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Gržeta Krpan N, Harej Hrkać A, Janković T, Dolenec P, Bekyarova E, Parpura V, Pilipović K. Chemically Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Prevent the Reduction in Plasmalemmal Glutamate Transporter EAAT1 Expression in, and Increase the Release of Selected Cytokines from, Stretch-Injured Astrocytes in Vitro. Cells 2024; 13:225. [PMID: 38334617 PMCID: PMC10854924 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We tested the effects of water-soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes, chemically functionalized with polyethylene glycol (SWCNT-PEG), on primary mouse astrocytes exposed to a severe in vitro simulated traumatic brain injury (TBI). The application of SWCNT-PEG in the culture media of injured astrocytes did not affect cell damage levels, when compared to those obtained from injured, functionalization agent (PEG)-treated cells. Furthermore, SWCNT-PEG did not change the levels of oxidatively damaged proteins in astrocytes. However, this nanomaterial prevented the reduction in plasmalemmal glutamate transporter EAAT1 expression caused by the injury, rendering the level of EAAT1 on par with that of control, uninjured PEG-treated astrocytes; in parallel, there was no significant change in the levels of GFAP. Additionally, SWCNT-PEG increased the release of selected cytokines that are generally considered to be involved in recovery processes following injuries. As a loss of EAATs has been implicated as a culprit in the suffering of human patients from TBI, the application of SWCNT-PEG could have valuable effects at the injury site, by preventing the loss of astrocytic EAAT1 and consequently allowing for a much-needed uptake of glutamate from the extracellular space, the accumulation of which leads to unwanted excitotoxicity. Additional potential therapeutic benefits could be reaped from the fact that SWCNT-PEG stimulated the release of selected cytokines from injured astrocytes, which would promote recovery after injury and thus counteract the excess of proinflammatory cytokines present in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Gržeta Krpan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Anja Harej Hrkać
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Tamara Janković
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Petra Dolenec
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Elena Bekyarova
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- International Translational Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China;
| | - Kristina Pilipović
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
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2
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Frondelli MJ, Levison SW. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Is Required for Subventricular Zone Astrocyte Progenitor Proliferation and for Prokineticin-2 Production after a Closed Head Injury in Mice. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:285-302. [PMID: 34223558 PMCID: PMC8244521 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrogliosis is one of the hallmarks of brain injury, and after a mild injury activated astrocytes subserve neuroprotective and pro-regenerative functions. We previously found that the astroglial response to closed head injury (CHI) was blunted in mice that were haplodeficient in leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF); therefore, the goal of these studies was to determine if the delayed astrogliosis was due to decreased recruitment of subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitors. CHI's were performed on post-natal day 20 on LIF heterozygous (Het) and wild-type (WT) mice. At 48 h post-CHI, astrocyte progenitor proliferation within the SVZ increased ∼250% in WT mice but was reduced by ∼200% in LIF Het mice compared with sham controls. Using neurospheres to model the SVZ, LIF increased the percentage of proliferating astrocyte progenitors by 2-fold compared with controls but had no effect on neural stem cell proliferation. To rule out the involvement of other cytokines, 105 cytokines were analyzed using a multi-plex array and with targeted validation on injured LIF Het versus WT neocortex. Of the cytokines analyzed, only prokineticin-2 (ProK2) required LIF signaling. Correspondingly, LIF-treated neurospheres expressed higher levels of ProK2, the ProK1 and ProK2 receptors (ProKR1 and ProKR2). Using in situ hybridization, ProK2 messenger RNA (mRNA) was most abundant in neocortical neurons and highly expressed within the SVZ. However, in contrast to LIF, ProK2 decreased astrocyte progenitor proliferation 2-fold. Altogether, these data demonstrate that LIF is necessary for astrocyte progenitor proliferation after injury and reveal a new role for LIF as an essential regulator of the neurotrophic factor ProK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J. Frondelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven W. Levison
