1
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Low YH, Loh CJL, Peh DYY, Chu AJM, Han S, Toh HC. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1202117. [PMID: 37901329 PMCID: PMC10600384 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common human viruses, has been associated with both lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), EBV associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) are amongst the few common epithelial cancers that EBV has been associated with. The pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC has been well described, however, the same cannot be said for primary pulmonary LELC (PPLELC) owing to the rarity of the cancer. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC and EBVaGCs and their recent advances. By drawing on similarities between NPC and PPLELC, we then also postulated the pathogenesis of PPLELC. A deeper understanding about the pathogenesis of EBV enables us to postulate the pathogenesis of other EBV associated cancers such as PPLELC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua Low
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Yang Yao Peh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Axel Jun Ming Chu
- Singapore Health Services Internal Medicine Residency Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Neoantigens and their clinical applications in human gastrointestinal cancers. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:321. [PMID: 36171610 PMCID: PMC9520945 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02776-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-specific neoantigens are ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy. As research findings have proved, neoantigen-specific T cell activity is immunotherapy’s most important determinant. Main text There is sufficient evidence showing the role of neoantigens in clinically successful immunotherapy, providing a justification for targeting. Because of the significance of the pre-existing anti-tumor immune response for the immune checkpoint inhibitor, it is believed that personalized neoantigen-based therapy may be an imperative approach for cancer therapy. Thus, intensive attention is given to strategies targeting neoantigens for the significant impact with other immunotherapies, such as the immune checkpoint inhibitor. Today, several algorithms are designed and optimized based on Next-Generation Sequencing and public databases, including dbPepNeo, TANTIGEN 2.0, Cancer Antigenic Peptide Database, NEPdb, and CEDAR databases for predicting neoantigens in silico that stimulates the development of T cell therapies, cancer vaccine, and other ongoing immunotherapy approaches. Conclusions In this review, we deliberated the current developments in understanding and recognition of the immunogenicity of newly found gastrointestinal neoantigens as well as their functions in immunotherapies and cancer detection. We also described how neoantigens are being developed and how they might be used in the treatment of GI malignancies.
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3
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Huang Y, Liang J, Hu W, Liang Y, Xiao X, Zhao W, Zhong X, Yang Y, Pan X, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Cai Y. Integration Profiling Between Plasma Lipidomics, Epstein–Barr Virus and Clinical Phenomes in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:919496. [PMID: 35847074 PMCID: PMC9281874 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.919496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma lipidomics has been commonly used for biomarker discovery. Studies in cancer have suggested a significant alteration of circulating metabolite profiles which is correlated with cancer characteristics and treatment outcome. However, the lipidomics characteristics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have rarely been studied. We previously described the phenomenon of lipid droplet accumulation in NPC cells and showed that such accumulation could be regulated by latent infection of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Here, we compared the plasma lipidome of NPC patients to that of healthy controls by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). We found 19 lipids (e.g., phosphatidylinositols 18:0/20:4 and 18:0/18:2 and free fatty acid 22:6) to be remarkably decreased, whereas 2 lipids (i.e., diacylglycerols 16:0/16:1 and 16:0/20:3) to be increased, in the plasma of NPC patients, compared with controls. Different lipid profiles were also observed between patients with different titers of EBV antibodies (e.g., EA-IgA and VCA-IgA) as well as between patients with and without lymph node or distant organ metastasis. In conclusion, plasma lipidomics might help to differentiate NPC cases from controls, whereas EBV infection might influence the risk and prognosis of NPC through modulating lipid metabolism in both tumor cells and peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinfeng Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenjin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yushan Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Weilin Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuemin Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinli Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Zhe Zhang,
| | - Yonglin Cai
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, China
- Yonglin Cai,
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4
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Major Role for Cellular MicroRNAs, Long Noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and the Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded BART lncRNA during Tumor Growth
In Vivo. mBio 2022; 13:e0065522. [PMID: 35435703 PMCID: PMC9239068 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00655-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and one form of virally encoded BART long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) on cellular expression in epithelial cells grown in vitro and as tumors in vivo determined by high-throughput RNA sequencing of mRNA and small RNAs. Hierarchical clustering based on gene expression distinguished the cell lines from the tumors and distinguished the EBV-positive tumors and the BART tumors from the EBV-negative tumors. EBV and BART expression also induced specific expression changes in cellular microRNAs (miRs) and lncRNAs. Multiple known and predicted targets of the viral miRs, the induced cellular miRs, and lncRNAs were identified in the altered gene set. The changes in expression in vivo indicated that the suppression of growth pathways in vivo reflects increased expression of cellular miRs in all tumors. In the EBV and BART tumors, many of the targets of the induced miRs were not changed and the seed sequences of the nonfunctional miRs were found to have homologous regions within the BART lncRNA. The inhibition of these miR effects on known targets suggests that these induced miRs have reduced function due to sponging by the BART lncRNA. This composite analysis identified the effects of EBV on cellular miRs and lncRNAs with a functional readout through identification of the simultaneous effects on gene expression. Major shifts in gene expression in vivo are likely mediated by effects on cellular noncoding RNAs. Additionally, a predicted property of the BART lncRNA is to functionally inhibit the induced cellular miRs.
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5
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Abusalah MAH, Irekeola AA, Hanim Shueb R, Jarrar M, Yean Yean C. Prognostic Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) miRNA biomarkers for survival outcome in EBV-associated epithelial malignancies: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266893. [PMID: 35436288 PMCID: PMC9015129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The EBV-associated epithelial tumours consist 80% of all EBV-associated cancer, where the nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) are considered as the most frequent EBV-associated epithelial tumours. It has been shown that the BART-encoded miRNAs are abundantly expressed in EBV-associated epithelial tumours, hence, these miRNAs may serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for EBV-associated epithelial tumours. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess these EBV miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers for NPC and GC.
Method
This systematic review was developed based on PRISMA guidelines and utilizing PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google scholar databases. The retrieved articles were thoroughly screened in accordance with the selection criteria. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for patient survival outcomes were used to evaluate EBV miRNA expression levels. To assess the risk of bias, funnel plot symmetry and Egger’s bias test were employed.
Result
Eleven studies met the selection criteria for inclusion, and four were included in the meta-analysis. Most of the articles considered in this study were from China, with one study from South Korea. The overall pooled effect size estimation (HR) for upregulated EBV miRNAs was 3.168 (95% CI: 2.020–4.969), demonstrating that upregulated EBV miRNA expression enhanced the mortality risk in NPC and GC patients by three times.
