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Pietracupa S, Ojha A, Belvisi D, Piervincenzi C, Tommasin S, Petsas N, De Bartolo MI, Costanzo M, Fabbrini A, Conte A, Berardelli A, Pantano P. Understanding the role of cerebellum in early Parkinson's disease: a structural and functional MRI study. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:119. [PMID: 38898032 PMCID: PMC11187155 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00727-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the cerebellum may have a role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Hence, the scope of this study was to investigate whether there are structural and functional alterations of the cerebellum and whether they correlate with motor and non-motor symptoms in early PD patients. Seventy-six patients with early PD and thirty-one age and sex-matched healthy subjects (HS) were enrolled and underwent a 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol. The following MRI analyses were performed: (1) volumes of 5 cerebellar regions of interest (sensorimotor and cognitive cerebellum, dentate, interposed, and fastigial nuclei); (2) microstructural integrity of the cerebellar white matter connections (inferior, middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles); (3) functional connectivity at rest of the 5 regions of interest already described in point 1 with the rest of brain. Compared to controls, early PD patients showed a significant decrease in gray matter volume of the dentate, interposed and fastigial nuclei, bilaterally. They also showed abnormal, bilateral white matter microstructural integrity in all 3 cerebellar peduncles. Functional connectivity of the 5 cerebellar regions of interest with several areas in the midbrain, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex was altered. Finally, there was a positive correlation between abnormal functional connectivity of the fastigial nucleus with the volume of the nucleus itself and a negative correlation with axial symptoms severity. Our results showed that structural and functional alterations of the cerebellum are present in PD patients and these changes contribute to the pathophysiology of PD in the early phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pietracupa
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Ojha
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D Belvisi
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Piervincenzi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - S Tommasin
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - N Petsas
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - A Fabbrini
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Conte
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - P Pantano
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Torok J, Maia PD, Anand C, Raj A. Cellular underpinnings of the selective vulnerability to tauopathic insults in Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.06.548027. [PMID: 38076913 PMCID: PMC10705232 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.06.548027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibit pathological changes in the brain that proceed in a stereotyped and regionally specific fashion, but the cellular and molecular underpinnings of regional vulnerability are currently poorly understood. Recent work has identified certain subpopulations of neurons in a few focal regions of interest, such as the entorhinal cortex, that are selectively vulnerable to tau pathology in AD. However, the cellular underpinnings of regional susceptibility to tau pathology are currently unknown, primarily because whole-brain maps of a comprehensive collection of cell types have been inaccessible. Here, we deployed a recent cell-type mapping pipeline, Matrix Inversion and Subset Selection (MISS), to determine the brain-wide distributions of pan-hippocampal and neocortical neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the mouse using recently available single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data. We then performed a robust set of analyses to identify general principles of cell-type-based selective vulnerability using these cell-type distributions, utilizing 5 transgenic mouse studies that quantified regional tau in 12 distinct PS19 mouse models. Using our approach, which constitutes the broadest exploration of whole-brain selective vulnerability to date, we were able to discover cell types and cell-type classes that conferred vulnerability and resilience to tau pathology. Hippocampal glutamatergic neurons as a whole were strongly positively associated with regional tau deposition, suggesting vulnerability, while cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons were negatively associated. Among glia, we identified oligodendrocytes as the single-most strongly negatively associated cell type, whereas microglia were consistently positively correlated. Strikingly, we found that there was no association between the gene expression relationships between cell types and their vulnerability or resilience to tau pathology. When we looked at the explanatory power of cell types versus GWAS-identified AD risk genes, cell type distributions were consistently more predictive of end-timepoint tau pathology than regional gene expression. To understand the functional enrichment patterns of the genes that were markers of the identified vulnerable or resilient cell types, we performed gene ontology analysis. We found that the genes that are directly correlated to tau pathology are functionally distinct from those that constitutively embody the vulnerable cells. In short, we have demonstrated that regional cell-type composition is a compelling explanation for the selective vulnerability observed in tauopathic diseases at a whole-brain level and is distinct from that conferred by risk genes. These findings may have implications in identifying cell-type-based therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Torok
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Radiology, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
| | - Pedro D. Maia
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Mathematics, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States
| | - Chaitali Anand
- University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
| | - Ashish Raj
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Radiology, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
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Rudisch DM, Krasko MN, Burdick R, Broadfoot CK, Rogus-Pulia N, Ciucci MR. Dysphagia in Parkinson Disease: Part I - Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Practices. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2023; 11:176-187. [PMID: 37608845 PMCID: PMC10441627 DOI: 10.1007/s40141-023-00392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Dysphagia affects the majority of individuals with Parkinson disease (PD) and is not typically diagnosed until later in disease progression. This review will cover the current understanding of PD pathophysiology, and provides an overview of dysphagia in PD including diagnostic practices, gaps in knowledge, and future directions. Recent Findings Many non-motor and other motor signs of PD appear in the prodrome prior to the manifestation of hall- mark signs and diagnosis. While dysphagia often presents already in the prodrome, it is not routinely addressed in standard neurology examinations. Summary Dysphagia in PD can result in compromised efficiency and safety of swallowing, which significantly contributes to malnutrition and dehydration, decrease quality of life, and increase mortality. The heterogeneous clinical presentation of PD complicates diagnostic procedures which often leads to delayed treatment. Research has advanced our knowledge of mechanisms underlying PD, but dysphagia is still largely understudied, especially in the prodromal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Michael Rudisch
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Maryann N Krasko
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ryan Burdick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Courtney K Broadfoot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nicole Rogus-Pulia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michelle R Ciucci
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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4
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Taylor NL, Shine JM. A whole new world: embracing the systems-level to understand the indirect impact of pathology in neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurol 2023; 270:1969-1975. [PMID: 36577819 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The direct link between neuropathology and the symptoms that emerge from damage to the brain is often difficult to discern. In this perspective, we argue that a satisfying account of neurodegenerative symptoms most naturally emerges from the consideration of the brain from the systems-level. Specifically, we will highlight the role of the neuromodulatory arousal system, which is uniquely positioned to coordinate the brain's ability to flexibly integrate the otherwise segregated structures required to support higher cognitive functions. Importantly, the neuromodulatory arousal system is highly heterogeneous, encompassing structures that are common sites of neurodegeneration across Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. We will review studies that implicate the dysfunctional interactions amongst distributed brain regions as a side-effect of pathological involvement of the neuromodulatory arousal system in these neurodegenerative disorders. From this perspective, we will argue that future work in clinical neuroscience should attempt to consider the inherent complexity in the brain and employ analytic techniques that do not solely focus on regional functional impairments, but rather captures the brain as an inherently dynamic, distributed, multi-scale system. Through this lens, we hope that we will devise new and improved diagnostic markers and interventional approaches to aid in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L Taylor
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James M Shine
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Ma J, Dou K, Liu R, Liao Y, Yuan Z, Xie A. Associations of Sleep Disorders With Depressive Symptoms in Early and Prodromal Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:898149. [PMID: 35754965 PMCID: PMC9226450 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.898149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-motor symptoms, including sleep disorders and depression, are common in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The purpose of our study is to explore the effect of sleep disorders, including the probable rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (pRBD) and the daytime sleepiness, on depressive symptoms in patients with early and prodromal PD. Methods A total of 683 participants who obtained from the Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) were included, consisting of 423 individuals with early PD, 64 individuals with prodromal PD, and 196 healthy controls (HCs), who were followed up to 5 years from baseline. Multiple linear regression models and linear mixed-effects models were conducted to explore the relationship between sleep disorders and depression at baseline and longitudinally, respectively. Multiple linear regression models were used to further investigate the association between the change rates of daytime sleepiness score and depression-related score. Mediation analyses were also performed. Results At baseline analysis, individuals with early and prodromal PD, who had higher RBD screening questionnaire (RBDSQ) score, or who were considered as pRBD, or who manifested specific behaviors of RBD (things falling down when sleep or disturbance of sleep), showed significantly the higher score of depression-related questionnaires. Our 5-year follow-up study showed that sleep disorders, including pRBD and daytime sleepiness, were associated with the increased depressive-related score in individuals with early and prodromal PD. Interestingly, we also found that the increased possibilities of daytime sleepiness were associated with depressive-related score. Finally, mediation analysis demonstrated that the relationship between RBD and depressive symptoms was partially mediated by autonomic symptoms, such as postural hypertension, salivation, dysphagia, and constipation. Conclusion Our study shows that sleep disorders, including pRBD and daytime sleepiness, are associated with depression at baseline and longitudinally, which is partially mediated by the autonomic dysfunction in early and prodromal PD, with an implication that sleep management is of great value for disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Ma
- Departmentof Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaixin Dou
- Departmentof Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruize Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yajin Liao
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- Departmentof Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anmu Xie
- Departmentof Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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PINK1 kinase dysfunction triggers neurodegeneration in the primate brain without impacting mitochondrial homeostasis. Protein Cell 2021; 13:26-46. [PMID: 34800266 PMCID: PMC8776976 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies have established the prevalent theory that the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 protects neurodegeneration by removing damaged mitochondria in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, difficulty in detecting endogenous PINK1 protein in rodent brains and cell lines has prevented the rigorous investigation of the in vivo role of PINK1. Here we report that PINK1 kinase form is selectively expressed in the human and monkey brains. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deficiency of PINK1 causes similar neurodegeneration in the brains of fetal and adult monkeys as well as cultured monkey neurons without affecting mitochondrial protein expression and morphology. Importantly, PINK1 mutations in the primate brain and human cells reduce protein phosphorylation that is important for neuronal function and survival. Our findings suggest that PINK1 kinase activity rather than its mitochondrial function is essential for the neuronal survival in the primate brains and that its kinase dysfunction could be involved in the pathogenesis of PD.
