently observed. However, photoexcited Au clusters did not negatively affect the adhesion, spreading, and proliferation of mammalian cells, particularly at lower doses. In addition, application of Au clusters demonstrated significantly better cytocompatibility compared to MB. We found that a combination of Au25(Capt)18 clusters and blue LED irradiation exhibited good antimicrobial effects through 1O2 generation and biosafe characteristics, which is desirable for aPDT in dentistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saori Miyata
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo
| | - Hirofumi Miyaji
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita-shi, Osaka
| | - Masaki Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita-shi, Osaka
| | - Erika Nishida
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo
| | - Hiroko Takita
- Support Section for Education and Research, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine
| | - Tsukasa Akasaka
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Materials and Engineering, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Natsumi Ushijima
- Support Section for Education and Research, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sugaya
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva ACA, Marcos CM, Assato PA, de Melo WCMA, de Oliveira HC, Costa-Orlandi CB, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Antifungal Therapy: New Advances in the Understanding and Treatment of Mycosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:36. [PMID: 28167935 PMCID: PMC5253656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The high rates of morbidity and mortality caused by fungal infections are associated with the current limited antifungal arsenal and the high toxicity of the compounds. Additionally, identifying novel drug targets is challenging because there are many similarities between fungal and human cells. The most common antifungal targets include fungal RNA synthesis and cell wall and membrane components, though new antifungal targets are being investigated. Nonetheless, fungi have developed resistance mechanisms, such as overexpression of efflux pump proteins and biofilm formation, emphasizing the importance of understanding these mechanisms. To address these problems, different approaches to preventing and treating fungal diseases are described in this review, with a focus on the resistance mechanisms of fungi, with the goal of developing efficient strategies to overcoming and preventing resistance as well as new advances in antifungal therapy. Due to the limited antifungal arsenal, researchers have sought to improve treatment via different approaches, and the synergistic effect obtained by the combination of antifungals contributes to reducing toxicity and could be an alternative for treatment. Another important issue is the development of new formulations for antifungal agents, and interest in nanoparticles as new types of carriers of antifungal drugs has increased. In addition, modifications to the chemical structures of traditional antifungals have improved their activity and pharmacokinetic parameters. Moreover, a different approach to preventing and treating fungal diseases is immunotherapy, which involves different mechanisms, such as vaccines, activation of the immune response and inducing the production of host antimicrobial molecules. Finally, the use of a mini-host has been encouraging for in vivo testing because these animal models demonstrate a good correlation with the mammalian model; they also increase the speediness of as well as facilitate the preliminary testing of new antifungal agents. In general, many years are required from discovery of a new antifungal to clinical use. However, the development of new antifungal strategies will reduce the therapeutic time and/or increase the quality of life of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Scorzoni
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Ana C A de Paula E Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Caroline M Marcos
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Patrícia A Assato
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Wanessa C M A de Melo
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Haroldo C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Caroline B Costa-Orlandi
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Maria J S Mendes-Giannini
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli with cationic meso-tetraarylporphyrins – The charge number and charge distribution effects. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
27
|
Becker SC, Roach DR, Chauhan VS, Shen Y, Foster-Frey J, Powell AM, Bauchan G, Lease RA, Mohammadi H, Harty WJ, Simmons C, Schmelcher M, Camp M, Dong S, Baker JR, Sheen TR, Doran KS, Pritchard DG, Almeida RA, Nelson DC, Marriott I, Lee JC, Donovan DM. Triple-acting Lytic Enzyme Treatment of Drug-Resistant and Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25063. [PMID: 27121552 PMCID: PMC4848530 DOI: 10.1038/srep25063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant bacteria are a persistent problem in modern health care, food safety and animal health. There is a need for new antimicrobials to replace over used conventional antibiotics. Here we describe engineered triple-acting staphylolytic peptidoglycan hydrolases wherein three unique antimicrobial activities from two parental proteins are combined into a single fusion protein. This effectively reduces the incidence