Conclusion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis that investigates the significance of EBV miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers in NPC and GC patients. The pooled effect estimates of HR of the various studies revealed that higher EBV miRNA expression in NPC and GC may result in a worse survival outcome. To assess the clinical significance of EBV miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers, larger-scale prospective studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Abdel Haleem Abusalah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Summit University Offa, Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Rafidah Hanim Shueb
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mu’taman Jarrar
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- * E-mail: ,
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6
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Godfrey A, Osborn K, Sinclair AJ. Interaction sites of the Epstein-Barr virus Zta transcription factor with the host genome in epithelial cells. Access Microbiol 2022; 3:000282. [PMID: 35018326 PMCID: PMC8742585 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in a state of latency in infected memory B-cells and EBV-associated lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Cell stimulation or differentiation of infected B-cells and epithelial cells induces reactivation to the lytic replication cycle. In each cell type, the EBV transcription and replication factor Zta (BZLF1, EB1) plays a role in mediating the lytic cycle of EBV. Zta is a transcription factor that interacts directly with Zta response elements (ZREs) within viral and cellular genomes. Here we undertake chromatin-precipitation coupled to DNA-sequencing (ChIP-Seq) of Zta-associated DNA from cancer-derived epithelial cells. The analysis identified over 14 000 Zta-binding sites in the cellular genome. We assessed the impact of lytic cycle reactivation on changes in gene expression for a panel of Zta-associated cellular genes. Finally, we compared the Zta-binding sites identified in this study with those previously identified in B-cells and reveal substantial conservation in genes associated with Zta-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Godfrey
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Kay Osborn
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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7
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Ziegler P, Reznik A, Kitchloo S, Wang E, Lee S, Green A, Myerburg M, Sample C, Shair K. Three-dimensional Models of the Nasopharynx for the Study of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4365. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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8
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Cui X, Snapper CM. Epstein Barr Virus: Development of Vaccines and Immune Cell Therapy for EBV-Associated Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734471. [PMID: 34691042 PMCID: PMC8532523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first human tumor virus discovered and is strongly implicated in the etiology of multiple lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Each year EBV associated cancers account for over 200,000 new cases of cancer and cause 150,000 deaths world-wide. EBV is also the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis, and up to 70% of adolescents and young adults in developed countries suffer from infectious mononucleosis. In addition, EBV has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. An EBV prophylactic vaccine that induces neutralizing antibodies holds great promise for prevention of EBV associated diseases. EBV envelope proteins including gH/gL, gB and gp350 play key roles in EBV entry and infection of target cells, and neutralizing antibodies elicited by each of these proteins have shown to prevent EBV infection of target cells and markedly decrease EBV titers in the peripheral blood of humanized mice challenged with lethal dose EBV. Recent studies demonstrated that immunization with the combination of gH/gL, gB and/or gp350 induced markedly increased synergistic EBV neutralizing activity compared to immunization with individual proteins. As previous clinical trials focused on gp350 alone were partially successful, the inclusion of gH/gL and gB in a vaccine formulation with gp350 represents a promising approach of EBV prophylactic vaccine development. Therapeutic EBV vaccines have also been tested clinically with encouraging results. Immunization with various vaccine platforms expressing the EBV latent proteins EBNA1, LMP1, and/or LMP2 promoted specific CD4+ and CD8+ cytotoxic responses with anti-tumor activity. The addition of EBV envelope proteins gH/gL, gB and gp350 has the potential to increase the efficacy of a therapeutic EBV vaccine. The immune system plays a critical role in the control of tumors, and immune cell therapy has emerged as a promising treatment of cancers. Adoptive T-cell therapy has been successfully used in the prevention and treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy and T cell receptor engineered T cell therapy targeting EBV latent proteins LMP1, LMP2 and/or EBNA1 have been in development, with the goal to increase the specificity and efficacy of treatment of EBV associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinle Cui
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,The Institute for Vaccine Research and Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clifford M Snapper
- The Institute for Vaccine Research and Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Citranvi Biosciences LLC, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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9
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Ose N, Kawagishi S, Funaki S, Kanou T, Fukui E, Kimura K, Minami M, Shintani Y. Thymic Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus: Experiences and Literature Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4794. [PMID: 34638279 PMCID: PMC8507618 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic lymphoepithelial carcinoma (TLEC) is a primary thymic carcinoma that accounts for about 14% of all thymic epithelial tumors and is classified into 14 types. The histological morphology is similar to lymphoepithelioma, a type of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It has been reported that squamous carcinoma accounts for approximately 80% of thymic carcinoma, followed by TLEC, which accounts for 6%. TLEC has been reported to be associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), with EBV infection in TLEC tumor cells first noted by Lyvraz et al. in 1985. Tumors shown to be EBV-positive are classified as TLEC if lymphoplasmacytic infiltration is lacking. However, only about 50% of the cases are positive for EBV, which is lower compared to nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma. Instances of EBV infection in other types of thymic epithelial tumor have been reported at lower rates, which suggests that EBV infection may have an important influence on the carcinogenesis of TLEC, though the etiology is unknown. TLEC is a highly malignant tumor with poor prognosis, as affected patients have a median survival time of 22 months, according to 58 cases from the literature, while the 5-year survival rate is 34.4%. Presently, prognosis is not considered to be affected by the presence or absence of EBV positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Ose
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (S.F.); (T.K.); (E.F.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Sachi Kawagishi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Chuo-ku, Osaka-shi 541-8567, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Soichiro Funaki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (S.F.); (T.K.); (E.F.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Takashi Kanou
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (S.F.); (T.K.); (E.F.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Eriko Fukui
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (S.F.); (T.K.); (E.F.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Kenji Kimura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (S.F.); (T.K.); (E.F.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Masato Minami
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (S.F.); (T.K.); (E.F.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yasushi Shintani
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (S.F.); (T.K.); (E.F.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.)
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10
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Midoen YH, Suryandari DA, Yunaini L, Susworo R, Auerkari EI, Freisleben HJ. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 is useful as therapeutic efficacy marker in serum but not in saliva of nasopharyngeal cancer patients who underwent radiotherapy. Ecancermedicalscience 2021; 15:1254. [PMID: 34267810 PMCID: PMC8241448 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2021.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a multifactorial disease with genetic, viral, environmental and lifestyle-related risk factors. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) can promote the oncogenic transformation of an infected cell into malignant. EBV encodes many stimulating products including Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) which plays a key role in the regulation of gene expression and replication of the genome in the latent period of infection. EBNA-1 in serum and tumour tissue of NPC patients correlates with NPC prognosis. Moreover, the presence of EBV DNA in serum samples from NPC patients’ blood circulation can be used as an early marker in the diagnosis of NPC. Objective The objective of this study was to find effective methods for monitoring the progress of NPC patients undergoing radiotherapy and therapeutic efficacy by observing the changes in EBV DNA in serum and saliva. Methodology The pre-experimental design compared blood and saliva taken from a pre-test and post-test group of NPC patients before and after radiation therapy. The concentration of EBV DNA was measured in the serum and saliva after amplification using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with compatible primers for the EBNA-1 gene. The data were statistically analysed by paired T-test. Results Highly significant (p = 0.0001) increase in cycle threshold qPCR and decrease in the mean concentration of EBV DNA (p = 0.0001) were observed in serum samples, but no significant changes were observed in saliva. Conclusions The results suggest that EBV DNA in serum can be used as the gold standard and a marker for monitoring the response to radiation therapy in NPC patients, whereas the examination of EBV DNA from saliva samples is not accurate and thus, not appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurnadi H Midoen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1594-6475
| | - Dwi A Suryandari
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Luluk Yunaini
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Raden Susworo
- Department of Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jalan Pangeran Diponegoro 71, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Elza I Auerkari
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Hans-Joachim Freisleben
- Medical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7604-8826
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11
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Zhang S, Wang B, Zheng L, Fu Z, Fu Y, Huang W, Cheng A. Advances in research on microRNAs related to the invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:463-474. [PMID: 34126919 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210614150720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which is associated with latent Epstein-Barr virus infection in most cases, is a unique epithelial malignancy arising from the nasopharyngeal mucosal lining. Accumulating evidence provides insights into the genetic and molecular aberrations that likely drive nasopharyngeal tumor development and progression. We review recent analyses of microRNAs (miRNAs), including Epstein-Barr virus-encoded miRNAs (EBV-encoded miRNAs) and dysregulated cellular miRNAs, that may be related to the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The studies summarized herein have greatly expanded our knowledge of the molecular biology of NPC involving miRNAs, and they may provide new biological targets for clinical diagnosis and reveal the potential of microRNA therapeutics. However, much information remains to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShanShan Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - BaiQi Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - LuLu Zheng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - ZhuQiong Fu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - YiTing Fu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - WeiGuo Huang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - AiLan Cheng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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12
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Luo H, Yi B. The role of Exosomes in the Pathogenesis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and the involved Clinical Application. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2147-2156. [PMID: 34239345 PMCID: PMC8241729 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale membrane vesicles, which carry biologically active substances of their cell of origin and play an important role in signal transduction and intercellular communication. At present, exosomes have been identified as a promising non-invasive liquid biopsy biomarker in the tissues and circulating blood of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and found to participate in regulating pathophysiological process of the tumor. We here review recent insights gained into the molecular mechanisms of exosome-induced cell growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, immunosuppression, radiation resistance and chemotherapy resistance in the development and progression of NPC, as well as the clinical application of exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents. We also discuss the limitations and challenges in exosome application. We hope this review may provide some references for the use of exosomes in clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidan Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
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13