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7
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Li M, Wang X, Yao X, Wang X, Chen F, Zhang X, Sun S, He F, Jia Q, Guo M, Chen D, Sun Y, Li Y, He Q, Zhu Z, Wang M. Roles of Motor Cortex Neuron Classes in Reach-Related Modulation for Hemiparkinsonian Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:645849. [PMID: 33986639 PMCID: PMC8111217 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the function of the primary motor cortex (M1) is thought to play a critical role in motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). Detailed information regarding the specific aspects of M1 circuits that become abnormal is lacking. We recorded single units and local field potentials (LFPs) of M1 neurons in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion rats and control rats to assess the impact of dopamine (DA) cell loss during rest and a forelimb reaching task. Our results indicated that M1 neurons can be classified into two groups (putative pyramidal neurons and putative interneurons) and that 6-OHDA could modify the activity of different M1 subpopulations to a large extent. Reduced activation of putative pyramidal neurons during inattentive rest and reaching was observed. In addition, 6-OHDA intoxication was associated with an increase in certain LFP frequencies, especially those in the beta range (broadly defined here as any frequency between 12 and 35 Hz), which become pathologically exaggerated throughout cortico-basal ganglia circuits after dopamine depletion. Furthermore, assessment of different spike-LFP coupling parameters revealed that the putative pyramidal neurons were particularly prone to being phase-locked to ongoing cortical oscillations at 12-35 Hz during reaching. Conversely, putative interneurons were neither hypoactive nor synchronized to ongoing cortical oscillations. These data collectively demonstrate a neuron type-selective alteration in the M1 in hemiparkinsonian rats. These alterations hamper the ability of the M1 to contribute to motor conduction and are likely some of the main contributors to motor impairments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuenan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yao
- School of Nursing, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- The First Hospital Affiliated With Shandong First Medicine University, Jinan, China
| | - Feiyu Chen
- School of International Education, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Editorial Department of Journal of Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingmei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengnan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Dadian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuchuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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8
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Brás IC, Outeiro TF. Alpha-Synuclein: Mechanisms of Release and Pathology Progression in Synucleinopathies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020375. [PMID: 33673034 PMCID: PMC7917664 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded alpha-synuclein (aSyn) throughout the brain, as Lewy pathology, is a phenomenon central to Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. The stereotypical distribution and evolution of the pathology during disease is often attributed to the cell-to-cell transmission of aSyn between interconnected brain regions. The spreading of conformationally distinct aSyn protein assemblies, commonly referred as strains, is thought to result in a variety of clinically and pathologically heterogenous diseases known as synucleinopathies. Although tremendous progress has been made in the field, the mechanisms involved in the transfer of these assemblies between interconnected neural networks and their role in driving PD progression are still unclear. Here, we present an update of the relevant discoveries supporting or challenging the prion-like spreading hypothesis. We also discuss the importance of aSyn strains in pathology progression and the various putative molecular mechanisms involved in cell-to-cell protein release. Understanding the pathways underlying aSyn propagation will contribute to determining the etiology of PD and related synucleinopathies but also assist in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C. Brás
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Scientific Employee with a Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-551-391-3544; Fax: +49-(0)-551-392-2693
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Pyatigorskaya N, Yahia-Cherif L, Valabregue R, Gaurav R, Gargouri F, Ewenczyk C, Gallea C, Fernandez-Vidal S, Arnulf I, Vidailhet M, Lehericy S. Parkinson Disease Propagation Using MRI Biomarkers and Partial Least Squares Path Modeling. Neurology 2020; 96:e460-e471. [PMID: 33277419 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The classic Braak neuropathologic staging model in Parkinson disease (PD) suggests that brain lesions progress from the medulla oblongata to the cortex. An alternative model in which neurodegeneration first occurs in the cortex has also been proposed. These 2 models may correspond to different patient phenotypes. To test these 2 models and to investigate whether they were influenced by the presence of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), we used multimodal MRI and partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) assuming that patients with RBD followed distinct neurodegeneration pattern. METHODS Fifty-four patients with PD (34 with RBD) and 25 healthy volunteers were scanned with T1-weighted, diffusion tensor, and neuromelanin-sensitive imaging. Volume, signal, and mean, axial, and radial diffusivities were calculated in brainstem, basal forebrain, and cortical regions. PLS-PM, estimating a network of causal relationships between blocks of variables, was used to build and test an analytical model based on Braak staging. The overall quality of the model was assessed with goodness of fit coefficient (Gof). RESULTS PLS-PM was run on patients with PD with RBD and without RBD separately. In PD with RBD, a brainstem-to-cortex model had significant Gof (0.71, p = 0.01), whereas a cortex-to-brainstem model did not. In contrast, in patients with PD without RBD, the brainstem-to-cortex model was not significant (Gof = 0.64, p = 0.27), and the cortex-to-brainstem model was highly significant (Gof = 0.72, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS With the PLS-PM imaging-based model, the neurodegeneration pattern of patients with PD with RBD was consistent with the Braak brainstem-to-cortex model, whereas that of patients without RBD followed the cortex-to-brainstem model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Pyatigorskaya
- From the Institut Cerveau Moelle (N.P., L.Y.-C., R.V., R.G., S.F.-V., S.L.), Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche; Sorbonne Université (N.P., L.Y.-C,, R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., S.F.-V., I.A., M.V., S.L.), Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut Cerveau Moelle, F-75013; Institut Cerveau Moelle Team Movement Investigation and Therapeutics (N.P., R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., I.A., M.V., S.L.); Service de neuroradiologie (N.P., M.V., S.L.), APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Clinique des Mouvements Anormaux (C.E.), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, and Service des Pathologies du Sommeil (I.A.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France.
| | - Lydia Yahia-Cherif
- From the Institut Cerveau Moelle (N.P., L.Y.-C., R.V., R.G., S.F.-V., S.L.), Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche; Sorbonne Université (N.P., L.Y.-C,, R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., S.F.-V., I.A., M.V., S.L.), Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut Cerveau Moelle, F-75013; Institut Cerveau Moelle Team Movement Investigation and Therapeutics (N.P., R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., I.A., M.V., S.L.); Service de neuroradiologie (N.P., M.V., S.L.), APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Clinique des Mouvements Anormaux (C.E.), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, and Service des Pathologies du Sommeil (I.A.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Romain Valabregue
- From the Institut Cerveau Moelle (N.P., L.Y.-C., R.V., R.G., S.F.-V., S.L.), Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche; Sorbonne Université (N.P., L.Y.-C,, R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., S.F.-V., I.A., M.V., S.L.), Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut Cerveau Moelle, F-75013; Institut Cerveau Moelle Team Movement Investigation and Therapeutics (N.P., R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., I.A., M.V., S.L.); Service de neuroradiologie (N.P., M.V., S.L.), APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Clinique des Mouvements Anormaux (C.E.), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, and Service des Pathologies du Sommeil (I.A.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Rahul Gaurav
- From the Institut Cerveau Moelle (N.P., L.Y.-C., R.V., R.G., S.F.-V., S.L.), Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche; Sorbonne Université (N.P., L.Y.-C,, R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., S.F.-V., I.A., M.V., S.L.), Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut Cerveau Moelle, F-75013; Institut Cerveau Moelle Team Movement Investigation and Therapeutics (N.P., R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., I.A., M.V., S.L.); Service de neuroradiologie (N.P., M.V., S.L.), APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Clinique des Mouvements Anormaux (C.E.), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, and Service des Pathologies du Sommeil (I.A.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Fatma Gargouri
- From the Institut Cerveau Moelle (N.P., L.Y.-C., R.V., R.G., S.F.-V., S.L.), Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche; Sorbonne Université (N.P., L.Y.-C,, R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., S.F.-V., I.A., M.V., S.L.), Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut Cerveau Moelle, F-75013; Institut Cerveau Moelle Team Movement Investigation and Therapeutics (N.P., R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., I.A., M.V., S.L.); Service de neuroradiologie (N.P., M.V., S.L.), APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Clinique des Mouvements Anormaux (C.E.), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, and Service des Pathologies du Sommeil (I.A.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Claire Ewenczyk
- From the Institut Cerveau Moelle (N.P., L.Y.-C., R.V., R.G., S.F.-V., S.L.), Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche; Sorbonne Université (N.P., L.Y.-C,, R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., S.F.-V., I.A., M.V., S.L.), Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut Cerveau Moelle, F-75013; Institut Cerveau Moelle Team Movement Investigation and Therapeutics (N.P., R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., I.A., M.V., S.L.); Service de neuroradiologie (N.P., M.V., S.L.), APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Clinique des Mouvements Anormaux (C.E.), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, and Service des Pathologies du Sommeil (I.A.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Cecile Gallea
- From the Institut Cerveau Moelle (N.P., L.Y.-C., R.V., R.G., S.F.-V., S.L.), Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche; Sorbonne Université (N.P., L.Y.-C,, R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., S.F.-V., I.A., M.V., S.L.), Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut Cerveau Moelle, F-75013; Institut Cerveau Moelle Team Movement Investigation and Therapeutics (N.P., R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., I.A., M.V., S.L.); Service de neuroradiologie (N.P., M.V., S.L.), APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Clinique des Mouvements Anormaux (C.E.), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, and Service des Pathologies du Sommeil (I.A.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sara Fernandez-Vidal
