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Hui C, Jin J, Ji M, Wang H, Wang X, Ma J, Wang Y, Si Y, Chen S, Guo T. Neuroprotective properties of the Lilium brownii extracts in the experimental model of Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2024:10.1007/s11011-024-01397-6. [PMID: 39060803 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Lilium brownii (L. brownii) is a plant that can be used for both medicine and food. Its bulbs are commonly used to treat neurological disorders like depression, insomnia, and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanism by which it treats PD is not yet fully understood. This study aims to investigate the possible mechanism of L. brownii extract in treating PD and to compare the efficacy of ethanol and aqueous extracts of L. brownii. In this study, mice with PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP) were given L. brownii extracts for 30 days, and the effects of both extracts were then evaluated. Our study demonstrated that both extracts of L. brownii effectively improved motor dysfunction in PD mice induced by MPTP. Additionally, they increased the number of neurons in the substantia nigra region of the mice. Moreover, both extracts reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and ferrous ion (Fe2+), while increasing levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in serum. They also influenced the expression of proteins associated with the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Interestingly, while both extracts had similar behavioral effects, the ethanol extract appeared to have a more significant impact on individual proteins in the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 pathway compared to the aqueous extract, possibly due to its higher phenolic acid glyceride content. In conclusion, L. brownii shows promise as an effective and safe treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Hui
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jinghui Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Mengshan Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Henan Institute for Drug and Medical Device Inspection (Henan Vaccine Issuance Center), NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Chinese Materia Medica and prepared slices), Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Henan Institute for Drug and Medical Device Inspection (Henan Vaccine Issuance Center), NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Chinese Materia Medica and prepared slices), Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Jianping Ma
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Ya Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Yanpo Si
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Suiqing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Foley PB, Hare DJ, Double KL. A brief history of brain iron accumulation in Parkinson disease and related disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:505-520. [PMID: 35534717 PMCID: PMC9188502 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron has a long and storied history in Parkinson disease and related disorders. This essential micronutrient is critical for normal brain function, but abnormal brain iron accumulation has been associated with extrapyramidal disease for a century. Precisely why, how, and when iron is implicated in neuronal death remains the subject of investigation. In this article, we review the history of iron in movement disorders, from the first observations in the early twentieth century to recent efforts that view extrapyramidal iron as a novel therapeutic target and diagnostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kay L. Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Foley PB, Hare DJ, Double KL. A brief history of brain iron accumulation in Parkinson disease and related disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:505-520. [PMID: 35534717 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-025055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron has a long and storied history in Parkinson disease and related disorders. This essential micronutrient is critical for normal brain function, but abnormal brain iron accumulation has been associated with extrapyramidal disease for a century. Precisely why, how, and when iron is implicated in neuronal death remains the subject of investigation. In this article, we review the history of iron in movement disorders, from the first observations in the early twentieth century to recent efforts that view extrapyramidal iron as a novel therapeutic target and diagnostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic J Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kay L Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Mechanistic Insights Expatiating the Redox-Active-Metal-Mediated Neuronal Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020678. [PMID: 35054862 PMCID: PMC8776156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complicated and incapacitating neurodegenerative malady that emanates following the dopaminergic (DArgic) nerve cell deprivation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN-PC). The etiopathogenesis of PD is still abstruse. Howbeit, PD is hypothesized to be precipitated by an amalgamation of genetic mutations and exposure to environmental toxins. The aggregation of α-synucelin within the Lewy bodies (LBs), escalated oxidative stress (OS), autophagy-lysosome system impairment, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) impairment, mitochondrial abnormality, programmed cell death, and neuroinflammation are regarded as imperative events that actively participate in PD pathogenesis. The central nervous system (CNS) relies heavily on redox-active metals, particularly iron (Fe) and copper (Cu), in order to modulate pivotal operations, for instance, myelin generation, synthesis of neurotransmitters, synaptic signaling, and conveyance of oxygen (O2). The duo, namely, Fe and Cu, following their inordinate exposure, are viable of permeating across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and moving inside the brain, thereby culminating in the escalated OS (through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-reliant pathway), α-synuclein aggregation within the LBs, and lipid peroxidation, which consequently results in the destruction of DArgic nerve cells and facilitates PD emanation. This review delineates the metabolism of Fe and Cu in the CNS, their role and disrupted balance in PD. An in-depth investigation was carried out by utilizing the existing publications obtained from prestigious medical databases employing particular keywords mentioned in the current paper. Moreover, we also focus on decoding the role of metal complexes and chelators in PD treatment. Conclusively, metal chelators hold the aptitude to elicit the scavenging of mobile/fluctuating metal ions, which in turn culminates in the suppression of ROS generation, and thereby prelude the evolution of PD.
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Forero-Rodríguez LJ, Josephs-Spaulding J, Flor S, Pinzón A, Kaleta C. Parkinson's Disease and the Metal-Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: A Systems Toxicology Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:71. [PMID: 35052575 PMCID: PMC8773335 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, leading to motor and non-motor complications. Autonomic alterations, including gastrointestinal symptoms, precede motor defects and act as early warning signs. Chronic exposure to dietary, environmental heavy metals impacts the gastrointestinal system and host-associated microbiome, eventually affecting the central nervous system. The correlation between dysbiosis and PD suggests a functional and bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. The bioaccumulation of metals promotes stress mechanisms by increasing reactive oxygen species, likely altering the bidirectional gut-brain link. To better understand the differing molecular mechanisms underlying PD, integrative modeling approaches are necessary to connect multifactorial perturbations in this heterogeneous disorder. By exploring the effects of gut microbiota modulation on dietary heavy metal exposure in relation to PD onset, the modification of the host-associated microbiome to mitigate neurological stress may be a future treatment option against neurodegeneration through bioremediation. The progressive movement towards a systems toxicology framework for precision medicine can uncover molecular mechanisms underlying PD onset such as metal regulation and microbial community interactions by developing predictive models to better understand PD etiology to identify options for novel treatments and beyond. Several methodologies recently addressed the complexity of this interaction from different perspectives; however, to date, a comprehensive review of these approaches is still lacking. Therefore, our main aim through this manuscript is to fill this gap in the scientific literature by reviewing recently published papers to address the surrounding questions regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms between metals, microbiota, and the gut-brain-axis, as well as the regulation of this system to prevent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lady Johanna Forero-Rodríguez
- Research Group Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Instituto de Genetica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (L.J.F.-R.); (A.P.)
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.)
| | - Jonathan Josephs-Spaulding
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.)
| | - Stefano Flor
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.)
| | - Andrés Pinzón
- Research Group Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Instituto de Genetica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (L.J.F.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Christoph Kaleta
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.)
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Apoferritin improves motor deficits in MPTP-treated mice by regulating brain iron metabolism and ferroptosis. iScience 2021; 24:102431. [PMID: 33997705 PMCID: PMC8105649 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deposition is one of the key factors in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron-free-apoferritin has the ability to store iron by combining with a ferric hydroxide-phosphate compound to form ferritin. In this study, we investigated the role of apoferritin in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice models and elucidated the possible underlying mechanisms. Results showed that apoferritin remarkably improved MPTP-induced motor deficits by rescuing dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra. Apoferritin inhibited MPTP-induced iron aggregation by down-regulating iron importer divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1). Meanwhile, we also showed that apoferritin prevented MPTP-induced ferroptosis effectively by inhibiting the up-regulation of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) and the down-regulation of ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1). These results indicate that apoferritin exerts a neuroprotective effect against MPTP by inhibiting iron aggregation and modulating ferroptosis. This provides a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of PD.