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Ziegler P, Tian Y, Bai Y, Abrahamsson S, Bäckerholm A, Reznik AS, Green A, Moore JA, Lee SE, Myerburg MM, Park HJ, Tang KW, Shair KHY. A primary nasopharyngeal three-dimensional air-liquid interface cell culture model of the pseudostratified epithelium reveals differential donor- and cell type-specific susceptibility to Epstein-Barr virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009041. [PMID: 33914843 PMCID: PMC8112674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous γ-herpesvirus with latent and lytic cycles. EBV replicates in the stratified epithelium but the nasopharynx is also composed of pseudostratified epithelium with distinct cell types. Latent infection is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here, we show with nasopharyngeal conditionally reprogrammed cells cultured at the air-liquid interface that pseudostratified epithelial cells are susceptible to EBV infection. Donors varied in susceptibility to de novo EBV infection, but susceptible cultures also displayed differences with respect to pathogenesis. The cultures from one donor yielded lytic infection but cells from two other donors were positive for EBV-encoded EBERs and negative for other lytic infection markers. All cultures stained positive for the pseudostratified markers CK7, MUC5AC, α-tubulin in cilia, and the EBV epithelial cell receptor Ephrin receptor A2. To define EBV transcriptional programs by cell type and to elucidate latent/lytic infection-differential changes, we performed single cell RNA-sequencing on one EBV-infected culture that resulted in alignment with many EBV transcripts. EBV transcripts represented a small portion of the total transcriptome (~0.17%). All cell types in the pseudostratified epithelium had detectable EBV transcripts with suprabasal cells showing the highest number of reads aligning to many EBV genes. Several restriction factors (IRF1, MX1, STAT1, C18orf25) known to limit lytic infection were expressed at lower levels in the lytic subcluster. A third of the differentially-expressed genes in NPC tumors compared to an uninfected pseudostratified ALI culture overlapped with the differentially-expressed genes in the latent subcluster. A third of these commonly perturbed genes were specific to EBV infection and changed in the same direction. Collectively, these findings suggest that the pseudostratified epithelium could harbor EBV infection and that the pseudostratified infection model mirrors many of the transcriptional changes imposed by EBV infection in NPC. It has been known for over 50 years that EBV infection is associated with NPC. Despite many advances from studies in 2-dimensional cell culture, many aspects of EBV molecular pathogenesis in the nasopharynx remain undefined because the cell types and the biology of the nasopharyngeal epithelium can only be faithfully captured in 3-dimensional cell culture. In the stratified epithelium, cellular differentiation triggers lytic infection but it is not clear to what degree the pseudostratified epithelium is involved. The pseudostratified epithelium is abundant in the lateral wall where the lymphoid-rich fossa of Rosenmüller is located and is a site where NPC tumors most often arises. While the oral epithelium is a site of EBV replication, whether the nasopharyngeal epithelium is a major source of EBV shedding in the nasopharynx is not well defined. Here, we present a 3-dimensional organoid model of the nasopharyngeal pseudostratified epithelium showing that such cells can be infected with EBV in some donor cultures, with examples of both latent and lytic infection. We propose that the cell types of the pseudostratified epithelium should be considered a component of EBV pathogenesis in the nasopharynx and that the difference in donor susceptibility and latent/lytic infection could influence EBV’s fitness in the nasopharynx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Ziegler
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yarong Tian
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yulong Bai
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sanna Abrahamsson
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alan Bäckerholm
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alex S. Reznik
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony Green
- University of Pittsburgh Research Histology Services, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John A. Moore
- UPMC Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stella E. Lee
- UPMC Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Myerburg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ka-Wei Tang
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kathy Ho Yen Shair
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Yang YC, Sugden B. Epstein-Barr Virus Limits the Accumulation of IPO7, an Essential Gene Product. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:643327. [PMID: 33664726 PMCID: PMC7920963 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.643327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encodes more than 40 miRNAs that target cellular mRNAs to aid its infection, replication, and maintenance in individual cells and in its human host. Importin-7 (IPO7), also termed Imp7 or RanBPM7, is a nucleocytoplasmic transport protein that has been frequently identified as a target for two of these viral miRNAs. How the viral life cycle might benefit from regulating IPO7 has been unclear, though. We demonstrate with CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis that IPO7 is essential in at least three cells lines and that increasing its levels of expression inhibits growth of infected cells. EBV thus regulates the level of IPO7 to limit its accumulation consistent with its being required for survival of its host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chun Yang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Bill Sugden
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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15
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Lechner M, Schartinger VH, Steele CD, Nei WL, Ooft ML, Schreiber LM, Pipinikas CP, Chung GTY, Chan YY, Wu F, To KF, Tsang CM, Pearce W, Morelli D, Philpott M, Masterson L, Nibhani R, Wells G, Bell CG, Koller J, Delecluse S, Yip YL, Liu J, Forde CT, Forster MD, Jay A, Dudás J, Krapp A, Wan S, Uprimny C, Sprung S, Haybaeck J, Fenton TR, Chester K, Thirlwell C, Royle G, Marafioti T, Gupta R, Indrasari SR, Herdini C, Slim MAM, Indrawati I, Sutton L, Fles R, Tan B, Yeong J, Jain A, Han S, Wang H, Loke KSH, He W, Xu R, Jin H, Cheng Z, Howard D, Hwang PH, Le QT, Tay JK, West RB, Tsao SW, Meyer T, Riechelmann H, Oppermann U, Delecluse HJ, Willems SM, Chua MLK, Busson P, Lo KW, Wollmann G, Pillay N, Vanhaesebroeck B, Lund VJ. Somatostatin receptor 2 expression in nasopharyngeal cancer is induced by Epstein Barr virus infection: impact on prognosis, imaging and therapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:117. [PMID: 33402692 PMCID: PMC7785735 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), endemic in Southeast Asia, lacks effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Even in high-income countries the 5-year survival rate for stage IV NPC is less than 40%. Here we report high somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) expression in multiple clinical cohorts comprising 402 primary, locally recurrent and metastatic NPCs. We show that SSTR2 expression is induced by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) via the NF-κB pathway. Using cell-based and preclinical rodent models, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of SSTR2 targeting using a cytotoxic drug conjugate, PEN-221, which is found to be superior to FDA-approved SSTR2-binding cytostatic agents. Furthermore, we reveal significant correlation of SSTR expression with increased rates of survival and report in vivo uptake of the SSTR2-binding 68Ga-DOTA-peptide radioconjugate in PET-CT scanning in a clinical trial of NPC patients (NCT03670342). These findings reveal a key role in EBV-associated NPC for SSTR2 in infection, imaging, targeted therapy and survival.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/drug therapy
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/mortality
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/drug therapy
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/genetics
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/mortality
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/virology
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/genetics
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/mortality
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/virology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/virology
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Octreotide/pharmacology
- Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography
- Receptors, Somatostatin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Somatostatin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatostatin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Survival Analysis
- Viral Matrix Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Lechner
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
- Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital and Head and Neck Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - Volker H Schartinger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Wen Long Nei
- Divisions of Radiation Oncology and Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marc Lucas Ooft
- King´s College Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Liesa-Marie Schreiber
- Institute of Virology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Grace Tin-Yun Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuk Yu Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wayne Pearce
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Liam Masterson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Reshma Nibhani
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Wells
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher G Bell
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Julia Koller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanne Delecluse
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) and Inserm, Unit F100/U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yim Ling Yip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacklyn Liu
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cillian T Forde
- Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital and Head and Neck Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Martin D Forster
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital and Head and Neck Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Amrita Jay
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, Euston Road, London, UK
| | - József Dudás
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annika Krapp
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Wan
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College Hospital, Euston Road, London, UK
| | - Christian Uprimny
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Sprung
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tim R Fenton
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Kerry Chester
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christina Thirlwell
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, UK
| | - Gary Royle
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Rajeev Gupta
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sagung Rai Indrasari
- ENT Head and Neck Surgery Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Camelia Herdini
- ENT Head and Neck Surgery Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mohd Afiq Mohd Slim
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, University Hospital Crosshouse, Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, UK
| | - I Indrawati
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Renske Fles
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bing Tan
- ENT Head and Neck Surgery Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of ENT/Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joe Yeong
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amit Jain
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haitao Wang
- Divisions of Radiation Oncology and Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelvin S H Loke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan He
- Department of Oncology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruilian Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongtao Jin
- Department of Pathology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - David Howard
- Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital and Head and Neck Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
- ENT Department, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter H Hwang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Joshua K Tay
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert B West
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tim Meyer
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Herbert Riechelmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79085, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan M Willems
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melvin L K Chua
- Divisions of Radiation Oncology and Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS-UMR 9018-METSY, Gustave Roussy and Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guido Wollmann
- Institute of Virology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, UK
| | | | - Valerie J Lund
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
- Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital and Head and Neck Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK.
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16
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von Witzleben A, Wang C, Laban S, Savelyeva N, Ottensmeier CH. HNSCC: Tumour Antigens and Their Targeting by Immunotherapy. Cells 2020; 9:E2103. [PMID: 32942747 PMCID: PMC7564543 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are a heterogeneous group of malignant tumours typically caused by alcohol and tobacco consumption, although an increasing number of HNSCC arise due to persistent infection with high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV). The treatment of HNSCC remains challenging, and the first-line setting is focused on surgery and chemoradiotherapy. A substantial proportion of HNSCC patients die from their disease, especially those with recurrent and metastatic disease. Among factors linked with good outcome, immune cell infiltration appears to have a major role. HPV-driven HNSCC are often T-cell rich, reflecting the presence of HPV antigens that are immunogenic. Tumour-associated antigens that are shared between patients or that are unique to an individual person may also induce varying degrees of immune response; studying these is important for the understanding of the interaction between the host immune system and the cancer. The resulting knowledge is critical for the design of better immunotherapies. Key questions are: Which antigens lead to an adaptive immune response in the tumour? Which of these are exploitable for immunotherapy? Here, we review the current thinking regarding tumour antigens in HNSCC and what has been learned from early phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian von Witzleben
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.v.W.); (N.S.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Chuan Wang
- Head and Neck Center, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK;
| | - Simon Laban
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Natalia Savelyeva
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.v.W.); (N.S.)
| | - Christian H. Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.v.W.); (N.S.)