- From the Institut Cerveau Moelle (N.P., L.Y.-C., R.V., R.G., S.F.-V., S.L.), Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche; Sorbonne Université (N.P., L.Y.-C,, R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., S.F.-V., I.A., M.V., S.L.), Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut Cerveau Moelle, F-75013; Institut Cerveau Moelle Team Movement Investigation and Therapeutics (N.P., R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., I.A., M.V., S.L.); Service de neuroradiologie (N.P., M.V., S.L.), APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Clinique des Mouvements Anormaux (C.E.), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, and Service des Pathologies du Sommeil (I.A.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- From the Institut Cerveau Moelle (N.P., L.Y.-C., R.V., R.G., S.F.-V., S.L.), Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche; Sorbonne Université (N.P., L.Y.-C,, R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., S.F.-V., I.A., M.V., S.L.), Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut Cerveau Moelle, F-75013; Institut Cerveau Moelle Team Movement Investigation and Therapeutics (N.P., R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., I.A., M.V., S.L.); Service de neuroradiologie (N.P., M.V., S.L.), APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Clinique des Mouvements Anormaux (C.E.), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, and Service des Pathologies du Sommeil (I.A.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- From the Institut Cerveau Moelle (N.P., L.Y.-C., R.V., R.G., S.F.-V., S.L.), Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche; Sorbonne Université (N.P., L.Y.-C,, R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., S.F.-V., I.A., M.V., S.L.), Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut Cerveau Moelle, F-75013; Institut Cerveau Moelle Team Movement Investigation and Therapeutics (N.P., R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., I.A., M.V., S.L.); Service de neuroradiologie (N.P., M.V., S.L.), APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Clinique des Mouvements Anormaux (C.E.), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, and Service des Pathologies du Sommeil (I.A.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Lehericy
- From the Institut Cerveau Moelle (N.P., L.Y.-C., R.V., R.G., S.F.-V., S.L.), Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche; Sorbonne Université (N.P., L.Y.-C,, R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., S.F.-V., I.A., M.V., S.L.), Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut Cerveau Moelle, F-75013; Institut Cerveau Moelle Team Movement Investigation and Therapeutics (N.P., R.G., F.G., C.E., C.G., I.A., M.V., S.L.); Service de neuroradiologie (N.P., M.V., S.L.), APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Clinique des Mouvements Anormaux (C.E.), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, and Service des Pathologies du Sommeil (I.A.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
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10
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Falquetto B, Thieme K, Malta MB, e Rocha KC, Tuppy M, Potje SR, Antoniali C, Rodrigues AC, Munhoz CD, Moreira TS, Takakura AC. Oxidative stress in the medullary respiratory neurons contributes to respiratory dysfunction in the 6‐OHDA model of Parkinson's disease. J Physiol 2020; 598:5271-5293. [DOI: 10.1113/jp279791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Falquetto
- Department of Pharmacology Institute de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Karina Thieme
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Marília B. Malta
- Department of Pharmacology Institute de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Karina C. e Rocha
- Department of Pharmacology Institute de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Marina Tuppy
- Department of Pharmacology Institute de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Simone R. Potje
- Department of Basic Sciences School of Dentistry São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araçatuba SP 16015‐050 Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Department of Basic Sciences School of Dentistry São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araçatuba SP 16015‐050 Brazil
| | - Alice C. Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology Institute de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Carolina D. Munhoz
- Department of Pharmacology Institute de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Thiago S. Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Ana C. Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology Institute de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
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11
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Wakabayashi K. Where and how alpha-synuclein pathology spreads in Parkinson's disease. Neuropathology 2020; 40:415-425. [PMID: 32750743 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), neuronal alpha-synuclein aggregates are distributed throughout the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia, submandibular gland, enteric nervous system, cardiac and pelvic plexuses, adrenal medulla, and skin. Thus, PD is a progressive multiorgan disease clinically associated with various motor and nonmotor symptoms. The earliest PD-related lesions appear to develop in the olfactory bulb, dorsal vagal nucleus, and possibly also the peripheral autonomic nervous system. The brain is closely connected with the enteric nervous system via axons of the efferent fibers of the dorsal nucleus of vagal nerve. Anatomical connections also exist between the olfactory bulb and brainstem. Accumulating evidence from experimental studies indicates that transneuronal propagation of misfolded alpha-synuclein is involved in the progression of PD. However, it cannot be ruled out that alpha-synuclein pathology in PD is multicentric in origin. Based on pathological findings from studies on human materials, the present review will update the progression pattern of alpha-synuclein pathology in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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12
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Chang YP, Lee MS, Wu DW, Tsai JH, Ho PS, Lin CHR, Chuang HY. Risk factors for depression in patients with Parkinson's disease: A nationwide nested case-control study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236443. [PMID: 32716954 PMCID: PMC7384643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have higher prevalence of depression than the general population; however, the risk factors for depression in PD remain uncertain. Methods/Design Using the 2000–2010 Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, we selected 1767 patients aged ≧ 40 years with new-onset PD during 2000–2009. Among them, 324 patients with a new incidence of depression were enrolled as cases and 972 patients without depression were randomly selected as controls. The groups were frequency-matched at a ratio of 1:3 by age, sex, and index year. Thus, this nested case-control study compared differences between the cases and the controls. Logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for depression in PD. Results Compared with the controls, the odds ratio (OR) of anxiety disorders in the cases was 1.53 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.16–2.02; P = 0.003), after adjusting for the confounding factors of age, sex, index year, geographic region, urban level, monthly income, and other coexisting medical conditions. The OR for sleep disturbances in the cases was 1.49 (95% CI, 1.14–1.96; P = 0.004) compared to the controls, after adjusting these confounding factors. Hence, the risk factors for depression in PD were nonsignificantly associated with physical comorbidities. Conclusions In the present study, depression in PD was significantly associated with anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances. Integrated care for early identification and treatment of neuropsychiatric comorbidities is crucial in patients with new-onset PD so as to prevent further PD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Pei Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Sheng Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wei Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsiu Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Program in Environmental and Occupation Medicine, (Taiwan) National Health Research Institutes and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JHT); (PSH); (CHRL)
| | - Pei-Shan Ho
- Department of Oral Hygiene, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JHT); (PSH); (CHRL)
| | - Chun-Hung Richard Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JHT); (PSH); (CHRL)
| | - Hung-Yi Chuang
- Program in Environmental and Occupation Medicine, (Taiwan) National Health Research Institutes and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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13
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Ubeda-Bañon I, Saiz-Sanchez D, Flores-Cuadrado A, Rioja-Corroto E, Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Villar-Conde S, Astillero-Lopez V, Cabello-de la Rosa JP, Gallardo-Alcañiz MJ, Vaamonde-Gamo J, Relea-Calatayud F, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Mohedano-Moriano A, Rabano A, Martinez-Marcos A. The human olfactory system in two proteinopathies: Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:22. [PMID: 32493457 PMCID: PMC7271529 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. Their etiologies are idiopathic, and treatments are symptomatic and orientated towards cognitive or motor deficits. Neuropathologically, both are proteinopathies with pathological aggregates (plaques of amyloid-β peptide and neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease, and Lewy bodies mostly composed of α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease). These deposits appear in the nervous system in a predictable and accumulative sequence with six neuropathological stages. Both disorders present a long prodromal period, characterized by preclinical signs including hyposmia. Interestingly, the olfactory system, particularly the anterior olfactory nucleus, is initially and preferentially affected by the pathology. Cerebral atrophy revealed by magnetic resonance imaging must be complemented by histological analyses to ascertain whether neuronal and/or glial loss or neuropil remodeling are responsible for volumetric changes. It has been proposed that these proteinopathies could act in a prion-like manner in which a misfolded protein would be able to force native proteins into pathogenic folding (seeding), which then propagates through neurons and glia (spreading). Existing data have been examined to establish why some neuronal populations are vulnerable while others are resistant to pathology and to what extent glia prevent and/or facilitate proteinopathy spreading. Connectomic approaches reveal a number of hubs in the olfactory system (anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory entorhinal cortex and cortical amygdala) that are key interconnectors with the main hubs (the entorhinal-hippocampal-cortical and amygdala-dorsal motor vagal nucleus) of network dysfunction in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ubeda-Bañon
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Daniel Saiz-Sanchez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alicia Flores-Cuadrado
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ernesto Rioja-Corroto
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Melania Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Sandra Villar-Conde
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Veronica Astillero-Lopez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | | | - Julia Vaamonde-Gamo
- Neurology Service, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Lucia Gonzalez-Lopez
- Pathology Service, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Rabano
- Neuropathology Department and Tissue Bank, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alino Martinez-Marcos
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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VCP expression decrease as a biomarker of preclinical and early clinical stages of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:827. [PMID: 31964996 PMCID: PMC6972783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Valosin-containing human protein (VCP) or p97 performs enzyme functions associated with the maintenance of protein homeostasis and control of protein quality. Disruption of its normal functioning might be associated with the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Tissues of mice with toxin-induced presymptomatic and early symptomatic stages of PD, as well as 52 treated and untreated patients with newly diagnosed PD and nine patients with a “predicted” form of PD, were investigated. Significant changes in Vcp gene expression were observed in almost all studied mouse tissues. A significant decrease in VCP expression specific for PD was also detected at both the late preclinical and the early clinical stages of PD in untreated patients. Thus, a decrease in VCP expression is important for changes in the function of the nervous system at early stages of PD. Analysis of changes in VCP expression in all patients with PD and in Vcp in the peripheral blood of mice used as models of PD revealed significant decreases in expression specific for PD. These data suggest that a decrease in the relative levels of VCP mRNA might serve as a biomarker for the development of pathology at the early clinical and preclinical stages of human PD.
