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Garg D, Sridhar K, Stephen Inbaraj B, Chawla P, Tripathi M, Sharma M. Nano-Biofertilizer Formulations for Agriculture: A Systematic Review on Recent Advances and Prospective Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1010. [PMID: 37760112 PMCID: PMC10525541 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the twenty-first century, nanotechnology has emerged as a potentially game-changing innovation. Essential minerals are mostly unavailable in modern cropping systems without the application of synthetic fertilizers, which have a serious negative impact on the ecosystem. This review focuses on the coupling of nanoparticles with biofertilizers to function as nano-biofertilizers (NBFs), which may ensure world food security in the face of the rising population. The inoculation of plants with NBFs improves plant development and resistance to stress. Metallic nanoparticles as well as organic components comprising polysaccharide and chitosan may be encapsulated, utilizing microbe-based green synthesis to make NBFs, which circumvents the limitations of conventional chemical fertilizers. The application of NBFs is just getting started, and shows more promise than other approaches for changing conventional farming into high-tech "smart" farming. This study used bibliographic analysis using Web of Science to find relevant papers on "nano biofertilizers", "plants", and "agriculture". These subjects have received a lot of attention in the literature, as shown by the co-citation patterns of these publications. The novel use of nanotechnology in agriculture is explored in this research work, which makes use of the unique characteristics of nanoscale materials to address urgent concerns including nutrient delivery, crop protection, and sustainable farming methods. This study attempts to fill in some of the gaps in our knowledge by discussing the formulation, fabrication, and characterization of NBFs, as well as elucidating the mechanisms by which NBFs interact with plants and how this benefits the ability of the plant to withstand biotic and abiotic stress brought about by climate change. This review also addresses recent developments and future directions in farming using NBF formulations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Garg
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Kandi Sridhar
- Department of Food Technology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore 641021, India
| | | | - Prince Chawla
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Manikant Tripathi
- Biotechnology Program, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, India
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Sritongon N, Boonlue S, Mongkolthanaruk W, Jogloy S, Riddech N. The combination of multiple plant growth promotion and hydrolytic enzyme producing rhizobacteria and their effect on Jerusalem artichoke growth improvement. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5917. [PMID: 37041302 PMCID: PMC10090049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizobacteria are well recognized for their beneficial multifunctions as key promoters of plant development, suppressing pathogens, and improving soil health. In this study, experiments focused on characterizing the plant growth promotion (PGP) and extracellular hydrolase production traits of rhizobacteria, and their impact on Jerusalem artichoke growth. A total of 50 isolates proved capable of either direct PGP or hydrolase-producing traits. Two promising strains (Enterobacter cloacae S81 and Pseudomonas azotoformans C2-114) showed potential on phosphate and potassium solubilization, IAA production, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity and hydrolase production. A hydrolase-producing strain (Bacillus subtilis S42) was able to generate cellulase, protease, amylase, β-glucosidase, and phosphatase. These three selected strains also gave positive results for indirect PGP traits such as siderophore, ammonia, oxalate oxidase, polyamine, exopolysaccharide, biofilm, motility, and tolerance to salinity and drought stress. Colonization was observed using a scanning electron microscope and rhizobacteria appeared at the root surface. Interestingly, inoculation with consortia strains (S42, S81, and C2-114) significantly increased all plant parameters, including height, biomass, root (length, surface, diameter, and volume), and tuber fresh weight. Therefore, we recommend that potential consortia of PGP and hydrolase-producing rhizobacteria be employed as a biofertilizer to improve soil and boost crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthawat Sritongon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sophon Boonlue
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Wiyada Mongkolthanaruk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sanun Jogloy
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nuntavun Riddech