of resistant strain development. The fusion protein reduced colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in a rat nasal colonization model, surpassing the efficacy of either parental protein. Modification of a triple-acting lytic construct with a protein transduction domain significantly enhanced both biofilm eradication and the ability to kill intracellular S. aureus as demonstrated in cultured mammary epithelial cells and in a mouse model of staphylococcal mastitis. Interestingly, the protein transduction domain was not necessary for reducing the intracellular pathogens in cultured osteoblasts or in two mouse models of osteomyelitis, highlighting the vagaries of exactly how protein transduction domains facilitate protein uptake. Bacterial cell wall degrading enzyme antimicrobials can be engineered to enhance their value as potent therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Shen
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of MD, Rockville, MD, USA.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of MD, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Gary Bauchan
- ARS, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chad Simmons
- ARS, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | - Mary Camp
- ARS, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Shengli Dong
- Biochemistry, Univ. Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John R Baker
- Biochemistry, Univ. Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Kelly S Doran
- Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel C Nelson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of MD, Rockville, MD, USA.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of MD, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ian Marriott
- Biology, Univ. North Carolina, Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Jean C Lee
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Action of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on heterotypic biofilm: Candida albicans and Bacillus atrophaeus. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:605-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
29
|
Girardot M, Imbert C. Novel strategies against Candida biofilms: interest of synthetic compounds. Future Microbiol 2015; 11:69-79. [PMID: 26673571 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A biofilm is a consortium of microbial cells that are attached to a substratum or an interface. It should be considered a reservoir that may induce serious infections. Indeed, Candidaspp. biofilms may be involved in the persistence or worsening of some chronic inflammatory diseases as well as in systemic infections, which may lead to high morbidity and mortality rates. New strategies are currently being explored, utilizing several synthetic compounds to prevent or fight these Candida biofilms. This article focuses on active synthetic compounds classified with regards to their modes of action: inhibition of early adherence phase, inhibition or control of biofilm maturation and finally elimination of already formed biofilms. Some of them show promise in fighting biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Girardot
- EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Bâtiment D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Imbert
- EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Bâtiment D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Seyedmousavi S, Hashemi SJ, Rezaie S, Fateh M, Djavid GE, Zibafar E, Morsali F, Zand N, Alinaghizadeh M, Ataie-Fashtami L. Effects of low-level laser irradiation on the pathogenicity of Candida albicans: in vitro and in vivo study. Photomed Laser Surg 2015; 32:322-9. [PMID: 24905928 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2012.3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) on the in vitro growth characteristics and in vivo pathogenicity of Candida albicans in a murine model in the absence of a photosensitizer. BACKGROUND DATA C. albicans is an opportunistic commensal organism that causes a wide variety of diseases in human beings, ranging from superficial infections to life-threatening invasive candidiasis. The incidence of C. albicans infection is increasing, because of the greater frequency of acquired immunodeficiency conditions. A high recurrence rate has been reported for vulvovaginal and oral candidiasis, despite the best available treatments. Therefore, the search for new treatment modalities seems quite rational. METHODS Candida culture plates were exposed to common clinical energies of LLLI: 3, 5, 10, and 20 J at 685 nm (BTL Laser 5000, Medicinos Projektai, Czech Republic, Prague, max power output 50 mW) and 3, 5, 10, 30, and 50 J at 830 nm (BTL Laser 5000, Medicinos Projektai, Czech Republic, Prague, max power output 400 mW). RESULTS Following LLLI with energies >10 J at both 685 and 830 nm wavelengths, statistically significant effects were observed in vitro on the turbidimetric growth kinetics of C. albicans and in vivo on the survival rate of infected mice (p value ≤ 0.05). Therefore, this energy could be considered a threshold for clinical investigation. CONCLUSIONS Translating our data into the clinical setting, it can be proposed that a direct laser-based approach without using a photosensitizing dye can significantly reduce the pathogenicity of Candida albicans. It can also be concluded that laser light at specific wavelengths could be a possible promising novel treatment for superficial and mucocutaneous C. albicans infections.