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Sokal P, Świtońska M, Kierońska S, Rudaś M, Harat M. The Impact of Electrical Stimulation of the Brain and Spinal Cord on Iron and Calcium-Phosphate Metabolism. Brain Sci 2021; 11:156. [PMID: 33503960 PMCID: PMC7912219 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) electrically modulates the subcortical brain regions. Under conditions of monopolar cerebral stimulation, electrical current flows between electrode's contacts and an implantable pulse generator, placed in the subclavicular area. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) delivers an electrical current to the spinal cord. Epidural electrical stimulation is associated with the leakage of current, which can cause a generalized reaction. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the electrical stimulation of the cerebrum and spinal cord could have generalized effects on biochemical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 25 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD, n = 21) and dystonia (n = 4), who underwent DBS implantation, and 12 patients with chronic pain, who had SCS, received electrical stimulation. The blood levels of selected biochemical parameters were measured before and after overnight stimulation. RESULTS After DBS, the mean ± interquartile range (IQR) values for iron (off 15.6 ± 13.53 µmol/L; on: 7.65 ± 10.8 µmol/L; p < 0.001), transferrin (off: 2.42 ± 0.88 g/L; on: 1.99 ± 0.59 g/L; p < 0.001), transferrin saturation (off: 23.20 ± 14.50%; on: 10.70 ± 11.35%; p = 0.001), phosphate (off: 1.04 ± 0.2 mmol/L; on: 0.83 ± 0.2 mmol/L; p = 0.007), and total calcium (off: 2.39 ± 0.29 mmol/L; on: 2.27 ± 0.19 mmol/L; p = 0.016) were significantly reduced, whereas ferritin (off: 112.00 ± 89.00 ng/mL; on: 150.00 ± 89.00 ng/mL; p = 0.003) and C-reactive protein (off: 0.90 ± 19.39 mg/L; on: 60.35 ± 35.91 mg/L; p = 0.002) were significantly increased. Among patients with SCS, significant differences were observed for ferritin (off: 35 ± 63 ng/mL; on: 56 ± 62 ng/mL; p = 0.013), transferrin (off: 2.70 ± 0.74 g/L; on: 2.49 ± 0.69 g/L; p = 0.048), and C-reactive protein (off: 31.00 ± 36.40 mg/L; on: 36.60 ± 62.030 mg/L; p = 0.018) before and after electrical stimulation. No significant changes in the examined parameters were observed among patients after thalamotomy and pallidotomy. CONCLUSIONS Leaking electric current delivered to the subcortical nuclei of the brain and the dorsal column of the spinal cord exposes the rest of the body to a negative charge. The generalized reaction is associated with an inflammatory response and altered iron and calcium-phosphate metabolism. Alterations in iron metabolism due to electrical stimulation may impact the course of PD. Future research should investigate the influence of electric current and electromagnetic field induced by neurostimulators on human metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Sokal
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Jan Biziel University Hospital No 2, Ujejskiego 75 Street, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.Ś.); (S.K.); (M.R.)
- Faculty of Health Science, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jagielonska 13–15 Street, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Milena Świtońska
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Jan Biziel University Hospital No 2, Ujejskiego 75 Street, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.Ś.); (S.K.); (M.R.)
- Faculty of Health Science, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jagielonska 13–15 Street, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Sara Kierońska
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Jan Biziel University Hospital No 2, Ujejskiego 75 Street, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.Ś.); (S.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Marcin Rudaś
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Jan Biziel University Hospital No 2, Ujejskiego 75 Street, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.Ś.); (S.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Marek Harat
- Faculty of Health Science, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jagielonska 13–15 Street, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 10th Military Research Hospital, Powstanców Warszawy 5 Street, 85-081 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Guo JJ, Yue F, Song DY, Bousset L, Liang X, Tang J, Yuan L, Li W, Melki R, Tang Y, Chan P, Guo C, Li JY. Intranasal administration of α-synuclein preformed fibrils triggers microglial iron deposition in the substantia nigra of Macaca fascicularis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:81. [PMID: 33441545 PMCID: PMC7807015 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron deposition is present in main lesion areas in the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and an abnormal iron content may be associated with dopaminergic neuronal cytotoxicity and degeneration in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. However, the cause of iron deposition and its role in the pathological process of PD are unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the nasal mucosal delivery of synthetic human α-synuclein (α-syn) preformed fibrils (PFFs) on the pathogenesis of PD in Macaca fascicularis. We detected that iron deposition was clearly increased in a time-dependent manner from 1 to 17 months in the substantia nigra and globus pallidus, highly contrasting to other brain regions after treatments with α-syn PFFs. At the cellular level, the iron deposits were specifically localized in microglia but not in dopaminergic neurons, nor in other types of glial cells in the substantia nigra, whereas the expression of transferrin (TF), TF receptor 1 (TFR1), TF receptor 2 (TFR2), and ferroportin (FPn) was increased in dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, no clear dopaminergic neuron loss was observed in the substantia nigra, but with decreased immunoreactivity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and appearance of axonal swelling in the putamen. The brain region-enriched and cell-type-dependent iron localizations indicate that the intranasal α-syn PFFs treatment-induced iron depositions in microglia in the substantia nigra may appear as an early cellular response that may initiate neuroinflammation in the dopaminergic system before cell death occurs. Our data suggest that the inhibition of iron deposition may be a potential approach for the early prevention and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Guo
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Feng Yue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Parkinson's Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Dong-Yan Song
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Luc Bousset
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS and Institut François Jacob (MIRCen), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92260, France
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Histology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Histology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Repair, Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110112, China
| | - Wen Li
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Repair, Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110112, China
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, 22184, Sweden
| | - Ronald Melki
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS and Institut François Jacob (MIRCen), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92260, France
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Parkinson's Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Chuang Guo
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Repair, Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110112, China.
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, 22184, Sweden.