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15
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Umemoto G, Furuya H. Management of Dysphagia in Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders. Intern Med 2020; 59:7-14. [PMID: 30996170 PMCID: PMC6995701 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2373-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Various methods of rehabilitation for dysphagia have been suggested through the experience of treating stroke patients. Although most of these patients recover their swallowing function in a short period, dysphagia in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Parkinson-related disorder (PRD) degenerates with disease progression. Muscle rigidity and bradykinesia are recognized as causes of swallowing dysfunction, and it is difficult to easily apply the strategies for stroke to the rehabilitation of dysphagia in PD patients. Disease severity, weight loss, drooling, and dementia are important clinical predictors. Silent aspiration is a pathognomonic sign that may lead to aspiration pneumonia. Severe PD patients need routine video fluoroscopy or video endoscopy to adjust their food and liquid consistency. Patients with PRD experience rapid progression of swallowing dysfunction. Nutrition combined with nasogastric tube feeding or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding should be considered owing to the increased risk of aspiration and difficulty administrating oral nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Umemoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Furuya
- Department of Neurology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
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16
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Krämer HH, Lautenschläger G, de Azevedo M, Doppler K, Schänzer A, Best C, Oertel WH, Reuter I, Sommer C, Birklein F. Reduced central sympathetic activity in Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01463. [PMID: 31691543 PMCID: PMC6908869 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With a combination of different sympathetic tests, we aimed to elucidate whether impairment of sympathetic function in Parkinson's disease (PD) is the consequence of a central or peripheral efferent dysfunction. METHODS Thirty-five patients with early-to-intermediate PD (median age: 63 years; IQR: 57-67 years; disease duration 1-9 years, 15 women) and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (median age: 64.5 years; IQR: 58-68 years; 10 women) were recruited. Autonomic testing was performed in two subgroups and included the assessment of resting cardiovascular parameters, postprandial hypotension (PPH), orthostatic hypotension (OH), and vasoconstriction induced by intradermal microdialysis with different concentrations of norepinephrine (NE; 10-5 ; 10-6 ; 10-7 ; 10-8 ) and by cold through forehead cooling. We also used sympathetic multiunit microneurography (muscle sympathetic nerve activity; MSNA; burst frequency (BF): bursts per minute; burst incidence (BI): bursts per 100 heart beats) and evaluated the presence of phosphorylated α-synuclein deposits in skin innervation in biopsies from the thighs by immunohistohemistry. RESULTS Diastolic blood pressure was higher in the PD group at rest (p < .001) and during OH (F = 6.533; p = .022). Vasoconstriction induced by NE microdialysis and cold was unchanged in PD patients. MSNA was lower in PD patients than in controls (BF: p = .001; BI: p = .025). Phosphorylated α-synuclein deposits could be found only in PD patients. CONCLUSION We did not find indications for peripheral sympathetic nerve fiber dysfunction or adrenoreceptor sensitivity changes. The decreased MSNA argues in favor of central sympathetic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun H Krämer
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Kathrin Doppler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Best
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Iris Reuter
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudia Sommer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Birklein
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Gonzalez‐Lopez E, Vrana KE. Dopamine beta‐hydroxylase and its genetic variants in human health and disease. J Neurochem 2019; 152:157-181. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kent E. Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology Penn State College of Medicine Hershey PA USA
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18
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Cheng J, Lu Q, Song L, Ho MS. α-Synuclein Trafficking in Parkinson's Disease: Insights From Fly and Mouse Models. ASN Neuro 2019; 10:1759091418812587. [PMID: 30482039 PMCID: PMC6259071 DOI: 10.1177/1759091418812587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation and accumulation are common pathological hallmarks in neurodegenerative diseases. To efficiently clear and eliminate such aggregation becomes an important cellular strategy for cell survival. Lewy bodies inclusion and aggregation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) during the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) serve as a good example and are potentially linked to other pathological PD features such as progressive dopaminergic neuron cell death, behavioral defects, and nonmotor symptoms like anosmia, cognitive impairment, and depression. Years of research have revealed a variety of mechanisms underlying α-Syn aggregation, clearance, and spread. Particularly, vesicular routes associated with the trafficking of α-Syn, leading to its aggregation and accumulation, have been shown to play vital roles in PD pathogenesis. How α-Syn proteins propagate among cells in a prion-like manner, either from or to neurons and glia, via means of uptake or secretion, are questions under active investigation and have been of central interest in the field of PD study. This review covers components and pathways of possible vesicular routes involved in α-Syn trafficking. Events including but not limited to exocytosis and endocytosis will be discussed within the context of an overall cellular trafficking theme. Recent advances on α-Syn trafficking mechanisms and their significance in mediating PD pathogenesis will be thoroughly reviewed, ending with a discussion on the advantages and limitations of different animal PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cheng
- 1 School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Qingqing Lu
- 2 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Li Song
- 2 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Margaret S Ho
- 1 School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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Nelson PT, Dickson DW, Trojanowski JQ, Jack CR, Boyle PA, Arfanakis K, Rademakers R, Alafuzoff I, Attems J, Brayne C, Coyle-Gilchrist ITS, Chui HC, Fardo DW, Flanagan ME, Halliday G, Hokkanen SRK, Hunter S, Jicha GA, Katsumata Y, Kawas CH, Keene CD, Kovacs GG, Kukull WA, Levey AI, Makkinejad N, Montine TJ, Murayama S, Murray ME, Nag S, Rissman RA, Seeley WW, Sperling RA, White III CL, Yu L, Schneider JA. Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE): consensus working group report. Brain 2019; 142:1503-1527. [PMID: 31039256 PMCID: PMC6536849 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 814] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a recently recognized disease entity, limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE). LATE neuropathological change (LATE-NC) is defined by a stereotypical TDP-43 proteinopathy in older adults, with or without coexisting hippocampal sclerosis pathology. LATE-NC is a common TDP-43 proteinopathy, associated with an amnestic dementia syndrome that mimicked Alzheimer's-type dementia in retrospective autopsy studies. LATE is distinguished from frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology based on its epidemiology (LATE generally affects older subjects), and relatively restricted neuroanatomical distribution of TDP-43 proteinopathy. In community-based autopsy cohorts, ∼25% of brains had sufficient burden of LATE-NC to be associated with discernible cognitive impairment. Many subjects with LATE-NC have comorbid brain pathologies, often including amyloid-β plaques and tauopathy. Given that the 'oldest-old' are at greatest risk for LATE-NC, and subjects of advanced age constitute a rapidly growing demographic group in many countries, LATE has an expanding but under-recognized impact on public health. For these reasons, a working group was convened to develop diagnostic criteria for LATE, aiming both to stimulate research and to promote awareness of this pathway to dementia. We report consensus-based recommendations including guidelines for diagnosis and staging of LATE-NC. For routine autopsy workup of LATE-NC, an anatomically-based preliminary staging scheme is proposed with TDP-43 immunohistochemistry on tissue from three brain areas, reflecting a hierarchical pattern of brain involvement: amygdala, hippocampus, and middle frontal gyrus. LATE-NC appears to affect the medial temporal lobe structures preferentially, but other areas also are impacted. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated that subjects with LATE-NC also had atrophy in the medial temporal lobes, frontal cortex, and other brain regions. Genetic studies have thus far indicated five genes with risk alleles for LATE-NC: GRN, TMEM106B, ABCC9, KCNMB2, and APOE. The discovery of these genetic risk variants indicate that LATE shares pathogenetic mechanisms with both frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer's disease, but also suggests disease-specific underlying mechanisms. Large gaps remain in our understanding of LATE. For advances in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, there is an urgent need for research focused on LATE, including in vitro and animal models. An obstacle to clinical progress is lack of diagnostic tools, such as biofluid or neuroimaging biomarkers, for ante-mortem detection of LATE. Development of a disease biomarker would augment observational studies seeking to further define the risk factors, natural history, and clinical features of LATE, as well as eventual subject recruitment for targeted therapies in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Helena C Chui