- Head and Neck Center, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK;
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17
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Hau PM, Lung HL, Wu M, Tsang CM, Wong KL, Mak NK, Lo KW. Targeting Epstein-Barr Virus in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:600. [PMID: 32528868 PMCID: PMC7247807 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in regions in which it is endemic, including Southern China and Southeast Asia. The high mortality rates of NPC patients with advanced and recurrent disease highlight the urgent need for effective treatments. While recent genomic studies have revealed few druggable targets, the unique interaction between the EBV infection and host cells in NPC strongly implies that targeting EBV may be an efficient approach to cure this virus-associated cancer. Key features of EBV-associated NPC are the persistence of an episomal EBV genome and the requirement for multiple viral latent gene products to enable malignant transformation. Many translational studies have been conducted to exploit these unique features to develop pharmaceutical agents and therapeutic strategies that target EBV latent proteins and induce lytic reactivation in NPC. In particular, inhibitors of the EBV latent protein EBNA1 have been intensively explored, because of this protein's essential roles in maintaining EBV latency and viral genome replication in NPC cells. In addition, recent advances in chemical bioengineering are driving the development of therapeutic agents targeting the critical functional regions of EBNA1. Promising therapeutic effects of the resulting EBNA1-specific inhibitors have been shown in EBV-positive NPC tumors. The efficacy of multiple classes of EBV lytic inducers for NPC cytolytic therapy has also been long investigated. However, the lytic-induction efficiency of these compounds varies among different EBV-positive NPC models in a cell-context-dependent manner. In each tumor, NPC cells can evolve and acquire somatic changes to maintain EBV latency during cancer progression. Unfortunately, the poor understanding of the cellular mechanisms regulating EBV latency-to-lytic switching in NPC cells limits the clinical application of EBV cytolytic treatment. In this review, we discuss the potential approaches for improvement of the above-mentioned EBV-targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pok Man Hau
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Wu
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nai Ki Mak
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Lu T, Guo Q, Lin K, Chen H, Chen Y, Xu Y, Lin C, Su Y, Chen Y, Chen M, Zheng Y, Ye Y, Lin S, Zong J, Pan J. Circulating Epstein-Barr virus microRNAs BART7-3p and BART13-3p as novel biomarkers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1711-1723. [PMID: 32155300 PMCID: PMC7226202 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) BamHI A rightward transcripts (BART) encoded microRNAs (EBV‐miR‐BARTs) are abnormally highly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). This study aims to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic performance of miR‐BART7‐3p and miR‐BART13‐3p. Plasma levels of EBV DNA, miR‐BART7‐3p, and miR‐BART13‐3p were examined by quantitative PCR in 483 treatment‐naïve NPC patients and 243 controls without NPC. The prognostic performance was examined by comparing plasma levels with rates of distant metastasis during follow‐up. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for diagnosing NPC was 0.926 for EBV DNA, 0.964 for plasma miR‐BART7‐3p, 0.973 for miR‐BART13‐3p, and 0.997 for all three indices. Among 465 NPC patients without distant metastasis, the above‐median miR‐BART7‐3p and EBV DNA were independent risk for shorter distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS) (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.94, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44‐5.97, P = .003; HR = 2.27, 95% CI, 1.26‐4.10, P = .006) in multivariate Cox regression. Epstein‐Barr virus DNA, miR‐BART7‐3p, and miR‐BART13‐3p after radiotherapy were detectable in 28.6%, 17.6%, and 54.7% of patients, respectively. In multivariate Cox regression, detectable miR‐BART7‐3p and EBV DNA were independent risks for shorter DMFS (HR = 4.13, 95% CI, 1.89‐9.01, P < .001; HR = 2.14, 95% CI, 1.04‐4.42, P = .039). The 4‐year DMFS rate was 92.0% in subjects (n = 156) with neither detectable miR‐BART7‐3p nor EBV DNA, 80.0% in subjects (n = 65) with either detectable miR‐BART7‐3p or EBV DNA, and 52.9% in subjects (n = 24) with both detectable miR‐BART7‐3p and EBV DNA after radiotherapy (P < .001). Circulating levels of miR‐BART7‐3p and miR‐BART13‐3p show excellent diagnostic performance for NPC. The combination of plasma levels of miR‐BART7‐3p and EBV DNA at diagnosis and after radiotherapy could help stratify patients by risk of poor DMFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Lu
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiaojuan Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Keyu Lin
- Department of Radiation Biology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuanji Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Radiation Biology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Chen
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuhong Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunbin Ye
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaojun Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingfeng Zong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianji Pan
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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19
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Zhang H, Zou X, Wu L, Zhang S, Wang T, Liu P, Zhu W, Zhu J. Identification of a 7-microRNA signature in plasma as promising biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma detection. Cancer Med 2019; 9:1230-1241. [PMID: 31856390 PMCID: PMC6997065 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have become reliable sources of non‐invasive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Identification of promising miRNA biomarkers in plasma might benefit a lot to the detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods The Exiqon miRNA qPCR panel was used in the screening stage to identify candidate miRNAs, which were further verified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) in the following three stages among plasma samples from 200 NPC patients and 189 healthy donors (as normal controls [NCs]). The identified miRNAs were further explored in tissue specimens (48 NPC vs 32 NCs) and plasma exosomes (32 NPC vs 32 NCs). Survival analyses were ultimately conducted by Cox regression models and Kaplan‐Meier curves using log‐rank tests. Results We identified a 7‐miRNA signature including let‐7b‐5p, miR‐140‐3p, miR‐144‐3p, miR‐17‐5p, miR‐20a‐5p, miR‐20b‐5p, and miR‐205‐5p in plasma for NPC diagnosis after four‐stage validation. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) for the signature were 0.879, 0.884, 0.921, and 0.807 for the training, testing, external validation stage, and the combined three stages, respectively. In NPC tissues, miR‐144‐3p, miR‐17‐5p, miR‐20a‐5p, and miR‐205‐5p were consistently up‐regulated while let‐7b‐5p and miR‐140‐3p were significantly down‐regulated compared to NCs. However, none of the seven identified miRNAs were dysregulated in plasma‐derived exosomes in NPC patients. As to survival analysis, none of the seven miRNAs seemed to be associated with NPC prognosis. Conclusion We identified a 7‐miRNA signature in plasma as promising non‐invasive biomarkers for NPC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huo Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xuan Zou
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Xuhui, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lirong Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tongshan Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, PR China
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20
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Kawagishi S, Ose N, Minami M, Funaki S, Kanou T, Kimura K, Taniguchi S, Morii E, Shintani Y. Total thymectomy for thymic lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma-report of two cases. Surg Case Rep 2019; 5:158. [PMID: 31655916 PMCID: PMC6815289 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-019-0706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymic carcinoma has been classified into 12 subtypes, thymic lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) is a type of them, and has a pathological organization similar to that of lymphoepithelioma, an undifferentiated type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. According to a report from the International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG), thymic LELC is a rare tumor and accounts for 6% of all thymic carcinoma cases. We report two cases of surgical resection for thymic LELC and perform a search of other reports of thymic LELC, and clinical manifestations and follow-up data thus obtained are summarized. Case presentation Two patients underwent surgical resection for thymic LELC. In both, tumors were detected in the anterior mediastinum and a total thymectomy was performed. Each was diagnosed with thymic LELC and classified in accordance with the Masaoka staging system as modified stage II. In recent examinations, one patient was doing well after undergoing total resection, whereas early recurrence of distant lymph node metastasis was noted in the other at 5 months after the total resection procedure and died thereafter from a different disease. Conclusion We report two cases of surgical resection for thymic LELC. A successful total resection may positively affect prognosis: thus, long-term follow-up examinations must be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Kawagishi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2(L5), Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoko Ose
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2(L5), Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0971, Japan.
