1
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Wu SZ, Chaves AM, Li R, Roberts AW, Bezanilla M. Cellulose synthase-like D movement in the plasma membrane requires enzymatic activity. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202212117. [PMID: 37071416 PMCID: PMC10120407 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202212117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose Synthase-Like D (CSLD) proteins, important for tip growth and cell division, are known to generate β-1,4-glucan. However, whether they are propelled in the membrane as the glucan chains they produce assemble into microfibrils is unknown. To address this, we endogenously tagged all eight CSLDs in Physcomitrium patens and discovered that they all localize to the apex of tip-growing cells and to the cell plate during cytokinesis. Actin is required to target CSLD to cell tips concomitant with cell expansion, but not to cell plates, which depend on actin and CSLD for structural support. Like Cellulose Synthase (CESA), CSLD requires catalytic activity to move in the plasma membrane. We discovered that CSLD moves significantly faster, with shorter duration and less linear trajectories than CESA. In contrast to CESA, CSLD movement was insensitive to the cellulose synthesis inhibitor isoxaben, suggesting that CSLD and CESA function within different complexes possibly producing structurally distinct cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zon Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Arielle M. Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Rongrong Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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2
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Harchouni S, England S, Vieu J, Romand S, Aouane A, Citerne S, Legeret B, Alric J, Li-Beisson Y, Menand B, Field B. Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) accumulation inhibits chloroplast gene expression and promotes super grana formation in the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:86-98. [PMID: 35715975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotides guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate (or (p)ppGpp) are implicated in the regulation of chloroplast function in plants. (p)ppGpp signalling is best understood in the model vascular plant Arabidopsis thaliana in which it acts to regulate plastid gene expression to influence photosynthesis, plant development and immunity. However, little information is known about the conservation or diversity of (p)ppGpp signalling in other land plants. We studied the function of ppGpp in the moss Physcomitrium (previously Physcomitrella) patens using an inducible system for triggering ppGpp accumulation. We used this approach to investigate the effects of ppGpp on chloroplast function, photosynthesis and growth. We demonstrate that ppGpp accumulation causes a dramatic drop in photosynthetic capacity by inhibiting chloroplast gene expression. This was accompanied by the unexpected reorganisation of the thylakoid system into super grana. Surprisingly, these changes did not affect gametophore growth, suggesting that bryophytes and vascular plants may have different tolerances to defects in photosynthesis. Our findings point to the existence of both highly conserved and more specific targets of (p)ppGpp signalling in the land plants that may reflect different growth strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seddik Harchouni
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Samantha England
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Vieu
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Shanna Romand
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Aicha Aouane
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille (IBDM), 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Bertrand Legeret
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, 13108, France
| | - Jean Alric
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, 13108, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, 13108, France
| | - Benoît Menand
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Field
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
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3
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Li X, Chaves AM, Dees DCT, Mansoori N, Yuan K, Speicher TL, Norris JH, Wallace IS, Trindade LM, Roberts AW. Cellulose synthesis complexes are homo-oligomeric and hetero-oligomeric in Physcomitrium patens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2115-2130. [PMID: 35022793 PMCID: PMC8968406 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The common ancestor of seed plants and mosses contained homo-oligomeric cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs) composed of identical subunits encoded by a single CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) gene. Seed plants use different CESA isoforms for primary and secondary cell wall deposition. Both primary and secondary CESAs form hetero-oligomeric CSCs that assemble and function in planta only when all the required isoforms are present. The moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens has seven CESA genes that can be grouped into two functionally and phylogenetically distinct classes. Previously, we showed that PpCESA3 and/or PpCESA8 (class A) together with PpCESA6 and/or PpCESA7 (class B) form obligate hetero-oligomeric complexes required for normal secondary cell wall deposition. Here, we show that gametophore morphogenesis requires a member of class A, PpCESA5, and is sustained in the absence of other PpCESA isoforms. PpCESA5 also differs from the other class A PpCESAs as it is able to self-interact and does not co-immunoprecipitate with other PpCESA isoforms. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that homo-oligomeric CSCs containing only PpCESA5 subunits synthesize cellulose required for gametophore morphogenesis. Analysis of mutant phenotypes also revealed that, like secondary cell wall deposition, normal protonemal tip growth requires class B isoforms (PpCESA4 or PpCESA10), along with a class A partner (PpCESA3, PpCESA5, or PpCESA8). Thus, P. patens contains both homo-oligomeric and hetero-oligomeric CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tori L Speicher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Joanna H Norris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Burris JN, Makarem M, Slabaugh E, Chaves A, Pierce ET, Lee J, Kiemle SN, Kwansa AL, Singh A, Yingling YG, Roberts AW, Kim SH, Haigler CH. Phenotypic effects of changes in the FTVTxK region of an Arabidopsis secondary wall cellulose synthase compared with results from analogous mutations in other isoforms. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e335. [PMID: 34386691 PMCID: PMC8341023 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding protein structure and function relationships in cellulose synthase (CesA), including divergent isomers, is an important goal. Here, we report results from mutant complementation assays that tested the ability of sequence variants of AtCesA7, a secondary wall CesA of Arabidopsis thaliana, to rescue the collapsed vessels, short stems, and low cellulose content of the irx3-1 AtCesA7 null mutant. We tested a catalytic null mutation and seven missense or small domain changes in and near the AtCesA7 FTVTSK motif, which lies near the catalytic domain and may, analogously to bacterial CesA, exist within a substrate "gating loop." A low-to-high gradient of rescue occurred, and even inactive AtCesA7 had a small positive effect on stem cellulose content but not stem elongation. Overall, secondary wall cellulose content and stem length were moderately correlated, but the results were consistent with threshold amounts of cellulose supporting particular developmental processes. Vibrational sum frequency generation microscopy allowed tissue-specific analysis of cellulose content in stem xylem and interfascicular fibers, revealing subtle differences between selected genotypes that correlated with the extent of rescue of the collapsing xylem phenotype. Similar tests on PpCesA5 from the moss Physcomitrium (formerly Physcomitrella) patens helped us to synergize the AtCesA7 results with prior results on AtCesA1 and PpCesA5. The cumulative results show that the FTVTxK region is important for the function of an angiosperm secondary wall CesA as well as widely divergent primary wall CesAs, while differences in complementation results between isomers may reflect functional differences that can be explored in further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N. Burris
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Mohamadamin Makarem
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Erin Slabaugh
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Arielle Chaves
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
| | - Ethan T. Pierce
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Jongcheol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Sarah N. Kiemle
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Albert L. Kwansa
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Yaroslava G. Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
| | - Seong H. Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Candace H. Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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5
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Galotto G, Bibeau JP, Vidali L. Automated Image Acquisition and Morphological Analysis of Cell Growth Mutants in Physcomitrella patens. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 1992:307-322. [PMID: 31148047 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9469-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
This protocol describes the automated imaging and a quantitative analysis of the morphology of small plants from the moss Physcomitrella patens. This method can be used for the analysis of growth phenotypes produced by transient RNA interference or for the analysis of stable mutant plants. Furthermore, we describe how to acquire higher resolution images via the acquisition of a collection of multiple overlapping tiles from the same image. Information is presented to guide the investigator in the choice of vectors and basic conditions to perform transient RNA interference in moss. Detailed directions and examples for fluorescence image acquisition of small regenerating moss plants are provided. Instructions for stitching image tiles and for using an ImageJ-based macro for the quantitative morphological analysis of moss plants are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galotto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Bibeau
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
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6