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Glenda Halliday
- The University of Sydney Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Shigeo Murayama
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sukriti Nag
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lei Yu
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Iakovleva OV, Poluektov MG, Lyashenko EA, Levin OS. Subjective and objective subtypes of excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:44-50. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911909244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Microglia are the most abundant immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), where they interact with neurons and exhibit a wide array of functions in physiological and pathological conditions. Physiologically, microglia mediate synaptic pruning and remodeling crucial for neural circuits and brain connectivity. In pathological conditions such as neurodegeneration in the Parkinson's disease (PD), microglia are activated, migrated to the injury site, and prone to engulf debris, sense pathology, and secrete possible pro- and anti-inflammatory factors. Microglia mediate responses such as inflammation and phagocytosis associated with neurodegeneration and are pivotal players in exacerbating or relieving disease progression. This chapter provides an overview on microglial function in the neurodegenerative disease-Parkinson's disease (PD). An overview on the pathology of PD will first be given, followed by discussion on receptors and signaling pathways involved in microglia-mediated inflammation and phagocytosis. Mechanism of how microglia contribute to PD by inflammation, phagocytosis of α-Synuclein (α-Syn), and interaction with PD genes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Ho
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, #B416, L Building, #230 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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22
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Breger LS, Fuzzati Armentero MT. Genetically engineered animal models of Parkinson's disease: From worm to rodent. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:533-560. [PMID: 30552719 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterised by aberrant accumulation of insoluble proteins, including alpha-synuclein, and a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The extended neurodegeneration leads to a drop of striatal dopamine levels responsible for disabling motor and non-motor impairments. Although the causes of the disease remain unclear, it is well accepted among the scientific community that the disorder may also have a genetic component. For that reason, the number of genetically engineered animal models has greatly increased over the past two decades, ranging from invertebrates to more complex organisms such as mice and rats. This trend is growing as new genetic variants associated with the disease are discovered. The EU Joint Programme - Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) has promoted the creation of an online database aiming at summarising the different features of experimental models of Parkinson's disease. This review discusses available genetic models of PD and the extent to which they adequately mirror the human pathology and reflects on future development and uses of genetically engineered experimental models for the study of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine S Breger
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, Centre Broca Nouvelle Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux cedex, France
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Secretion and Uptake of α-Synuclein Via Extracellular Vesicles in Cultured Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1539-1550. [PMID: 30288631 PMCID: PMC6223723 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In Parkinson’s disease and other Lewy body disorders, the propagation of pathology has been accredited to the spreading of extracellular α-synuclein (α-syn). Although the pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood, cell-to-cell transfer of α-syn via exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been reported. Here, we investigated whether altered molecular properties of α-syn can influence the distribution and secretion of α-syn in human neuroblastoma cells. Different α-syn variants, including α-syn:hemi-Venus and disease-causing mutants, were overexpressed and EVs were isolated from the conditioned medium. Of the secreted α-syn, 0.1–2% was associated with vesicles. The major part of EV α-syn was attached to the outer membrane of vesicles, whereas a smaller fraction was found in their lumen. For α-syn expressed with N-terminal hemi-Venus, the relative levels associated with EVs were higher than for WT α-syn. Moreover, such EV-associated α-syn:hemi-Venus species were internalized in recipient cells to a higher degree than the corresponding free-floating forms. Among the disease-causing mutants, A53T α-syn displayed an increased association with EVs. Taken together, our data suggest that α-syn species with presumably lost physiological functions or altered aggregation properties may shift the cellular processing towards vesicular secretion. Our findings thus lend further support to the tenet that EVs can mediate spreading of harmful α-syn species and thereby contribute to the pathology in α-synucleinopathies.
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Scott KM, Kouli A, Yeoh SL, Clatworthy MR, Williams-Gray CH. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alpha Synuclein Auto-Antibodies in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:815. [PMID: 30333787 PMCID: PMC6176114 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and its progression. Antibodies play an important role in both innate and adaptive responses, acting as powerful effector molecules that can propagate inflammation by activating innate immune cells. Alpha synuclein binding antibodies have been described in PD patients with conflicting associations. In this article, we consider the potential mechanistic basis of alpha synuclein auto-antibody development and function in PD. We present a systematic review and meta-analysis of antibody studies in PD cohorts showing that there is weak evidence for an increase in alpha synuclein auto-antibodies in PD patients particularly in early disease. The confidence with which this conclusion can be drawn is limited by the heterogeneity of the clinical cohorts used, inclusion of unmatched controls, inadequate power and assay related variability. We have therefore made some recommendations for the design of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M. Scott
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonina Kouli
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Su L. Yeoh
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline H. Williams-Gray
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Okuzumi A, Kurosawa M, Hatano T, Takanashi M, Nojiri S, Fukuhara T, Yamanaka T, Miyazaki H, Yoshinaga S, Furukawa Y, Shimogori T, Hattori N, Nukina N. Rapid dissemination of alpha-synuclein seeds through neural circuits in an in-vivo prion-like seeding experiment. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:96. [PMID: 30231908 PMCID: PMC6145187 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the lesions of Parkinson's disease (PD) expand due to transneuronal spreading of fibrils composed of misfolded alpha-synuclein (a-syn), over the course of 5-10 years. However, the precise mechanisms and the processes underlying the spread of these fibril seeds have not been clarified in vivo. Here, we investigated the speed of a-syn transmission, which has not been a focus of previous a-syn transmission experiments, and whether a-syn pathologies spread in a neural circuit-dependent manner in the mouse brain. We injected a-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs), which are seeds for the propagation of a-syn deposits, either before or after callosotomy, to disconnect bilateral hemispheric connections. In mice that underwent callosotomy before the injection, the propagation of a-syn pathology to the contralateral hemisphere was clearly reduced. In contrast, mice that underwent callosotomy 24 h after a-syn PFFs injection showed a-syn pathology similar to that seen in mice without callosotomy. These results suggest that a-syn seeds are rapidly disseminated through neuronal circuits immediately after seed injection, in a prion-like seeding experiment in vivo, although it is believed that clinical a-syn pathologies take years to spread throughout the brain. In addition, we found that botulinum toxin B blocked the transsynaptic transmission of a-syn seeds by specifically inactivating the synaptic vesicle fusion machinery. This study offers a novel concept regarding a-syn propagation, based on the Braak hypothesis, and also cautions that experimental transmission systems may be examining a unique type of transmission, which differs from the clinical disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Okuzumi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masaru Kurosawa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu-shi, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Taku Hatano
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masashi Takanashi
- Department of Neurology Juntendo University Koshigaya Hospital, 560 Fukuroyama, Koshigaya city, Saitama, 343-0032, Japan
| | - Shuuko Nojiri
- Medical Technology Innovation Center, Clinical Research and Trial Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuhara
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Haruko Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Saki Yoshinaga
- Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Furukawa
- Laboratory for Mechanistic Chemistry of Biomolecules, Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shimogori
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Brain Development, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Nukina
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.