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Assessment of the Effects of Stretch-Injury on Primary Rat Microglia. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3545-3560. [PMID: 33763772 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stretch-injury is a prominent force involved in the etiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is known to directly cause damage and dysfunction in neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. However, the deleterious effects of stretch-injury on microglia, the brain's primary immunocompetent cell, are currently unknown. The Cell Injury Controller II (CICII), a validated cellular neurotrauma model, was used to induce a mechanical stretch-injury in primary rat microglia. Statistical analysis utilized Student's t test and one- and two-way ANOVAs with Tukey's and Sidak's multiple comparisons, respectively. Cells exposed to stretch-injury showed no signs of membrane permeability, necrosis, or apoptosis, as measured by media-derived lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cleaved-caspase 3 immunocytochemistry, respectively. Interestingly, injured cells displayed a functional deficit in nitric oxide production (NO), identified by media assay and immunocytochemistry, at 6, 12, 18, and 48 h post-injury. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10, and enzyme arginase-1 was significantly downregulated at 12 h post-injury. Time course evaluation of migration, using a cell exclusion zone assay, showed stretch-injured cells display decreased migration into the exclusion zone at 48- and 72-h post-stretch. Lastly, coinciding with the functional immune deficits was a significant change in morphology, with process length decreasing and cell diameter increasing following an injury at 12 h. Taken together, the data demonstrate that stretch-injury produces significant alterations in microglial function, which may have a marked impact on their response to injury or their interaction with other cells.
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4
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Neurochemical biomarkers in spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2019; 57:819-831. [PMID: 31273298 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-019-0319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is a narrative review of the literature on neurochemical biomarkers in spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVES The objective was to summarize the literature on neurochemical biomarkers in SCI and describe their use in facilitating clinical trials for SCI. Clinical trials in spinal cord injury (SCI) have been notoriously difficult to conduct, as exemplified by the paucity of definitive prospective randomized trials that have been completed, to date. This is related to the relatively low incidence and the complexity and heterogeneity of the human SCI condition. Given the increasing number of promising approaches that are emerging from the laboratory which are vying for clinical evaluation, novel strategies to help facilitate clinical trials are needed. METHODS A literature review was conducted, with a focus on neurochemical biomarkers that have been described in human neurotrauma. RESULTS We describe advances in our understanding of neurochemical biomarkers as they pertain to human SCI. The application of biomarkers from serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been led by efforts in the human traumatic brain injury (TBI) literature. A number of promising biomarkers have been described in human SCI whereby they may assist in stratifying injury severity and predicting outcome. CONCLUSIONS Several time-specific biomarkers have been described for acute SCI and for chronic SCI. These appear promising for stratifying injury severity and potentially predicting outcome. The subsequent application within a clinical trial will help to demonstrate their utility in facilitating the study of novel approaches for SCI.
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Ma K, Deng X, Xia X, Fan Z, Qi X, Wang Y, Li Y, Ma Y, Chen Q, Peng H, Ding J, Li C, Huang Y, Tian C, Zheng JC. Direct conversion of mouse astrocytes into neural progenitor cells and specific lineages of neurons. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:29. [PMID: 30410751 PMCID: PMC6217767 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell replacement therapy has been envisioned as a promising treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the ethical concerns of ESCs-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and tumorigenic potential of iPSCs, reprogramming of somatic cells directly into multipotent NPCs has emerged as a preferred approach for cell transplantation. Methods Mouse astrocytes were reprogrammed into NPCs by the overexpression of transcription factors (TFs) Foxg1, Sox2, and Brn2. The generation of subtypes of neurons was directed by the force expression of cell-type specific TFs Lhx8 or Foxa2/Lmx1a. Results Astrocyte-derived induced NPCs (AiNPCs) share high similarities, including the expression of NPC-specific genes, DNA methylation patterns, the ability to proliferate and differentiate, with the wild type NPCs. The AiNPCs are committed to the forebrain identity and predominantly differentiated into glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal subtypes. Interestingly, additional overexpression of TFs Lhx8 and Foxa2/Lmx1a in AiNPCs promoted cholinergic and dopaminergic neuronal differentiation, respectively. Conclusions Our studies suggest that astrocytes can be converted into AiNPCs and lineage-committed AiNPCs can acquire differentiation potential of other lineages through forced expression of specific TFs. Understanding the impact of the TF sets on the reprogramming and differentiation into specific lineages of neurons will provide valuable strategies for astrocyte-based cell therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangmu Ma