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Sharma B, Tiwari S, Kumawat KC, Cardinale M. Nano-biofertilizers as bio-emerging strategies for sustainable agriculture development: Potentiality and their limitations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160476. [PMID: 36436627 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a burgeoning revolutionary technology in the 21st century. Climate emergencies caused by natural or anthropogenic activities have tragically consequential repercussions on agricultural output worldwide. Modern cropping systems profoundly rely on synthetic fertilizers to deliver necessary nutrients, yet their prolonged and persistent administration is hazardous to the environment, soil fertility, and nutritional dynamics of the rhizospheric microbiome. By addressing the drawback of physico-chemically synthesized nano-dimensioned fertilizer, this review emphasizes on integrating nanoparticles and biofertilizers conjointly as nano-biofertilizers (NBF) which can safeguard global food security, in light of the population surge. Inoculation with nanoparticles and biofertilizers strengthens plant growth and stress tolerance. However, combined together (NBF), they have emerged as a more economically and environmentally sustainable, highly versatile, and long-lasting agriculture tool. Microbe-based green synthesis using the encapsulation of inorganic nanoparticles of Si, Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, Ti, and Ag as well as organic materials, including chitosan, cellulose, and starch, to formulate NBFs can eliminate the constraints of conventional fertilizer contamination. The application of NBFs is in its infancy in agriculture, yet it has promising potential for transforming traditional farming techniques into smart agriculture, compared to any of the existing strategies. From this perspective, this review is an attempt to provide a comprehensive understanding of the formulations, fabrication, and characterization of NBFs while unraveling the underlying mechanisms of plant-NBF interactions along with their contribution to climate change-induced biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. We substantially summarize the latest advancements of field applications of NBFs for precision farming. Moreover, we critically revised their applications in agro-ecosystems according to the current literature, while also discussing the bottlenecks and future trends for developing potent NBFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shalini Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kailash Chand Kumawat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India.
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies - DiSTeBA, University of Salento, SP6 Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
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Upadhayay VK, Chitara MK, Mishra D, Jha MN, Jaiswal A, Kumari G, Ghosh S, Patel VK, Naitam MG, Singh AK, Pareek N, Taj G, Maithani D, Kumar A, Dasila H, Sharma A. Synergistic impact of nanomaterials and plant probiotics in agriculture: A tale of two-way strategy for long-term sustainability. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1133968. [PMID: 37206335 PMCID: PMC10189066 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1133968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern agriculture is primarily focused on the massive production of cereals and other food-based crops in a sustainable manner in order to fulfill the food demands of an ever-increasing global population. However, intensive agricultural practices, rampant use of agrochemicals, and other environmental factors result in soil fertility degradation, environmental pollution, disruption of soil biodiversity, pest resistance, and a decline in crop yields. Thus, experts are shifting their focus to other eco-friendly and safer methods of fertilization in order to ensure agricultural sustainability. Indeed, the importance of plant growth-promoting microorganisms, also determined as "plant probiotics (PPs)," has gained widespread recognition, and their usage as biofertilizers is being actively promoted as a means of mitigating the harmful effects of agrochemicals. As bio-elicitors, PPs promote plant growth and colonize soil or plant tissues when administered in soil, seeds, or plant surface and are used as an alternative means to avoid heavy use of agrochemicals. In the past few years, the use of nanotechnology has also brought a revolution in agriculture due to the application of various nanomaterials (NMs) or nano-based fertilizers to increase crop productivity. Given the beneficial properties of PPs and NMs, these two can be used in tandem to maximize benefits. However, the use of combinations of NMs and PPs, or their synergistic use, is in its infancy but has exhibited better crop-modulating effects in terms of improvement in crop productivity, mitigation of environmental stress (drought, salinity, etc.), restoration of soil fertility, and strengthening of the bioeconomy. In addition, a proper assessment of nanomaterials is necessary before their application, and a safer dose of NMs should be applicable without showing any toxic impact on the environment and soil microbial communities. The combo of NMs and PPs can also be encapsulated within a suitable carrier, and this method aids in the controlled and targeted delivery of entrapped components and also increases the shelf life of PPs. However, this review highlights the functional annotation of the combined impact of NMs and PPs on sustainable agricultural production in an eco-friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viabhav Kumar Upadhayay
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
- *Correspondence: Viabhav Kumar Upadhayay,
| | - Manoj Kumar Chitara
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, A.N.D University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Manoj Kumar Chitara,
| | - Dhruv Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manindra Nath Jha
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Aman Jaiswal
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Geeta Kumari
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Saipayan Ghosh