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhou M, Jiang D, Deng X. Association of transferrin G258A and transferrin receptor A82G polymorphisms with the risk of Parkinson disease in certain area. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23432. [PMID: 33235126 PMCID: PMC7710248 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that polymorphisms of transferrin (TF) G258A and transferrin receptor (TFR) A82G might be associated with susceptibility to Parkinson disease (PD). OBJECTIVE Owing to limitation of sample size and inconclusive results, we conducted a meta-analysis to clarify the association. METHODS By searching PubMed, Embase, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biological Medicine Database, and Wanfang Databases, the published articles about studies of the association of the TF G258A, TFR A82G gene polymorphisms with the risk of PD were collected. Q-statistics and I statistics were calculated to examine heterogeneity and summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were evaluated the association. RESULTS Five studies assessed the relationship between TF G258A and risk of PD. A significant increased protective of A allele and AA genotype was observed in allele model and recessive model (the allele model A vs G: OR = 0.54, 95%CI 0.40-0.72, P < .001; the recessive model AA vs GA + GG: OR = 0.32, 95%CI 0.20-0.52, P < .001). The remaining models of the TF G258A genotype showed no significant association with PD risk, while the protective tendency were increased (the heterozygote model GA vs GG: OR = 0.93, 95%CI 0.61-1.43, P = .75; the homozygous model AA vs GG: OR = 0.47, 95%CI 0.21-1.04, P = .06; the dominant model GA + AA vs GG: OR = 0.75, 95%CI 0.50-1.11, P = .15). There was also a lack of association between TFR A82G polymorphism and PD (the allele model G vs A: OR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.75-1.13, P = .43; the heterozygote model AG vs AA: OR = 1.17, 95%CI 0.79-1.71, P = .43; the homozygous model GG vs AA: OR = 0.91, 95%CI 0.60-139, P = .66; the dominant model AG + GG vs AA: OR = 1.05, 95%CI 0.73-1.49, P = .81; the recessive model GG vs AG +AA: OR = 0.80, 95%CI 0.59-1.09, P = .16). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that TF G258A polymorphism may be associated with PD, while TFR A82G polymorphism may not contribute to PD based on the current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Foshan
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Minhua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Foshan
| | - Deqi Jiang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xun Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
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Tai S, Zheng Q, Zhai S, Cai T, Xu L, Yang L, Jiao L, Zhang C. Alpha-Lipoic Acid Mediates Clearance of Iron Accumulation by Regulating Iron Metabolism in a Parkinson's Disease Model Induced by 6-OHDA. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:612. [PMID: 32670009 PMCID: PMC7330090 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The disruption of neuronal iron homeostasis and oxidative stress are related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring enzyme cofactor with antioxidant and iron chelator properties and has many known effects. ALA has neuroprotective effects on PD. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we established PD models induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to explore the neuroprotective ability of ALA and its underlying mechanism in vivo and in vitro. Our results showed that ALA could provide significant protection from 6-OHDA-induced cell damage in vitro by decreasing the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and iron. ALA significantly promoted the survival of the dopaminergic neuron in the 6-OHDA-induced PD rat model and remarkably ameliorated motor deficits by dramatically inhibiting the decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase expression and superoxide dismutase activity in the substantia nigra. Interestingly, ALA attenuated 6-OHDA-induced iron accumulation both in vivo and in vitro by antagonizing the 6-OHDA-induced upregulation of iron regulatory protein 2 and divalent metal transporter 1. These results indicated that the neuroprotective mechanism of ALA against neurological injury induced by 6-OHDA may be related to the regulation of iron homeostasis and reduced oxidative stress levels. Therefore, ALA may provide neuroprotective therapy for PD and other diseases related to iron metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyan Tai
- Department of Biology, College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Suzhen Zhai
- Department of Biology, College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lizhu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ling Jiao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Cheng Q, Huang J, Liang J, Ma M, Zhao Q, Lei X, Shi C, Luo L. Evaluation of abnormal iron distribution in specific regions in the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease using quantitative susceptibility mapping and R2 * mapping. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:3778-3786. [PMID: 32346442 PMCID: PMC7185157 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate abnormal iron distribution in specific regions of the brains in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and R2* mapping, and to compare the diagnostic performances of QSM and R2* mapping in differentiating patients with PD with that in normal controls. A total of 25 patients with idiopathic PD and 28 sex-and age-matched normal controls were included in the present study and their brains investigated using a 3T scanner. Magnetic resonance imaging techniques, namely, QSM and R2* mapping, were applied to generate susceptibility and R2* values. The differences in susceptibility and R2* values in deep grey matter nuclei between patients with PD and the normal controls were compared using independent samples t-tests. The abilities of QSM and R2* mapping to classify patients with PD and normal controls were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic curves. Correlation analyses between imaging parameters (e.g. susceptibility and R2* values) and clinical feature (disease severity assessed using the Hoehn and Yahr score) were performed. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for susceptibility (ICC=0.977; P<0.001) and R2* (ICC=0.945; P<0.001) values between two neuro-radiologists were >0.81, showing excellent inter-rater agreement. The susceptibility values were significantly increased in the substantia nigra (SN) and red nucleus, but were decreased in the putamen of patients with PD compared with that in the corresponding brain regions of normal controls. However, increased R2* values were observed only in the SN in patients with PD. QSM showed higher sensitivity and specificity compared with R2* mapping to separate the patients with PD from the normal controls. There were no significant correlations between the susceptibility/R2* values and clinical features in all targeted regions of the brains in patients with PD. In conclusion, both QSM and R2* mapping are feasible to calculate the iron levels in human brains, and QSM provides a more sensitive and accurate method to assess regional abnormal iron distribution in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Cheng
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxi Huang
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jianye Liang
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Mengjie Ma
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Xueping Lei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510799, P.R. China
| | - Changzheng Shi
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Liangping Luo
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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12
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Drepper C, Geißler J, Pastura G, Yilmaz R, Berg D, Romanos M, Gerlach M. Transcranial sonography in psychiatry as a potential tool in diagnosis and research. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:484-496. [PMID: 28971725 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1386325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During the last two decades transcranial sonography (TCS) of the brain parenchyma evolved from a pure research tool to a clinical relevant neuroimaging method especially in Parkinson's disease and related movement disorders. The aim of this systematic review is to update and summarise the published TCS findings in psychiatric disorders and critically address the question whether TCS may be a valuable tool for the diagnosis or differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders similarly to the field of movement disorders. METHODS This paper provides detailed information about the perspectives and limitations of TCS, including guidelines for the scanning procedures, assessment of midbrain structures and discusses the potential causes of the ultrasound abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. RESULTS Changes in the echogenicity of subcortical brain structures were detected in different disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, panic disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD), bipolar disorder and depressive disorder. Although the physical properties of brain tissue underlying the echogenic features in TCS are largely unknown, no alternative technique provides the same insight into the specific central nervous structural characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Urgent research questions to further clarify the underlying pathophysiological and structural alterations are further outlined to bring this promising technique to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Drepper
- a Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Julia Geißler
- a Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Giuseppe Pastura
- b Department of Pediatrics , The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Rezzak Yilmaz
- c Department of Neurology , Christian-Albrecht-University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- c Department of Neurology , Christian-Albrecht-University , Kiel , Germany.,d Department of Neurodegeneration , University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Marcel Romanos
- a Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Manfred Gerlach
- a Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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13
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An altered blood-brain barrier contributes to brain iron accumulation and neuroinflammation in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2017; 362:141-151. [PMID: 28842186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron accumulation is a common feature shared by several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease. However, what produces this accumulation of iron is still unknown. In this study, the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) hemi-parkinsonian rat model was used to investigate abnormal iron accumulation in substantia nigra. We investigated three possible causes of iron accumulation; a compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB), abnormal expression of ferritin, and neuroinflammation. We identified alterations in the BBB subsequent to the injection of 6-OHDA using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Moreover, detection of extravasated IgG suggested that peripheral components are able to enter the brain through a leaky BBB. Presence of iron following dopamine cell degeneration was studied by MRI, which revealed hypointense signals in the substantia nigra. The presence of iron deposits was further validated in histological evaluations. Furthermore, iron inclusions were closely associated with active microglia and with increased levels of L-ferritin indicating a putative role for microglia and L-ferritin in brain iron accumulation and dopamine neurodegeneration.