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China.,3Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
| | - Xiaobei Deng
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Zhaohuan Fan
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Xinrui Qi
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China.,3Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
| | - Yuju Li
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China.,3Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
| | - Yizhao Ma
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Qiang Chen
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China.,3Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
| | - Hui Peng
- 3Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
| | - Jianqing Ding
- 4Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Chunhong Li
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Yunlong Huang
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China.,3Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
| | - Changhai Tian
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China.,3Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China.,2Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China.,3Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA.,5Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
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6
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HUA YI, WILSON CHRISTINAL, LIN SHENGMAO, DUTTA DIGANTA, KIDAMBI SRIVATSAN, GU LINXIA. TRAUMATIC INJURY OF ASTROCYTES: AN IN VITRO STUDY. J MECH MED BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519418500409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to determine the injury criterion for primary rat cortical astrocytes through an in vitro traumatic injury model. The compressed air pressure was used to reproduce typical blast pressure profile, which could induce biaxial strain up to 100% in millisecond for cells cultured on flexible membrane utilizing a controlled cellular injury (CCI) device. The nominal pressure and time settings could be adjusted to accommodate a wide range of membrane strain and strain rate, which was estimated from finite element models. The relationship between the peak membrane displacement/strain and the nominal settings of the CCI device was then established. The model was calibrated using both high-speed imaging system and a theoretical model. The viability and morphology of the astrocytes were characterized and correlated with the strain level. Three different regimes were identified in the stretch-induced dose-response curves of the primary cortical astrocytes, with a sharp decline from live to dead in a narrow range of membrane strain (18%–35%). The level of actin organization of the astrocytes decreased as the membrane strain increased. This work could facilitate the understanding of cellar behaviors subjected to mild blast loadings and the potential tissue engineering therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- YI HUA
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - CHRISTINA L. WILSON
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular, Engineering University of Nebraska–Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - SHENGMAO LIN
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - DIGANTA DUTTA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - SRIVATSAN KIDAMBI
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular, Engineering University of Nebraska–Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - LINXIA GU
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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Ganguly D, Johnson CDL, Gottipati MK, Rende D, Borca-Tasciuc DA, Gilbert RJ. Specific Nanoporous Geometries on Anodized Alumina Surfaces Influence Astrocyte Adhesion and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Immunoreactivity Levels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:128-141. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Ganguly
- Department
of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - C. D. L. Johnson
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - M. K. Gottipati
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience and the Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - D. Rende
- Center
for Materials, Devices and Integrated Systems, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - D.-A. Borca-Tasciuc
- Department
of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Rensselaer
Nanotechnology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - R. J. Gilbert
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Rensselaer
Nanotechnology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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8