| | - Masato Minami
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2(L5), Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Soichiro Funaki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2(L5), Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanou
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2(L5), Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Kimura
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Seiji Taniguchi
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shintani
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2(L5), Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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21
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Edwards RH, Dekroon R, Raab-Traub N. Alterations in cellular expression in EBV infected epithelial cell lines and tumors. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008071. [PMID: 31584998 PMCID: PMC6795468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is linked to the development of two major epithelial malignancies, gastric carcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. This study evaluates the effects of EBV on cellular expression in a gastric epithelial cell line infected with or without EBV and a nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line containing EBV. The cells were grown in vitro and as tumors in vivo. The effects on cellular expression were determined using both 2D DIGE proteomics and high throughput RNA sequencing. The data identify multiple pathways that were uniquely activated in vitro. RNA sequences mapping to the mouse genome were identified in both the EBV positive and negative tumor samples in vivo, although, differences between the EBV positive and negative cells were not apparent. However, the tumors appeared to be grossly distinct. The majority of the identified canonical pathways based on two fold changes in expression had decreased activity within the tumors in vivo. Identification of the predicted upstream regulating factors revealed that in vitro the regulating factors were primarily protein transcriptional regulators. In contrast, in vivo the predicted regulators were frequently noncoding RNAs. Hierarchical clustering distinguished the cell lines and tumors, the EBV positive tumors from the EBV negative tumors, and the NPC tumors from the gastric tumors and cell lines. The delineating genes were changed greater than 4 fold and were frequently regulated by protein transcription factors. These data suggest that EBV distinctly affects cellular expression in gastric tumors and NPC and that growth in vivo requires activation of fewer cellular signaling pathways. It is likely that the broad changes in cellular expression that occur at low levels are controlled by regulatory viral and cellular RNAs while major changes are affected by induced protein regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hood Edwards
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert Dekroon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nancy Raab-Traub
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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22
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Liu S, Liu W, Zhao D, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Luo B. The Glypican-4 Gene Polymorphism rs1048369 and Susceptibility to Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive and -Negative Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Northern China. Oncol Res Treat 2019; 42:572-579. [PMID: 31522169 DOI: 10.1159/000502753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene polymorphism rs1048369 of glypican-4 (GPC4) gene has been reported to be significantly different between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (GC) and EBV-negative GC. However, little is known about the polymorphism in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which is a malignant tumor with a high prevalence of EBV. OBJECTIVE The distribution of GPC4 polymorphism rs1048369 was investigated in NPC patients, especially in those with EBV infection. The association between the polymorphism of GPC4 and the susceptibility to EBV-positive and EBV-negative NPC was also explored. PATIENTS AND METHODS The GPC4 gene polymorphism rs1048369 was detected in 143 cases of EBV-positive NPC and in 19 cases of EBV-negative NPC using polymerase chain reaction. One hundred and seven peripheral blood samples from healthy individuals were also measured as a control group. RESULTS The difference in genotype CC between EBV-positive NPC patients and healthy individuals was significant (χ2 = 15.273, p < 0.01). No significant difference was observed between EBV-positive and EBV-negative NPC cases. Between EBV-negative NPC cases and healthy individuals, there was no significant difference in GPC4 gene polymorphism in both genotypic and allelic frequencies. CONCLUSIONS The GPC4 gene polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to EBV-positive NPC. The CC genotype of GPC4 may represent a risk factor for NPC in Northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Danrui Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China,
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23
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Shannon-Lowe C, Rickinson A. The Global Landscape of EBV-Associated Tumors. Front Oncol 2019; 9:713. [PMID: 31448229 PMCID: PMC6691157 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a gamma-1 herpesvirus, is carried as a life-long asymptomatic infection by the great majority of individuals in all human populations. Yet this seemingly innocent virus is aetiologically linked to two pre-malignant lymphoproliferative diseases (LPDs) and up to nine distinct human tumors; collectively these have a huge global impact, being responsible for some 200,000 new cases of cancer arising worldwide each year. EBV replicates in oral epithelium but persists as a latent infection within the B cell system and several of its diseases are indeed of B cell origin; these include B-LPD of the immunocompromised, Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL), Burkitt Lymphoma (BL), Diffuse Large B cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) and two rarer tumors associated with profound immune impairment, plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Surprisingly, the virus is also linked to tumors arising in other cellular niches which, rather than being essential reservoirs of virus persistence in vivo, appear to represent rare cul-de-sacs of latent infection. These non-B cell tumors include LPDs and malignant lymphomas of T or NK cells, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and gastric carcinoma of epithelial origin, and leiomyosarcoma, a rare smooth muscle cell tumor of the immunocompromised. Here we describe the main characteristics of these tumors, their distinct epidemiologies, histological features and degrees of EBV association, then consider how their different patterns of EBV latency may reflect the alternative latency programmes through which the virus first colonizes and then persists in immunocompetent host. For each tumor, we discuss current understanding of EBV's role in the oncogenic process, the identity (where known) of host genetic and environmental factors predisposing tumor development, and the recent evidence from cancer genomics identifying somatic changes that either complement or in some cases replace the contribution of the virus. Thereafter we look for possible connections between the pathogenesis of these apparently different malignancies and point to new research areas where insights may be gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Shannon-Lowe
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Rickinson
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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24
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Wang C, Jiang S, Ke L, Zhang L, Li D, Liang J, Narita Y, Hou I, Chen CH, Wang L, Zhong Q, Ling Y, Lv X, Xiang Y, Guo X, Teng M, Tsao SW, Gewurz BE, Zeng MS, Zhao B. Genome-wide CRISPR-based gene knockout screens reveal cellular factors and pathways essential for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9734-9745. [PMID: 31073033 PMCID: PMC6597810 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is difficult because of a lack of specific symptoms. Many patients have advanced disease at diagnosis, and these patients respond poorly to treatment. New treatments are therefore needed to improve the outcome of NPC. To better understand the molecular pathogenesis of NPC, here we used an NPC cell line in a genome-wide CRISPR-based knockout screen to identify the cellular factors and pathways essential for NPC (i.e. dependence factors). This screen identified the Moz, Ybf2/Sas3, Sas2, Tip60 histone acetyl transferase complex, NF-κB signaling, purine synthesis, and linear ubiquitination pathways; and MDM2 proto-oncogene as NPC dependence factors/pathways. Using gene knock out, complementary DNA rescue, and inhibitor assays, we found that perturbation of these pathways greatly reduces the growth of NPC cell lines but does not affect growth of SV40-immortalized normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. These results suggest that targeting these pathways/proteins may hold promise for achieving better treatment of patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Sizun Jiang
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Liangru Ke
- the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Difei Li
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jun Liang
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Yohei Narita
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Isabella Hou
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Chen-Hao Chen
- the Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- the Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Liangwei Wang
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Qian Zhong
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yihong Ling
- the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xing Lv
- the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yanqun Xiang
- the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Mingxiang Teng
- the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, and
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- the School of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China,
| | - Bo Zhao
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
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25
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Liu L, Zuo L, Yang J, Xin S, Zhang J, Zhou J, Li G, Tang J, Lu J. Exosomal cyclophilin A as a novel noninvasive biomarker for Epstein-Barr virus associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3142-3151. [PMID: 31063269 PMCID: PMC6558463 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have emerged as novel vehicles for proteins and other contents in cancer progression. Cyclophilin A (CYPA) is a pivotal member of immunophilin family. Whether CYPA can be detected in sera of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients remains to be explored. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first identified human tumor virus and is a causative agent of NPC. The antibody of EBV capsid antigen immunoglobulin A (EBV-VCA-IgA) is a known biomarker of NPC, with a proportion of no more than 70% being detected positively. Hence, novel biomarkers need to be discovered for early diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of EBV-associated NPC. A total of 110 NPC and 36 normal control serum samples were collected. Exosomes from these samples were extracted. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the above samples were validated by reverse transcription -quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, the results demonstrated that both the serum and exosomal CYPA levels of NPC patients were significantly higher than that of normal cases. In addition, exosomal CYPA had a much higher level than that in the whole sera. The positive rate of EBV-VCA-IgA antibody was 68.2% in NPC sera, and noticeably, among the cases with EBV-VCA-IgA negative, 80% of them presented high levels of CYPA above the standard (cutoff value). In particular, CYPA in exosomes was uniformly with higher significance than that in whole sera. Combined analysis of CYPA protein and EBV-VCA-IgA antibody showed a greatly higher discriminatory ability in diagnosis of NPC. Moreover, exosomal CYPA level had a positive correlation with that of the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) in exosomes. EBV-positive cancer cells secreted significantly higher levels of exosomal CYPA. This study established the utility of circulating exosomal CYPA as a potential noninvasive diagnostic biomarker for EBV-associated NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lielian Zuo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuyu Xin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinyong Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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26
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Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Cancers Show Altered B-Cell Clonality. mSystems 2018; 3:mSystems00081-18. [PMID: 30271878 PMCID: PMC6156273 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00081-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 20% of human cancers are associated with viruses. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contributes to gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and certain lymphomas, but its role in other cancer types remains controversial. We assessed the prevalence of EBV in RNA-seq from 32 tumor types in the Cancer Genome Atlas Project (TCGA) and found EBV to be present in >5% of samples in 12 tumor types. EBV infects epithelial cells and B cells and in B cells causes proliferation. We hypothesized that the low expression of EBV in most of the tumor types was due to infiltration of B cells into the tumor. The increase in B-cell abundance and diversity in subjects where EBV was detected in the tumors strengthens this hypothesis. Overall, we found that EBV was associated with an increased and altered immune response. This result is not evidence of causality, but a potential novel biomarker for tumor immune status. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is convincingly associated with gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and certain lymphomas, but its role in other cancer types remains controversial. To test the hypothesis that there are additional cancer types with high prevalence of EBV, we determined EBV viral expression in all the Cancer Genome Atlas Project (TCGA) mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) samples (n = 10,396) from 32 different tumor types. We found that EBV was present in gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma, as expected, and was also present in >5% of samples in 10 additional tumor types. For most samples, EBV transcript levels were low, which suggests that EBV was likely present due to infected infiltrating B cells. In order to determine if there was a difference in the B-cell populations, we assembled B-cell receptors for each sample and found B-cell receptor abundance (P ≤ 1.4 × 10−20) and diversity (P ≤ 8.3 × 10−27) were significantly higher in EBV-positive samples. Moreover, diversity was independent of B-cell abundance, suggesting that the presence of EBV was associated with an increased and altered B-cell population. IMPORTANCE Around 20% of human cancers are associated with viruses. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contributes to gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and certain lymphomas, but its role in other cancer types remains controversial. We assessed the prevalence of EBV in RNA-seq from 32 tumor types in the Cancer Genome Atlas Project (TCGA) and found EBV to be present in >5% of samples in 12 tumor types. EBV infects epithelial cells and B cells and in B cells causes proliferation. We hypothesized that the low expression of EBV in most of the tumor types was due to infiltration of B cells into the tumor. The increase in B-cell abundance and diversity in subjects where EBV was detected in the tumors strengthens this hypothesis. Overall, we found that EBV was associated with an increased and altered immune response. This result is not evidence of causality, but a potential novel biomarker for tumor immune status.