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Rathnayake KN, Nelson S, Seeve C, Oliver MJ, Koster KL. Acclimation and endogenous abscisic acid in the moss Physcomitrella patens during acquisition of desiccation tolerance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:317-329. [PMID: 30525218 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The moss Physcomitrella patens has been used as a model organism to study the induction of desiccation tolerance (DT), but links between dehydration rate, the accumulation of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and DT remain unclear. In this study, we show that prolonged acclimation of P. patens at 89% relative humidity (RH) [-16 MPa] can induce tolerance of desiccation at 33% RH (-153 MPa) in both protonema and gametophore stages. During acclimation, significant endogenous ABA accumulation occurred after 1 day in gametophores and after 2 days in protonemata. Physcomitrella patens expressing the ABA-inducible EARLY METHIONINE promoter fused to a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) reporter gene revealed a mostly uniform distribution of the CFP increasing throughout the tissues during acclimation. DT was measured by day 6 of acclimation in gametophores, but not until 9 days of acclimation for protonemata. These results suggest that endogenous ABA accumulating when moss cells experience moderate water loss requires sufficient time to induce the changes that permit cells to survive more severe desiccation. These results provide insight for ongoing studies of how acclimation induces metabolic changes to enable DT in P. patens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumudu N Rathnayake
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| | - Sven Nelson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetics Research Unit, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Candace Seeve
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetics Research Unit, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Melvin J Oliver
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetics Research Unit, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Karen L Koster
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
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7
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Li X, Speicher TL, Dees D, Mansoori N, McManus JB, Tien M, Trindade LM, Wallace IS, Roberts AW. Convergent evolution of hetero-oligomeric cellulose synthesis complexes in mosses and seed plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:862-876. [PMID: 31021018 PMCID: PMC6711812 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In seed plants, cellulose is synthesized by rosette-shaped cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs) that are obligate hetero-oligomeric, comprising three non-interchangeable cellulose synthase (CESA) isoforms. The moss Physcomitrella patens has rosette CSCs and seven CESAs, but its common ancestor with seed plants had rosette CSCs and a single CESA gene. Therefore, if P. patens CSCs are hetero-oligomeric, then CSCs of this type evolved convergently in mosses and seed plants. Previous gene knockout and promoter swap experiments showed that PpCESAs from class A (PpCESA3 and PpCESA8) and class B (PpCESA6 and PpCESA7) have non-redundant functions in secondary cell wall cellulose deposition in leaf midribs, whereas the two members of each class are redundant. Based on these observations, we proposed the hypothesis that the secondary class A and class B PpCESAs associate to form hetero-oligomeric CSCs. Here we show that transcription of secondary class A PpCESAs is reduced when secondary class B PpCESAs are knocked out and vice versa, as expected for genes encoding isoforms that occupy distinct positions within the same CSC. The class A and class B isoforms co-accumulate in developing gametophores and co-immunoprecipitate, suggesting that they interact to form a complex in planta. Finally, secondary PpCESAs interact with each other, whereas three of four fail to self-interact when expressed in two different heterologous systems. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that obligate hetero-oligomeric CSCs evolved independently in mosses and seed plants and we propose the constructive neutral evolution hypothesis as a plausible explanation for convergent evolution of hetero-oligomeric CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
| | - Tori L. Speicher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Dianka Dees
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nasim Mansoori
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - John B. McManus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Luisa M. Trindade
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ian S. Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
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8
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Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Chaves AM, Singh A, Sethaphong L, Slabaugh E, Yingling YG, Haigler CH, Roberts AW. Cellulose synthase 'class specific regions' are intrinsically disordered and functionally undifferentiated. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:481-497. [PMID: 29380536 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthases (CESAs) are glycosyltransferases that catalyze formation of cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls. Seed plant CESA isoforms cluster in six phylogenetic clades, whose non-interchangeable members play distinct roles within cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs). A 'class specific region' (CSR), with higher sequence similarity within versus between functional CESA classes, has been suggested to contribute to specific activities or interactions of different isoforms. We investigated CESA isoform specificity in the moss, Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B. S. G. to gain evolutionary insights into CESA structure/function relationships. Like seed plants, P. patens has oligomeric rosette-type CSCs, but the PpCESAs diverged independently and form a separate CESA clade. We showed that P. patens has two functionally distinct CESAs classes, based on the ability to complement the gametophore-negative phenotype of a ppcesa5 knockout line. Thus, non-interchangeable CESA classes evolved separately in mosses and seed plants. However, testing of chimeric moss CESA genes for complementation demonstrated that functional class-specificity is not determined by the CSR. Sequence analysis and computational modeling showed that the CSR is intrinsically disordered and contains predicted molecular recognition features, consistent with a possible role in CESA oligomerization and explaining the evolution of class-specific sequences without selection for class-specific function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess R Scavuzzo-Duggan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Arielle M Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Latsavongsakda Sethaphong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Erin Slabaugh
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Candace H Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Alison W Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
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9
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Direct observation of the effects of cellulose synthesis inhibitors using live cell imaging of Cellulose Synthase (CESA) in Physcomitrella patens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:735. [PMID: 29335590 PMCID: PMC5768717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from live cell imaging of fluorescently tagged Cellulose Synthase (CESA) proteins in Cellulose Synthesis Complexes (CSCs) have enhanced our understanding of cellulose biosynthesis, including the mechanisms of action of cellulose synthesis inhibitors. However, this method has been applied only in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brachypodium distachyon thus far. Results from freeze fracture electron microscopy of protonemal filaments of the moss Funaria hygrometrica indicate that a cellulose synthesis inhibitor, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB), fragments CSCs and clears them from the plasma membrane. This differs from Arabidopsis, in which DCB causes CSC accumulation in the plasma membrane and a different cellulose synthesis inhibitor, isoxaben, clears CSCs from the plasma membrane. In this study, live cell imaging of the moss Physcomitrella patens indicated that DCB and isoxaben have little effect on protonemal growth rates, and that only DCB causes tip rupture. Live cell imaging of mEGFP-PpCESA5 and mEGFP-PpCESA8 showed that DCB and isoxaben substantially reduced CSC movement, but had no measureable effect on CSC density in the plasma membrane. These results suggest that DCB and isoxaben have similar effects on CSC movement in P. patens and Arabidopsis, but have different effects on CSC intracellular trafficking, cell growth and cell integrity in these divergent plant lineages.
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10
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Nixon BT, Mansouri K, Singh A, Du J, Davis JK, Lee JG, Slabaugh E, Vandavasi VG, O’Neill H, Roberts EM, Roberts AW, Yingling YG, Haigler CH. Comparative Structural and Computational Analysis Supports Eighteen Cellulose Synthases in the Plant Cellulose Synthesis Complex. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28696. [PMID: 27345599 PMCID: PMC4921827 DOI: 10.1038/srep28696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A six-lobed membrane spanning cellulose synthesis complex (CSC) containing multiple cellulose synthase (CESA) glycosyltransferases mediates cellulose microfibril formation. The number of CESAs in the CSC has been debated for decades in light of changing estimates of the diameter of the smallest microfibril formed from the β-1,4 glucan chains synthesized by one CSC. We obtained more direct evidence through generating improved transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and image averages of the rosette-type CSC, revealing the frequent triangularity and average cross-sectional area in the plasma membrane of its individual lobes. Trimeric oligomers of two alternative CESA computational models corresponded well with individual lobe geometry. A six-fold assembly of the trimeric computational oligomer had the lowest potential energy per monomer and was consistent with rosette CSC morphology. Negative stain TEM and image averaging showed the triangularity of a recombinant CESA cytosolic domain, consistent with previous modeling of its trimeric nature from small angle scattering (SAXS) data. Six trimeric SAXS models nearly filled the space below an average FF-TEM image of the rosette CSC. In summary, the multifaceted data support a rosette CSC with 18 CESAs that mediates the synthesis of a fundamental microfibril composed of 18 glucan chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Tracy Nixon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Katayoun Mansouri
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Davis
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jung-Goo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Erin Slabaugh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Hugh O’Neill
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Eric M. Roberts