Collapse
|
31
|
Fraix A, Blangetti M, Guglielmo S, Lazzarato L, Marino N, Cardile V, Graziano ACE, Manet I, Fruttero R, Gasco A, Sortino S. Light-Tunable Generation of Singlet Oxygen and Nitric Oxide with a Bichromophoric Molecular Hybrid: a Bimodal Approach to Killing Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:1371-9. [PMID: 26537319 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, photochemical properties, and biological evaluation of a novel photoactivatable bichromophoric conjugate are reported. The compound 1, [4-(4,4-difluoro-2,6-diiodo-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacen-8-yl)-N-(3-((4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)propyl)butanamide] combines a 2,6-diiodo-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl BODIPY derivative as singlet oxygen ((1) O2 ) photosensitizer and 4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (NOPD) as nitric oxide (NO) photodonor, joined by an alkyl spacer. These two chromogenic units absorb in distinct regions of the visible spectrum, and their individual photochemical properties are conserved in the molecular conjugate. Irradiation of the bichromophoric conjugate with green light afforded (1) O2 in high quantum yields, whereas (1) O2 production was negligible with the use of blue light; under this latter condition, NO was released. Photogeneration of NO and cytotoxic (1) O2 can therefore be regulated by appropriately tuning the excitation light wavelength and intensity. Tested on melanoma cancer cells, this resulted in amplified photomortality relative to that of a structurally correlated model compound 2 [4-(4,4-difluoro-2,6-diiodo-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacen-8-yl)-N-(3-(p-tolylamino)propyl)butanamide] deprived of the NO-release capacity. The cellular uptake of 1, evaluated by confocal fluorescence microscopy, showed that the product is localized in the cytoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Fraix
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Blangetti
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Guglielmo
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Nino Marino
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Bio-Medical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Division, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana C E Graziano
- Department of Bio-Medical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Division, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Ilse Manet
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività-CNR, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Fruttero
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Alberto Gasco
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sortino
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Černáková L, Chupáčová J, Židlíková K, Bujdáková H. Effectiveness of the Photoactive Dye Methylene Blue versus Caspofungin on the Candida parapsilosis Biofilm in vitro and ex vivo. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1181-90. [PMID: 26095792 DOI: 10.1111/php.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This research studied the effectiveness of the photoactive compound methylene blue (MB) activated with red LED light (576-672 nm) compared to that of caspofungin (CAS) on 1 Candida albicans and 3 Candida parapsilosis strains. Results were evaluated in terms of SMIC50 for CAS or in PDI (photodynamic inactivation)-SMIC50 for MB (minimal inhibitory concentration inhibiting sessile biofilm to 50% in comparison to the control without CAS or after irradiation in comparison to the control without MB). While all strains were susceptible to CAS in planktonic form, the SMIC50 was determined to be >16 μg mL(-1) when CAS was added to a 24 h biofilm. However, PDI-MIC50s (1.67 mW cm(-2) , fluence 15 J cm(-2) ) were 0.0075-0.03 mmol L(-1) . For biofilm, PDI-SMIC50s were in the range from 0.7 to 1.35 mmol L(-1) . MB concentration of 1 mmol L(-1) prevented a biofilm being formed ex vivo on mouse tongues after irradiation regardless of the application time, in contrast to CAS, which was only effective at a concentration of 16 μg mL(-1) when it was added at the beginning of biofilm formation. PDI seems to be a promising method for the prevention of microbial biofilms that do not respond significantly to conventional drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Černáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslava Chupáčová
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Židlíková
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Helena Bujdáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Biel MA. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for treatment of biofilm-based infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 831:119-36. [PMID: 25384666 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09782-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merrill A Biel
- Ear, Nose and Throat Specialty Care of MN, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chau NPT, Chung NH, Jeon JG. Relationships between the antibacterial activity of sodium hypochlorite and treatment time and biofilm age in earlyEnterococcus faecalisbiofilms. Int Endod J 2014; 48:782-9. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. P. T. Chau
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience; BK21 Plus Program; School of Dentistry; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju Korea
| | - N. H. Chung
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience; BK21 Plus Program; School of Dentistry; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju Korea
| | - J. G. Jeon