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Halford J, Shen S, Itamura K, Levine J, Chong AC, Czerwieniec G, Glenn TC, Hovda DA, Vespa P, Bullock R, Dietrich WD, Mondello S, Loo JA, Wanner IB. New astroglial injury-defined biomarkers for neurotrauma assessment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3278-3299. [PMID: 28816095 PMCID: PMC5624401 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17724681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an expanding public health epidemic with pathophysiology that is difficult to diagnose and thus treat. TBI biomarkers should assess patients across severities and reveal pathophysiology, but currently, their kinetics and specificity are unclear. No single ideal TBI biomarker exists. We identified new candidates from a TBI CSF proteome by selecting trauma-released, astrocyte-enriched proteins including aldolase C (ALDOC), its 38kD breakdown product (BDP), brain lipid binding protein (BLBP), astrocytic phosphoprotein (PEA15), glutamine synthetase (GS) and new 18-25kD-GFAP-BDPs. Their levels increased over four orders of magnitude in severe TBI CSF. First post-injury week, ALDOC levels were markedly high and stable. Short-lived BLBP and PEA15 related to injury progression. ALDOC, BLBP and PEA15 appeared hyper-acutely and were similarly robust in severe and mild TBI blood; 25kD-GFAP-BDP appeared overnight after TBI and was rarely present after mild TBI. Using a human culture trauma model, we investigated biomarker kinetics. Wounded (mechanoporated) astrocytes released ALDOC, BLBP and PEA15 acutely. Delayed cell death corresponded with GFAP release and proteolysis into small GFAP-BDPs. Associating biomarkers with cellular injury stages produced astroglial injury-defined (AID) biomarkers that facilitate TBI assessment, as neurological deficits are rooted not only in death of CNS cells, but also in their functional compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Halford
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sean Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyohei Itamura
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaclynn Levine
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Albert C Chong
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregg Czerwieniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas C Glenn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - David A Hovda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - Paul Vespa
- Department of Neurology, UCLA-David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ross Bullock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, and UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ina-Beate Wanner
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ravin R, Blank PS, Busse B, Ravin N, Vira S, Bezrukov L, Waters H, Guerrero-Cazares H, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Lee PR, Fields RD, Bezrukov SM, Zimmerberg J. Blast shockwaves propagate Ca(2+) activity via purinergic astrocyte networks in human central nervous system cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25713. [PMID: 27162174 PMCID: PMC4861979 DOI: 10.1038/srep25713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent study of the pathophysiology of mild, blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) the exposure of dissociated, central nervous system (CNS) cells to simulated blast resulted in propagating waves of elevated intracellular Ca2+. Here we show, in dissociated human CNS cultures, that these calcium waves primarily propagate through astrocyte-dependent, purinergic signaling pathways that are blocked by P2 antagonists. Human, compared to rat, astrocytes had an increased calcium response and prolonged calcium wave propagation kinetics, suggesting that in our model system rat CNS cells are less responsive to simulated blast. Furthermore, in response to simulated blast, human CNS cells have increased expressions of a reactive astrocyte marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and a protease, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9). The conjoint increased expression of GFAP and MMP-9 and a purinergic ATP (P2) receptor antagonist reduction in calcium response identifies both potential mechanisms for sustained changes in brain function following primary bTBI and therapeutic strategies targeting abnormal astrocyte activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea Ravin
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA.,Celoptics Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Paul S Blank
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA
| | - Brad Busse
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA
| | - Nitay Ravin
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA.,Celoptics Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Shaleen Vira
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA
| | - Ludmila Bezrukov
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA
| | - Hang Waters
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA
| | | | | | - Philip R Lee
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3713, USA
| | - R Douglas Fields
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3713, USA
| | - Sergey M Bezrukov
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0924, USA
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA
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10