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14
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Das B, Rajagopalan S, Joshi GS, Xu L, Luo D, Andersen JK, Todi SV, Dutta AK. A novel iron (II) preferring dopamine agonist chelator D-607 significantly suppresses α-syn- and MPTP-induced toxicities in vivo. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:88-99. [PMID: 28533164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the characterization of a novel hybrid D2/D3 agonist and iron (II) specific chelator, D-607, as a multi-target-directed ligand against Parkinson's disease (PD). In our previously published report, we showed that D-607 is a potent agonist of dopamine (DA) D2/D3 receptors, exhibits efficacy in a reserpinized PD animal model and preferentially chelates to iron (II). As further evidence of its potential as a neuroprotective agent in PD, the present study reveals D-607 to be protective in neuronal PC12 cells against 6-OHDA toxicity. In an in vivo Drosophila melanogaster model expressing a disease-causing variant of α-synuclein (α-Syn) protein in fly eyes, the compound was found to significantly suppress toxicity compared to controls, concomitant with reduced levels of aggregated α-Syn. Furthermore, D-607 was able to rescue DAergic neurons from MPTP toxicity in mice, a well-known PD neurotoxicity model, following both sub-chronic and chronic MPTP administration. Mechanistic studies indicated that possible protection of mitochondria, up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor, reduction in formation of α-Syn aggregates and antioxidant activity may underlie the observed neuroprotection effects. These observations strongly suggest that D-607 has potential as a promising multifunctional lead molecule for viable symptomatic and disease-modifying therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banibrata Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | - Gnanada S Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Liping Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Julie K Andersen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Aloke K Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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15
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Costa-Mallen P, Gatenby C, Friend S, Maravilla KR, Hu SC, Cain KC, Agarwal P, Anzai Y. Brain iron concentrations in regions of interest and relation with serum iron levels in Parkinson disease. J Neurol Sci 2017; 378:38-44. [PMID: 28566175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron has been previously found elevated in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), but not in other brain regions, of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. However, iron in circulation has been recently observed to be lower than normal in PD patients. The regional selectivity of iron deposition in brain as well as the relationship between SNpc brain iron and serum iron within PD patients has not been completely elucidated. In this pilot study we measured brain iron in six regions of interest (ROIs) as well as serum iron and serum ferritin, in 24 PD patients and 27 age- gender-matched controls. Brain iron was measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a T2 prime (T2') method. Difference in brain iron deposition between PD cases and controls for the six ROIs were calculated. SNpc/white matter brain iron ratios and SNpc/serum iron ratios were calculated for each study participant, and differences between PD patients and controls were tested. PD patients overall had higher brain iron than controls in the SNpc. PD patients had significantly higher SNpc/white matter brain iron ratios than controls, and significantly higher brain SNpc iron/serum iron ratios than controls. These results indicate that PD patients' iron metabolism is disrupted toward a higher partitioning of iron to the brain SNpc at the expenses of iron in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Gatenby
- University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Sally Friend
- University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Kenneth R Maravilla
- University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Shu-Ching Hu
- University of Washington, Department of Neurology, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - Kevin C Cain
- University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center, Evergreen Health, Kirkland, WA 98034, United States
| | - Yoshimi Anzai
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Clinical Radiology, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
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16
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Das B, Kandegedara A, Xu L, Antonio T, Stemmler T, Reith MEA, Dutta AK. A Novel Iron(II) Preferring Dopamine Agonist Chelator as Potential Symptomatic and Neuroprotective Therapeutic Agent for Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:723-730. [PMID: 28106982 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and development of disease-modifying treatment is still an unmet medical need. Considering the implication of free iron(II) in PD, we report here the design and characterization of a novel hybrid iron chelator, (-)-12 (D-607) as a multitarget-directed ligand against PD. Binding and functional assays at dopamine D2/D3 receptors indicate potent agonist activity of (-)-12. The molecule displayed an efficient preferential iron(II) chelation properties along with potent in vivo activity in a reserpinized PD animal model. The compound also rescued PC12 cells from toxicity induced by iron delivered intracellularly in a dose-dependent manner. However, Fe3+ selective dopamine agonist 1 and a well-known antiparkinsonian drug pramipexole produced little to no neuroprotection effect under the same experimental condition. These observations strongly suggest that (-)-12 should be a promising multifunctional lead molecule for a viable symptomatic and disease modifying therapy of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banibrata Das
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ashoka Kandegedara
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Liping Xu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Tamara Antonio
- Department
of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Timothy Stemmler
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Maarten E. A. Reith
- Department
of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Aloke K. Dutta
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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17
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Zhu Y, Wang B, Tao K, Yang H, Wang Y, Zhou T, Yang Y, Yuan L, Liu X, Duan Y. Iron accumulation and microglia activation contribute to substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in the 6-OHDA-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 36:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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19
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Nagatsu T, Nagatsu I. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), its cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), other catecholamine-related enzymes, and their human genes in relation to the drug and gene therapies of Parkinson's disease (PD): historical overview and future prospects. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1255-1278. [PMID: 27491309 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which was discovered at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1964, is a tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-requiring monooxygenase that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of catecholamines (CAs), such as dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Since deficiencies of dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain stem, caused by neurodegeneration of dopamine and noradrenaline neurons, are mainly related to non-motor and motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), we have studied human CA-synthesizing enzymes [TH; BH4-related enzymes, especially GTP-cyclohydrolase I (GCH1); aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC); dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH); and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)] and their genes in relation to PD in postmortem brains from PD patients, patients with CA-related genetic diseases, mice with genetically engineered CA neurons, and animal models of PD. We purified all human CA-synthesizing enzymes, produced their antibodies for immunohistochemistry and immunoassay, and cloned all human genes, especially the human TH gene and the human gene for GCH1, which synthesizes BH4 as a cofactor of TH. This review discusses the historical overview of TH, BH4-, and other CA-related enzymes and their genes in relation to the pathophysiology of PD, the development of drugs, such as L-DOPA, and future prospects for drug and gene therapy for PD, especially the potential of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Nagatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
- Department of Brain Functions, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Ikuko Nagatsu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
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20
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Wadhwa R, Priyandoko D, Gao R, Widodo N, Nigam N, Li L, Ahn HM, Yun CO, Ando N, Mahe C, Kaul SC. Stress chaperone mortalin regulates human melanogenesis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:631-44. [PMID: 27056733 PMCID: PMC4907994 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0688-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to identify the cellular factors involved in human melanogenesis, we carried out shRNA-mediated loss-of-function screening in conjunction with induction of melanogenesis by 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol (OAG) in human melanoma cells using biochemical and visual assays. Gene targets of the shRNAs (that caused loss of OAG-induced melanogenesis) and their pathways, as determined by bioinformatics, revealed involvement of proteins that regulate cell stress response, mitochondrial functions, proliferation, and apoptosis. We demonstrate, for the first time, that the mitochondrial stress chaperone mortalin is crucial for melanogenesis. Upregulation of mortalin was closely associated with melanogenesis in in vitro cell-based assays and clinical samples of keloids with hyperpigmentation. Furthermore, its knockdown resulted in compromised melanogenesis. The data proposed mortalin as an important protein that may be targeted to manipulate pigmentation for cosmetic and related disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Wadhwa
- DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Didik Priyandoko
- DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
- Department of Biology, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ran Gao
- DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Nashi Widodo
- DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Nupur Nigam
- DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Ling Li
- DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hyo Min Ahn
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Nobuhiro Ando
- KK Chanel Research and Technology Development Laboratory, 1-1-5, Yamate, Funabashi-Chiba, 273-0045, Japan
| | - Christian Mahe
- KK Chanel Research and Technology Development Laboratory, 1-1-5, Yamate, Funabashi-Chiba, 273-0045, Japan
| | - Sunil C Kaul
- DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
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21
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Lan AP, Chen J, Chai ZF, Hu Y. The neurotoxicity of iron, copper and cobalt in Parkinson's disease through ROS-mediated mechanisms. Biometals 2016; 29:665-78. [PMID: 27349232 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons. Despite extensive research in the past decades, the etiology of PD remains elusive. Nevertheless, multiple lines of evidence suggest that oxidative stress is one of the common causes in the pathogenesis of PD. It has also been suggested that heavy metal-associated oxidative stress may be implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of PD. Here we review the roles of redox metals, including iron, copper and cobalt, in PD. Iron is a highly reactive element and deregulation of iron homeostasis is accompanied by concomitant oxidation processes in PD. Copper is a key metal in cell division process, and it has been shown to have an important role in neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. Cobalt induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage in brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Lan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - J Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Z F Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.,School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Y Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.