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience; BK21 Plus Program; School of Dentistry; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tabenski L, Maisch T, Santarelli F, Hiller KA, Schmalz G. Individual growth detection of bacterial species in an in vitro oral polymicrobial biofilm model. Arch Microbiol 2014; 196:819-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-014-1021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
36
|
Jiang Y, Kong Q, Roland KL, Wolf A, Curtiss R. Multiple effects of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 on growth, biofilm formation, and inflammation cytokines profile of Clostridium perfringens type A strain CP4. Pathog Dis 2014; 70:390-400. [PMID: 24532573 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an important Gram-positive pathogen responsible for food poisoning, necrotic enteritis, gas gangrene, and even death. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is a well-characterized probiotic strain with demonstrated benefits. In this study, we evaluated the effects of EcN on growth, toxin production, biofilm formation, and inflammatory cytokine responses of C. perfringens. In vitro co-culture experiments demonstrated that EcN inhibited growth, gas production, and toxin production (α-toxin and NetB) of C. perfringens in a dose-dependent manner. The growth inhibition effect was not observed when C. perfringens was incubated with EcN cell-free supernatants (CFSE), suggesting that growth inhibition was caused by nutrition competition during co-incubation. In vitro studies demonstrated that pre-incubation with EcN did not inhibit C. perfringens attachment to Caco-2 cells, but did reduce C. perfringens total number, toxin production, and cytotoxicity after 24 h. The similar growth inhibition results were also observed during the formation of C. perfringens biofilm. Finally, pre-incubation of EcN with RAW264.7 cells significantly decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines caused by the introduction of C. perfringens. Our results indicate that EcN can inhibit many of the pathological effects of C. perfringens in vitro conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Jiang
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
de Melo WCMA, Avci P, de Oliveira MN, Gupta A, Vecchio D, Sadasivam M, Chandran R, Huang YY, Yin R, Perussi LR, Tegos GP, Perussi JR, Dai T, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic inactivation of biofilm: taking a lightly colored approach to stubborn infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 11:669-93. [PMID: 23879608 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.811861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are responsible for a variety of microbial infections in different parts of the body, such as urinary tract infections, catheter infections, middle-ear infections, gingivitis, caries, periodontitis, orthopedic implants, and so on. The microbial biofilm cells have properties and gene expression patterns distinct from planktonic cells, including phenotypic variations in enzymic activity, cell wall composition and surface structure, which increase the resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial treatments. There is consequently an urgent need for new approaches to attack biofilm-associated microorganisms, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) may be a promising candidate. aPDT involves the combination of a nontoxic dye and low-intensity visible light which, in the presence of oxygen, produces cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. It has been demonstrated that many biofilms are susceptible to aPDT, particularly in dental disease. This review will focus on aspects of aPDT that are designed to increase efficiency against biofilms modalities to enhance penetration of photosensitizer into biofilm, and a combination of aPDT with biofilm-disrupting agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa C M A de Melo
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gonzales FP, Felgenträger A, Bäumler W, Maisch T. Fungicidal photodynamic effect of a twofold positively charged porphyrin against Candida albicans planktonic cells and biofilms. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:785-97. [PMID: 23701333 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is an interesting alternative for the treatment of superficial mucocutaneous mycoses. In immunodeficient patients, these infections are frequently recurrent and resistant to the most commonly used antifungal medications. Candida albicans biofilms frequently cause such infections that can even evolve to deep-seated mycoses. MATERIALS & METHODS The efficiency of a photodynamic therapy was investigated against C. albicans using a twofold positively charged porphyrin (XF-73) in comparison with the well-known fourfold positively charged porphyrin (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine, tetra-p-tosylate salt). RESULTS After incubation with 0.5 µM of XF-73 for 15 min and irradiation with blue light (12.1 J/cm(2)), the viability of C. albicans planktonic cells decreased by over 6 log10. For biofilm cells, a longer incubation time (4 h) with 1 µM of XF-73 and a light dose of 48.2 J/cm(2) was necessary to achieve over 5 log10 cell killing. Cell killing was mediated by singlet oxygen that was directly detected via its luminescence at 1270 nm in XF-73-incubated C. albicans biofilms for the first time. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy yielded better results for XF-73 compared with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine, tetra-p-tosylate salt when using the same conditions. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that XF-73 is a highly efficient photosensitizer to kill C. albicans and it would be worthwhile to test this photosensitizer in clinical studies for both prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by this microorganism, preventing the spread of C. albicans throughout the bloodstream.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pereira Gonzales