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Air-Liquid Interface System To Understand Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. mSphere 2018; 3:3/4/e00350-18. [PMID: 30021881 PMCID: PMC6052335 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00350-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects epithelial cells and is associated with epithelial malignancies. Although EBV reactivation is induced by epithelial differentiation, the available methods for differentiation are not widely used. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects epithelial cells and is associated with epithelial malignancies. Although EBV reactivation is induced by epithelial differentiation, the available methods for differentiation are not widely used. In a recent study, Caves et al. (mSphere 3:e00152-18, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00152-18) explored the use of a new transwell-based air-liquid interface (ALI) system to differentiate EBV-infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. They found that cells cultured in the ALI system expressed markers of differentiation and supported complete EBV reactivation. This system offers an easy method for differentiation that could be widely adopted. This system could be extended to other epithelial cell types.
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Caves EA, Cook SA, Lee N, Stoltz D, Watkins S, Shair KHY. Air-Liquid Interface Method To Study Epstein-Barr Virus Pathogenesis in Nasopharyngeal Epithelial Cells. mSphere 2018; 3:e00152-18. [PMID: 30021875 PMCID: PMC6052337 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00152-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous gammaherpesvirus that establishes a latent reservoir in peripheral B-lymphocytes with sporadic reactivation. EBV also infects epithelial cells, predominantly resulting in a lytic infection, which may contribute to EBV transmission from saliva. In the nasopharynx, EBV infection can lead to the clonal expansion of a latently infected cell and the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The mechanisms governing EBV pathogenesis in nasopharyngeal epithelium are largely unknown. An advanced understanding would depend on a physiologically relevant culture model of polarized airway epithelium. The recent application of the organotypic raft culture in keratinocytes has demonstrated great promise for the use of polarized cultures in the study of EBV permissive replication. In this study, the adaptation of an air-liquid interface (ALI) culture method using transwell membranes was explored in an EBV-infected NPC cell line. In the EBV-infected NPC HK1 cell line, ALI culture resulted in the completion of EBV reactivation, with global induction of the lytic cascade, replication of EBV genomes, and production of infectious progeny virus. We propose that the ALI culture method can be widely adopted as a physiologically relevant model to study EBV pathogenesis in polarized nasal epithelial cells. IMPORTANCE Lifting adherent cells to the air-liquid interface (ALI) is a method conventionally used to culture airway epithelial cells into polarized apical and basolateral surfaces. Reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) from monolayer epithelial cultures is sometimes abortive, which may be attributed to the lack of authentic reactivation triggers that occur in stratified epithelium in vivo In the present work, the ALI culture method was applied to study EBV reactivation in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. The ALI culture of an EBV-infected cell line yielded high titers and can be dissected by a variety of molecular virology assays that measure induction of the EBV lytic cascade and EBV genome replication and assembly. EBV infection of polarized cultures of primary epithelial cells can be challenging and can have variable efficiencies. However, the use of the ALI method with established EBV-infected cell lines offers a readily available and reproducible approach for the study of EBV permissive replication in polarized epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Caves
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah A Cook
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nara Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donna Stoltz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathy H Y Shair
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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29
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He B, Zeng J, Chao W, Chen X, Huang Y, Deng K, Huang Z, Li J, Dai M, Chen S, Huang H, Dai S. Serum long non-coding RNAs MALAT1, AFAP1-AS1 and AL359062 as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:41166-41177. [PMID: 28467811 PMCID: PMC5522198 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating RNAs in serum, plasma or other body liquid have emerged as useful and highly promising biomarkers for noninvasive diagnostic application. Herein, we aimed to establish a serum long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) signature for diagnosing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, we recruited a cohort of 101 NPC patients, 20 patients with chronic nasopharyngitis (CN), 20 EBV carriers (EC) and 101 healthy controls. qRT-PCR was performed with NPC cells and serum samples to screen a pool of 38 NPC-related lncRNAs obtained from the LncRNADisease database. A profile of three circulating lncRNAs (MALAT1, AFAP1-AS1 and AL359062) was established for NPC diagnosis. By Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, this three-lncRNA signature showed high accuracy in discriminating NPC from healthy controls (AUC = 0.918), CN (AUC = 0.893) or EC (AUC = 0.877). Furthermore, high levels of these three lncRNAs were closely related to advanced NPC tumor node metastasis stages and EBV infection. Serum levels of these three lncRNAs declined significantly in patients after therapy. Our present study indicates that circulating MALAT1, AFAP1-AS1 and AL359062 may represent novel serum biomarkers for NPC diagnosis and prognostic prediction after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu He
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, China
| | - Jianchao Zeng
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, China
| | - Wei Chao
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, China
| | - Kaifeng Deng
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, China
| | - Zhizhuo Huang
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, China
| | - Jinwan Li
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, China
| | - Meiyu Dai
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, China
| | - Shaojun Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, China
| | - Haixin Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, China
| | - Shengming Dai
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, China
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30
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Hopcraft SE, Damania B. Tumour viruses and innate immunity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0267. [PMID: 28893934 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cells sense viral infection through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and stimulate an innate immune response. PRRs are localized to several different cellular compartments and are stimulated by viral proteins and nucleic acids. PRR activation initiates signal transduction events that ultimately result in an inflammatory response. Human tumour viruses, which include Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and Merkel cell polyomavirus, are detected by several different PRRs. These viruses engage in a variety of mechanisms to evade the innate immune response, including downregulating PRRs, inhibiting PRR signalling, and disrupting the activation of transcription factors critical for mediating the inflammatory response, among others. This review will describe tumour virus PAMPs and the PRRs responsible for detecting viral infection, PRR signalling pathways, and the mechanisms by which tumour viruses evade the host innate immune system.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Hopcraft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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31
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Tsao SW, Tsang CM, Lo KW. Epstein-Barr virus infection and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0270. [PMID: 28893937 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with multiple types of human cancer, including lymphoid and epithelial cancers. The closest association with EBV infection is seen in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which is endemic in the southern Chinese population. A strong association between NPC risk and the HLA locus at chromosome 6p has been identified, indicating a link between the presentation of EBV antigens to host immune cells and NPC risk. EBV infection in NPC is clonal in origin, strongly suggesting that NPC develops from the clonal expansion of a single EBV-infected cell. In epithelial cells, the default program of EBV infection is lytic replication. However, latent infection is the predominant mode of EBV infection in NPC. The establishment of latent EBV infection in pre-invasive nasopharyngeal epithelium is believed to be an early stage of NPC pathogenesis. Recent genomic study of NPC has identified multiple somatic mutations in the upstream negative regulators of NF-κB signalling. Dysregulated NF-κB signalling may contribute to the establishment of latent EBV infection in NPC. Stable EBV infection and the expression of latent EBV genes are postulated to drive the transformation of pre-invasive nasopharyngeal epithelial cells to cancer cells through multiple pathways.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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32
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Yang MJ, Guo J, Ye YF, Chen SH, Peng LX, Lin CY, Hu T, Xie SH, Xie CB, Huang QH, Lu YQ, Liu Q, Qian CN, Cao SM. Decreased macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and MIP-1β increase the risk of developing nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2018; 38:7. [PMID: 29764502 PMCID: PMC5993139 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-018-0279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association of circulating inflammation markers with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is still largely unclear. This study aimed to comprehensively explore the relationship between circulating cytokine levels and the subsequent risk of NPC with a two-stage epidemiologic study in southern China. Methods The serum levels of 33 inflammatory cytokines were first measured in a hospital-based case–control study (150 NPC patients and 150 controls) using multiplex assay platforms. Marker levels were categorized into two or more groups based on the proportion of sample measurements that was above the lower limit of detection. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) relating the serum marker concentration to the risk of NPC were computed by multivariable logistic regression models. The associations were validated in 60 patients with NPC and 120 controls in a subsequent nested case–control study within a NPC screening trial. Potential interactions between serum cytokines and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) relating to the risk of NPC were assessed using a likelihood ratio test. Results The levels of serum macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and MIP-1β in the highest categories were associated with a decreased risk of NPC in both the case–control study (MIP-1α: OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.26–0.95; MIP-1β: OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.22–1.00) and the nested case–control study (MIP-1α: OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.03–0.62; MIP-1β: OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.04–0.94), compared with those in the lowest categories. Furthermore, individuals with lower levels of these two cytokine markers who were EBV seropositive presented with a largely higher risk of NPC compared with patients with higher levels who were EBV seronegative in both the case–control study (MIP-1α: OR = 16.28, 95% CI = 7.11–37.23; MIP-1β: OR = 12.86, 95% CI = 5.9–28.05) and the nested case–control study (MIP-1α: OR = 86.12, 95% CI = 10.58–701.03; MIP-1β: OR = 115.44, 95% CI = 13.92–957.73). Conclusions Decreased preclinical MIP-1α and MIP-1β levels might be associated with a subsequently increased risk of NPC. More mechanistic studies are required to fully understand this finding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40880-018-0279-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Cancer Prevention Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Cancer Prevention Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Fang Ye