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22
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Finkelstein DI, Hare DJ, Billings JL, Sedjahtera A, Nurjono M, Arthofer E, George S, Culvenor JG, Bush AI, Adlard PA. Clioquinol Improves Cognitive, Motor Function, and Microanatomy of the Alpha-Synuclein hA53T Transgenic Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:119-29. [PMID: 26481462 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) has been linked to a number of neurodegenerative disorders, the most noteworthy of which is Parkinson's disease. Alpha-synuclein itself is not toxic and fulfills various physiological roles in the central nervous system. However, specific types of aggregates have been shown to be toxic, and metals have been linked to the assembly of these toxic aggregates. In this paper, we have characterized a transgenic mouse that overexpresses the A53T mutation of human α-syn, specifically assessing cognition, motor performance, and subtle anatomical markers that have all been observed in synucleinopathies in humans. We hypothesized that treatment with the moderate-affinity metal chelator, clioquinol (CQ), would reduce the interaction between metals and α-syn to subsequently improve the phenotype of the A53T animal model. We showed that CQ prevents an iron-synuclein interaction, the formation of urea-soluble α-syn aggregates, α-syn-related substantia nigra pars compacta cell loss, reduction in dendritic spine density of hippocampal and caudate putamen medium spiny neurons, and the decline in motor and cognitive function. In conclusion, our data suggests that CQ is capable of mitigating the pathological metal/α-syn interactions, suggesting that the modulation of metal ions warrants further study as a therapeutic approach for the synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I. Finkelstein
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Elemental
Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Senator
Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Science Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jessica L. Billings
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Amelia Sedjahtera
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Milawaty Nurjono
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Elisa Arthofer
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institut, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Sonia George
- School
of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Janetta G. Culvenor
- School
of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul A. Adlard
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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23
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He N, Ling H, Ding B, Huang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Liu C, Chen K, Yan F. Region-specific disturbed iron distribution in early idiopathic Parkinson's disease measured by quantitative susceptibility mapping. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4407-20. [PMID: 26249218 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), iron elevation in specific brain regions as well as selective loss of dopaminergic neurons is a major pathologic feature. A reliable quantitative measure of iron deposition is a potential biomarker for PD and may contribute to the investigation of iron-mediated PD. The primary purpose of this study is to assess iron variations in multiple deep grey matter nuclei in early PD with a novel MRI technique, quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). The inter-group differences of susceptibility and R2* value in deep grey matter nuclei, namely head of caudate nucleus (CN), putamen (PUT), global pallidus (GP), substantia nigra (SN), and red nucleus (RN), and the correlations between regional iron deposition and the clinical features were explored in forty-four early PD patients and 35 gender and age-matched healthy controls. Susceptibility values were found to be elevated within bilateral SN and RN contralateral to the most affected limb in early PD compared with healthy controls (HCs). The finding of increased susceptibility in bilateral SN is consistent with work on a subgroup of patients at the earliest clinical detectable state (Hoehn and Yahr [1967]: Neurology 17:427-442; Stage I). However, increased R2* values were only seen within SN contralateral to the most affected limb in the PD group when compared with controls. Furthermore, bilateral SN magnetic susceptibility positively correlated with disease duration and UPDRS-III scores in early PD. This finding supports the potential value of QSM as a non-invasive quantitative biomarker of early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naying He
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huawei Ling
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Ding
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- MR Research, GE Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Chunlei Liu
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kemin Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wang YQ, Wang MY, Fu XR, Peng-Yu, Gao GF, Fan YM, Duan XL, Zhao BL, Chang YZ, Shi ZH. Neuroprotective effects of ginkgetin against neuroinjury in Parkinson's disease model induced by MPTP via chelating iron. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:1069-80. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1032958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bar-Am O, Amit T, Kupershmidt L, Aluf Y, Mechlovich D, Kabha H, Danovitch L, Zurawski VR, Youdim MB, Weinreb O. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative activities of a novel iron chelator-brain selective monoamine oxidase-A/monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor in animal models of Parkinson's disease and aging. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1529-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
In recent years, the contribution of exposure to environmental toxicants has been recognized as a significant contributor to the etiopathogenesis of parkinsonism. Of these toxicants, exposure to pesticides, metals, solvents used in manufacturing processes, as well as flame-retardant chemicals used in consumer and commercial products, has received the greatest attention as possible risk factors. Related to this, individuals who are exposed to these compounds at high concentrations or for prolonged periods of time in an occupational setting appear to be one of the more vulnerable populations to these effects. Our understanding of which compounds are involved and the potential molecular pathways that are susceptible to these chemicals and may underlie the pathogenesis has greatly improved. However, there are still hundreds of chemicals that we are exposed to in the environment for which we do not have any information on their potential neurotoxicity on the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Thus, using our past accomplishments as a blueprint, future endeavors should focus on elaborating upon these initial findings in order to identify specific and relevant chemical toxicants in our environment that can impact the risk of parkinsonism and work towards a means to attenuate or abolish their effects on the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Caudle
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Dow CT. M. paratuberculosis and Parkinson's disease--is this a trigger. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:709-12. [PMID: 25459140 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic linkage studies and genome wide analysis have provided insights into complex medical diseases. Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease, an important enteric inflammatory disease mostly studied in ruminant animals. MAP is also the putative cause of Crohn's disease. Moreover, MAP has been linked to other inflammatory diseases: sarcoidosis, Blau syndrome, autoimmune diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis and multiple sclerosis. Genetic studies reveal an association between Parkinson's disease (PD), leprosy and Crohn's disease and since discovered, these findings have been considered "surprising". Autophagy and ubiquitin-proteosome systems are cellular systems that both fight intracellular pathogens (xenophagy) and maintain cellular protein quality control. PD is a common neurodegenerative disease that manifests clinically as a profound movement disorder. The recognized genetic defects of PD create disruption of cellular homeostasis that result in protein folding abnormalities of PD called Lewy bodies. Those same genetic defects are associated with susceptibility to intracellular pathogens, including mycobacteria. It is now understood that PD Lewy body pathology starts in the enteric nervous system and "spreads" to the brain in a retrograde fashion via the vagus nerve. This is the same process by which prions affect the brain. Lewy body pathology of the enteric nervous system predates the Lewy body pathology of the central nervous system (CNS) by years or even decades. This article proposes that genetic defects associated with PD also result in a permissive environment for MAP infection--ineffective xenophagy. It postulates that beginning as an enteric infection, MAP--via the vagus nerve--initiates a pathologic process that results in a targeted neuroinvasion of the CNS. The article proposes that MAP infection and resultant PD pathology are due, in the genetically at-risk and age dependant, to the consumptive exhaustion of the protein quality control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coad Thomas Dow
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 9431 WIMR, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Chippewa Valley Eye Clinic, 2715 Damon Street, Eau Claire, WI 54701, United States.
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Does brain degeneration in Wilson disease involve not only copper but also iron accumulation? Neurol Neurochir Pol 2013; 47:542-6. [PMID: 24374999 DOI: 10.5114/ninp.2013.39071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of hepatic copper metabolism. Clinical manifestations of WD include neurologic, hepatic and psychiatric symptoms. Most WD patients with the neuropsychiatric form, and some with the hepatic and presymptomatic forms have both hypointense and hyperintense lesions in basal ganglia on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which can be iron and copper accumulation. It has been established that T2* and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) are highly sensitive in demonstrating brain iron accumulation, showing decreased signal intensity. Hypointense globus pallidus (GP) signal has been described on T2-, T2*-weighted images and on SWI as typical MRI lesion for patients with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). We investigated whether WD patients have MRI changes suggesting iron accumulation using T2*-weighted and VEN_BOLD SWI imaging protocols. MATERIAL AND METHODS Standard MRI with additional sequences (T2*-weighted and VEN_BOLD SWI) was performed in consecutively admitted, clinically stable, and treated patients. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients entered the study. Hypointensity in the GP was observed on T2*-weighted images in 10 pa-tients. Using the VEN_BOLD SWI technique, we found hypointense signal in GP in 20 patients. CONCLUSIONS MRI data suggest not only copper but also iron accumulation in GP in WD patients.