- Department of Horticulture, PGCA, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Patel
- Department of Plant Pathology, PGCA, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Mayur G. Naitam
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81, Mohali, India
| | - Navneet Pareek
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Gohar Taj
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, GBPUA&; T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hemant Dasila
- Department of Microbiology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Adita Sharma
- College of Fisheries, Dholi, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
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Shafiq T, Yasmin H, Shah ZA, Nosheen A, Ahmad P, Kaushik P, Ahmad A. Titanium Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Combination with Cadmium Tolerant Bacillus pumilus Ameliorates the Cadmium Toxicity in Maize. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112156. [PMID: 36358528 PMCID: PMC9686562 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of Cd-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) in maize growing in Cd-rich conditions was tested in the current study. The best Cd-tolerant strain, Bacillus pumilus, exhibited plant growth stimulation in vivo and in vitro experiments. We determined the toxic concentrations (30 (ppm)) of both NPs for plant growth. B. pumilus, ZnO NPs (20 (ppm)), and TiO2 NPs (10 (ppm)) had a synergistic effect on plant growth promotion in Cd-contaminated soil (120 (ppm)) in a pot experiment. Both alone and in combination, these therapies reduced Cd toxicity, resulting in improved stress metabolism and defense responses. The combined treatments showed increased relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, proline, total sugars, and proteins and significantly reduced lipid peroxidation. Moreover, this combination increased the levels of minerals and antioxidants and reduced Cd bioaccumulation in shoots and roots by 40–60%. Our in silico pipeline presented a novel picture of the participation of ZnO–TiO2 protein interaction in both B. pumilus and maize. These findings provide fresh insights on the use of B. pumilus, ZnO, and TiO2 NPs, both separately and in combination, as a viable and environmentally benign strategy for reducing Cd stress in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyab Shafiq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Yasmin
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (P.A.)
| | - Zafar Abbas Shah
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Asia Nosheen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, GDC Pulwama, Pulwama 192301, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (P.A.)
| | - Prashant Kaushik
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Muhammad F, Raza MAS, Iqbal R, Zulfiqar F, Aslam MU, Yong JWH, Altaf MA, Zulfiqar B, Amin J, Ibrahim MA. Ameliorating Drought Effects in Wheat Using an Exclusive or Co-Applied Rhizobacteria and ZnO Nanoparticles. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1564. [PMID: 36358265 PMCID: PMC9687648 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major abiotic factor and affects cereal-based staple food production and reliability in developing countries such as Pakistan. To ensure a sustainable and consistent food supply, holistic production plans involving the integration of several drought mitigation approaches are required. Using a randomized complete block design strategy, we examined the drought-ameliorating characteristics of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and nanoparticles (NPs) exclusively or as a combined application (T4) through three stages (D1, D2, and D3) of wheat growth (T1, control). Our field research revealed that Azospirillum brasilense alone (T2) and zinc oxide NPs (T3) improved wheat plant water relations, chlorophyll, proline, phenolics and grain quality, yield, and their allied traits over the stressed treatments. Specifically, the best outcome was observed in the combined treatment of PGPR and ZnO NPs (T4). Interestingly, the combined treatment delivered effective drought mitigation through enhanced levels of antioxidants (15% APX, 27% POD, 35% CAT, 38% PPO and 44% SOD) over controls at the grain-filling stage (GFS, D3 × T1). The 40% improvements were recorded under the combined treatment at GFS over their respective controls. Their combined usage (PGPR and ZnO NPs) was concluded as an effective strategy for building wheat resilience under drought, especially in arid and semi-arid localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqeer Muhammad
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aown Sammar Raza
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Zulfiqar
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Aslam
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Jean Wan Hong Yong
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23456 Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Bilal Zulfiqar
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Jawad Amin
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif Ibrahim
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