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26
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Erskine D, Ding J, Thomas AJ, Kaganovich A, Khundakar AA, Hanson PS, Taylor JP, McKeith IG, Attems J, Cookson MR, Morris CM. Molecular changes in the absence of severe pathology in the pulvinar in dementia with Lewy bodies. Mov Disord 2018; 33:982-991. [PMID: 29570843 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia with Lewy bodies is characterized by transient clinical features, including fluctuating cognition and visual hallucinations, implicating dysfunction of cerebral hub regions, such as the pulvinar nuclei of the thalamus. However, the pulvinar is typically only mildly affected by Lewy body pathology in dementia with Lewy bodies, suggesting additional factors may account for its proposed dysfunction. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive analysis of postmortem pulvinar tissue using whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing, protein expression analysis, and histological evaluation. RESULTS We identified 321 transcripts as significantly different between dementia with Lewy bodies cases and neurologically normal controls, with gene ontology pathway analysis suggesting the enrichment of transcripts related to synapses and positive regulation of immune functioning. At the protein level, proteins related to synaptic efficiency were decreased, and general synaptic markers remained intact. Analysis of glial subpopulations revealed astrogliosis without activated microglia, which was associated with synaptic changes but not neurodegenerative pathology. DISCUSSION These results indicate that the pulvinar, a region with relatively low Lewy body pathological burden, manifests changes at the molecular level that differ from previous reports in a more severely affected region. We speculate that these alterations result from neurodegenerative changes in regions connected to the pulvinar and likely contribute to a variety of cognitive changes resulting from decreased cortical synchrony in dementia with Lewy bodies. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erskine
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ahmad A Khundakar
- School of Science, Engineering and Design, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Peter S Hanson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian G McKeith
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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27
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Erskine D, Thomas AJ, Attems J, Taylor JP, McKeith IG, Morris CM, Khundakar AA. Specific patterns of neuronal loss in the pulvinar nucleus in dementia with lewy bodies. Mov Disord 2017; 32:414-422. [PMID: 28059471 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex visual hallucinations occur in 70%-80% of dementia with Lewy bodies patients and significantly affect well-being. Despite the prevalence of visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies, the neuropathological basis of this phenomenon is poorly understood. The pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus has not previously been neuropathologically examined, but has been linked to visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies. The objective of this study was to investigate whether neuropathological or morphometric changes occur in the pulvinar nucleus in dementia with Lewy bodies cases that may contribute to visual hallucinations. METHODS Postmortem pulvinar tissue was acquired from 8 individuals with dementia with Lewy bodies, 8 with Alzheimer's disease, and 8 control cases and was analyzed using stereological and quantitative neuropathological techniques. RESULTS Lewy body pathology was present throughout the pulvinar in dementia with Lewy bodies but was most severe in the medial pulvinar. Neuronal loss was found in the lateral pulvinar in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease but was more severe in dementia with Lewy bodies. CONCLUSIONS The pulvinar has an important role in visual attention, visual target selection and affective visual perception. These functions are thought to be deficient in dementia with Lewy bodies and may contribute a vulnerability to visual hallucinations. Therefore, this study has demonstrated neuropathological changes that may promote the manifestation of visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erskine
- Institute of Neuroscience, Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Medical Toxicology Centre, Wolfson Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Newcastle University, Claremont Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G McKeith
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience, Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Medical Toxicology Centre, Wolfson Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Newcastle University, Claremont Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad A Khundakar
- Institute of Neuroscience, Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Braak H, Del Tredici K. Neuropathological Staging of Brain Pathology in Sporadic Parkinson's disease: Separating the Wheat from the Chaff. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2017; 7:S71-S85. [PMID: 28282810 PMCID: PMC5345633 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-179001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A relatively small number of especially susceptible nerve cell types within multiple neurotransmitter systems of the human central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems (CNS, PNS, ENS) become involved in the degenerative process underlying sporadic Parkinson's disease (sPD). The six-stage model we proposed for brain pathology related to sPD (Neurobiol Aging 2003) was a retrospective study of incidental and clinically diagnosed cases performed on unconventionally thick tissue sections (100 μm) from a large number of brain regions.The staging model emphasized what we perceived to be a sequential development of increasing degrees of Lewy pathology in anatomically interconnected regions together with the loss of aminergic projection neurons in, but not limited to, the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. The same weight was assigned to axonal and somatodendritic Lewy pathology, and the olfactory bulb was included for the first time in a sPD staging system. After years of research, it now appears that the earliest lesions could develop at nonnigral (dopamine agonist nonresponsive) sites, where the surrounding environment is potentially hostile: the olfactory bulb and, possibly, the ENS. The current lack of knowledge regarding the development of Lewy pathology within the peripheral autonomic nervous system, however, means that alternative extra-CNS sites of origin cannot be disregarded as possible candidates. The PD staging system not only caused controversy but contributed a framework for (1) assessing pathology in the spinal cord, ENS, and PNS in relationship to that evolving in the brain, (2) defining prodromal disease and cohorts of at-risk individuals, (3) developing potential prognostic biomarkers for very early disease, (4) testing novel hypotheses and experimental models of α-synuclein propagation and disease progression, and (5) finding causally-oriented therapies that intervene before the substantia nigra becomes involved. The identification of new disease mechanisms at the molecular and cellular levels indicates that physical contacts (transsynaptic) and transneuronal transmission between vulnerable nerve cells are somehow crucial to the pathogenesis of sPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Braak
- Correspondence to: Prof. Heiko Braak, M.D., Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany. Tel.: +49 731 500 63111; Fax: +49 731 500 63133; E-mail:
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29
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Erskine D, Taylor JP, Firbank MJ, Patterson L, Onofrj M, O'Brien JT, McKeith IG, Attems J, Thomas AJ, Morris CM, Khundakar AA. Changes to the lateral geniculate nucleus in Alzheimer's disease but not dementia with Lewy bodies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 42:366-76. [PMID: 25967384 PMCID: PMC4913748 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Complex visual hallucinations occur in 70% of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) cases and significantly affect patient well-being. Visuo-cortical and retinal abnormalities have been recorded in DLB and may play a role in visual hallucinations. The present study aimed to investigate the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a visual relay centre between the retina and visual cortex, to see if changes to this structure underlie visual hallucinations in DLB. METHODS Fifty-one [17 probable DLB, 19 control and 15 probable Alzheimer's disease (AD)] cases were recruited for a functional magnetic resonance imaging study, in which patients' response to a flashing checkerboard stimulus was detected and measured in the LGN, before comparison across experimental groups. Additionally, post mortem LGN tissue was acquired for a cross-sectional study using 20 (six DLB, seven control and seven AD) cases and analysed using stereology. α-Synuclein, phosphorylated tau and amyloid-β pathology was also assessed in all cases. RESULTS DLB cases did not significantly differ from controls on neuroimaging, morphometry or pathology. However, a significant increase in amyloid-β pathology, a reduction in number of parvocellular neurones and magnocellular gliosis was found in AD cases compared with control and DLB cases. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the early visual system is relatively spared in DLB, which implies that upstream visual structures may be largely responsible for the generation of hallucinatory percepts. The significance of the degeneration of the LGN in AD cases is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erskine
- Institute of Neuroscience, Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Wolfson Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John Paul Taylor
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael J Firbank
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lina Patterson
- Institute of Neuroscience, Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Chieti Scalo, Italy
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian G McKeith
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Chris M Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience, Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Wolfson Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ahmad Adam Khundakar
- Institute of Neuroscience, Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Chronic Stress and Glucocorticoids: From Neuronal Plasticity to Neurodegeneration. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:6391686. [PMID: 27034847 PMCID: PMC4806285 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6391686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress and stress hormones, glucocorticoids (GCs), exert widespread actions in central nervous system, ranging from the regulation of gene transcription, cellular signaling, modulation of synaptic structure, and transmission and glial function to behavior. Their actions are mediated by glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors which are nuclear receptors/transcription factors. While GCs primarily act to maintain homeostasis by inducing physiological and behavioral adaptation, prolonged exposure to stress and elevated GC levels may result in neuro- and psychopathology. There is now ample evidence for cause-effect relationships between prolonged stress, elevated GC levels, and cognitive and mood disorders while the evidence for a link between chronic stress/GC and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases is growing. This brief review considers some of the cellular mechanisms through which stress and GC may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD and PD.
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Babkina OV, Poluektov MG, Levin OS. Heterogeneity of excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson’s disease. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2016; 116:60-70. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20161166260-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
The discovery of alpha-synuclein's prion-like behaviors in mammals, as well as a non-Mendelian type of inheritance, has led to a new concept in biology, the "prion hypothesis" of Parkinson's disease. The misfolding and aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) within the nervous system occur in many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). The molecular basis of synucleinopathies appears to be tightly coupled to α-syn's conformational conversion and fibril formation. The pathological form of α-syn consists of oligomers and fibrils with rich in β-sheets. The conversion of its α-helical structure to the β-sheet rich fibril is a defining pathologic feature of α-syn. These kinds of disorders have been classified as protein misfolding diseases or proteopathies which share key biophysical and biochemical characteristics with prion diseases. In this review, we highlight α-syn's prion-like activities in PD and PD models, describe the idea of a prion-like mechanism contributing to PD pathology, and discuss several key molecules that can modulate the α-syn accumulation and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA,
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McDowell KA, Shin D, Roos KP, Chesselet MF. Sleep dysfunction and EEG alterations in mice overexpressing alpha-synuclein. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 4:531-539. [PMID: 24867919 PMCID: PMC5777499 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-140374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sleep disruptions occur early and frequently in Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD patients also show a slowing of resting state activity. Alpha-synuclein is causally linked to PD and accumulates in sleep-related brain regions. While sleep problems occur in over 75% of PD patients and severely impact the quality of life of patients and caregivers, their study is limited by a paucity of adequate animal models. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether overexpression of wildtype alpha-synuclein could lead to alterations in sleep patterns reminiscent of those observed in PD by measuring sleep/wake activity with rigorous quantitative methods in a well-characterized genetic mouse model. Methods: At 10 months of age, mice expressing human wildtype alpha-synuclein under the Thy-1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn) and wildtype littermates underwent the subcutaneous implantation of a telemetry device (Data Sciences International) for the recording of electromyograms (EMG) and electroencephalograms (EEG) in freely moving animals. Surgeries and data collection were performed without knowledge of mouse genotype. Results: Thy1-aSyn mice showed increased non-rapid eye movement sleep during their quiescent phase, increased active wake during their active phase, and decreased rapid eye movement sleep over a 24-h period, as well as a shift in the density of their EEG power spectra toward lower frequencies with a significant decrease in gamma power during wakefulness. Conclusions: Alpha-synuclein overexpression in mice produces sleep disruptions and altered oscillatory EEG activity reminiscent of PD, and this model provides a novel platform to assess mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for sleep dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A McDowell
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Shin
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth P Roos