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Rhodes SL, Buchanan DD, Ahmed I, Taylor KD, Loriot MA, Sinsheimer JS, Bronstein JM, Elbaz A, Mellick GD, Rotter JI, Ritz B. Pooled analysis of iron-related genes in Parkinson's disease: association with transferrin. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:172-8. [PMID: 24121126 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathologic features of Parkinson's disease (PD) include death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, presence of α-synuclein containing Lewy bodies, and iron accumulation in PD-related brain regions. The observed iron accumulation may be contributing to PD etiology but it also may be a byproduct of cell death or cellular dysfunction. To elucidate the possible role of iron accumulation in PD, we investigated genetic variation in 16 genes related to iron homeostasis in three case-control studies from the United States, Australia, and France. After screening 90 haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the genes of interest in the US study population, we investigated the five most promising gene regions in two additional independent case-control studies. For the pooled data set (1289 cases, 1391 controls) we observed a protective association (OR=0.83, 95% CI: 0.71-0.96) between PD and a haplotype composed of the A allele at rs1880669 and the T allele at rs1049296 in transferrin (TF; GeneID: 7018). Additionally, we observed a suggestive protective association (OR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.74-1.02) between PD and a haplotype composed of the G allele at rs10247962 and the A allele at rs4434553 in transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2; GeneID: 7036). We observed no associations in our pooled sample for haplotypes in SLC40A1, CYB561, or HFE. Taken together with previous findings in model systems, our results suggest that TF or a TF-TFR2 complex may have a role in the etiology of PD, possibly through iron misregulation or mitochondrial dysfunction within dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Rhodes
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA.
| | - Daniel D Buchanan
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia; Princess Alexandra Hospital, Australia
| | - Ismaïl Ahmed
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Biostatistics team, INSERM U1018, F-94276 le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94276 le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson, Bldg E5, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Marie-Anne Loriot
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM UMR-S 775, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Biochimie, Unité Fonctionnelle de Pharmacogénétique et Oncologie Moléculaire, France
| | - Janet S Sinsheimer
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 708822, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA; Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951766, Room 5303 Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1766, USA; Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
| | - Jeff M Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Alexis Elbaz
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Social and Occupational Determinants of Health, INSERM U1018, F-94807 Villejuif, France; Univ Versailles St-Quentin, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif France
| | - George D Mellick
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson, Bldg E5, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
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Weinreb O, Mandel S, Youdim MBH, Amit T. Targeting dysregulation of brain iron homeostasis in Parkinson's disease by iron chelators. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:52-64. [PMID: 23376471 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron accumulation has been implicated in a host of chronic neurological diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The elevated iron levels observed in the substantia nigra of PD subjects have been suggested to incite the generation of reactive oxygen species and intracellular α-synuclein aggregation, terminating in the oxidative neuronal destruction of this brain area. Thus, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in iron dysregulation and oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration is a crucial step in deciphering PD pathology and in developing novel iron-complexing compounds aimed at restoring brain iron homeostasis and attenuating neurodegeneration. This review discusses the involvement of dysregulation of brain iron homeostasis in PD pathology, with an emphasis on the potential effectiveness of naturally occurring compounds and novel iron-chelating/antioxidant therapeutic hybrid molecules, exerting a spectrum of neuroprotective interrelated activities: antioxidant/monoamine oxidase inhibition, activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 signaling pathway, induction of HIF-1 target iron-regulatory and antioxidative genes, and inhibition of α-synuclein accumulation and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Weinreb
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Silvia Mandel
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Moussa B H Youdim
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Tamar Amit
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of brain iron has been detected in various neurodegenerative diseases, but the contribution of iron overload to pathology remains unclear. In a group of distinctive brain iron overload diseases known as 'neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation' (NBIA) diseases, nine disease genes have been identified. Brain iron accumulation is observed in the globus pallidus and other brain regions in NBIA diseases, which are often associated with severe dystonia and gait abnormalities. Only two of these diseases, aceruloplasminaemia and neuroferritinopathy, are directly caused by abnormalities in iron metabolism, mainly in astrocytes and neurons, respectively. Understanding the early molecular pathophysiology of these diseases should aid insights into the role of iron and the design of specific therapeutic approaches.
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Ulla M, Bonny JM, Ouchchane L, Rieu I, Claise B, Durif F. Is R2* a new MRI biomarker for the progression of Parkinson's disease? A longitudinal follow-up. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57904. [PMID: 23469252 PMCID: PMC3585727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study changes of iron content in basal ganglia in Parkinson’s disease (PD) through a three-year longitudinal follow-up of the effective transverse relaxation rate R2*, a validated MRI marker of brain iron content which can be rapidly measured under clinical conditions. Methods Twenty-seven PD patients and 26 controls were investigated by a first MRI (t0). Longitudinal analysis was conducted among the 18 controls and 14 PD patients who underwent a second MRI (t1) 3 years after. The imaging protocol consisted in 6 gradient echo images obtained at different echo-times for mapping R2*. Quantitative exploration of basal ganglia was performed by measuring the variation of R2* [R2*(t1) – R2*(t0)] in several regions of interest. Results During the three-year evolution of PD, R2* increased in Substantia nigra (SN) (by 10.2% in pars compacta, p = 0.001, and 8.1% in pars reticulata, p = 0.013) and in the caudal putamen (11.4%, p = 0.011), without significant change in controls. Furthermore, we showed a positive correlation between the variation of R2* and the worsening of motor symptoms of PD (p = 0.028). Conclusion Significant variation of R2* was longitudinally observed in the SN and caudal putamen of patients with PD evolving over a three-year period, emphasizing its interest as a biomarker of disease progression. Our results suggest that R2* MRI follow-up could be an interesting tool for individual assessment of neurodegeneration due to PD, and also be useful for testing the efficiency of disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ulla
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Neurologie A, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Delli Pizzi S, Rossi C, Di Matteo V, Esposito E, Guarnieri S, Mariggiò MA, Franciotti R, Caulo M, Thomas A, Onofrj M, Tartaro A, Bonanni L. Morphological and metabolic changes in the nigro-striatal pathway of synthetic proteasome inhibitor (PSI)-treated rats: a MRI and MRS study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56501. [PMID: 23431380 PMCID: PMC3576393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic administration of a Synthetic Proteasome Inhibitor (PSI) in rats has been described as able to provide a model of Parkinson's disease (PD), characterized by behavioral and biochemical modifications, including loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), as assessed by post-mortem studies. With the present study we aimed to assess in-vivo by Magnetic Resonance (MR) possible morphological and metabolic changes in the nigro-striatal pathway of PSI-treated rats. 10 animals were subcutaneously injected with PSI 6.0 mg/kg dissolved in DMSO 100%. Injections were made thrice weekly over the course of two weeks. 5 more animals injected with DMSO 100% with the same protocol served as controls. The animals underwent MR sessions before and at four weeks after the end of treatment with either PSI or vehicle. MR Imaging was performed to measure SN volume and Proton MR Spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) was performed to measure metabolites changes at the striatum. Animals were also assessed for motor function at baseline and at 4 and 6 weeks after treatment. Dopamine and dopamine metabolite levels were measured in the striata at 6 weeks after treatment. PSI-treated animals showed volumetric reduction of the SN (p<0.02) at 4 weeks after treatment as compared to baseline. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed MRI changes in SN showing a reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase expression as compared to neuron-specific enolase expression. A reduction of N-acetyl-aspartate/total creatine ratio (p = 0.05) and an increase of glutamate-glutamine-γ amminobutirrate/total creatine were found at spectroscopy (p = 0.03). At 6 weeks after treatment, PSI-treated rats also showed motor dysfunction compared to baseline (p = 0.02), accompanied by dopamine level reduction in the striatum (p = 0.02). Treatment with PSI produced morphological and metabolic modifications of the nigro-striatal pathway, accompanied by motor dysfunction. MR demonstrated to be a powerful mean to assess in-vivo the nigro-striatal pathway morphology and metabolism in the PSI-based PD animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Delli Pizzi
- ITAB, “G. D’Annunzio University”, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging and CE.S.I. Aging Research Center, University G.d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Cosmo Rossi