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Sui-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Cancer Prevention Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Li-Xia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chu-Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Cancer Prevention Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Cancer Prevention Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Shang-Hang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Cancer Prevention Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Bo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Cancer Prevention Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Hong Huang
- Sihui Cancer Institute, Sihui, 526200, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qiang Lu
- Sihui Cancer Institute, Sihui, 526200, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Cancer Prevention Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China. .,Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China. .,Department of Cancer Prevention Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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33
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Lung RW, Hau P, Yu KH, Yip KY, Tong JH, Chak W, Chan AW, Lam K, Lo AK, Tin EK, Chau S, Pang JC, Kwan JS, Busson P, Young LS, Yap L, Tsao S, To K, Lo K. EBV-encoded miRNAs target ATM-mediated response in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Pathol 2018; 244:394-407. [PMID: 29230817 PMCID: PMC5888186 DOI: 10.1002/path.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly invasive epithelial malignancy that is prevalent in southern China and Southeast Asia. It is consistently associated with latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. In NPC, miR-BARTs, the EBV-encoded miRNAs derived from BamH1-A rightward transcripts, are abundantly expressed and contribute to cancer development by targeting various cellular and viral genes. In this study, we establish a comprehensive transcriptional profile of EBV-encoded miRNAs in a panel of NPC patient-derived xenografts and an EBV-positive NPC cell line by small RNA sequencing. Among the 40 miR-BARTs, predominant expression of 22 miRNAs was consistently detected in these tumors. Among the abundantly expressed EBV-miRNAs, BART5-5p, BART7-3p, BART9-3p, and BART14-3p could negatively regulate the expression of a key DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair gene, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), by binding to multiple sites on its 3'-UTR. Notably, the expression of these four miR-BARTs represented more than 10% of all EBV-encoded miRNAs in tumor cells, while downregulation of ATM expression was commonly detected in all of our tested sequenced samples. In addition, downregulation of ATM was also observed in primary NPC tissues in both qRT-PCR (16 NP and 45 NPC cases) and immunohistochemical staining (35 NP and 46 NPC cases) analysis. Modulation of ATM expression by BART5-5p, BART7-3p, BART9-3p, and BART14-3p was demonstrated in the transient transfection assays. These findings suggest that EBV uses miRNA machinery as a key mechanism to control the ATM signaling pathway in NPC cells. By suppressing these endogenous miR-BARTs in EBV-positive NPC cells, we further demonstrated the novel function of miR-BARTs in inhibiting Zta-induced lytic reactivation. These findings imply that the four viral miRNAs work co-operatively to modulate ATM activity in response to DNA damage and to maintain viral latency, contributing to the tumorigenesis of NPC. © 2017 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond W‐M Lung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Pok‐Man Hau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Ken H‐O Yu
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Kevin Y Yip
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Joanna H‐M Tong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Wing‐Po Chak
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Anthony W‐H Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Ka‐Hei Lam
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Angela Kwok‐Fung Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Edith K‐Y Tin
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Shuk‐Ling Chau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Jesse C‐S Pang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Johnny S‐H Kwan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Pierre Busson
- UMR8126 CNRS, Université Paris‐SudUniversité Paris‐SaclayGustave Roussy, VillejuifFrance
| | | | - Lee‐Fah Yap
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Sai‐Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Ka‐Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Kwok‐Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
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Shair KHY, Reddy A, Cooper VS. New Insights from Elucidating the Role of LMP1 in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040086. [PMID: 29561768 PMCID: PMC5923341 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) oncogenic protein that has no intrinsic enzymatic activity or sequence homology to cellular or viral proteins. The oncogenic potential of LMP1 has been ascribed to pleiotropic signaling properties initiated through protein-protein interactions in cytosolic membrane compartments, but the effects of LMP1 extend to nuclear and extracellular processes. Although LMP1 is one of the latent genes required for EBV-immortalization of B cells, the biology of LMP1 in the pathogenesis of the epithelial cancer nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is more complex. NPC is prevalent in specific regions of the world with high incidence in southeast China. The epidemiology and time interval from seroconversion to NPC onset in adults would suggest the involvement of multiple risk factors that complement the establishment of a latent and persistent EBV infection. The contribution of LMP1 to EBV pathogenesis in polarized epithelia has only recently begun to be elucidated. Furthermore, the LMP1 gene has emerged as one of the most divergent sequences in the EBV genome. This review will discuss the significance of recent advances in NPC research from elucidating LMP1 function in epithelial cells and lessons that could be learned from mining LMP1 sequence diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy H Y Shair
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Akhil Reddy
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Vaughn S Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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35
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Zhou Y, Xia L, Lin J, Wang H, Oyang L, Tan S, Tian Y, Su M, Wang H, Cao D, Liao Q. Exosomes in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:767-777. [PMID: 29581754 PMCID: PMC5868140 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized (30-100nm) membrane microvesicles secreted through a complex cellular process. Exosomes contain a variety of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, microRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), playing an important role in the cell-to-cell substance transportation and signal transduction. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-related exosomes (NPC-Exo) have been identified in circulating blood and contribute to tumor cell proliferation, angiopoiesis, and immune tolerance through remodeling of tumor microenvironment (TME). Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-related exosomes may also induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thus promoting tumor metastasis and chemoradioresistance. Clinically, the exosomes may serve as novel biomarkers for diagnosis and targeted therapies of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. This review article updates the understanding of exosomes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jingguan Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Heran Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shiming Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yutong Tian
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Min Su
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. 913 N. Rutledge Street, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
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C-Terminal Farnesylation of UCH-L1 Plays a Role in Transport of Epstein-Barr Virus Primary Oncoprotein LMP1 to Exosomes. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00030-18. [PMID: 29435490 PMCID: PMC5806207 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00030-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles that cells secrete into the extracellular space, and there is increasing evidence that they have pivotal roles in cell-to-cell communication in malignancy. It is reported also that EBV-associated malignant cells, including those derived from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and B-cell lymphoma, secrete exosomes. These EBV-related exosomes may contain viral products such as latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and may contribute to cancer progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which those viral products are loaded in exosomes. In this study, we show for the first time that ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) and its C-terminal farnesylation, a posttranslational lipid modification, contribute to this mechanism. Our results also suggest that inhibition of UCH-L1 farnesylation is a potential therapeutic target against cancer metastasis and invasion. Increasing evidence shows that exosomes are key regulators in cancer cell-to-cell communication. Several reports on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related malignancies demonstrate that latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) secreted by exosomes derived from EBV- or LMP1-positive cells can promote cancer progression and metastasis. However, the mechanism by which LMP1 is loaded into exosomes is still poorly understood. Here, we examined whether the process of LMP1 loading into exosomes is linked to the multifunctional molecule of the ubiquitin system—ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1). For the first time, we demonstrate that LMP1 is physically associated with UCH-L1 and that directing of LMP1 to exosomes is mediated by C-terminal farnesylation of UCH-L1. Additionally, we found that the FTI-277 farnesyltransferase inhibitor reduces motility- and anchorage-independent growth of EBV-positive cells in functional assays. On the basis of our results, we conclude that C-terminal farnesylation of UCH-L1 is one of the key mechanisms by which LMP1 is sorted to exosomes. We hypothesize that inhibition of farnesylation with specific small-molecule inhibitors blocks exosome-mediated transfer of prometastatic molecules such as LMP1 during cancer cell-to-cell communications and thereby impedes the process of cancer invasion. IMPORTANCE Exosomes are small vesicles that cells secrete into the extracellular space, and there is increasing evidence that they have pivotal roles in cell-to-cell communication in malignancy. It is reported also that EBV-associated malignant cells, including those derived from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and B-cell lymphoma, secrete exosomes. These EBV-related exosomes may contain viral products such as latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and may contribute to cancer progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which those viral products are loaded in exosomes. In this study, we show for the first time that ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) and its C-terminal farnesylation, a posttranslational lipid modification, contribute to this mechanism. Our results also suggest that inhibition of UCH-L1 farnesylation is a potential therapeutic target against cancer metastasis and invasion.
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Dynamic Changes in Plasma MicroRNAs Have Potential Predictive Values in Monitoring Recurrence and Metastasis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7329195. [PMID: 29581984 PMCID: PMC5822900 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7329195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have already proven to be useful as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the potential of these molecules to monitor patients over time has been less explored. This study aimed to analyze dynamic changes in plasma miRNAs before and after treatment and explore their clinical significance in monitoring recurrence and metastasis of NPC. Candidate miRNAs were screened by microarray analysis and validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In the follow-up cohort including 102 patients, blood samples (plasma) were collected before the treatment initiation, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after treatments, and at the time of any recurrence or metastasis. Among these plasma miRNAs, miR-9-3p, miR-124-3p, miR-892b, and miR-3676-3p were significantly upregulated (P = 0.018, P = 0.039, P = 0.001, and P = 0.01, resp.) after treatment compared with pretreatment, and the four plasma miRNAs were downregulated again at recurrence or metastasis (P < 0.001, P = 0.015, P = 0.003, and P = 0.026, resp.). The dynamic changes in plasma miRNAs after treatment reflect the outcome of the disease and have the potential to monitor recurrence and metastasis in patients with NPC.