- Department of Physiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Herrero MT, Estrada C, Maatouk L, Vyas S. Inflammation in Parkinson's disease: role of glucocorticoids. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:32. [PMID: 25883554 PMCID: PMC4382972 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a major characteristic feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies in PD patients show evidence of augmented levels of potent pro-inflammatory molecules e.g., TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β whereas in experimental Parkinsonism it has been consistently demonstrated that dopaminergic neurons are particularly vulnerable to activated glia releasing these toxic factors. Recent genetic studies point to the role of immune system in the etiology of PD, thus in combination with environmental factors, both peripheral and CNS-mediated immune responses could play important roles in onset and progression of PD. Whereas microglia, astrocytes and infiltrating T cells are known to mediate chronic inflammation, the roles of other immune-competent cells are less well understood. Inflammation is a tightly controlled process. One major effector system of regulation is HPA axis. Glucocorticoids (GCs) released from adrenal glands upon stimulation of HPA axis, in response to either cell injury or presence of pathogen, activate their receptor, GR. GR regulates inflammation both through direct transcriptional action on target genes and by indirectly inhibiting transcriptional activities of transcriptional factors such as NF-κB, AP-1 or interferon regulatory factors. In PD patients, the HPA axis is unbalanced and the cortisol levels are significantly increased, implying a deregulation of GR function in immune cells. In experimental Parkinsonism, the activation of microglial GR has a crucial effect in diminishing microglial cell activation and reducing dopaminergic degeneration. Moreover, GCs are also known to regulate human brain vasculature as well as blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, any dysfunction in their actions may influence infiltration of cytotoxic molecules resulting in increased vulnerability of dopamine neurons in PD. Overall, deregulation of glucocorticoid receptor actions is likely important in dopamine neuron degeneration through establishment of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Trinidad Herrero
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE-IMIB), Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia, School of Medicine, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Estrada
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE-IMIB), Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia, School of Medicine, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Layal Maatouk
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Adaptive Behaviors, Department of Neuroscience Paris Seine, INSERM U 1130, CNRS UMR 8246, UPMC UM 119, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
| | - Sheela Vyas
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Adaptive Behaviors, Department of Neuroscience Paris Seine, INSERM U 1130, CNRS UMR 8246, UPMC UM 119, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
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Wu X, Cai H, Ge R, Li L, Jia Z. Recent progress of imaging agents for Parkinson's disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:551-63. [PMID: 25977680 PMCID: PMC4428027 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141204221238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common progressive, neurodegenerative brain disease that is promoted by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, protein aggregation and proteasome dysfunction in the brain. Compared with computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), non-invasive nuclear radiopharmaceuticals have great significance for the early diagnosis of PD due to their high sensitivity and specificity in atypical and preclinical cases. Based on the development of coordination chemistry and chelator design, radionuclides may be delivered to lesions by attaching to PD-related transporters and receptors, such as dopamine, serotonin, and others. In this review, we comprehensively detailed the current achievements in radionuclide imaging in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoai Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Huawei Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ran Ge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Kolacheva AA, Kozina EA, Volina EV, Ugryumov MV. Time course of degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and respective compensatory processes in the nigrostriatal system in mice. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2014; 456:160-4. [PMID: 24985505 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496614030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Kolacheva
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117808, Russia,
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Alterations of eye movement control in neurodegenerative movement disorders. J Ophthalmol 2014; 2014:658243. [PMID: 24955249 PMCID: PMC4052189 DOI: 10.1155/2014/658243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the fovea centralis, the most central part of the retina and the area of the highest visual accuracy, requires humans to shift their gaze rapidly (saccades) to bring some object of interest within the visual field onto the fovea. In addition, humans are equipped with the ability to rotate the eye ball continuously in a highly predicting manner (smooth pursuit) to hold a moving target steadily upon the retina. The functional deficits in neurodegenerative movement disorders (e.g., Parkinsonian syndromes) involve the basal ganglia that are critical in all aspects of movement control. Moreover, neocortical structures, the cerebellum, and the midbrain may become affected by the pathological process. A broad spectrum of eye movement alterations may result, comprising smooth pursuit disturbance (e.g., interrupting saccades), saccadic dysfunction (e.g., hypometric saccades), and abnormal attempted fixation (e.g., pathological nystagmus and square wave jerks). On clinical grounds, videooculography is a sensitive noninvasive in vivo technique to classify oculomotion function alterations. Eye movements are a valuable window into the integrity of central nervous system structures and their changes in defined neurodegenerative conditions, that is, the oculomotor nuclei in the brainstem together with their directly activating supranuclear centers and the basal ganglia as well as cortical areas of higher cognitive control of attention.
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A preliminary diffusional kurtosis imaging study of Parkinson disease: comparison with conventional diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroradiology 2014; 56:251-8. [PMID: 24468858 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-014-1327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) is a more sensitive technique than conventional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for assessing tissue microstructure. In particular, it quantifies the microstructural integrity of white matter, even in the presence of crossing fibers. The aim of this preliminary study was to compare how DKI and DTI show white matter alterations in Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS DKI scans were obtained with a 3-T magnetic resonance imager from 12 patients with PD and 10 healthy controls matched by age and sex. Tract-based spatial statistics were used to compare the mean kurtosis (MK), mean diffusivity (MD), and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps of the PD patient group and the control group. In addition, a region-of-interest analysis was performed for the area of the posterior corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) fiber crossing. RESULTS FA values in the frontal white matter were significantly lower in PD patients than in healthy controls. Reductions in MK occurred more extensively throughout the brain: in addition to frontal white matter, MK was lower in the parietal, occipital, and right temporal white matter. The MK value of the area of the posterior corona radiata and SLF fiber crossing was also lower in the PD group. CONCLUSION DKI detects changes in the cerebral white matter of PD patients more sensitively than conventional DTI. In addition, DKI is useful for evaluating crossing fibers. By providing a sensitive index of brain pathology in PD, DKI may enable improved monitoring of disease progression.
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Garrido-Vásquez P, Pell MD, Paulmann S, Strecker K, Schwarz J, Kotz SA. An ERP study of vocal emotion processing in asymmetric Parkinson's disease. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 8:918-27. [PMID: 22956665 PMCID: PMC3831560 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has been related to impaired processing of emotional speech intonation (emotional prosody). One distinctive feature of idiopathic PD is motor symptom asymmetry, with striatal dysfunction being strongest in the hemisphere contralateral to the most affected body side. It is still unclear whether this asymmetry may affect vocal emotion perception. Here, we tested 22 PD patients (10 with predominantly left-sided [LPD] and 12 with predominantly right-sided motor symptoms) and 22 healthy controls in an event-related potential study. Sentences conveying different emotional intonations were presented in lexical and pseudo-speech versions. Task varied between an explicit and an implicit instruction. Of specific interest was emotional salience detection from prosody, reflected in the P200 component. We predicted that patients with predominantly right-striatal dysfunction (LPD) would exhibit P200 alterations. Our results support this assumption. LPD patients showed enhanced P200 amplitudes, and specific deficits were observed for disgust prosody, explicit anger processing and implicit processing of happy prosody. Lexical speech was predominantly affected while the processing of pseudo-speech was largely intact. P200 amplitude in patients correlated significantly with left motor scores and asymmetry indices. The data suggest that emotional salience detection from prosody is affected by asymmetric neuronal degeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Garrido-Vásquez
- Department of General and Biological Psychology, University of Marburg, Gutenbergstrasse 18, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Ubeda-Bañon I, Saiz-Sanchez D, de la Rosa-Prieto C, Martinez-Marcos A. α-Synuclein in the olfactory system in Parkinson's disease: role of neural connections on spreading pathology. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:1513-26. [PMID: 24135772 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. Neuropathologically, intracellular aggregates of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites appear in particular brain areas according to a sequence of stages. Clinical diagnosis is usually established when motor symptoms are evident (corresponding to Braak stage III or later), years or even decades after onset of the disease. Research at early stages is therefore essential to understand the etiology of PD and improve treatment. Although classically considered as a motor disease, non-motor symptoms have recently gained interest. Olfactory deficits are among the earliest non-motor features of PD. Interestingly, α-synuclein deposits are present in the olfactory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus at Braak stage I. Several lines of evidence have led to proposals that PD pathology spreads by a prion-like mechanism via the olfactory and vagal systems to the substantia nigra. In this context, current data on the temporal appearance of α-synuclein aggregates in the olfactory system of both humans and transgenic mice are of particular relevance. In addition to the proposed retrograde nigral involvement via brainstem nuclei, olfactory pathways could potentially reach the substantia nigra, and the possibility of centrifugal progression warrants investigation. This review analyzes the involvement of α-synuclein in different elements of the olfactory system, in both humans and transgenic models, from the hodological perspective of possible anterograde and/or retrograde progression of this proteinopathy within the olfactory system and beyond-to the substantia nigra and the remainder of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ubeda-Bañon
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. de Moledores s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Zarei M, Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Compta Y, Hough M, Junque C, Bargallo N, Tolosa E, Martí MJ. Cortical thinning is associated with disease stages and dementia in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84:875-81. [PMID: 23463873 PMCID: PMC3717586 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-304126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the pattern of cortical thinning in Parkinson's disease (PD) across different disease stages and to elucidate to what extent cortical thinning is related to cognitive impairment. DESIGN Ninety-six subjects including 39 controls and 57 PD patients participated in this study. PD subjects were divided into three groups (early, n=24; moderate, n=18; with dementia, n=15). High field structural brain MRI images were acquired in a 3T scanner and analyses of cortical thickness and surface were carried out. Vertex-wise group comparisons were performed and cortical thickness was correlated with motor and cognitive measures. RESULTS We found a positive correlation between Mini-Mental State Examination scores and cortical thickness in the anterior temporal, dorsolateral prefrontal, posterior cingulate, temporal fusiform and occipitotemporal cortex. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-III (motor subsection) scores showed a robust negative correlation with caudate volumes. We found that disease stage in PD was associated with thinning of the medial frontal (premotor and supplementary motor cortex), posterior cingulate, precuneus, lateral occipital, temporal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Discriminant analysis and a receiver operating characteristics approach showed that mean cortical thickness and hippocampus volume have 80% accuracy in identifying PD patients with dementia. PD stage and PD dementia can be characterised by a specific pattern of cortical thinning. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that measuring cortical thickness can be useful in assessing disease stage and cognitive impairment in patients with PD. In addition, cortical thickness may be useful in identifying dementia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Zarei
- Department of Neurology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Parkinson's disease dementia: convergence of α-synuclein, tau and amyloid-β pathologies. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:626-36. [PMID: 23900411 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is increasingly being recognized in cases of Parkinson's disease (PD); such cases are termed PD dementia (PDD). The spread of fibrillar α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology from the brainstem to limbic and neocortical structures seems to be the strongest neuropathological correlate of emerging dementia in PD. In addition, up to 50% of patients with PDD also develop sufficient numbers of amyloid-β plaques and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles for a secondary diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, and these pathologies may act synergistically with α-syn pathology to confer a worse prognosis. An understanding of the relationships between these three distinct pathologies and their resultant clinical phenotypes is crucial for the development of effective disease-modifying treatments for PD and PDD.