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Levine J, Kwon E, Paez P, Yan W, Czerwieniec G, Loo JA, Sofroniew MV, Wanner IB. Traumatically injured astrocytes release a proteomic signature modulated by STAT3-dependent cell survival. Glia 2015; 64:668-94. [PMID: 26683444 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular markers associated with CNS injury are of diagnostic interest. Mechanical trauma generates cellular deformation associated with membrane permeability with unknown molecular consequences. We used an in vitro model of stretch-injury and proteomic analyses to determine protein changes in murine astrocytes and their surrounding fluids. Abrupt pressure-pulse stretching resulted in the rapid release of 59 astrocytic proteins with profiles reflecting cell injury and cell death, i.e., mechanoporation and cell lysis. This acute trauma-release proteome was overrepresented with metabolic proteins compared with the uninjured cellular proteome, bearing relevance for post-traumatic metabolic depression. Astrocyte-specific deletion of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3-CKO) resulted in reduced stretch-injury tolerance, elevated necrosis and increased protein release. Consistent with more lysed cells, more protein complexes, nuclear and transport proteins were released from STAT3-CKO versus nontransgenic astrocytes. STAT3-CKO astrocytes had reduced basal expression of GFAP, lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), aldolase C (ALDOC), and astrocytic phosphoprotein 15 (PEA15), and elevated levels of tropomyosin (TPM4) and α actinin 4 (ACTN4). Stretching caused STAT3-dependent cellular depletion of PEA15 and GFAP, and its filament disassembly in subpopulations of injured astrocytes. PEA15 and ALDOC signals were low in injured astrocytes acutely after mouse spinal cord crush injury and were robustly expressed in reactive astrocytes 1 day postinjury. In contrast, α crystallin (CRYAB) was present in acutely injured astrocytes, and absent from uninjured and reactive astrocytes, demonstrating novel marker differences among postinjury astrocytes. These findings reveal a proteomic signature of traumatically-injured astrocytes reflecting STAT3-dependent cellular survival with potential diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclynn Levine
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eunice Kwon
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pablo Paez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY, University at Buffalo, NYS Center of Excellence, Buffalo, New York
| | - Weihong Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gregg Czerwieniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ina-Beate Wanner
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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11
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Khankan RR, Wanner IB, Phelps PE. Olfactory ensheathing cell-neurite alignment enhances neurite outgrowth in scar-like cultures. Exp Neurol 2015; 269:93-101. [PMID: 25863021 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of adult CNS neurons after injury is strongly inhibited by the spinal cord lesion site environment that is composed primarily of the reactive astroglial scar and invading meningeal fibroblasts. Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation facilitates neuronal survival and functional recovery after a complete spinal cord transection, yet the mechanisms by which this recovery occurs remain unclear. We used a unique multicellular scar-like culture model to test if OECs promote neurite outgrowth in growth-inhibitory areas. Astrocytes were mechanically injured and challenged by meningeal fibroblasts to produce key inhibitory elements of a spinal cord lesion. Neurite outgrowth of postnatal cerebral cortical neurons was assessed on three substrates: quiescent astrocyte control cultures, reactive astrocyte scar-like cultures, and scar-like cultures with OECs. Initial results showed that OECs enhanced total neurite outgrowth of cortical neurons in a scar-like environment by 60%. We then asked if the neurite growth-promoting properties of OECs depended on direct alignment between neuronal and OEC processes. Neurites that aligned with OECs were nearly three times longer when they grew on inhibitory meningeal fibroblast areas and twice as long on reactive astrocyte zones compared to neurites not associated with OECs. Our results show that OECs can independently enhance neurite elongation and that direct OEC-neurite cell contact can provide a permissive substrate that overcomes the inhibitory nature of the reactive astrocyte scar border and the fibroblast-rich spinal cord lesion core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana R Khankan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Ina B Wanner
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Patricia E Phelps
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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12