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Matteo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Ennio Esposito
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Simone Guarnieri
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging and CE.S.I. Aging Research Center, University G.d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Maria Addolorata Mariggiò
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging and CE.S.I. Aging Research Center, University G.d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Caulo
- ITAB, “G. D’Annunzio University”, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging and CE.S.I. Aging Research Center, University G.d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Astrid Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging and CE.S.I. Aging Research Center, University G.d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging and CE.S.I. Aging Research Center, University G.d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Armando Tartaro
- ITAB, “G. D’Annunzio University”, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging and CE.S.I. Aging Research Center, University G.d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging and CE.S.I. Aging Research Center, University G.d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Liu Y, Wang G, Zhao L, Geng M, Wang L, Bai X, Hu J, Man X. SWI phase asymmetries in deep gray matter of healthy adults: is there an association with handedness? Brain Imaging Behav 2013; 7:220-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-012-9217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hancock RD. The pyridyl group in ligand design for selective metal ion complexation and sensing. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:1500-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hare DJ, Gerlach M, Riederer P. Considerations for measuring iron in post-mortem tissue of Parkinson’s disease patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:1515-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mounsey RB, Teismann P. Chelators in the treatment of iron accumulation in Parkinson's disease. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:983245. [PMID: 22754573 PMCID: PMC3382398 DOI: 10.1155/2012/983245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element in the metabolism of all cells. Elevated levels of the metal have been found in the brains of patients of numerous neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The pathogenesis of PD is largely unknown, although it is thought through studies with experimental models that oxidative stress and dysfunction of brain iron homeostasis, usually a tightly regulated process, play significant roles in the death of dopaminergic neurons. Accumulation of iron is present at affected neurons and associated microglia in the substantia nigra of PD patients. This additional free-iron has the capacity to generate reactive oxygen species, promote the aggregation of α-synuclein protein, and exacerbate or even cause neurodegeneration. There are various treatments aimed at reversing this pathologic increase in iron content, comprising both synthetic and natural iron chelators. These include established drugs, which have been used to treat other disorders related to iron accumulation. This paper will discuss how iron dysregulation occurs and the link between increased iron and oxidative stress in PD, including the mechanism by which these processes lead to cell death, before assessing the current pharmacotherapies aimed at restoring normal iron redox and new chelation strategies undergoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross B. Mounsey
- School of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Peter Teismann
- School of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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Kwon DH, Kim JM, Oh SH, Jeong HJ, Park SY, Oh ES, Chi JG, Kim YB, Jeon BS, Cho ZH. Seven-Tesla magnetic resonance images of the substantia nigra in Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2012; 71:267-77. [PMID: 22367998 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate anatomical changes in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson disease (PD) patients with age-matched controls by using ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS We performed 7T MRI in 10 PD and 10 age-matched control subjects. Magnetic resonance images of the SN were obtained from a 3-dimensional (3D) T(2)*-weighted gradient echo sequence. Region of interest-based 3D shape analysis was performed to quantitatively compare images from the 2 groups. RESULTS The boundary between the SN and crus cerebri was not smooth in PD subjects. Undulation in the lateral surface of the SN appeared more intense in the side contralateral to that with the more severe symptoms, and more prominent at the rostral level of the SN than at the intermediate or caudal levels. In addition to the lateral surface, there was a striking difference in the dorsomedial aspects of the SN between PD and control subjects. In control subjects, a brighter signal region was observed along the dorsomedial surface of the lateral portion of SN, whereas in PD subjects, this region was observed as a dark region containing a hypointense signal in T(2)*-weighted images. The measurement of SN volumes, normalized to the intracranial volumes, showed higher values in PD subjects than in control subjects. INTERPRETATION This study demonstrates that 3D 7T MRI can definitively visualize anatomical alterations occurring in the SN of PD subjects. Further pathological studies are required to elucidate the nature of these anatomical alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hyuk Kwon
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, South Korea
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Lee DW, Notter SA, Thiruchelvam M, Dever DP, Fitzpatrick R, Kostyniak PJ, Cory-Slechta DA, Opanashuk LA. Subchronic polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) exposure produces oxidative damage and neuronal death of ventral midbrain dopaminergic systems. Toxicol Sci 2011; 125:496-508. [PMID: 22094459 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a link between organochlorine and pesticide exposure to an enhanced risk for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). A common biological phenomenon underlying cell injury associated with both polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure and dopaminergic neurodegeneration during aging is oxidative stress (OS). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that oral PCB exposure, via food ingestion, impairs dopamine systems in the adult murine brain. We determined whether PCB exposure was associated with OS in dopaminergic neurons, a population of cells that selectively degenerate in PD. After 4 weeks of oral exposure to the PCB mixture Aroclor 1254, several congeners, mostly ortho substituted, accumulated throughout the brain. Significant increases in locomotor activity were observed within 2 weeks, which persisted after cessation of PCB exposure. Stereologic analyses revealed a significant loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. However, striatal dopamine levels were elevated, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms exist to maintain dopamine homeostasis, which could contribute to the observed increases in locomotor activity following PCB exposure. Biochemical experiments revealed alterations in OS markers, including increases in SOD and HO-1 levels and the presence of oxidatively modified lipids and proteins. These findings were accompanied by elevated iron levels within the striatal and midbrain regions, perhaps due to the observed dysregulation of transferrin receptors and ferritin levels following PCB exposure. In this study, we suggest that both OS and the uncoupling of iron regulation contribute to dopamine neuron degeneration and hyperactivity following PCB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna W Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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40
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Oberländer U, Pletinckx K, Döhler A, Müller N, Lutz MB, Arzberger T, Riederer P, Gerlach M, Koutsilieri E, Scheller C. Neuromelanin is an immune stimulator for dendritic cells in vitro. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:116. [PMID: 22085464 PMCID: PMC3225309 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized at the cellular level by a destruction of neuromelanin (NM)-containing dopaminergic cells and a profound reduction in striatal dopamine. It has been shown recently that anti-melanin antibodies are increased in sera of Parkinson patients, suggesting that NM may act as an autoantigen. In this study we tested whether NM is being recognized by dendritic cells (DCs), the major cell type for inducing T- and B-cell responses in vivo. This recognition of NM by DCs is a prerequisite to trigger an adaptive autoimmune response directed against NM-associated structures. Results Murine DCs were treated with NM of substantia nigra (SN) from human subjects or with synthetic dopamine melanin (DAM). DCs effectively phagocytized NM and subsequently developed a mature phenotype (CD86high/MHCIIhigh). NM-activated DCs secreted the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, they potently triggered T cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction, showing that DC activation was functional to induce a primary T cell response. In contrast, DAM, which lacks the protein and lipid components of NM but mimics the dopamine-melanin backbone of NM, had only very little effect on DC phenotype and function. Conclusions NM is recognized by DCs in vitro and triggers their maturation. If operative in vivo, this would allow the DC-mediated transport and presentation of SN antigens to the adaptive immune system, leading to autoimmmunity in susceptible individuals. Our data provide a rationale for an autoimmune-based pathomechanism of PD with NM as the initial trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Oberländer
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany
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41
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Lotfipour AK, Wharton S, Schwarz ST, Gontu V, Schäfer A, Peters AM, Bowtell RW, Auer DP, Gowland PA, Bajaj NP. High resolution magnetic susceptibility mapping of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 35:48-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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42