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yin R, Dai T, Avci P, Jorge AES, de Melo WCMA, Vecchio D, Huang YY, Gupta A, Hamblin MR. Light based anti-infectives: ultraviolet C irradiation, photodynamic therapy, blue light, and beyond. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:731-62. [PMID: 24060701 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance, researchers are investigating alternative anti-infective strategies to which it is supposed microorganisms will be unable to develop resistance. Prominent among these strategies, is a group of approaches which rely on light to deliver the killing blow. As is well known, ultraviolet light, particularly UVC (200-280 nm), is germicidal, but it has not been much developed as an anti-infective approach until recently, when it was realized that the possible adverse effects to host tissue were relatively minor compared to its high activity in killing pathogens. Photodynamic therapy is the combination of non-toxic photosensitizing dyes with harmless visible light that together produce abundant destructive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Certain cationic dyes or photosensitizers have good specificity for binding to microbial cells while sparing host mammalian cells and can be used for treating many localized infections, both superficial and even deep-seated by using fiber optic delivered light. Many microbial cells are highly sensitive to killing by blue light (400-470 nm) due to accumulation of naturally occurring photosensitizers such as porphyrins and flavins. Near infrared light has also been shown to have antimicrobial effects against certain species. Clinical applications of these technologies include skin, dental, wound, stomach, nasal, toenail and other infections which are amenable to effective light delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Garcia VG, Gualberto Júnior EC, Fernandes LA, Bosco AF, Hitomi Nagata MJ, Casatti CA, Ervolino E, Theodoro LH. Adjunctive Antimicrobial Photodynamic Treatment of Experimentally Induced Periodontitis in Rats With Ovariectomy. J Periodontol 2013; 84:556-65. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
41
|
Calzavara-Pinton PG, Rossi MT, Sala R, The Italian Group for Photodynamic Therapy. A retrospective analysis of real-life practice of off-label photodynamic therapy using methyl aminolevulinate (MAL-PDT) in 20 Italian dermatology departments. Part 2: Oncologic and infectious indications. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:158-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25125f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
42
|
Ali SE, Thoen E, Vrålstad T, Kristensen R, Evensen Ø, Skaar I. Development and reproduction of Saprolegnia species in biofilms. Vet Microbiol 2012; 163:133-41. [PMID: 23313324 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Saprolegnia spp. can cause mortality and economic losses in freshwater fish and eggs. Biofilm formation is generally regarded as a virulence factor, and biofilms can be an important cause of infection recurrence. Evidence of persistent sources of Saprolegnia infections on fish and eggs in fish farms support the assumption that Saprolegnia spp. might be able to form biofilms. In this study, we aimed to test the ability of Saprolegnia to form biofilms where it can survive, reproduce and resist different chemicals used for its control. Naturally formed biofilms were obtained from laboratory aquaria. Saprolegnia growth within these biofilms was demonstrated with light microscopy and confirmed by isolation. Isolates were identified morphologically and molecularly on the basis of ITS-sequences. Two isolates were identified as Saprolegnia parasitica, a species known to be highly pathogenic for fish, while the other belonged to S. australis. Selected Saprolegnia strains obtained from natural biofilms were then used to establish simple methods for in vitro induction of Saprolegnia biofilm. The ability of Saprolegnia isolates to form biofilms with subsequent production of infective motile zoospores within the biofilm was documented by light and confocal laser scanning microscopy. We demonstrate for the first time that isolates of S. parasitica and S. australis can form biofilm communities together with multiple microorganisms, wherein they grow and reproduce. It is therefore likely that natural biofilms constitute incessant Saprolegnia reservoirs in nature and aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa E Ali
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tanaka M, Mroz P, Dai T, Huang L, Morimoto Y, Kinoshita M, Yoshihara Y, Nemoto K, Shinomiya N, Seki S, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy can induce a protective innate immune response against murine bacterial arthritis via neutrophil accumulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39823. [PMID: 22761911 PMCID: PMC3383702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Local microbial infections induced by multiple-drug-resistant bacteria in the orthopedic field can be intractable, therefore development of new therapeutic modalities is needed. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative modality to antibiotics for intractable microbial infections, and we recently reported that PDT has the potential to accumulate neutrophils into the infected site which leads to resolution of the infection. PDT for cancer has long been known to be able to stimulate the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, a murine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) arthritis model using bioluminescent MRSA and polystyrene microparticles was established, and both the therapeutic (Th-PDT) and preventive (Pre-PDT) effects of PDT using methylene blue as photosensitizer were examined. Although Th-PDT could not demonstrate direct bacterial killing, neutrophils were accumulated into the infectious joint space after PDT and MRSA arthritis was reduced. With the preconditioning Pre-PDT regimen, neutrophils were quickly accumulated into the joint immediately after bacterial inoculation and bacterial growth was suppressed and the establishment of infection was inhibited. Conclusions/Significance This is the first demonstration of a protective innate immune response against a bacterial pathogen produced by PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Tanaka
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liyi Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuji Morimoto
- Department of Integrated Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (YM); (MRH)
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshihara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koichi Nemoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrated Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Suhji Seki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YM); (MRH)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Vilela SFG, Junqueira JC, Barbosa JO, Majewski M, Munin E, Jorge AOC. Photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilms by malachite green and phenothiazine dyes: An in vitro study. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:704-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
45
|
Dai T, Fuchs BB, Coleman JJ, Prates RA, Astrakas C, St Denis TG, Ribeiro MS, Mylonakis E, Hamblin MR, Tegos GP. Concepts and principles of photodynamic therapy as an alternative antifungal discovery platform. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:120. [PMID: 22514547 PMCID: PMC3322354 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic fungal pathogens may cause superficial or serious invasive infections, especially in immunocompromised and debilitated patients. Invasive mycoses represent an exponentially growing threat for human health due to a combination of slow diagnosis and the existence of relatively few classes of available and effective antifungal drugs. Therefore systemic fungal infections result in high attributable mortality. There is an urgent need to pursue and deploy novel and effective alternative antifungal countermeasures. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was established as a successful modality for malignancies and age-related macular degeneration but photodynamic inactivation has only recently been intensively investigated as an alternative antimicrobial discovery and development platform. The concept of photodynamic inactivation requires microbial exposure to either exogenous or endogenous photosensitizer molecules, followed by visible light energy, typically wavelengths in the red/near infrared region that cause the excitation of the photosensitizers resulting in the production of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species that react with intracellular components, and consequently produce cell inactivation and death. Antifungal PDT is an area of increasing interest, as research is advancing (i) to identify the photochemical and photophysical mechanisms involved in photoinactivation; (ii) to develop potent and clinically compatible photosensitizers; (iii) to understand how photoinactivation is affected by key microbial phenotypic elements multidrug resistance and efflux, virulence and pathogenesis determinants, and formation of biofilms; (iv) to explore novel photosensitizer delivery platforms; and (v) to identify photoinactivation applications beyond the clinical setting such as environmental disinfectants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Contact-free inactivation of Candida albicans biofilms by cold atmospheric air plasma. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4242-7. [PMID: 22467505 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07235-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the main species able to form a biofilm on almost any surface, causing both skin and superficial mucosal infections. The worldwide increase in antifungal resistance has led to a decrease in the efficacy of standard therapies, prolonging treatment time and increasing health care costs. Therefore, the aim of this work was to demonstrate the applicability of atmospheric plasma at room temperature for inactivating C. albicans growing in biofilms without thermally damaging heat-sensitive materials. This so-called cold atmospheric plasma is produced by applying high voltage to accelerate electrons, which ionize the surrounding air, leading to the production of charged particles, reactive species, and photons. A newly developed plasma device was used, which exhibits a large plasma-generating surface area of 9 by 13 cm (117 cm(2)). Different time points were selected to achieve an optimum inactivation efficacy range of ≥3 log(10) to 5 log(10) reduction in CFU per milliliter, and the results were compared with those of 70% ethanol. The results obtained show that contact-free antifungal inactivation of Candida biofilms by cold atmospheric plasma is a promising tool for disinfection of surfaces (and items) in both health care settings and the food industry, where ethanol disinfection should be avoided.