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Kou Z, VandeVord PJ. Traumatic white matter injury and glial activation: from basic science to clinics. Glia 2014; 62:1831-55. [PMID: 24807544 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An improved understanding and characterization of glial activation and its relationship with white matter injury will likely serve as a novel treatment target to curb post injury inflammation and promote axonal remyelination after brain trauma. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public healthcare burden and a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. Particularly, traumatic white matter (WM) injury or traumatic axonal injury has been reported as being associated with patients' poor outcomes. However, there is very limited data reporting the importance of glial activation after TBI and its interaction with WM injury. This article presents a systematic review of traumatic WM injury and the associated glial activation, from basic science to clinical diagnosis and prognosis, from advanced neuroimaging perspective. It concludes that there is a disconnection between WM injury research and the essential role of glia which serve to restore a healthy environment for axonal regeneration following WM injury. Particularly, there is a significant lack of non-invasive means to characterize the complex pathophysiology of WM injury and glial activation in both animal models and in humans. An improved understanding and characterization of the relationship between glia and WM injury will likely serve as a novel treatment target to curb post injury inflammation and promote axonal remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Kou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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13
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Shen S, Loo RRO, Wanner IB, Loo JA. Addressing the needs of traumatic brain injury with clinical proteomics. Clin Proteomics 2014; 11:11. [PMID: 24678615 PMCID: PMC3976360 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-11-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurotrauma or injuries to the central nervous system (CNS) are a serious public health problem worldwide. Approximately 75% of all traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are concussions or other mild TBI (mTBI) forms. Evaluation of concussion injury today is limited to an assessment of behavioral symptoms, often with delay and subject to motivation. Hence, there is an urgent need for an accurate chemical measure in biofluids to serve as a diagnostic tool for invisible brain wounds, to monitor severe patient trajectories, and to predict survival chances. Although a number of neurotrauma marker candidates have been reported, the broad spectrum of TBI limits the significance of small cohort studies. Specificity and sensitivity issues compound the development of a conclusive diagnostic assay, especially for concussion patients. Thus, the neurotrauma field currently has no diagnostic biofluid test in clinical use. Content We discuss the challenges of discovering new and validating identified neurotrauma marker candidates using proteomics-based strategies, including targeting, selection strategies and the application of mass spectrometry (MS) technologies and their potential impact to the neurotrauma field. Summary Many studies use TBI marker candidates based on literature reports, yet progress in genomics and proteomics have started to provide neurotrauma protein profiles. Choosing meaningful marker candidates from such ‘long lists’ is still pending, as only few can be taken through the process of preclinical verification and large scale translational validation. Quantitative mass spectrometry targeting specific molecules rather than random sampling of the whole proteome, e.g., multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), offers an efficient and effective means to multiplex the measurement of several candidates in patient samples, thereby omitting the need for antibodies prior to clinical assay design. Sample preparation challenges specific to TBI are addressed. A tailored selection strategy combined with a multiplex screening approach is helping to arrive at diagnostically suitable candidates for clinical assay development. A surrogate marker test will be instrumental for critical decisions of TBI patient care and protection of concussion victims from repeated exposures that could result in lasting neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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14
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Espinosa-Jeffrey A, Paez PM, Cheli VT, Spreuer V, Wanner I, de Vellis J. Impact of simulated microgravity on oligodendrocyte development: implications for central nervous system repair. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76963. [PMID: 24324574 PMCID: PMC3850904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently established a culture system to study the impact of simulated microgravity on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) development. We subjected mouse and human OPCs to a short exposure of simulated microgravity produced by a 3D-Clinostat robot. Our results demonstrate that rodent and human OPCs display enhanced and sustained proliferation when exposed to simulated microgravity as assessed by several parameters, including a decrease in the cell cycle time. Additionally, OPC migration was examined in vitro using time-lapse imaging of cultured OPCs. Our results indicated that OPCs migrate to a greater extent after stimulated microgravity than in normal conditions, and this enhanced motility was associated with OPC morphological changes. The lack of normal gravity resulted in a significant increase in the migration speed of mouse and human OPCs and we found that the average leading process in migrating bipolar OPCs was significantly longer in microgravity treated cells than in controls, demonstrating that during OPC migration the lack of gravity promotes leading process extension, an essential step in the process of OPC migration. Finally, we tested the effect of simulated microgravity on OPC differentiation. Our data showed that the expression of mature oligodendrocyte markers was significantly delayed in microgravity treated OPCs. Under conditions where OPCs were allowed to progress in the lineage, simulated microgravity decreased the proportion of cells that expressed mature markers, such as CC1 and MBP, with a concomitant increased number of cells that retained immature oligodendrocyte markers such as Sox2 and NG2. Development of methodologies aimed at enhancing the number of OPCs and their ability to progress on the oligodendrocyte lineage is of great value for treatment of demyelinating disorders. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the gravitational modulation of oligodendrocyte intrinsic plasticity to increase their progenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Espinosa-Jeffrey
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Pablo M. Paez
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY at Buffalo, NYS Center of Excellence, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Veronica T. Cheli
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY at Buffalo, NYS Center of Excellence, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Vilma Spreuer
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY at Buffalo, NYS Center of Excellence, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Ina Wanner
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jean de Vellis
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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15
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Salvador E, Neuhaus W, Foerster C. Stretch in brain microvascular endothelial cells (cEND) as an in vitro traumatic brain injury model of the blood brain barrier. J Vis Exp 2013:e50928. [PMID: 24193450 PMCID: PMC3964201 DOI: 10.3791/50928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in it are useful for treatment. There are both in vivo and in vitro methods available for this purpose. In vivo models can mimic actual head injury as it occurs during TBI. However, in vivo techniques may not be exploited for studies at the cell physiology level. Hence, in vitro methods are more advantageous for this purpose since they provide easier access to the cells and the extracellular environment for manipulation. Our protocol presents an in vitro model of TBI using stretch injury in brain microvascular endothelial cells. It utilizes pressure applied to the cells cultured in flexible-bottomed wells. The pressure applied may easily be controlled and can produce injury that ranges from low to severe. The murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (cEND) generated in our laboratory is a well-suited model for the blood brain barrier (BBB) thus providing an advantage to other systems that employ a similar technique. In addition, due to the simplicity of the method, experimental set-ups are easily duplicated. Thus, this model can be used in studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in TBI at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellaine Salvador
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, Zentrum für operative Medizin der Universität Würzburg
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Glial scar borders are formed by newly proliferated, elongated astrocytes that interact to corral inflammatory and fibrotic cells via STAT3-dependent mechanisms after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12870-86. [PMID: 23904622 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2121-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroglial scars surround damaged tissue after trauma, stroke, infection, or autoimmune inflammation in the CNS. They are essential for wound repair, but also interfere with axonal regrowth. A better understanding of the cellular mechanisms, regulation, and functions of astroglial scar formation is fundamental to developing safe interventions for many CNS disorders. We used wild-type and transgenic mice to quantify and dissect these parameters. Adjacent to crush spinal cord injury (SCI), reactive astrocytes exhibited heterogeneous phenotypes as regards proliferation, morphology, and chemistry, which all varied with distance from lesions. Mature scar borders at 14 d after SCI consisted primarily of newly proliferated astroglia with elongated cell processes that surrounded large and small clusters of inflammatory, fibrotic, and other cells. During scar formation from 5 to 14 d after SCI, cell processes deriving from different astroglia associated into overlapping bundles that quantifiably reoriented and organized into dense mesh-like arrangements. Selective deletion of STAT3 from astroglia quantifiably disrupted the organization of elongated astroglia into scar borders, and caused a failure of astroglia to surround inflammatory cells, resulting in increased spread of these cells and neuronal loss. In cocultures, wild-type astroglia spontaneously corralled inflammatory or fibromeningeal cells into segregated clusters, whereas STAT3-deficient astroglia failed to do so. These findings demonstrate heterogeneity of reactive astroglia and show that scar borders are formed by newly proliferated, elongated astroglia, which organize via STAT3-dependent mechanisms to corral inflammatory and fibrotic cells into discrete areas separated from adjacent tissue that contains viable neurons.