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Cannon JR, Greenamyre JT. The role of environmental exposures in neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:225-50. [PMID: 21914720 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration describes the loss of neuronal structure and function. Numerous neurodegenerative diseases are associated with neurodegeneration. Many are rare and stem from purely genetic causes. However, the prevalence of major neurodegenerative diseases is increasing with improvements in treating major diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases, resulting in an aging population. The neurological consequences of neurodegeneration in patients can have devastating effects on mental and physical functioning. The causes of most cases of prevalent neurodegenerative diseases are unknown. The role of neurotoxicant exposures in neurodegenerative disease has long been suspected, with much effort devoted to identifying causative agents. However, causative factors for a significant number of cases have yet to be identified. In this review, the role of environmental neurotoxicant exposures on neurodegeneration in selected major neurodegenerative diseases is discussed. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were chosen because of available data on environmental influences. The special sensitivity the nervous system exhibits to toxicant exposure and unifying mechanisms of neurodegeneration are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cannon
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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43
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Kurian MA, McNeill A, Lin JP, Maher ER. Childhood disorders of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). Dev Med Child Neurol 2011; 53:394-404. [PMID: 21480873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.03955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) comprises a heterogeneous group of progressive complex motor disorders characterized by the presence of high brain iron, particularly within the basal ganglia. A number of autosomal recessive NBIA syndromes can present in childhood, most commonly pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN; due to mutations in the PANK2 gene) and phospholipase A2 group 6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN; associated with genetic defects in PLA2G6). Mutations in the genes that cause these two neuroaxonal dystrophies are thought to disrupt the normal cellular functions of phospholipid remodelling and fatty acid metabolism. A significant proportion of children with an NBIA phenotype have no genetic diagnosis and there are, no doubt, additional as yet undiscovered genes that account for a number of these cases. NBIA disorders can be diagnostically challenging as there is often phenotypic overlap between the different disease entities. This review aims to define the clinical, radiological, and genetic features of such disorders, providing the clinician with a stepwise approach to appropriate neurological and genetic investigation, as well as a clinical management strategy for these neurodegenerative syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju A Kurian
- Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health (University College London) and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
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44
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Sian-Hülsmann J, Mandel S, Youdim MBH, Riederer P. The relevance of iron in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem 2011; 118:939-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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45
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Mcneill A, Chinnery PF. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2011; 100:161-72. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52014-2.00009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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46
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Clinically available iron chelators induce neuroprotection in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease after peripheral administration. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 118:223-31. [PMID: 21165659 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The iron content of the substantia nigra pars compacta increases in the brains of Parkinson's disease patients. Hence, its removal by iron chelators may retard the progression of the disease. However, information on the ability of clinically available iron chelators to cross the blood brain barrier and be neuroprotective is limited. In this present study three iron chelators, which are currently approved for clinical use, namely the hexadendate, deferrioxamine, the bidentate deferiprone and the tridendate chelator deferasirox have been investigated for their efficacy to induce neuroprotection. Previous studies have shown that both deferiprone and deferrioxamine exert neuroprotection in the 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) model but no such studies have investigated deferasirox. Focal administration of deferasirox (0.5, 2 and 10 μg) into the substantia nigra pars compacta of rats significantly attenuated the loss of dopaminergic neurons and striatal dopamine content resulting from 6-OHDA toxicity. Systemic administration of deferasirox (20 mg/kg), deferiprone (10 mg/kg) or deferrioxamine (30 mg/kg), to the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease, significantly attenuated the loss of dopaminergic neurons and striatal dopamine content. Further studies to comprehend the action of these chelators showed that local application of either 0.4 mM deferrioxamine, or 1 mM deferasirox, via a microdialysis probe into the striatum, prior to that of 200 μM 6-OHDA, prevented the generation of hydroxyl radicals. Our results confirm that the administration of these chelators show therapeutic efficacy and should be considered as therapeutic agents for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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47
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Neuropathology of sporadic Parkinson disease before the appearance of parkinsonism: preclinical Parkinson disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 118:821-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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48
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Weinreb O, Amit T, Mandel S, Kupershmidt L, Youdim MBH. Neuroprotective multifunctional iron chelators: from redox-sensitive process to novel therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:919-49. [PMID: 20095867 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that many cytotoxic signals occurring in the neurodegenerative brain can initiate neuronal death processes, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and accumulation of iron at the sites of the neuronal deterioration. Neuroprotection by iron chelators has been widely recognized with respect to their ability to prevent hydroxyl radical formation in the Fenton reaction by sequestering redox-active iron. An additional neuroprotective mechanism of iron chelators is associated with their ability to upregulate or stabilize the transcriptional activator, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha). HIF-1alpha stability within the cells is under the control of a class of iron-dependent and oxygen-sensor enzymes, HIF prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHDs) that target HIF-1alpha for degradation. Thus, an emerging novel target for neuroprotection is associated with the HIF system to promote stabilization of HIF-1alpha and increase transcription of HIF-1-related survival genes, which have been reported to be regulated in patient's brains afflicted with diverse neurodegenerative diseases. In accordance, a new potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases is explored, by which iron chelators would inhibit PHDs, target the HIF-1-signaling pathway and ultimately activate HIF-1-dependent neuroprotective genes. This review discusses two interrelated approaches concerning therapy targets in neurodegeneration, sharing in common the implementation of iron chelation activity: antioxidation and HIF-1-pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Weinreb
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel.
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49
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Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease--transcranial sonography in relation to MRI. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2010. [PMID: 20692494 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(10)90005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Displaying the echo pattern (echogenicity) of brain tissue transcranial sonography (TCS) may provide new and complementary information to other neuroimaging methods. In contrast to conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), TCS is able to detect highly characteristic changes in signal brightness of the substantia nigra (SN) in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. In this review, TCS findings are related to conventional and advanced high-field brain MRI findings. On the basis of the MRI findings, especially with T2-relaxometry, the possible role of trace metals in the genesis of altered echogenicity on TCS of brain parenchyma, especially of the SN, are discussed.
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50
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Mandel SA, Morelli M, Halperin I, Korczyn AD. Biomarkers for prediction and targeted prevention of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: evaluation of drug clinical efficacy. EPMA J 2010. [PMID: 23199065 PMCID: PMC3405324 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-010-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are considered disorders of multifactorial origin, inevitably progressive and having a long preclinical period. Therefore, the availability of biological markers or biomarkers (BMs) for early disease diagnosis will impact the management of AD and PD in several dimensions; it will 1) help to capture high-risk individuals before symptoms develop, a stage where prevention efforts might be expected to have their greatest impact; 2) provide a measure of disease progression that can be evaluated objectively, while clinical measures are much less accurate; 3) help to discriminate between true AD or PD and other causes of a similar clinical syndrome; 4) delineate pathophysiological processes responsible for the disease; 5) determine the clinical efficacy of novel, disease-modifying (neuroprotective) strategies. In the long run the availability of reliable BMs will significantly advance the research and therapeutics of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A. Mandel
- Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Toxicology and Centre of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ilan Halperin
- The Israeli Psycological Association, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Amos D. Korczyn
- Tel-Aviv University Medical School Sieratzki Chair of Neurology, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
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