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Yaroslava G. Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Candace H. Haigler
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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11
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Tran ML, Roberts AW. Cellulose synthase gene expression profiling of Physcomitrella patens. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:362-368. [PMID: 26572930 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose synthase (CESA) gene family of seed plants comprises six clades that encode isoforms with conserved expression patterns and distinct functions in cellulose synthesis complex (CSC) formation and primary and secondary cell wall synthesis. In mosses, which have rosette CSCs like those of seed plants but lack lignified secondary cell walls, the CESA gene family diversified independently and includes no members of the six functionally distinct seed plant clades. There are seven CESA isoforms encoded in the genome of the moss Physcomitrella patens. However, only PpCESA5 has been characterised functionally, and little information is available on the expression of other PpCESA family members. We have profiled PpCESA expression through quantitative RT-PCR, analysis of promoter-reporter lines, and cluster analysis of public microarray data in an effort to identify expression and co-expression patterns that could help reveal the functions of PpCESA isoforms in protein complex formation and development of specific tissues. In contrast to the tissue-specific expression observed for seed plant CESAs, each of the PpCESAs was broadly expressed throughout most developing tissues. Although a few statistically significant differences in expression of PpCESAs were noted when some tissues and hormone treatments were compared, no strong co-expression patterns were observed. Along with CESA phylogenies and lack of single PpCESA mutant phenotypes reported elsewhere, broad overlapping expression of the PpCESAs indicates a high degree of inter-changeability and is consistent with a different pattern of functional specialisation in the evolution of the seed plant and moss CESA families.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - A W Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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Berry EA, Tran ML, Dimos CS, Budziszek MJ, Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Roberts AW. Immuno and Affinity Cytochemical Analysis of Cell Wall Composition in the Moss Physcomitrella patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:248. [PMID: 27014284 PMCID: PMC4781868 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to homeohydric vascular plants, mosses employ a poikilohydric strategy for surviving in the dry aerial environment. A detailed understanding of the structure, composition, and development of moss cell walls can contribute to our understanding of not only the evolution of overall cell wall complexity, but also the differences that have evolved in response to selection for different survival strategies. The model moss species Physcomitrella patens has a predominantly haploid lifecycle consisting of protonemal filaments that regenerate from protoplasts and enlarge by tip growth, and leafy gametophores composed of cells that enlarge by diffuse growth and differentiate into several different types. Advantages for genetic studies include methods for efficient targeted gene modification and extensive genomic resources. Immuno and affinity cytochemical labeling were used to examine the distribution of polysaccharides and proteins in regenerated protoplasts, protonemal filaments, rhizoids, and sectioned gametophores of P. patens. The cell wall composition of regenerated protoplasts was also characterized by flow cytometry. Crystalline cellulose was abundant in the cell walls of regenerating protoplasts and protonemal cells that developed on media of high osmolarity, whereas homogalactuonan was detected in the walls of protonemal cells that developed on low osmolarity media and not in regenerating protoplasts. Mannan was the major hemicellulose detected in all tissues tested. Arabinogalactan proteins were detected in different cell types by different probes, consistent with structural heterogneity. The results reveal developmental and cell type specific differences in cell wall composition and provide a basis for analyzing cell wall phenotypes in knockout mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode IslandKingston, RI, USA
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Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Chaves AM, Roberts AW. A complementation assay for in vivo protein structure/function analysis in Physcomitrella patens (Funariaceae). APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2015; 3:apps1500023. [PMID: 26191463 PMCID: PMC4504723 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1500023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY A method for rapid in vivo functional analysis of engineered proteins was developed using Physcomitrella patens. METHODS AND RESULTS A complementation assay was designed for testing structure/function relationships in cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins. The components of the assay include (1) construction of test vectors that drive expression of epitope-tagged PpCESA5 carrying engineered mutations, (2) transformation of a ppcesa5 knockout line that fails to produce gametophores with test and control vectors, (3) scoring the stable transformants for gametophore production, (4) statistical analysis comparing complementation rates for test vectors to positive and negative control vectors, and (5) analysis of transgenic protein expression by Western blotting. The assay distinguished mutations that generate fully functional, nonfunctional, and partially functional proteins. CONCLUSIONS Compared with existing methods for in vivo testing of protein function, this complementation assay provides a rapid method for investigating protein structure/function relationships in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess R. Scavuzzo-Duggan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Arielle M. Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA
- Author for correspondence:
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D’Orso F, De Leonardis AM, Salvi S, Gadaleta A, Ruberti I, Cattivelli L, Morelli G, Mastrangelo AM. Conservation of AtTZF1, AtTZF2, and AtTZF3 homolog gene regulation by salt stress in evolutionarily distant plant species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:394. [PMID: 26136754 PMCID: PMC4468379 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arginine-rich tandem zinc-finger proteins (RR-TZF) participate in a wide range of plant developmental processes and adaptive responses to abiotic stress, such as cold, salt, and drought. This study investigates the conservation of the genes AtTZF1-5 at the level of their sequences and expression across plant species. The genomic sequences of the two RR-TZF genes TdTZF1-A and TdTZF1-B were isolated in durum wheat and assigned to chromosomes 3A and 3B, respectively. Sequence comparisons revealed that they encode proteins that are highly homologous to AtTZF1, AtTZF2, and AtTZF3. The expression profiles of these RR-TZF durum wheat and Arabidopsis proteins support a common function in the regulation of seed germination and responses to abiotic stress. In particular, analysis of plants with attenuated and overexpressed AtTZF3 indicate that AtTZF3 is a negative regulator of seed germination under conditions of salt stress. Finally, comparative sequence analyses establish that the RR-TZF genes are encoded by lower plants, including the bryophyte Physcomitrella patens and the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The regulation of the Physcomitrella AtTZF1-2-3-like genes by salt stress strongly suggests that a subgroup of the RR-TZF proteins has a function that has been conserved throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio D’Orso
- Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and EconomicsRome, Italy
| | - Anna M. De Leonardis
- Cereal Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and EconomicsFoggia, Italy
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Sergio Salvi
- Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and EconomicsRome, Italy
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, “Aldo Moro” University of BariBari, Italy
| | - Ida Ruberti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- Cereal Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and EconomicsFoggia, Italy
- Genomics Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and EconomicsFiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy
| | - Giorgio Morelli
- Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and EconomicsRome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Anna M. Mastrangelo, Cereal Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, SS 16 Km 675, 71122 Foggia, Italy ; Giorgio Morelli, Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna M. Mastrangelo
- Cereal Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and EconomicsFoggia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Anna M. Mastrangelo, Cereal Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, SS 16 Km 675, 71122 Foggia, Italy ; Giorgio Morelli, Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
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Induced Genetic Variation, TILLING and NGS-Based Cloning. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO BARLEY IMPROVEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-44406-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bibeau JP, Vidali L. Morphological analysis of cell growth mutants in Physcomitrella. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1080:201-13. [PMID: 24132431 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-643-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This protocol describes a quantitative analysis of the morphology of small plants from the moss Physcomitrella patens. The protocol can be used for the analysis of growth phenotypes produced by transient RNA interference or for the analysis of stable mutant plants. Information is presented to guide the investigator in the choice of vectors and basic conditions to perform transient RNA interference in moss. Detailed directions and examples for fluorescence image acquisition of small regenerating moss plants are provided. Instructions for the use of an ImageJ-based macro for quantitative morphological analysis of these plants are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Bibeau
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic institute, Worcester, MA, USA