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17
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Lind G, Linsmeier CE, Schouenborg J. The density difference between tissue and neural probes is a key factor for glial scarring. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2942. [PMID: 24127004 PMCID: PMC3796741 DOI: 10.1038/srep02942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A key to successful chronic neural interfacing is to achieve minimal glial scarring surrounding the implants, as the astrocytes and microglia may functionally insulate the interface. A possible explanation for the development of these reactions is mechanical forces arising between the implants and the brain. Here, we show that the difference between the density of neural probes and that of the tissue, and the resulting inertial forces, are key factors for the development of the glial scar. Two probes of similar size, shape, surface structure and elastic modulus but differing greatly in density were implanted into the rat brain. After six weeks, significantly lower astrocytic and microglial reactions were found surrounding the low-density probes, approaching no reaction at all. This provides a major key to design fully biocompatible neural interfaces and a new platform for in vivo assays of tissue reactions to probes with differing materials, surface structures, and shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Lind
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Medical Faculty, Lund University
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18
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Gupta K, Chandran S, Hardingham GE. Human stem cell-derived astrocytes and their application to studying Nrf2-mediated neuroprotective pathways and therapeutics in neurodegeneration. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:907-18. [PMID: 23126226 PMCID: PMC3612708 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia, including astrocytes, are increasingly at the forefront of neurodegenerative research for their role in the modulation of neuronal function and survival. Improved understanding of underlying disease mechanisms, including the role of the cellular environment in neurodegeneration, is central to therapeutic development for these currently untreatable diseases. In these endeavours, experimental models that more closely reproduce the human condition have the potential to facilitate the transition between experimental studies in model organisms and patient trials. In this review we discuss the growing role of astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases, and how astrocytes generated from human pluripotent stem cells represent a useful tool for analyzing astrocytic signalling and influence on neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Gupta
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine & Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
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19
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Sarrazy V, Vedrenne N, Bordeau N, Billet F, Cardot P, Desmoulière A, Battu S. Fast astrocyte isolation by sedimentation field flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1289:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Chou AP, Chowdhury R, Li S, Chen W, Kim AJ, Piccioni DE, Selfridge JM, Mody RR, Chang S, Lalezari S, Lin J, Sanchez DE, Wilson RW, Garrett MC, Harry B, Mottahedeh J, Nghiemphu PL, Kornblum HI, Mischel PS, Prins RM, Yong WH, Cloughesy T, Nelson SF, Liau LM, Lai A. Identification of retinol binding protein 1 promoter hypermethylation in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutant gliomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:1458-69. [PMID: 22945948 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and associated CpG island hypermethylation represent early events in the development of low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastomas. To identify candidate tumor suppressor genes whose promoter methylation may contribute to gliomagenesis, we compared methylation profiles of IDH1 mutant (MUT) and IDH1 wild-type (WT) tumors using massively parallel reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. METHODS Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing was performed on ten pathologically matched WT and MUT glioma samples and compared with data from a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme technique and data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Methylation in the gene retinol-binding protein 1 (RBP1) was identified in IDH1 mutant tumors and further analyzed with primer-based bisulfite sequencing. Correlation between IDH1/IDH2 mutation status and RBP1 methylation was evaluated with Spearman correlation. Survival data were collected retrospectively and analyzed with Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Methylome analysis identified coordinated CpG island hypermethylation in IDH1 MUT gliomas, consistent with previous reports. RBP1, important in retinoic acid metabolism, was found to be hypermethylated in 76 of 79 IDH1 MUT, 3 of 3 IDH2 MUT, and 0 of 116 IDH1/IDH2 WT tumors. IDH1/IDH2 mutation was highly correlated with RBP1 hypermethylation (n = 198; Spearman R = 0.94, 95% confidence interval = 0.92 to 0.95, P < .001). The Cancer Genome Atlas showed IDH1 MUT tumors (n = 23) to be RBP1-hypermethylated with decreased RBP1 expression compared with WT tumors (n = 124). Among patients with primary glioblastoma, patients with RBP1-unmethylated tumors (n = 102) had decreased median overall survival compared with patients with RBP1-methylated tumors (n = 22) (20.3 months vs 36.8 months, respectively; hazard ratio of death = 2.48, 95% confidence interval = 1.30 to 4.75, P = .006). CONCLUSION RBP1 promoter hypermethylation is found in nearly all IDH1 and IDH2 mutant gliomas and is associated with improved patient survival. Because RBP1 is involved in retinoic acid synthesis, our results suggest that dysregulation of retinoic acid metabolism may contribute to glioma formation along the IDH1/IDH2-mutant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur P Chou
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, 90095, USA
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