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Akhtar N, Ilyas N, Mashwani ZUR, Hayat R, Yasmin H, Noureldeen A, Ahmad P. Synergistic effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and silicon dioxide nano-particles for amelioration of drought stress in wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:160-176. [PMID: 34116336 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can confer drought tolerance in plants, when inoculated, and this effect can be more pronounced by their combined application with silicon oxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs). In this research, drought-tolerant and plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial strains were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of wheat plants growing in the arid region of Pakistan. Out of 30 isolated strains, three rhizobacterial strains were selected based on their drought tolerance, higher phytohormones (indole acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and cytokinin (CK), and osmolyte (proline and sugar) production ability. These strains were identified as Bacillus sp. Azospirillum lipoferum and Azospirillum brasilense by 16S rRNA sequencing and accession numbers (MT482404, MT742664, and MT 742666, respectively) were obtained. Inoculation of these strains, alone and in combination, improved the germination attributes of wheat seeds under drought stress conditions. However, the combination of all three bacterial strains gave the best results. SiO2 NPs were prepared from silicon dioxide and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-rays pattern (EDX), and UV-visible spectrum. The effect of SiO2 NPs was also tested on wheat seeds under drought stress and it was observed that SiO2 NPs (150 mg/L) create pronounced drought ameliorative potential in wheat seedlings. In the pot experiment, the combined application of SiO2 NPs and PGPR exhibited a synergistic role and improved the growth and yield of wheat. The interaction between SiO2 NPs and bacterial combination improved biomass (fresh and dry weight), and chlorophyll-a, b content by 138.78%, 65.70%, 128.57%, and 283.33% respectively as compared to untreated but drought exposed plants. They also improved relative water content (71.66%), gas exchange attributes, increased nutrients uptake, and osmolytes production of wheat. Up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase (60.49%), peroxidase (55.99%), and catalase (81.69%) was also observed. This research work suggested that the application of SiO2 NPs and PGPR strains induced drought tolerance in wheat by modulating different physiological and metabolic processes in plants which ultimately improved the growth and yield of wheat under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Akhtar
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid University Rawalpindi, 46300, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Noshin Ilyas
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid University Rawalpindi, 46300, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | | | - Rifat Hayat
- Institute of Soil Science, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, 46300, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Yasmin
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, 45550, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Noureldeen
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, Jammu, and Kashmir, India
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Priya P, Aneesh B, Harikrishnan K. Genomics as a potential tool to unravel the rhizosphere microbiome interactions on plant health. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 185:106215. [PMID: 33839214 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intense agricultural practices to meet rising food demands have caused ecosystem perturbations. For sustainable crop production, biological agents are gaining attention, but exploring their functional potential on a multi-layered complex ecosystem like the rhizosphere is challenging. This review explains the significance of genomics as a culture-independent molecular tool to understand the diversity and functional significance of the rhizosphere microbiome for sustainable agriculture. It discusses the recent significant studies in the rhizosphere environment carried out using evolving techniques like metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics, their challenges, constraints infield application, and prospective solutions. The recent advances in techniques such as nanotechnology for the development of bioformulations and visualization techniques contemplating environmental safety were also discussed. The need for development of metagenomic data sets of regionally important crops, their plant microbial interactions and agricultural practices for narrowing down significant data from huge databases have been suggested. The role of taxonomical and functional diversity of soil microbiota in understanding soil suppression and part played by the microbial metabolites in the process have been analyzed and discussed in the context of 'omics' approach. 'Omics' studies have revealed important information about microbial diversity, their responses to various biotic and abiotic stimuli, and the physiology of disease suppression. This can be translated to crop sustainability and combinational approaches with advancing visualization and analysis methodologies fix the existing knowledge gap to a huge extend. With improved data processing and standardization of the methods, details of plant-microbe interactions can be successfully decoded to develop sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Priya
- Environmental Biology Lab, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
| | - B Aneesh
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India.
| | - K Harikrishnan
- Environmental Biology Lab, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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