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Campbell MC, Markham J, Flores H, Hartlein JM, Goate AM, Cairns NJ, Videen TO, Perlmutter JS. Principal component analysis of PiB distribution in Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases. Neurology 2013; 81:520-7. [PMID: 23825179 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31829e6f94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use principal component analyses (PCA) of Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) PET imaging to determine whether the pattern of in vivo β-amyloid (Aβ) in Parkinson disease (PD) with cognitive impairment is similar to the pattern found in symptomatic Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS PiB PET scans were obtained from participants with PD with cognitive impairment (n = 53), participants with symptomatic AD (n = 35), and age-matched controls (n = 67). All were assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating and APOE genotype was determined in 137 participants. PCA was used to (1) determine the PiB binding pattern in AD, (2) determine a possible unique PD pattern, and (3) directly compare the PiB binding patterns in PD and AD groups. RESULTS The first 2 principal components (PC1 and PC2) significantly separated the AD and control participants (p < 0.001). Participants with PD with cognitive impairment also were significantly different from participants with symptomatic AD on both components (p < 0.001). However, there was no difference between PD and controls on either component. Even those participants with PD with elevated mean cortical binding potentials were significantly different from participants with AD on both components. CONCLUSION Using PCA, we demonstrated that participants with PD with cognitive impairment do not exhibit the same PiB binding pattern as participants with AD. These data suggest that Aβ deposition may play a different pathophysiologic role in the cognitive impairment of PD compared to that in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C Campbell
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Rossi M, Ruottinen H, Soimakallio S, Elovaara I, Dastidar P. Clinical MRI for iron detection in Parkinson's disease. Clin Imaging 2013; 37:631-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Golde TE, Borchelt DR, Giasson BI, Lewis J. Thinking laterally about neurodegenerative proteinopathies. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1847-55. [PMID: 23635781 DOI: 10.1172/jci66029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and frontotemporal dementia, are proteinopathies that are associated with the aggregation and accumulation of misfolded proteins. While remarkable progress has been made in understanding the triggers of these conditions, several challenges have hampered the translation of preclinical therapies targeting pathways downstream of the initiating proteinopathies. Clinical trials in symptomatic patients using therapies directed toward initiating trigger events have met with little success, prompting concerns that such therapeutics may be of limited efficacy when used in advanced stages of the disease rather than as prophylactics. Herein, we discuss gaps in our understanding of the pathological processes downstream of the trigger and potential strategies to identify common features of the downstream degenerative cascade in multiple CNS proteinopathies, which could potentially lead to the development of common therapeutic targets for multiple disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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Ferrer I, López-Gonzalez I, Carmona M, Dalfó E, Pujol A, Martínez A. Neurochemistry and the non-motor aspects of PD. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:508-26. [PMID: 22737710 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a systemic disease with variegated non-motor deficits and neurological symptoms, including impaired olfaction, autonomic failure, cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms, in addition to the classical motor symptoms. Many non-motor symptoms appear before or in parallel with motor deficits and then worsen with disease progression. Although there is a relationship, albeit not causal, between motor symptoms and the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs) and neurites filled with abnormal α-synuclein, other neurological alterations are independent of the amount of α-synuclein inclusions in neurons and neurites, thereby indicating that different mechanisms probably converge in the degenerative process. This may apply to complex alterations interfering with olfactory and autonomic nervous systemfunctions, emotions, sleep regulation, and behavioral, cognitive and mental performance. Involvement of the cerebral cortex leading to impaired behavior and cognition is related to several convergent altered factors including: a. dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic and cholinergic cortical innervation; b. synapses; c. cortical metabolism; d. mitochondrial function and energy production; e. oxidative damage; f. transcription; g. protein expression; h. lipid composition; and i. ubiquitin–proteasome system and autophagy, among others. This complex situation indicates that multiple subcellular failure in selected cell populations is difficult to reconcilewith a reductionistic scenario of a single causative cascade of events leading to non-motor symptoms in PD. Furthermore, these alterationsmay appear at early stages of the disease and may precede the appearance of substantial irreversible cell loss by years. These observations have important implications in the design of therapeutic approaches geared to prevention and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Spain.
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Quik M, Perez XA, Bordia T. Nicotine as a potential neuroprotective agent for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2012; 27:947-57. [PMID: 22693036 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging research efforts suggest that nicotine and other drugs that act at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) may be beneficial in the management of Parkinson's disease. This idea initially stemmed from the results of epidemiological studies that demonstrated that smoking is associated with a decreased incidence of Parkinson's disease. The subsequent finding that nicotine administration protected against nigrostriatal damage in parkinsonian animal models led to the idea that nicotine in tobacco products may contribute to this apparent protective action. Nicotine most likely exerts its effects by interacting at nAChRs. Accumulating research indicates that multiple subtypes containing nAChRs, including α4β2, α6β2, and/or α7, may be involved. Stimulation of nAChRs initially activates various intracellular transduction pathways primarily via alterations in calcium signaling. Consequent adaptations in immune responsiveness and trophic factors may ultimately mediate nicotine's ability to reduce/halt the neuronal damage that arises in Parkinson's disease. In addition to a potential neuroprotective action, nicotine also has antidepressant properties and improves attention/cognition. Altogether, these findings suggest that nicotine and nAChR drugs represent promising therapeutic agents for the management of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryka Quik
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA.
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Wakabayashi K, Tanji K, Odagiri S, Miki Y, Mori F, Takahashi H. The Lewy body in Parkinson's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:495-508. [PMID: 22622968 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The histopathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the presence of fibrillar aggregates referred to as Lewy bodies (LBs), in which α-synuclein is a major constituent. Pale bodies, the precursors of LBs, may serve the material for that LBs continue to expand. LBs consist of a heterogeneous mixture of more than 90 molecules, including PD-linked gene products (α-synuclein, DJ-1, LRRK2, parkin, and PINK-1), mitochondria-related proteins, and molecules implicated in the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy, and aggresome formation. LB formation has been considered to be a marker for neuronal degeneration because neuronal loss is found in the predilection sites for LBs. However, recent studies have indicated that nonfibrillar α-synuclein is cytotoxic and that fibrillar aggregates of α-synuclein (LBs and pale bodies) may represent a cytoprotective mechanism in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
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Prasad K, Beach TG, Hedreen J, Richfield EK. Critical role of truncated α-synuclein and aggregates in Parkinson's disease and incidental Lewy body disease. Brain Pathol 2012; 22:811-25. [PMID: 22452578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2012.00597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Lewy bodies, Lewy neurites and α-synuclein (αSYN) in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is unclear. We used postmortem human tissue, a panel of antibodies (Abs) and confocal microscopy to examine the three-dimensional neurochemical anatomy of the nigrostriatal system. Abs were specific to truncated (tαSYN), phosphorylated and full-length αSYN. The findings demonstrate the critical role of tαSYN in initiating aggregation, a role for other forms of αSYN in aggregate expansion, a reason for the wide variety of proteins present in different aggregates, an explanation for the laminar appearance of aggregates described historically using different methods, the existence of proximal greater than distal aggregation in the vulnerable nigrostriatal pathway, the independent transport of different forms of αSYN as cargo along axons and a possible sequence for the formation of Lewy bodies. Findings differed between incidental Lewy body disease and PD only quantitatively. These findings have implications for understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Prasad
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Del Tredici K, Braak H. Lewy pathology and neurodegeneration in premotor Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2012; 27:597-607. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.24921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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