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Azzabi G, Pinnola A, Betterle N, Bassi R, Alboresi A. Enhancement of non-photochemical quenching in the Bryophyte Physcomitrella patens during acclimation to salt and osmotic stress. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:1815-25. [PMID: 22952250 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought and salt stress are major abiotic constraints affecting plant growth worldwide. Under these conditions, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common phenomenon taking place mainly in chloroplasts, peroxisomes, mitochondria and apoplasts, especially when associated with high light stress. ROS are harmful because of their high reactivity to cell components, thereby leading to cytotoxicity and cell death. During the Ordovician and early Devonian period, photosynthetic organisms colonized terrestrial habitats, and the acquisition of desiccation tolerance has been a major component of their evolution. We have studied the capacity for acclimation to drought and salt stress of the moss Physcomitrella patens, a representative of the early land colonization stage. Exposure to high concentrations of NaCl and sorbitol strongly affects chloroplast development, the Chl content and the thylakoid protein composition in this moss. Under sublethal conditions (0.2 M NaCl and 0.4 M sorbitol), the photosynthetic apparatus of P. patens responds to oxidative stress by increasing non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Surprisingly, the accumulation of PSBS and LHCSR, the two polypeptides essential for NPQ in P. patens, was not up-regulated in these conditions. Rather, an increased NPQ amplitude correlated with the overaccumulation of zeaxanthin and the presence of the enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase. These results suggest that the regulation of excess energy dissipation through control of PSBS and LHCSR is mainly driven by light conditions, while osmotic and salt stress act through acclimative regulation of the xanthophyll cycle. We conclude that regulation of the xanthophyll cycle is an important anticipatory strategy against photoinhibition by high light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi Azzabi
- Università di Verona, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie. Strada le Grazie 15-I, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Goss CA, Brockmann DJ, Bushoven JT, Roberts AW. A CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) gene essential for gametophore morphogenesis in the moss Physcomitrella patens. PLANTA 2012; 235:1355-67. [PMID: 22215046 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In seed plants, different groups of orthologous genes encode the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) proteins that are responsible for cellulose biosynthesis in primary and secondary cell walls. The seven CESA sequences of the moss Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B. S. G. form a monophyletic sister group to seed plant CESAs, consistent with independent CESA diversification and specialization in moss and seed plant lines. The role of PpCESA5 in the development of P. patens was investigated by targeted mutagenesis. The cesa5 knockout lines were tested for cellulose deficiency using carbohydrate-binding module affinity cytochemistry and the morphology of the leafy gametophores was analyzed by 3D reconstruction of confocal images. No defects were identified in the development of the filamentous protonema or in production of bud initials that normally give rise to the leafy gametophores. However, the gametophore buds were cellulose deficient and defects in subsequent cell expansion, cytokinesis, and leaf initiation resulted in the formation of irregular cell clumps instead of leafy shoots. Analysis of the cesa5 knockout phenotype indicates that a biophysical model of organogenesis can be extended to the moss gametophore shoot apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chessa A Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, CBLS, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Dittrich ACN, Devarenne TP. Characterization of a PDK1 homologue from the moss Physcomitrella patens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1018-33. [PMID: 22158524 PMCID: PMC3271739 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.184572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) is a highly conserved eukaryotic kinase that is a central regulator of many AGC kinase subfamily members. Through its regulation of AGC kinases, PDK1 controls many basic cellular processes, from translation to cell survival. While many of these PDK1-regulated processes are conserved across kingdoms, it is not well understood how PDK1 may have evolved within kingdoms. In order to better understand PDK1 evolution within plants, we have isolated and characterized the PDK1 gene from the moss Physcomitrella patens (PpPDK1), a nonvascular representative of early land plants. PpPDK1 is similar to other plant PDK1s in that it can functionally complement a yeast PDK1 knockout line. However, unlike PDK1 from other plants, the P. patens PDK1 protein does not bind phospholipids due to a lack of the lipid-binding pleckstrin homology domain, which is used for lipid-mediated regulation of PDK1 activity. Sequence analysis of several PDK1 proteins suggests that lipid regulation of PDK1 may not commonly occur in algae and nonvascular land plants. PpPDK1 can phosphorylate AGC kinase substrates from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and P. patens at the predicted PDK1 phosphorylation site, indicating that the PpPDK1 substrate phosphorylation site is conserved with higher plants. We have also identified residues within the PpPDK1 kinase domain that affect kinase activity and show that a mutant with highly reduced kinase activity can still confer cell viability in both yeast and P. patens. These studies lay the foundation for further analysis of the evolution of PDK1 within plants.
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