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Wooding H, Yan J, Yuan L, Chyou TY, Gao S, Ward I, Herst PM. The effect of Mepitel Film on acute radiation-induced skin reactions in head and neck cancer patients: a feasibility study. Br J Radiol 2017; 91:20170298. [PMID: 29072852 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mepitel Film significantly decreases acute radiation-induced skin reactions in breast cancer patients. Here we investigated the feasibility of using Mepitel Film in head and neck cancer patients (ACTRN12614000932662). METHODS Out of a total of 36 head and neck cancer patients from New Zealand (NZ) (n = 24) and China (n = 12) recruited between June 2015 and December 2016, 33 patients complied with protocol. Of these, 11 NZ patients followed a management protocol; 11 NZ patients and 11 Chinese patients followed a prophylactic protocol. An area of the neck receiving a homogenous radiation dose of > 35 Gy was divided into two equal halves; one half was randomized to Film and the other to either Sorbolene cream (NZ) or Biafine cream (China). Skin reaction severity was measured by Radiation Induced Skin Reaction Assessment Scale and expanded Radiation Therapy Oncology Group toxicity criteria. Skin dose was measured by thermoluminescent dosimeters or gafchromic film. RESULTS Film decreased overall skin reaction severity (combined Radiation Induced Skin Reaction Assessment Scale score) by 29% and moist desquamation rates by 37% in the Chinese cohort and by 27 and 28%, respectively in the NZ cohort. Mepitel Film did not affect head movements but did not adhere well to the skin, particularly in males with heavy beard stubble, and caused itchiness, particularly in Chinese patients. CONCLUSION Mepitel Film reduced acute radiation-induced skin reactions in our head and neck cancer patients, particularly in patients without heavy stubble. Advances in knowledge: This is the first study to confirm the feasibility of using Mepitel Film in head and neck cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Wooding
- 1 Canterbury Regional Cancer and Haematology Service, Christchurch Hospital , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Jing Yan
- 2 Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Drum Tower Hospital/Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Ling Yuan
- 2 Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Drum Tower Hospital/Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Te-Yu Chyou
- 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern Blood and Cancer Centre, Dunedin Hospital , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Shanbao Gao
- 2 Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Drum Tower Hospital/Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Iain Ward
- 1 Canterbury Regional Cancer and Haematology Service, Christchurch Hospital , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Patries M Herst
- 4 Department of Radiation Therapy, University of Otago , Wellington , New Zealand
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Ke L, Zhou H, Wang C, Xiong G, Xiang Y, Ling Y, Khabir A, Tsao GS, Zeng Y, Zeng M, Busson P, Kieff E, Guo X, Zhao B. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma super-enhancer-driven ETV6 correlates with prognosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9683-9688. [PMID: 28831010 PMCID: PMC5594663 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705236114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) most frequently occurs in southern China and southeast Asia. Epidemiology studies link NPC to genetic predisposition, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and environmental factors. Genetic studies indicate that mutations in chromatin-modifying enzymes are the most frequent genetic alterations in NPC. Here, we used H3K27ac chromatin immune precipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) to define the NPC epigenome in primary NPC biopsies, NPC xenografts, and an NPC cell line, and compared them to immortalized normal nasopharyngeal or oral epithelial cells. We identified NPC-specific enhancers and found these enhancers were enriched with nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), IFN-responsive factor 1 (IRF1) and IRF2, and ETS family members ETS1 motifs. Normal cell-specific enhancers were enriched with basic leucine zipper family members and TP53 motifs. NPC super-enhancers with extraordinarily broad and high H3K27ac signals were also identified, and they were linked to genes important for oncogenesis including ETV6. ETV6 was also highly expressed in NPC biopsies by immunohistochemistry. High ETV6 expression correlated with a poor prognosis. Furthermore, we defined the EBV episome epigenetic landscapes in primary NPC tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangru Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hufeng Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Geng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yanqun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihong Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdelmajid Khabir
- Pathology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, 4100 Medenine, Tunisia
- School of Medicine, University of Sfax, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - George S Tsao
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Musheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China;
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS, UMR 8126, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Elliott Kieff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China;
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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Fołtyn S, Strycharz-Dudziak M, Drop B, Boguszewska A, Polz-Dacewicz M. Serum EBV antibodies and LMP-1 in Polish patients with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:31. [PMID: 28572837 PMCID: PMC5450389 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the development of head and neck cancer was reported by many researchers. The aim of the present study was to detect EBV DNA and EBV antibodies in 110 Polish patients with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer compared to 40 healthy individuals. Methods Frozen tumor tissue fragments were tested using nested PCR assay for EBV DNA detection. Sera from all individuals were investigated using ELISA tests to detect the presence of VCA IgM and IgG, EBNA IgG, EA IgG. Results EBV DNA was detected in 52.7% of the patients (25% in controls). EBVCA were detected in 94.5%, EBNA in 96.4% and EA in 94.5% of patients. The significantly higher level of EA in the patients suggests EBV reactivation. The majority of patients (83%) were infected with wild-type EBV. Conclusion Our study showed that this variant seems to be associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer in the Polish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Fołtyn
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Chair and Department of Public Health, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Wang Q, Zhang W, Hao S. LncRNA CCAT1 modulates the sensitivity of paclitaxel in nasopharynx cancers cells via miR-181a/CPEB2 axis. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:795-801. [PMID: 28358263 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1301334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reported that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) might play critical roles in regulating chemo-resistant of multiple types of cancer. This study aimed to investigate whether long non-coding RNA CCAT1 was involved in Paclitaxel resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). qRT-PCR was used for testing the expression of CCAT1, miR-181a and CPEB2 in tumor tissues and NPC cancers. NPC cells were transfected with siRNAs to suppress the mRNA level of CCAT1 in NPC cells. MTT assays and flow cytometry analysis were used to assess the sensitivity of paclitaxel in NPC cells. Luciferase reporter assays were used to examine the interaction of CCAT1 or CPEB2 to miR-181a. Our findings revealed that the upregulated CCAT1 results in significantly enhancing paclitaxel resistance in nasopharyngeal cancer cells. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay indicated that the upregulated CCAT1 sponges miR-181a in NPC cells. Furthermore, RNA immuno-precipitation assays showed that miR-181a could directly bind to CCAT1 mRNA in NPC cells. We restored miR-181a in NPC cells, and found restoration of miR-181a re-sensitized the NPC cells to paclitaxel in vitro. In addition, our results also showed that miR-181a was a modulator of paclitaxel sensitivity due to its regulative effect on cell apoptosis via targeting CPEB2 in NPC cells. Taken together, lncRNA CCAT1 regulates the sensitivity of paclitaxel in NPC cells via miR-181a/CPEB2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaosu Wang
- a The E.N.T Department , The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- a The E.N.T Department , The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
| | - Shaojuan Hao
- a The E.N.T Department , The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
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Yang YC, Liem A, Lambert PF, Sugden B. Dissecting the regulation of EBV's BART miRNAs in carcinomas. Virology 2017; 505:148-154. [PMID: 28259048 PMCID: PMC5504693 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encodes multiple miRNAs known to contribute to
its pathogenicity. Previous studies have found that the levels of some EBV
miRNAs are 10–100 fold higher in biopsies and in tumor xenografts than
in cells grown in culture. We have asked if these increased levels reflect
transcriptional enhancement resulting from the tumor microenvironment, selection
for increased levels of the EBV genome, or both. We measured the levels of BART
miRNAs and their DNA templates in tumor xenografts induced from EBV-positive
gastric carcinoma cells and EBV-negative gastric carcinoma cells expressing
plasmid replicons encoding these miRNAs. We focused on BART miRNAs which are
expressed in all tumors and found that they provide tumors selective growth
advantages as xenografts. Stem-loop PCR and real-time PCR revealed that the
xenografts expressed both higher levels of some miRNAs and viral DNA templates
than did the corresponding cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chun Yang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2275, United States
| | - Amy Liem
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2275, United States
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2275, United States
| | - Bill Sugden
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2275, United States.
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Green TM, Santos MF, Barsky SH, Rappa G, Lorico A. Analogies Between Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Enveloped Viruses with an Emphasis on Human Breast Cancer. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:169-179. [PMID: 32226654 PMCID: PMC7099913 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Cancer cells utilize extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a means of transferring oncogenic proteins and nucleic acids to other cells to enhance the growth and spread of the tumor. There is an unexpected amount of similarities between these small, membrane-bound particles and enveloped virions, including protein content, physical characteristics (i.e., size and morphology), and mechanisms of entry and exit into target cells. Recent Findings This review describes the attributes shared by both cancer-derived EVs, with an emphasis on breast cancer-derived EVs, and enveloped viral particles and discusses the methods by which virions can utilize the EV pathway as a means of transferring viral material and oncogenes to host cells. Additionally, the possible links between human papilloma virus and its influence on the miRNA content of breast cancer-derived EVs are examined. Summary The rapidly growing field of EVs is allowing investigators from different disciplines to enter uncharted territory. The study of the emerging similarities between cancer-derived EVs and enveloped virions may lead to novel important scientific discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
| | - Mark F Santos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
| | - Sanford H Barsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
| | - Germana Rappa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
| | - Aurelio Lorico
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
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