Collapse
|
47
|
Vera DMA, Haynes MH, Ball AR, Dai T, Astrakas C, Kelso MJ, Hamblin MR, Tegos GP. Strategies to potentiate antimicrobial photoinactivation by overcoming resistant phenotypes. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:499-511. [PMID: 22242675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Conventional antimicrobial strategies have become increasingly ineffective due to the emergence of multidrug resistance among pathogenic microorganisms. The need to overcome these deficiencies has triggered the exploration of alternative treatments and unconventional approaches towards controlling microbial infections. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was originally established as an anticancer modality and is currently used in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. The concept of photodynamic inactivation requires cell exposure to light energy, typically wavelengths in the visible region that causes the excitation of photosensitizer molecules either exogenous or endogenous, which results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS produce cell inactivation and death through modification of intracellular components. The versatile characteristics of PDT prompted its investigation as an anti-infective discovery platform. Advances in understanding of microbial physiology have shed light on a series of pathways, and phenotypes that serve as putative targets for antimicrobial drug discovery. Investigations of these phenotypic elements in concert with PDT have been reported focused on multidrug efflux systems, biofilms, virulence and pathogenesis determinants. In many instances the results are promising but only preliminary and require further investigation. This review discusses the different antimicrobial PDT strategies and highlights the need for highly informative and comprehensive discovery approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Mariano Adolfo Vera
- Department of Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pereira Gonzales F, Maisch T. Photodynamic inactivation for controlling Candida albicans infections. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
49
|
Snell SB, Foster TH, Haidaris CG. Miconazole induces fungistasis and increases killing of Candida albicans subjected to photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 88:596-603. [PMID: 22077904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous and mucocutaneous Candida infections are considered to be important targets for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT). Clinical application of antimicrobial PDT will require strategies that enhance microbial killing while minimizing damage to host tissue. Increasing the sensitivity of infectious agents to PDT will help achieve this goal. Our previous studies demonstrated that raising the level of oxidative stress in Candida by interfering with fungal respiration increased the efficiency of PDT. Therefore, we sought to identify compounds in clinical use that would augment the oxidative stress caused by PDT by contributing to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation themselves. Based on the ability of the antifungal miconazole to induce ROS in Candida, we tested several azole antifungals for their ability to augment PDT in vitro. Although miconazole and ketoconazole both stimulated ROS production in Candida albicans, only miconazole enhanced the killing of C. albicans and induced prolonged fungistasis in organisms that survived PDT using the porphyrin TMP-1363 and the phenothiazine methylene blue as photosensitizers. The data suggest that miconazole could be used to increase the efficacy of PDT against C. albicans, and its mechanism of action is likely to be multifactorial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Snell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
St Denis TG, Dai T, Izikson L, Astrakas C, Anderson RR, Hamblin MR, Tegos GP. All you need is light: antimicrobial photoinactivation as an evolving and emerging discovery strategy against infectious disease. Virulence 2011; 2:509-20. [PMID: 21971183 DOI: 10.4161/viru.2.6.17889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The story of prevention and control of infectious diseases remains open and a series of highly virulent pathogens are emerging both in and beyond the hospital setting. Antibiotics were an absolute success story for a previous era. The academic and industrial biomedical communities have now come together to formulate consensus beliefs regarding the pursuit of novel and effective alternative anti-infective countermeasures. Photodynamic therapy was established and remains a successful modality for malignancies but photodynamic inactivation has been transformed recently to an antimicrobial discovery and development platform. The concept of photodynamic inactivation is quite straightforward and requires microbial exposure to visible light energy, typically wavelengths in the visible region, that causes the excitation of photosensitizer molecules (either exogenous or endogenous), which results in the production of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species that react with intracellular components, and consequently produce cell inactivation. It is an area of increasing interest, as research is advancing i) to identify the photochemical and photophysical mechanisms involved in inactivation; ii) to develop potent and clinically compatible photosensitizer; iii) to understand how photoinactivation is affected by key microbial phenotypic elements (multidrug resistance and efflux, virulence and pathogenesis determinants, biofilms); iv) to explore novel delivery platforms inspired by current trends in pharmacology and nanotechnology; and v) to identify photoinactivation applications beyond the clinical setting such as environmental disinfectants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G St Denis
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|